PART 1 - Inscape Education Group

Transcription

STANDARD DRAWING
CONVENTIONS
TEC009
a course in
STANDARD DRAWING
CONVENTIONS
A Course in Standard Drawing Conventions
Revision 1
© inscape 2013
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the copyright owner.
First published 2013
Published by:
Inscape Publishers
0861-INSCAPE
[email protected]
DTP: Inscape Education Group
Printed: Credo
CONTENTS
& COURSE INFORMATION
CONTENTS
COURSE INFO
COURSE INFORMATION
MODULE OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
PREREQUISITE:
ASSESSMENT STRUCTURE
PART 1: Draughting equipment and standards
PART 2: Introduction to the concept of draughting
EXERCISE 1: Line Exercise
PART 3: Introduction to Lettering
EXERCISE 2: Lettering Exercise
PART 4: Standard drawing layout
EXERCISE 3: Title Block
ASSESSMENT: TEC0091 (40): Line weights
PART 5: Line, Scale and dimensioning as a language
ASSESSMENT: TEC0092 (20): Triangulation Exercise
None
OUTCOME:
Upon completion of this module (subject) students should
be able to:
• produce various drawing sheets with evidence of basic
draughting skills. These drawing sheets will demonstrate the
learner’s ability to produce:
•
Good quality lines of specific line weights in both pencil and ink.
•
Drawings showing the ability to construct various geometric forms.
•
Drawing sheets with the contents conventionally set out.
•
Technical drawings generated by means of the conventional process of draughting.
•
Numerous examples of well formed text in a
conventional draughting font.
LEVEL:
NQF level 5
EVALUATION:
Continuous assessment
PART 6: Types of Drawing/Stages in the process
ASSESSMENT: TEC0093 (40): Free-hand draughting
ICON KEY
Exercise:
To be completed as a means to practically apply your acquired knowledge
and build your skills.
Brief:
Assignments that must be submitted
for a formal evaluation.
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inscape education group ©
Lecturers’ Tips:
Take note of some handy tips from
the experts you can use in your
work.
Your Notes:
Use this space to jot down important
info, questions you might need to ask
or just as a creative space you can fill
with doodles.
STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS
ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT STRUCTURE
Practical
Practical
Practical
Practical
Practical
Practical
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3 / TEC0091
TEC0092
TEC0093
Line Exercise
Lettering Exercise
Line Weights
Triangulation
Free-hand
Exercise
Assessment criteria:
The skilful ability to produce good quality lines
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
of specific line weights in both pencil and ink,
and the ability to know when to apply each
weight to achieve a highly legible drawing.
The ability to project a variety of geometric
forms with a high level of accuracy.
The ability to layout the contents of a drawing
•
•
•
•
sheet conventionally, demonstrating a strong
sense of order thus enabling the contents to
be read with ease.
The ability to produce drawings following
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the conventional process of draughting on a
drawing board.
The skilful ability to produce numerous
•
examples of well formed text in a conventional
draughting font.
NOTE: Exercises are for self evaluation purposes. Do not submit the exercises for assessment. An assignment with a CODE must be submitted for assessment.
TEC009
3
PART
DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS
Your Notes
Introduction to Draughting
Draughtsman are involved in every type of construction
project. They are employed in more than 24 disciplines,
among which are architecture, mechanical, civil and
structural engineering, piping, town planning and mine
surveying. The requirements of the various disciplines differ
and therefore necessitates specialisation.
The industry distinguishes between detail draughtsmen
and design draughtsmen. Design draughtsmen usually
handle work of a more advanced nature than detail
draughtsmen. Many drawing offices also employ tracers.
Tracers prepare final drawings and assist the draughtsmen.
Some offices also employ draught assistants who assist
draughtsmen in a wider field of activities.
Draughtsmen can use the traditional manual and tracing
methods, or they can use a computer to draw their designs.
Draughtsmen must have drawing and designing ability,
but it is not necessary for them to be an artist. They must
be able to translate concepts on to paper and to visualise
things in three-dimensional terms. The work requires
accuracy and manual dexterity. Draughtsmen should have a
lot of patience because their work involves a great deal of
detail. An interest in computers will stand draughtsmen in
good stead by helping them to cope with fast-developing
technology.
1
A draughtsman is responsible for generating scaled
drawings. For the purpose of this course, we will be
focusing on the Built Environment and will therefore
include all aspects relevant to the draughtsman regarding
this industry. These include; Draughting, Construction
Methods, Services, Materials, Design, Architectural
Influences, Project Management, Presentation and Model
Building.
Accurately scaled drawings (please see Glossary for
explanation of terms in italics) are the means whereby
ideas and information are communicated graphically
to those involved in the construction industry. In order
to do this successfully use is made of a wide range of
universally accepted rules, conventions and symbols. As
a reference point, we will in many instances adhere to the
South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) code of drawing
office practice, SABS 0143 “Building Drawing Practice”.
However, it should be noted that in the same way that each
person doing Draughting develops a particular style, so too
will styles of Draughting differ from office to office.
You must refer to SABS 0143 Building Drawing Practice as
you work through this course.
The government service, local authorities, chemical
industries, consulting engineers, architects, supermarket
chains, and many other institutions employ draughtsmen.
Draughtsmen can be employed on contract basis and work
as freelance draughtsmen. To set up their own business,
draughtsmen need to have their own equipment.
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PART
1
Drawing Equipment
It is important to know, from the beginning, the range of drawing equipment that is available and how it is used. A good drawing will depend both on the correct use of the
appropriate equipment and a good working knowledge of drawing technique, as well as practiced skills. Note that if neither column is ticked the item is not required. Please
note that brand, variety, size, shape and quality may differ from the images below.
EQUIPMENT
TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS
REQUIRED FOR COURSE
A2 DRAWING BOARDS
Drawing board & drawing machine.
One of the 3 listed required.
A well maintained board and machine is ideal,
but the most costly. The supawood option can be
substituted for masonite as it is lighter. The thinner,
the more chance of warping. The board should be
a little bigger than the paper size you will draught
on.
Drawing board with parallel rule & 300mm adjustable set
square.
Supawood board 6 or 16mm thick, cut at exactly 90 degrees,
T-Square & 300mm adjustable set square. Note: An A2
board will suffice. You will be completing assignments where
possible on AutoCad from Module 04. If you have access to
a p.c. then rather try and borrow a drawing board for the first
few modules.
CUTTING MAT
A3

COMPASS
With extension beam/arm.

With pen adaptor.

TECHNICAL PENS
0.18mm
0.28mm

0.35mm

0.5mm

Consider purchasing the full draughting set, with
compass and pencils. Fineliner types not suitable.
0.7mm
OPTIONAL


TEC009
5
PART
EQUIPMENT
TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS
FINELINERS/FELT TIPS
Black Pilot fineliner or similar fineliner.

Artline 210 medium 0.6 or similar thickness.

SCALE RULER
REQUIRED FOR COURSE
LETTERING GUIDE
“AMES”
ADJUSTABLE SET SQUARE
Aristo Adjustable Set Square
Technical pens can
be used for free-hand
draughting, however
a range of fineliners
and felt tips is ideal for
free-hand draughting.

Suggested combination should include:
1:100 1:50 1:20 1:25

A printed page of perfectly
spaced lines may also be
used as guidelines.

PROTRACTOR
TEC009
OPTIONAL
Flat.
Triangular, various scale combinations available.
e.g. 1:20, 1:25, 1:33, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100
6
1

Not required if adjustable set
square purchased.
PART
EQUIPMENT
TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS
STENCILS
French Curves.
REQUIRED FOR COURSE
1
OPTIONAL

Purchase these items as
required..
Flexicurve.
Circle.
Ellipse.
Furniture.
Lettering.
PENCILS
0.2mm Clutch Pencil.
‘Mechanical’ pencil e.g. 0.5mm.
 Either.
Although it is not uncommon to find people who draught in
a range of pencils you will learn to use technical pens during
this course.
SHARPENER
2mm clutch mm pencil sharpener.
 If 2mm clutch pencil is purchased.
LEADS
Vary from Soft to Hard.
H signifies Hard.
B signifies Soft.
 To suit pencil purchased.
Blue lead.
SET 24 WATERCOLOUR PENCILS
Derwent or Faber Castell

ERASERS
Ink.
 Either.
You will probably wet the tip to erase on film, regardless of
which one you purchase.
Pencil.
TEC009
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PART
EQUIPMENT
TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS
REQUIRED FOR COURSE
GLUE
Pritt

Bostik Clear

OPTIONAL
ERASING SHIELD
 Useful for film
DUSTER/BRUSH

BLADES/CUTTING KNIFE
STRAIGHT EDGE
With snap-off blades.

Razor blades.

30cm metal ruler.

50cm metal ruler.

DIVIDERS
PORTFOLIO BAG
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1

A2

PART
EQUIPMENT
TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS
MASKING TAPE
(Add to underneath rulers & setsquares to avoid smudging.)
REQUIRED FOR COURSE
1
OPTIONAL

1 x roll approximately 10-20mm wide.
You will use this to attach your paper/film to your drawing
board. DO NOT buy a heavy duty masking tape. It will tear
your paper.
PAPER
Sizes range from A0 (large) to A4 (small).

The majority of the draughting will be done on A2 sheets.
Refer to drawing of standard paper sizes below.
Butcher Paper or Bumpf.
80gsm Tracing Paper.
In order to ascertain your preference of draughting surface,
purchase a selection of A2 sizes for the first module.
Thereafter you can purchase your preferred type.
Tracing Paper.
Film.
Suggest:
For ink: 3 x A2 Draughting film & 3 x A2 Gateway
For pencil: 2 x A2 tracing & 2 x A2 bumpf/butcher.
TEC009
9
PART
EQUIPMENT
TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS
REQUIRED FOR COURSE
PRINTS OF DRAWINGS
Paper.
 Get into the practice of only issuing copies of your work.
Sepia.
Conventionally, to copy drawings the original should be on
transparent paper. However this is not necessary with today’s
printing equipment.
Durester.
1
OPTIONAL
Please note that other materials may be required during the course. These will be purchased as required. (e.g. You can only purchase model building materials, when you
know what surface you are imitating.)
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PART
1
Your Notes
Standard paper sizes
You may work on A2 or A3, whichever is more appropriate but please remember to consider the dimensions, scale and
spacing of the drawing to accommodate your chosen paper size.
Draughters' Tips
When draughting, we use standard
paper sizes. Purchase ready-cut A2 (or
A3) paper to complete your exercises
and assignments. To the left you will find
a diagram indicating the standard sizes
available.
Fig. 1.1
TEC009
11
PART
THE CONCEPT OF DRAUGHTING
Your Notes
Introduction to the concept of Draughting
2.1 What will I learn in this part of the module?
You will be introduced to the concept of draughting as well
as the skills required for draughting. We will explore the
various types of drawings and you will learn how to ‘read’
layout drawings. Specifically, plans, elevations and sections.
2.2 Introduction to the concept of draughting
a.Draughting is both a process and a product:
i. We refer to the draughting process as that whereby
the drawing is built-up/generated on the drawing
sheet. The process allows the draughts person to
check the design as views are projected from one view
to another.
ii.The finished product, i.e. the resultant drawing is also
referred to as draughting. The purpose of the end
product serves to communicate the design to:
•The client.
•Authorities. (Council/body corporates.)
•Contractors.
b. The purpose of the drawing determines the complexity
of information included on the drawing.
e.g. A concept presentation to a client does not require
detail information such as how the 50mm pre-cast
concrete sill will meet the window frame to ensure that it
is both water tight and aesthetic.
c.As a draughts person you will need to gain an
understanding of how to include complex levels of
information in a simple fashion in order to communicate
with clarity. There are various conventions that have been
developed to facilitate this.
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TEC009
1
d. As the purpose of the end product is to communicate,
each mark or comment exists on the page for no other
purpose. Hence every mark or comment generated on
the sheet should be made easily legible.
e.The ability to use your tools to control the characteristics
of the marks made is a skill you will need to acquire. This
ability to create good quality lines and neat draughting
text is essential for clarity. Implementing techniques
used to build-up a drawing will also assist in generating
legible drawings.
2.3 Line characteristics
a. The basis for all drawings is the line. The information
conveyed depends primarily on the visual weight of the
line and the type of the line. Hence lines of good quality
are required to ensure the clarity of the end product.
Fig. 2.1
b.The line quality refers to the sharpness and clarity, the
appropriate weight, and the blackness/density.
c.An ink line is controlled by the size of the point only;
while a pencil line is controlled by the density of the lead
(H, HB, B etc.) as well as the pressure with which you
draw.
PART
THE CONCEPT OF DRAUGHTING
2
Your Notes
2.4 Guidelines to use of tools
a.Pencil technique:
i. Draw over the straight edge at 45 deg. to 60 deg.
ii. Pull rather than push.
iii.Rotate the pencil while drawing.
ii. Always draw circular elements first and then the
tangent. (Straight line elements).
b.
Pen technique:
i. Held vertical to the drawing surface.
ii. Lightly held.
iii.Add masking tape underneath rulers.
c.Rules of thumb:
i.All construction lines (in a thinner pen) should cross
slightly at corners.
Fig. 2.3
Draughters' Tips
Fig. 2.2
Always keep drawing equipment clean.
Applying masking tape to the underside
of your ruler will prevent your drawings
from smudging.
TEC009
13
PART
INTRODUCTION TO DRAUGHTING TOOLS
Your Notes
Line exercise
Exercise
This Exercise is not for submission and assessment
purposes. However, it is imperative that you complete
it to the best of your ability as it forms an important
part of your preparation to complete drawings for
assessment at a later stage. DO NOT SUBMIT IT.
2
When measuring, use your scale ruler and always work in
mm. This is the standard in the building industry. Make
sure you measure accurately, 2mm is 2mm, NOT 2.1mm.
For the purpose of this exercise you will use scale 1:100
on your scale ruler.
Drawing Plane
EXERCISE 1: LINE EXERCISE
1.Place an A2 (or A3) piece of bumpf on the top side of
the ruler of your drawing board. Ensure that the ruler
is straight and near the bottom of the drawing board.
Using masking tape, tape each corner to the board to
secure the paper.
Use the horizontal ruler to draw horizontal lines and
your set square to draw vertical lines. Place the shorter
side of the set square on the horizontal ruler and use the
longer side of the set square as a guide to draw perfectly
vertical lines, 90 degrees to the horizontal.
2.Divide the A2 (or A3) piece of bumpf carefully into 6
equal rectangular sections in pencil, (A,B,C,D,E,F). We will set out the paper as one would do for a typical
architectural drawing. This includes a Title Block and
a Drawing plane. The Title block appears on the right
hand side of the page if the orientation of the page
is landscape and at the bottom of the page if the
orientation is portrait.
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Title Block
Fig. 2.4
Allow about 80mm (or 40mm for A3) column for the title
block on the drawing sheet. A2 dimensions: 594 X 420mm.
3.Set up a 10mm (or 5mm for A3) border around each
rectangle.
Note:
Do NOT ink-in
ANY of the
dividing lines on
your final drawing.
Fig. 2.5
PART
2
Your Notes
Line exercise
This exercise will require 2 drawings sheets. The first will be set up in pencil on bumpf as per the left-hand
column below and the second will be traced over in ink on gateway or film as instructed in the right-hand
column below:
Pencil Drawing instructions (on bumpf)
Ink Drawing instructions (on gateway or film)
In Block A:
Horizontal lines
In order to practice generating horizontal lines
of consistent thickness, draw horizontal lines in
pencil 5mm apart sufficient to neatly fill the block.
Trace through in ink on the gateway or film using pen
nibs 0.18 (or smallest one you have), 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5
for consecutive lines taking care not to smudge and
ensuring an even flow of ink. Repeat until the square
is full of inked-in lines.
In Block B:
Vertical lines
As for ‘A’, set up vertical lines in pencil on bumpf
5mm apart, in order to practice drawing good
quality.
Trace through in ink as you did for block A.
In Block C:
Hatching - at 45 degrees
Divide block ‘C’ into equal sections in pencil on
bumpf. When closed, your set square is set at 45
degrees on the diagonal. Place your set square
on the horizontal ruler of your drawing board. Use
the diagonal side of the set square to draw evenly
spaced lines at 45 degrees, 2mm apart in blocks
1 and 4 in pencil. (Ensure you measure 2mm
diagonally and not horizontally or vertically.)
Trace through using a 0.25 nib in ink on gateway/film.
Fig. 2.6
1
2
3
4
Fig. 2.7
TEC009
15
PART
Your Notes
Line exercise
In Block C:
Hatching - at 45 degrees
(continued)
2
For blocks 2 & 3, draw 2 diagonals, 2mm apart
and then leave a gap of 10mm and repeat the 2
diagonals.
Ink in using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest pen).
Fig. 2.8
For Block D:
Thickening-in/heavy-up
lines.
In pencil draw the diagonals of the rectangle.
Construct vertical and horizontal centre lines
accurately in pencil. Mark off equal divisions
10mm apart from the centre lines horizontally
and vertically.
In pencil, draw in the concentric rectangles
formed.
Using a neat and carefully made dot-dash line
draw in the horizontal and vertical centre lines.
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TEC009
Trace through all the rectangles in ink using a 0.18
pen (or your smallest pen). Be sure to carefully cross
your lines at the corners.
Working from the outermost rectangle to the
innermost, carefully thicken in, to the inside of the
using a 0.5, 0.35, 0.25 pen for each rectangle. Repeat
this sequence until all the rectangles have been
‘thickened in’. Take care this time NOT to cross your
lines at the corners.
Trace through in ink using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest
pen).
PART
2
Line exercise
In Block E:
Lines at an angle.
Using the adjustable set square in pencil, halve the
top line of the rectangle and connect this point to
each bottom corner.
Using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest pen), trace through
all the triangles. Take care to cross your lines.
(A perpendicular line drawn from the apex of the
triangle to the base will halve the base line.)
Using the same angle setting on your adjustable
set square, construct three triangles within the
larger triangle. Repeat this process once more to
create 16 smaller identical triangles.
Thicken in the centre triangle using a 0.5 pen, the
triangles adjacent to that in a 0.35. Take care this time
NOT to cross your lines.
Look carefully at the optical illusion you have created.
Which triangles appear to be closer?
In Block F:
Circles – using the
compass.
Using the diagonals, find the centre of block F.
Use the centre to construct a series of concentric
circles 5mm apart. Use your compass to draw the
concentric circles.
Draughters' Tips
Carefully ink in the circles using your pen in a 0.18 pen
compass (or your smallest pen)..
Draw in dashed lines for the horizontal and vertical
centre lines using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest pen).
Fig. 2.8 Above is an overview of all the blocks.
Developing a steady hand when
draughting will ensure a greater degree
of accuracy.
TEC009
17
PART
INTRODUCTION TO LETTERING
3
Lettering
Part 3 of this module is concerned with Lettering. You will
be required to form letters and numbers to communicate,
the names of drawings, annotations of drawings,
dimensions and notes. The working drawings that you will
be producing are often of a contractual nature. |n other
words they are binding information on which we base
the outcome of a structure. It is therefore important that
information is appropriate, relevant and legible.
It is important to develop a neat and acceptable form
of hand lettering on architectural drawings as well as
understand the type use and font size required for various
elements in an architectural drawing. We refer to the
use of size of font as hierarchy of information or text. In
essence this means that certain information will hold more
importance than other information and must be expressed
through the size of the font selected.
3.1 Introduction to lettering
a.Graphic representations are nearly always supplemented
by information in the form of handwritten or stenciled
notes. As the course progresses, greater and greater
emphasis will be placed on this aspect of the work and
students will be expected to comprehensively annotate
drawings by the end of the course.
b.The size of the printing, its appropriateness, thickness of
line and positioning with regard to the drawing/s will be
commented on continually throughout the course.
c.Although lettering stencils exist, these are tedious
and can be overly time consuming to generate. It is
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TEC009
not advised that you pursue this method, it is far more
beneficial to learn to write appropriately in a free-hand
text.
3.2 Free-hand lettering
a.Architectural fonts are clear and methods of generating
letters and numerals have been developed to avoid
ambiguity. e.g. poorly constructed 1s and 7s could be
misread, hence the 7 is given a horizontal line, to ensure
it is not mistaken as a 1 and vice versa.
eg. 7 (seven) 1 (one)
b.The use of guidelines in free-hand lettering is important
if the letters are to be consistent in height. Guidelines
have 3 lines for each line of text, then a space (line
spacing/line factor), and then another 3 guidelines.
Guidelines are important – do not get lazy.
eg.
c a t
c.Everyone’s style of lettering develops as time progresses
but it is important that it is based on a readable and
consistent standard. To the right are some typical
lettering and figures.
3.3 Tracing existing typefaces for titles
The use of a typeface catalogue as an aid is useful for
general titles, north points etc.
e.g. Helvetica Medium, Roman Alphabet, Stencil Bold.
Fig.3.1 Typical lettering and figures.
Draughters' Tips
Using a suitable font enhances the visual
aesthetics of your drawing. You can
develop your own style of writing. Always
remain consistent in style to produce
drawings of a professional quality.
PART
3
Lettering
3.4 Hierarchy of text
Text sizes that you could use:
a.Text is located on the drawing in order to add to the clarity of
the drawing.
Drawing Name and North symbol
b.It also follows a set of conventions. The text which should be
read first should catch one’s attention first. It should be the
easiest to read, i.e. biggest and boldest.
c.When reading the drawing one is first likely to want to
know what one is looking at. Hence the drawing title is
conventionally the largest/boldest. Next when reading plans
orientating oneself in the space is important. Items such as
north symbols are also large and bold. For the same reason
room names tend to be written slightly bolder than the general
annotation text.
0.5 pen
@ 10mm
Scale and Section symbols
0.25 pen
@ 7mm
0.25 pen
@ 5mm
0.15 pen
@4mm
Notes and Annotations:
0.25/0.18
@ 3mm
Dimension text:
0.18 pen
@ 2,5mm
Largest
font size
Fig. 3.2
This Exercise is not for submission and assessment
purposes. However, it is imperative that you complete
it to the best of your ability as it forms an important
part of your preparation to complete drawings for
assessment at a later stage. DO NOT SUBMIT IT.
Room names:
Floor finishes and levels:
Smallest
font size
Exercise
EXERCISE 2: LETTERING EXERCISE
Accuracy and speed of execution are the hallmarks of good
draughting. As a first step in developing these skills it is
necessary to become familiar with and to learn to control
some of the basic equipment.
This exercise is intended to help students develop
an acceptable form of hand lettering on architectural
drawings.
Using an A2 sheet of gateway (or film), divide
the sheet as per the previous exercise.
You will follow the column on the left to
determine the line spacing and the column
on the right to add the required text. Both
columns will be executed on one sheet.
SCALE 1:100
TEC009
19
PART
3
Lettering
In Block
A:
Line Spacing Instructions
(In pencil)
Text Experimentation
(In ink)
Carefully set up in pencil horizontal
guidelines spaced as follows,
(measurements on left are in mm),
lines of text to be 10mm high
spaced 3 mm apart. All lines of text
to have a line in the middle, for
lines such as the horizontal stroke
of the H:
Using a 0.5 pen, carefully print out
In Block
B:
(In pencil)
(In ink)
As above, however the “middle”
line should be placed 1/3 from top
of the 10mm line spacing.
In a 0.5 pen write the following words:
PLAN, SECTION, ELEVATION,
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST.
Then write your name using a 0.35
pen. Repeat the above list until the
block is full or until you have perfectly
formed letters.
Fig. 3.4
Write out the capital letters for the
full alphabet. Repeat letters you find
challenging.
Fig. 3.3
Draw feint vertical guidelines
the full height of the rectangle
approximately 10mm apart,
(gauge this distance by eye). You
will use these to assist in guiding
the upright angle of your text.
20
TEC009
Fig. 3.5
In Block
C:
Draw the guidelines as for block A.
Practice the following numerals in a
0.35 pen:
Repeat until you have a perfectly
formed set of capital letters.
Fig. 3.6
Write your I.D.Number.
Fill the rectangle with numerals.
PART
Your Notes
Lettering
In Block
D:
3
(In pencil)
(In ink)
Draw lines for text height of 5mm,
line spacing of 2mm and the
horizontal stroke guideline in the
location of your choice.
In a 0.35 pen write the following text:
Space the vertical guidelines at
about 10mm apart.
Fig. 3.7
In Block
E:
Draw the guidelines as for block A
or B.
However instead of drawing vertical
guidelines, angle them at 15º.
Write the following:
1:100 1:200 1:500 880 990 110
115 230 6000 3300 4500 7200
Repeat numerals until the box is full.
In Block
F:
Set up guidelines in style of your
choice.
Fill the block with text of your choice.
This may include your name, ID
number, cell number; or THE QUICK
BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE
LAZY DOG (this sentence includes
every letter of the alphabet).
TEC009
21
PART
STANDARD DRAWING LAYOUT
4
Layout specifications
The standards as set out by SABS (South African Bureau
of Standards) 0143 SECTION 5, define the conventions
regarding the layout of drawing sheets. In part 4 of this
module we will explore these conventions in more detail.
4.1 Terminology
a.A drawing sheet is the actual page on which the
individual drawings are ordered. Drawing sheets sizes
are conventionally A1, though A0 and A2 are also not
uncommon. A4 is useful for faxing, however A4 and
A3 are less common being small and less likely to
accommodate the information at a legible scale.
For the purpose of this course we will work mainly on A2
and A3 sized paper. This makes photocopying your work
more affordable and easier to handle in a portfolio.
b.The drawings are typically various views of the design. A
drawing sheet may have several drawings on it.
c.Projects will have numerous drawings on any number
of drawing sheets, hence a method of where, what and
how to record the information is required in order for the
drawing to have any meaning. The method of recording
this information must be done as per draughting
conventions.
4.2 Factors influencing the layout of a drawing sheet
a.The elements of a drawing sheet are:
drawings
text
dimensions
symbols/keys
and a title block.
22
TEC009
Fig. 4.1 The position of all elements on the sheet should add to the legibility of the overall contents.
i.Lining-up:
• Drawings should be lined up, both horizontally & vertically. We refer to this as alignment of drawings.
• Where ever possible the contents of the drawings should be aligned.
• Projection lines may be left on the page to guide the eye to the element on the adjacent view. (Projection principles will be discussed in the next module.)
• Drawing title text should be aligned.
PART
4
Your Notes
ii.Spacing between elements
• A cluttered drawing is visually busy and thus more
challenging to read.
• Drawings should be well spaced, with sufficient
space for annotations (text) and dimensions
(measurements).
• Drawing title text should be located close enough
to the drawing it describes to ensure that there is
clarity regarding which drawing it is labelling.
iii.Overall position on the sheet
• Drawings should be aesthetically located within the
drawing plane, e.g. not all pushed to the left, or
squashed at the top etc.
iv.Title block
• A title block should appear on the right or
underneath. (Be consistent throughout the project,
do not change from sheet to sheet.)
• Drawings do not extend into this zone. At
minimum include: Drawing Name, Drawn By, Date,
Scale and a reference number for the purposes of
study.
b.The contents of a drawing sheet should ideally relate, in
the same way that the contents of a paragraph relates.
i. For smaller projects it may be possible to locate
all views required on one sheet. However for large
projects such as hotels or office blocks several sheets
are sometimes required for one view. A numbering
and cross-referencing system is required, in order to
ascertain where the required information can be found
within the set of drawings. Without a clear system
the information on the pages can be compared to
a library without a filing system ie. the name of the
drawing found in the drawing plan will be noted in the
Title Block. When the large format page is folded into
an A4 size, the information is visible on the front in
the titleblock. Therefore, without needing to open the
large format paper, one can tell its contents.
When setting up a system for the drawing sheets
follow conventional methods. (Imagine you are the
contractor reading the drawing/s on site, and ask
yourself if you would understand/find the information)
ii.The various drawings on a sheet may be at different
scales or the same scale. This will depend on the
contents.
c.Economy of paper is also a consideration when setting
up a drawing, this assists in the manageability of the
paperwork on a project.
i. Ten drawing sheets are easier to search through than
fifty. As the contractor on an office block, you may
wish to know what height to build the cavity for the air
conditioning unit, how do you know which of the 50
drawing sheets to look at.
ii.Printing costs can accumulate when providing each
contractor with a set of drawings. For this reason, we
issue drawings to pertinent contractors, and each
revision made must be re-printed and re-issued,
again to all relevant contractors. (e.g a ceiling layout
in the restaurant of a hotel will be issued to the
lighting consultant, air-conditioning specialist, fire
planner (smoke detectors/sprinkler locations.); the
sound engineer (speakers), the ceiling contractor and
possibly the engineer and main building contractor
too. However drawings should not be squashed onto
the format as this becomes busy and visually difficult
to access the information.
TEC009
23
PART
4
Exercise
4.3 Titleblocks
a.The titleblock records the contents of the page
for ease of reference. It is similar to that of a
reference number on the spine of a library book.
b.Titleblocks can be customised to suit the
particular project, or the particular office
protocol. However there are some conventional
requirements.
All drawing sheets are folded in such a way that
the title block is visible after folding, for easy
reference. All drawings are to be folded to A4 size.
Vertical Titleblock
A1 Page folded to A4 size.
Titleblock to front
Alternative horizontal
Titleblock
Revisions:
Drawings are amended
frequently. It is good practice to
record these changes.
203-03-01
View code e.g. all plans are 01,
all elevations 02, sections 03..
For your college projects you
may want to use the module &
lesson, followed by the sheet
number:
Project title:
The name of the project. e.g.
New house for Mr & Mrs Smith.
eg:
Drawing Title:
The views drawn on the drawing
sheet are listed here. e.g. Plan,
site plan, section AA.
All drawings are to be folded to A4 size. The
above drawing shows an A1 page folded to A4,
with title block on the front. If you have an A2
page , please ensure to adjust folding method to
ensure that the final result is an A4 page with title
block on the front.
Scale:
This is a record of all scales that
appear on the drawing, with the
advent of digital media it is also
advised to state the size of the
page. e.g. 1:100 / A1
Date:
As drawings become legal
documents it is important to
date the drawing. This is the
date it was created, not revised
TEC009
Issued for:
Drawings are issued for:
Information / discussion,
Approval; Construction. A
drawing issued for information
should not be used to build
from, as it will not contain
sufficient information to build as
required.
01-03-01
The revision number is often
quoted as part of the drawing
number.
Draughtsman Reg No:
In order to submit drawings to
council, one must be registered
with SACAP.
Drawn by:
Usually the initials or name
of person who draughted
the sheet. Useful for finding
answers to queries arising from
the drawing.
Fig. 4.2
24
Drawing number:
Included for both filing & crossreferencing purposes.
A number can contain inherent
information, by use of codes.
Each office will have a system of
numbering their drawings.
e.g.:
Project
Sheet 1
Number
of sections
Notes:
Information pertinent
to drawing. May include
general notes or construction
specifications as well as symbol
keys..
Engineer Signature:
The engineer contracted must
sign and put their registration
number on all drawings
submitted to council, as well
as fill out the appointment of a
professional form.
Owner Signature:
Owners sign drawings as
acceptance of the contents and
as owner prior to submission to
council.
Fig. 4.3
This Exercise is not for submission and
assessment purposes. However, it is imperative
that you complete it to the best of your ability
as it forms an important part of your preparation
to complete drawings for assessment at a later
stage. DO NOT SUBMIT IT.
EXERCISE 3: TITLE BLOCK EXERCISE
Using an A2 piece of bumpf, create a drawing
layout by leaving a 25mm border at the edge
of the page. This border is known as the filing
margin. If using A3 size paper please adjust
dimensions accordingly.
• From the right hand side filing margin
measure 100mm. Draw a vertical line to
create the Title Block.
• Draw horizontal lines from the bottom filing
margin at the following increments to create
blocks: 50mm, 3 x 25mm, 4 x 20mm, 25mm,
5 x 5mm.
• Refer to the figure indicating the layout of a
title block to complete the details thereof.
Design a logo that personally represents you
and your style to insert into the ‘logo’ block.
Use the layout of the title block
that you have designed for the
drawings that you produce over
the remainder of the course.
PART
ASSESSMENT: LINE WEIGHTS
4
ASSESSMENT TEC0091
THIS BRIEF MUST BE SUBMITTED FOR ASSESSMENT
Brief
You are now ready to complete ASSESSMENT TEC0091.
Complete the assignments as per the brief below.
Remember, the assignment is for submission purposes
and will receive a full assessment.
REMEMBER
You will need to make use of the following equipment: a
compass, 2mm clutch pencil (H-lead); a set of draughting
pens, adjustable set-square, scale rule/drawing board.
Note that the dimensions given are in mm and represent
the sizes of the drawing. (Conventionally dimensions of
the real size of the object are given)
If you are a CONTACT STUDENT, submit your
assignment directly to your lecturer as per the deadline
date. Ensure you have your Assignment Submission
Form signed as proof of submission.
If you are a DISTANCE STUDENT, submit the
assignments before any assessment date on the
calendar, with a barcoded assignment label and a
student label attached.
Draughters' Tips
Use a separate page to test your text before adding it
to the final page
CODE
BRIEF
MATERIALSVALUE
TEC0091
Line Weights
Draughting equipment
40
BRIEF
On the following pages are four drawings. You are going to draught these four on an A2 or A3 format in
various media, thus generating several drawing sheets for assessment.
If using A3 please adjust dimensions accordingly.
Drawing sheet 1:
a.The first step is to set-up the drawing sheet: In faint pencil lines on a sheet of bumpf mark-up construction
lines for the size and location of each drawing on the sheet. Ensure that the contents
of the drawings line up. You will need to allow sufficient space for the drawing title text, as well as
dimensions. The drawing sheet must also have a title block. The dimensions given are to be used as
mm for this exercise.
b.Using pencil only draw the 4 drawings on one sheet of bumpf.
Drawing sheet 2
a.On a sheet of gateway or film, trace the drawings in a 0.18 pen. If there were any errors in the pencil
version, ensure that you correct them on this page. (e.g. If the spacing between 2 elements was
insufficient.)
b.Using all 4 of your draughting pens you are required to add line weights to the drawing on the film or
gateway. The heaviest lines are 0.5, the thinnest would be the dimension lines and hatching. Text may be
in a 0.25 or 0.35. Include all dimensions and labels for each drawing.
Good Luck
TEC009
25
PART
ASSESSMENT: LINE WEIGHTS
4
Your Notes
ASSESSMENT TEC0091
Draughters' Tips
Note: NTS = not to scale in the given
drawing but when re-drawing these
drawings please indicate the scale you
used.
Fig. 4.4
26
Fig. 4.5
2010
PLAN
SCALE: NTS
TEC009
3D Drawing of fountain: Fouche A,
PART
LINE, SCALE AND DIMENSIONING AS A LANGUAGE
Your Notes
Line, scale & dimension
Earlier in the module, you were introduced to the
concept of line. We will now explore line in more depth.
In architectural draughting, we use line as a language
to communicate the requirements of a structure. There
are specific conventions that you must be familiar with,
to communicate successfully to the person reading your
drawings.
5.1 Introduction to line as a language
a.We have already mentioned that every mark on the
page/sheet contributes towards what the viewer reads.
Thus if all we have is the ability to place a line on the
page, and we are to communicate how to construct large
complex 3D buildings on a much smaller 2D format, we
need to look at how many different marks we can make
on the page and more importantly how those marks are
perceived.
b.You have already been introduced to the concept of line
weight and line type. The repetition of lines is also used,
(e.g. hatching). The following part of the module will look
at all the various characteristics and an overview of the
conventions used.
5.2 Line weight guidelines
a. Visual discernment:
i. A strong impression of depth can be implied through
the adoption of a hierarchy of line thickness.
ii. The thickest, darkest lines denote areas which are
closest (or cut-through), and the finest lines describe
elements which are further away from the viewer (or
below the cut-line).
5
(The concept of a cut-line will be reviewed in more
detail in the next module.)
iii. Note that the use of a particular line weight is less
about following a list of rules such as:
For a scale 1:100 plan:
Walls should be shown in a 0.5 (or 0.35) pen
Furniture in a 0.35 (or 0.25)
Floor tiles in 0.25
…and more about the use of visual discernment.
i.e. The question is not, “Should I have used a 0.5 pen
for the walls”, but rather, “Do the walls read heavy
enough in relation to the other objects represented
on the page, so that they are clear?”
iv. The scale of the plan will affect the required line
weights. The rule is not walls must always be a 0.5
pen. A large detail drawing at 1:20, will probably
require a 0.7 or heavier for the portion of the wall
shown, whereas a wall shown at a scale of 1:100
would be too heavy in a 0.7 pen. Hence the rule is:
“Cut-through walls are to read heaviest.”
v. It is critical that you develop a sense of visual
discernment regarding line weights.
vi. The use of one pen to obtain a range of slightly
varying line weights is a skill to strive for.
b. When to use heavy and when to use thin:
i. Generally the guide regarding line weights is that
elements that are cut-through or closest to the viewer
are heaviest.
TEC009
27
PART
5
Draughters' Tip
Keep your style of line weights and
types consistent from project to project.
You will have a more professional
“look” to your portfolio at the end of
the course.
5.3 Line types
a.There are various line types that can be
generated by using a series of broken
lines. These broken lines can be spaced far
apart, or kept close together or separated
by intervals of dots. There are many
combinations.
The lines above are both dashed, however
two different line types have been
generated by using longer or shorter
dashes.
ii. The thinner lines are those elements that are further away from the viewer.
Such as floor tile lines.
iii. Dimension lines are the thinnest. (excl the tick mark/arrow and the actual text.)
28
TEC009
Fig. 5.1 NTS on this page.
Original scale 1:50.
© Sherilyn de Klerk
The lines above are both dot-dashed,
however two different line types have
been generated by using longer or shorter
dashes.
PART
5
Draughters' Tip
b.A dashed line can be used to indicate that something is
hidden by another object, or that it is to be an element
to be removed, or that it is above what is being shown
such as a ceiling beam on a floor plan.
Do try to scale your hatching, to suit your
space or drawing, to communicate the
detail appropriately.
c.It is important not to use the same line to express two
different concepts on the same drawing.
Indicates this wall is new brickwork
Tiled floor surface.
Tiling is hatched (Note this is not
a tiling layout, it is indicative that
the surface is tiled. It does not give
details such as starting out points.)
Your Notes
5.4 Repetition of line/hatching
a.The use of repetition in order to create meaning is also
useful. This is termed hatching.
b.It is used to show the material of an element that has
been cut-through, particularly in sections. It may also
be used to indicate floor finishes.
c.There are many conventional types of hatching, each
type communicating a different material.
d.Hatching is conventionally drawn in a very thin line
weight.
e.Some typical examples are shown alongside.
Fig. 5.2
TEC009
29
PART
5.5 Introduction to scale
a.We have mentioned that part of the task of draughting is to explain life size
buildings on much reduced sizes of paper. This requires the use of a scaled
representation of the real object.
We use a system where we say “something” on the page represents “something”
in reality. Those “somethings” are given distances or ratios. For example: 1:100
means one unit on the page is equal to 100 units in reality.
5
b.Not all scales are represented on the ruler, however a 1:5 scale can be measured
using the 1:50 markings or a 1:10 can be measured from the 1:100 markings.
A simple method is as follows:
You will notice that 1:10 is simply 1:100, with a zero crossed off. Hence the rule is
go to ten units, where you can drop a zero to get 1. This is then 1 unit. (i.e. 1m)
ON THE RULER/PAGE: REPRESENTS 100 OF THESE UNITS IN REALITY. IN REALITY 100 UNITS MEASURES 1M.
Fig. 5.5
Fig. 5.3
1:100 = 1m divided by 100 = 10mm (1cm). Thus in a scale of 1:100 we use 10mm
(1cm) to represent 1m
Should you require a portion of a metre, remember that 1m is equal to 1000mm,
so each of the 10 divisions is equal to 100mm (i.e. 1000mm divided by 10 =
100mm)
Similarly the following scales are also explained:
1:50 = 1m divided by 50 = (1000mm divided by 50 = 20mm). Thus in a scale of
1:50, 20mm represents 1m.
1:20 = 1m divided by 20 = (1000mm divided by 20 = 50mm). Thus in a scale of
1:20, 50mm represents 1m.
EQUAL TO 1 UNIT (1m) AT 1:10
The scale ruler makes this easier for us. We do not have to calculate the ratio, we
simply measure off the ruler. 1m on the ruler represents 1m at the given scale.
EQUAL TO 1 UNIT (1m) AT 1:5
A METRE DIVIDED INTO 10, RESULTS IN MODULES OF 100mm - HENCE EACH OF THE 10 REMAINING DIVISIONS IS EQUAL
TO
100mm.
Fig.
5.6 e.g. THE 5 IS EQUAL TO 500mm.
Fig. 5.6
Fig. 5.4
(The 1m at 1:50 shown above will measure 20mm as calculated above).
30
TEC009
PART
5
Your Notes
c.Site sketch
5.6 Suggested scales for drawings
The list below is based on the list given in the SABS 0-143,
however the more common scales have been indicated in
bold.
a. Site Plan:
1:100
b. Working drawings:
1:20
c. Detail drawings:
1:1
d. Plumbing & Drainage:
1:501:1001:200
e. Fire Protection:
1:201:501:1001:200
1:200 1:250 1:50
1:100
1:2
1:500 1:1000
(Elevations may be done in 1:200)
1:5 1:10 1:201:50
5.7 Measuring up a site
a.Introduction
i. If you are working on an existing structure plans may
be available from council or you may be required to
measure the site/structure and draw plans.
i. Draw a rough outline of the site to record information.
The sketch should preferably be in proportion. The
ability to draw in proportion will develop with practice.
ii.Leave enough space on the page to record
dimensions and observations.
iii.The sketch should include wall widths.
iv.If measuring a large site, you may find that you require
several pages. Record which pages follow or join each
other.
v. Below is a typical sketch of a portion of a site
measurement exercise. Notice the following:
- In small areas, it is difficult to record all distances – draw large enough to write inside of the drawing.
- Some of the overall dimensions may not tally exactly. (In this case 5-10mm)
Elevation of window measured from finished
floor level.
(Drawn parallel to wall, in line with window).
ii.It may appear to be a simple task however there are
common errors which you can avoid, if you are to
follow the guidelines & observations discussed below.
iii.As a junior staff member you are likely to be asked
to measure a site. Always record measurements as if
someone else will be working from your sketch.
First line of dimensions are running dimensions.
Recording both running & individual dimensions
may not be necessary. However being thorough
avoids a second trip to site.
b.Requirements
i. A tape measure, (or laser) in order to measure the
distances, and knowledge of how to calculate angles
that are not 90 degrees are required.
Overall dimensions must be recorded.
Fig. 5.7
TEC009
31
PART
5
Your Notes
d.Observations to be recorded
(Note that these observations will be more familiar
to you, once the course has been completed and all
components and terminology has been discussed in
detail.)
i. Structural composition/materials – e.g. brick vs dry
wall; ceiling, e.g. flush plaster or grid ceiling.
ii.Draw door swings (note which side it is hung and
which direction it swings).
iii. Note type of window: fixed or open & frame material.
This information may be useful at the design stage.
iv. Record wall thicknesses. Wall thicknesses can be
measured at window and door openings.
v. Services: - db board, lighting, switches, plugs, a/c
units, a/c control points, plumbing points. (a/c - air
conditioning)
vi. North point.
vii.Fixed elements are usually recorded, whilst freestanding ones are not.
viii.Count the number of risers for level changes and
record riser heights as well as tread depths.
ix. It is a good idea to photograph the site as this saves
you going back several times.
e.General guidelines
i. Measure internal and external distances as required
to complete the drawing of the structure.
ii. A common mistake is to omit a required
measurement. To avoid this commence at a point
and move consecutively round the building or space
until you reach the original point.
32
TEC009
iii. Measure the structural elements rather than the
non-structural. e.g. Measure the wall not skirting. It
may be useful to record which walls have skirting,
as well as the height & width as an observation.
iv. Running dimensions allow you to roll out the tape
measure once and record the various intervals, and
the overall dimension. (This method allows less
room for error.)
Fig. 5.6
The top line shows a running dimension.
The lower line shows individual dimensions, where each
measurement begins from zero.
v. Always record overall dimensions as a check.
vi. Diagonals are useful as they allow you to triangulate.
(A method of determining angles.)
vii. Measure the ceiling height first as you are less likely
to forget it.
viii.Heights may be required not only for ceilings but
also for, heights of archways; windows; doors or any
other vertical elements. You may wish to draw the
elevation adjacent to the length of the wall.
ix. Tape measure should always be straight – if skew,
inaccuracies result. This can be challenging, but will
affect your drawing.
Draughters' Tips
It is always useful to measure up a site
with a friend or colleague. They can assist
by holding the tape measure and double
check your measurements.
PART
5.7 Triangulation
b.Method:
a.Introduction
i. In order to plot an angle (e.g.
B) you need the distances on
both sides of the angle (e.g.
AB & BC) and the distance
between the other end points
of the two lengths (e.g. AC).
For this example, the lengths
are: AB = 3200mmBC =
3400mmAC = 5715mm
i. This is a method of
determining angles by
plotting known distances
on the drawing sheet. It is
useful when walls do not
meet at 90 degrees.
ii. You require three (3)
distances that form a
triangle, thus you will need
to measure some diagonal
distances.
iii. Besides a ruler and sharp
pencil, you will also require
a drawing compass.
Fig. 5.9
ii.Begin by plotting one of
the lengths on the page, for
this example we will plot BC
vertically on the page. (To
begin with use the inside wall Fig. 5.10
line only. The wall width can be
added at the end.)
iii.Draw the first construction
curve, using the measurement
of the first length for the
radius. In this case AB, being
3200mm
Fig. 5.12
v. The two curves will
intersect at A. The
line from B to A can
now be drawn in and
will be at the correct
angle.
Fig. 5.13
vi.The rest of the known
lines and angles can
be completed, if they
have not already
been drawn, and then
the wall width can be
added.
Fig. 5.11
iv.Draw the second
construction
curve, using the
measurement of
the second length
for the radius. In
this case AC, being
5715mm
5
Fig. 5.14
TEC009
33
PART
ASSESSMENT: TRIANGULAR EXERCISE
5
ASSESSMENT TEC0092
Brief
CODE
BRIEF
MATERIALSVALUE
TEC0092
Triangulation Exercise
BRIEF
20
This is an exercise in which you can practice using triangulation.
REMEMBER
assignment directly to your lecturer as per the
deadline date. Ensure you have your Assignment
Submission Form signed as proof of submission.
olearn calendar, with a barcoded olearn assignment
label and your student label attached.
Your Notes
1.Below is a sketch of a space. Distances are as indicated. They
are in mm.
2.The drawing is not accurate. However angles that appear to be
90º can be taken as 90º
3.You are required to
draw this up at a scale
of 1:100.
This will fit on an
A4 page, landscape
format.
4.Include a title block,
label, scale and
dimensions.
Good Luck
Fig. 5.15
34
TEC009
PART
DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES
6
Types of drawings/stages in the process
6.1 Design is a process
6.3 Presentation Drawings
i. The creation of a building is a process. Various drawings are made to assist in
the stages of the process.
i. These are used to present design ideas to clients
for discussion or approval. There are various
stages in the design process at which designs
may be presented, and various types of drawings
to express ideas.
ii.Drawings can be used as tools to solve designs or means of communication.
iii.Communication may be to a fellow designer, in order to discuss ideas; it may
be a drawing to show the client the design, it may be a drawing to explain to
a contractor how the design should be built.
6.2 Concept sketches
i. These are developmental sketches.
iii.The scope of the presentation depends on the
nature (& budget) of the project. e.g. A large
hotel presentation will probably include, sketch
plans, elevations and perspectives (or computer
generated walk-throughs). A small domestic
house alteration may be presented in plan form
initially, allowing the planning stages to be
discussed with the client first.
ii.They are planning tools and aesthetic testing
tools.
iii.They may be 2D or 3D, depending on what
is being planned or assessed for visual
aesthetics.
iv.Initially they are not to scale, however as the
design develops they are drawn to scale in
order to test an idea accurately. E.g. figures
6.1, 6.2 and 6.3.
ii.Presentation drawings tend to focus on the
aesthetic nature of the design and thus tend
to result in aesthetic drawings expressing the
atmosphere of the forms & space, showing
materials/finishes of forms designed.
Fig. 6.2. 2D Concept
iv.The term sketch plan does not mean rough
or messy sketch. It may be drawn free-hand,
however it is still a neat professional drawing
that is to scale and follows drawing conventions.
v. Presentation drawings do not usually show
dimensions. If there is a specific reason to show
dimensions, they are not comprehensive, but
serve as a visual guide.
Fig. 6.1. Drawing Concept
Fig. 6.4. Final presentation drawings
Fig. 6.3. 3D Model Concept
TEC009
35
PART
6
6.3 Working Drawings
i. They communicate exactly how a design is
to be built. These are scaled drawings that
are fully dimensioned and annotated.
ii.These are usually sheets of formal
draughting.
6.4 Introduction to free-hand
draughting
a.Formal draughting is generated with
accuracy using precision equipment, as
you have been introduced to over the
past few lessons.
b.Free-hand draughting follows exactly the
same draughting rules and conventions,
however it is drawn without a straight
edge.e.g. it is to scale, requires line
weights, has hierarchical text.
c.A scale grid is often used to trace over, in
order to establish distances.
d.In the design stage drawings are often
traced as changes are explored, freehand draughting is faster than formal
draughting and thus useful for exploring
various ideas.
e.The style is often used to present
designs at concept stage.
36
TEC009
Fig. 6.5
PART
6
Your Notes
Understanding plans
6.5 How to read a plan
A plan is a diagrammatic view seen from above showing
the correct geometric form of a building layout. In order to
show door and window openings it is generally taken as a
horizontal ‘cut’ at about 1metre above floor level.
This means that elements below 1m are shown using solid
continuous lines, whereas elements above the 1m cut will
be represented using broken or dotted lines.
In plans of buildings, symbols are used to signify various
elements; eg; door swings, sanitary fittings, electrical
sockets etc. Other information can be; arrows to show the
rise of a staircase, compass points to show the position of
the building; arrangement of furniture.
A plan enables us to see the relationships between
adjacent spaces; (corridors, rooms etc) and to make
decisions concerning their disposition.
In order for these decisions to be seen at a glance, we draw
plans at a fraction of the actual size of the building: they are
“to scale”
Fig. 6.6
TEC009
37
PART
6
Your Notes
6.6 How to draw a plan to scale
Plans are invaluable aids, not only in making layout
decisions but also as subsequent instruments of instruction
to builders, furniture manufacturers, shop fitters, furniture
movers, or even the bank manager, who may be lending
money for the work.
The first step is to assemble the information that you will be
showing on the drawing – make a survey. (concept sketch)
Graph Paper Method
Using graph paper, it can be determined that one block is
equal to 1m. Lay a piece of tracing paper or film over the
graph paper and tape it down to the drawing board. Using
a sharp fairly hard (H or H2) pencil draw a line that will
represent a wall. From your survey notes (concept drawings)
measure its length and draw a line at right angles for the
next wall; a set square is useful. Scale it off and continue
to form the perimeter of the room. Mark on the doors,
windows and other features, then draw in the thickness of
the walls to the next room, measure from the connecting
door to the corner and repeat the process. With accurate
notes and reasonable luck you will end up with a floor plan.
This method should not be used if precision is important.
You will , however, have a fairly accurate diagram of your
domain. You may also find it a good idea to draw the
shapes of your furniture and fittings to scale on coloured
paper and cut them out. These shapes can then be moved
around on the plan you have drawn to experiment with
furnishing arrangements. Do remember to mark each
38
TEC009
piece of paper with a label of what piece of furniture it
represents, or you might finish with an unidentifiable pile of
square confetti!
Technical Drawing Method
The first step is to assemble the information that you will be
showing on the drawing – make a survey. (Concept sketch)
Using firm, clear lines make free-hand drawings of the
shapes of your rooms and how they relate to one another.
Then measure the lengths of the walls, widths of the doors,
thickness of partitions, positions of fittings and mark them
clearly on the sketch.
Decide upon the scale to be used, keeping the following in
mind:
• Size and nature of the project
• Size of the paper
• Detail required of the drawing
• Economy of time and effort
As a guide, use a scale that is easily divided into 100.
(Refer to notes on scale).
PART
6
6.7 Plan
In basic terms, a plan is a diagram
of a building drawn as if the entire
building has been cut through on the
horizontal, about 1 metre above the
finished floor level. Plans are drawn
to a scale which can be indicated
as a ratio or as a line divided into
regular intervals. For example 1:100
means that every 1mm on the drawing
represents 100mm in reality. Therefore
a measurement of 10mm on a drawing
represents 1000mm or 1m in reality.
You can measure directly off the
plan, without having to calculate the
conversion, using a scale ruler.
Fig. 6.7 Ground Floor Plan. © C G Barry
Fig. 6.8 Ground Floor Plan. © C G Barry
TEC009
39
PART
6
Your Notes
6.8 Section
A section is a vertical cut through a building. The position
and direction of the cut are indicated on the plan*. The
aspects, which lie beyond the line of cut, are usually shown
as an elevation. Sections are referred to as:
Section AA
Or
Scale 1:50 Section BB
Scale 1:50
“AA” refers to… from point A to point A
“BB” refers to from point B to point B
Draw section lines below:
A
A
* by drawing a section line
Fig. 6.9 A1 Section. © C G Barry
40
TEC009
PART
6
6.9 Elevation
Elevations are drawings of the sides of the building, which
are drawn as if you were looking at the side square on.
Each elevation is named according to the direction from
which it is being viewed. You may have to deal with Interior
Elevations, we name them as follows:
Elevation 01
Or
Elevation 02
Scale 1:50Scale 1:50
You will encounter Exterior Elevations, these are referred to
as:
North elevation
Or
Scale 1:50
South Elevation
Scale 1:50 etc
Draughters' Tips
The north elevation is the elevation seen if you stand to
the north of the building and facing the building.
Fig. 6.10
TEC009
41
PART
6
Fig. 6.11 Elevation. © C G Barry (NTS for reproduction)
42
TEC009
PART
ASSESSMENT: FREEHAND EXERCISE
6
ASSESSMENT TEC0093
Brief
CODE
BRIEF
MATERIALSVALUE
TEC0093
Free-hand Exercise
BRIEF
REMEMBER
1.Using freehand
lines, in a 0.25 pen,
you are required to
trace the sheet of 4
drawings generated in
assessment AD01a.
assignment directly to your lecturer as per the
deadline date. Ensure you have your Assignment
Submission Form signed as proof of submission.
calendar, with a barcoded label attached.
2.This is to be completed
on a sheet of gateway
or tracing paper, the
same format as used
previously.
SECTION AA
SCALE: NTS
40
SECTION AA
SCALE: NTS
3.The drawing titles may
be completed in a
heavier line weight.
Your Notes
Good Luck
A
A
PLAN
SCALE: NTS
PLAN
SCALE: NTS
Fig. 6.13
TEC009
43
GLOSSARY
FREQUENTLY USED TERMS
Your Notes
The following terms are frequently used in the building industry and
specifically in architectural drawings. The glossary will assist you in
understanding their meaning in this context.
• Adjacent – lying near, close or adjoining; neighbouring
• Annotate – The process of adding annotations.
• Annotations – Text or labels adding explicit information to an
architectural drawing.
• Apex – The tip, point, or vertex; summit.
• Authorities – Organisations responsible for approving the
draughtsman’s drawings. They include, council, municipalities,
facilities management, community corporate bodies.
• Bumpf – Otherwise known as butcher paper is cheap but sturdy
paper that is sold in large rolls.
• Cavity – A hole or space, typically found in a wall.
• Concentric - having a common center, as circles or spheres.
• Construction lines – Preparatory lines used to determine a working
drawing. A hairline as light as possible and still visible. Meant to be
light enough to disappear in printing so there is no need to erase.
• Contractors – Someone (a person or firm) who contracts to
build things or service a product. E.g. tilers, plumbers, builders,
electricians.
• Detail drawings – A drawing indicating construction methods of an
object or structure.
• Diagonal - a set of entries in a square matrix running either from
upper left to lower right or lower left to upper right
• Dimensions – Measurements defining the size of an object/
structure.
• Door swings – The direction in which a door opens.
• Drawing Plane – A space on a drawing layout reserved for a
drawing view.
• Drawing revision – A revised drawing with changes.
• Drawing views – An object / structure can be viewed from different
angles. The top, side and back. In architectural drawings we refer
to these views for an object as top, side and back view and for a
structure, plan and elevation views.
• Drawings – A series of lines and symbols.
44
TEC009
• Fixed elements – Parts of a structure that are not movable. E.g.
doors, windows, kitchen counters, baths, toilets.
• Graphic representations – A visual image representative of an
object.
• Hatching – A graphic representation used to indicate the material
used in a structure, e.g. a brick wall.
• Measuring laser – A device that produces a monochromatic,
coherent beam of light to measure distances
• North symbol – A graphic representation indicating the direction
of North on a plan.
• Perpendicular - vertical; straight up and down; upright.
• Riser height – A riser refers to the part of a step that is vertical. The
riser height is therefore the dimension of the step in the upward
direction.
• Scale – The measurement at which a drawing is drawn
proportionally to a life size object.
• Scaled drawings – A drawing that is proportionally a representation
of a life size object.
• Services – Systems creating a habitable space. E.g. ventilation,
heating and cooling, waste disposal and electricity.
• Site Plan – A top view of a chosen site / erf / piece of land including
dimensions, street names, erf number, municipal connections.
• Skirting – A profile used at the joint of a wall and floor.
• Symbols/keys – Graphic representations defining objects.
• Text – Written information.
• The client – The person, people or organisation that commissions a
project. They usually are responsible for the brief and for payment
of the project.
• Title Block – A space on a drawing layout reserved for information
regarding the drawing found in the drawing plane.
• Tread depth – A tread refers to the part of a step that is horizontal
(the part one steps on). The tread depth is therefore the dimension
of the horizontal surface/step.
• Working drawings – A series of drawings indicating the details
of a structure. These can include, plans, elevations, sections and
construction details.
STANDARD DRAWING
CONVENTIONS
This module acts as an introduction to standard drawing conventions and techniques. A good grounding in drawing proficiency is a vital skill within
the building industry and basic techniques and concepts will be explored. The module has been specifically designed as an introduction to standard
drawing techniques and technical drawing concepts, and is applicable to various disciplines within the built environment. The content is current and
appropriate to all local South African applications.
Within this module you will learn how to become a competent draughtsman by exploring Standard Draughting equipment and Tools, Lettering, Standard
Drawing Layouts, Dimensioning, Drawings Types and Stages and Freehand sketching. The desired outcome is to produce technically competent
individuals who are able to construct technical drawings which comply with all standard drawing conventions with confidence.
Other courses offered by this publisher
Introduction to Technical Drawing, Introduction to Architectural Drawing, Domestic Construction, Framed Structures,
Design Process and Influences, Council Submissions, Architectural Presentation, Model Making
Autodesk Producs: AutoCad Level 1, AutoCad level 2, 3D Max, Revit
Starting Your Own Business
Adobe Products: InDesign, Photoshop, Dreamweaver, Illustrator, Flash
TEC009
t: 0861-INSCAPE
e: [email protected]
www.inscape.co.za
Head Office: PostNet Suite 104, Private Bag X19, Menlo Park, 0102

PART 1 - Inscape Education Group

Transcription

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