Bucket Handle Tear of Lateral Meniscus

Bucket Handle Tear of Lateral Meniscus
Published on Diagnostic Imaging (http://www.diagnosticimaging.com)
Bucket Handle Tear of Lateral Meniscus
Case Studies [1] | April 15, 2014
By Madan Mohan Gupta, N.U. [2] and Bahri, H.P. Parekh [3]
Case History: 26-year-old male with complaints of pain and swelling in left knee joint, had
sustained knee injury from falling from a bicycle one month prior.
Case History: A 26-year-old male presented with complaints of pain and swelling in his left knee
joint. He had sustained a knee injury due to falling from a bicycle one month prior.
Upon ultrasound examination, there was a moderate amount of fluid with internal echoes noted in
supra-patellar region which communicated with joint cavity. He was further evaluated by MRI of the
left knee joint.
Upon MRI, there was moderate joint effusion, absent normal bow-tie sign in lateral meniscus and
displaced torn flap of lateral meniscus, which was seen in intercondylar fossa, suggestive of bucket
handle tear of lateral meniscus (double posterior cruciate ligament sign), and severely edematous
and inflamed anterior cruciate ligament with grade III signal intensity in entire ligament with few
fibers intact.
Figure 1. PD FAT SAT (PDFS) sagittal MRI, Figure 1a shows normal bow-tie sign (white arrow) in
medial meniscus, and joint effusion. Figure 1b shows loss of continuity between the anterior and
posterior horn of lateral meniscus, suggestive of absent bow-tie sign ( blue arrow) in lateral
meniscus.
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Bucket Handle Tear of Lateral Meniscus
Published on Diagnostic Imaging (http://www.diagnosticimaging.com)
Figure 2. PDFS sagittal MRI shows a low intensity band parallel and antero-inferior to posterior
cruciate ligament, which is the torn part of lateral meniscus giving rise to “double PCL sign.”
Figure 3. PDFS axial MRI, Figure 3a shows torn flap of lateral meniscus (white arrow) which is seen to
be displaced in intercondylar fossa (blue arrow) in Figure 3b.
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Bucket Handle Tear of Lateral Meniscus
Published on Diagnostic Imaging (http://www.diagnosticimaging.com)
Figure 4. Sagittal MRI shows loss of continuity and hyperintense signal involving anterior cruciate
ligament (arrow) suggestive of anterior cruciate ligament tear and preserved posterior cruciate and
Humphrey’s ligament.
Diagnosis: Bucket handle tear of lateral meniscus, grade III anterior cruciate ligament tear,
moderate joint effusion.
Discussion: A bucket handle tear is a longitudinal tear of the medial or lateral knee meniscus that
extends from the posterior horn toward the anterior horn. Bucket-handle tears are usually
precipitated by trauma, and up to 40 percent are associated with an ACL injury. Lateral meniscus
tears account for 10 percent to 40 percent of bucket handle tears. The radiographic diagnosis of a
bucket handle tear is important because bucket handle tears comprise 10 percent of all meniscal
tears and usually require arthroscopic or surgical repair to prevent degenerative change.
Two classic secondary MRI signs of a bucket handle tear are the double PCL sign and the absent
bow-tie sign. The double PCL sign represents the posterior portion of the bucket handle, which is still
attached to the main meniscal body but slides over the medial tibial eminence to lie in front of the
PCL in the intercondylar notch. When the ACL is intact, this sign is specific for a medial meniscal tear,
because the course of the ACL prevents lateral meniscus fragments from lying in the intercondylar
notch. However, in a patient with a prior or simultaneous interruption of the ACL, a lateral
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Bucket Handle Tear of Lateral Meniscus
Published on Diagnostic Imaging (http://www.diagnosticimaging.com)
bucket-handle tear can also produce the double PCL sign. Other low-signal structures that can be
present in the intercondylar notch and must be differentiated from the double PCL sign include the
ligament of Humphrey, a torn ACL, fracture fragments, osteophytes or loose bodies. In sagittal MRI of
the knee, a bow-tie appearance is created by the anterior and posterior horns of the meniscus, which
are seen as touching low-signal-intensity triangles. With 4- to 5-mm sagittal slices, a normal
meniscus, which is 9- to 12-mm wide, should look like a bow-tie on at least two consecutive images.
When a bucket handle tear forces the central portion of the meniscus into the intercondylar notch,
the knot of the bow-tie disappears. Thus, the absent bow-tie sign, as defined by Helms et al, is the
continuity of the anterior and posterior meniscal portions in none or only one sagittal image. The
presence of this sign can also be due to congenitally hypoplastic or ring-shaped menisci, small
menisci (in children and petite adults), partial meniscectomy or arthritic degeneration.
References
1. Wright DH, De Smet AA, Norris M. Bucket-handle tears of the medial and lateral menisci of the
knee: Value of MR imaging in detecting displaced fragments. Am J Roentgenol1995;165:621-625.
2. Aydingoz U, Firat AK, Atay OA, Doral MN. MR imaging of meniscal bucket-handle tears: A review of
signs and their relation to arthroscopic classification. Eur Radiol 2003;13:618-625.
3. Dorsay TA, Helms CA. Bucket-handle meniscal tears of the knee: Sensitivity and specificity of MRI
signs. Skeletal Radiol2003;32:266-272.
4. Helms CA, Laorr A, Cannon WD Jr. The absent bow tie sign in bucket-handle tears of the menisci in
the knee. Am J Roentgenol1998;170:57-61.
5. Singson RD, Feldman F, Staron R, Kiernan H. MR imaging of displaced bucket-handle tear of the
medial meniscus. Am J Roentgenol1991;156:121-124.
6. Weiss KL, Morehouse HT, Levy IM. Sagittal MR images of the knee: A low-signal band parallel to
the posterior cruciate ligament caused by a displaced bucket-handle tear. Am J
Roentgenol1991;156:117-120.
7. Watt AJ, Halliday T, Raby N. The value of the absent bow tie sign in MRI of bucket-handle tears.
Clin Radiol 2000;55:622-626.
Source URL: http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/case-studies/bucket-handle-tear-lateral-meniscus
Links:
[1] http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/case-studies
[2] http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/authors/madan-mohan-gupta-nu
[3] http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/authors/bahri-hp-parekh
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