1 The Life of Astrid Lindgren and the Three Legal Reforms She

The Life of Astrid Lindgren and the Three Legal Reforms She Advocated
Fig. 1: Astrid Lindgren1
Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002) (see fig. 1) was a popular writer of children’s stories in Sweden.2 Pippi
Longstocking is one of her most loved stories. Lotta, Karlsson on the Roof , and Mio, My Son are also
considered masterpieces. However, she was not just a lady that wrote stories. Her charitable personality
and her strong belief in justice led to several political and social reforms in Sweden. She led a fight against
unjust taxation, protested against child abuse, and advocated animal welfare. Her political and social
activities related to these subjects helped change old laws and establish new laws. By examining her life,
her books and the three legal reforms she advocated, this paper will show the great influence she exercised
on people.
Astrid Lindgren was born on November 14, 1907 in an old red house in Vimmeby, Sweden.3 She
was the second of Samuel August Ericsson and his wife, Hannna’s, four children. Her family was filled
with love, so she had a happy childhood.4 During her childhood, she liked to listen to the stories that her
mother told her. When she listened, she used her imagination to the fullest so that she could enjoy the
stories.5 This happy youth might have enabled her to create the imaginative stories she wrote as an adult.
1
When she was four years old, in 1911, Astrid was given a book for the first time in her life. Books
were rare in those days.6 The book was Snow White’s Children’s Christmas Calendar.7 She thought that
the tales in the book were marvelous.
Astrid’s joy was such that she memorized the book from the
beginning to the last word.8 Her love of books was encouraged
by this experience.
In 1914, Astrid began to go to Vimmerby Primary School.9 She had an enjoyable time there with her
friends. They spent a lot of time telling stories to each other.10 Her friends admired her stories a lot,
but in fact, she herself did not like to tell stories. Once, she decided that she would never be a writer.11
When she was thirteen years old, she suddenly stopped frolicking.12 She realized that she had lost
interest in playing with the playground equipment and toys. Later she said,
“I remember how terrible it was when I discovered that I could no longer play. . . It just was
not possible. It felt silly and sad. . . I was thirteen years old and childhood was over.”13
After that, she began to dress up in the latest fashion and be interested in jazz and dancing.14 For the
following few years, she tried to do new things. For instance, she cut her hair short.15 She was the first girl
in Vimmerby to cut her hair short. Every time she tried to do new things, the people in the town talked
about her. Thus, her happy and mischievous childhood was gone, and she entered adolescence.
Six years later, in 1926, she became pregnant.16 At that time, unmarried mothers were looked down
upon. However, she decided not to marry the child’s father.17 It was a great shock to her family. She was
on really bad terms with her parents, so she felt that it was better to leave them for a while. She moved to
Stockholm in 1926. She gave birth to her first child, Lars, on December 4 in the same year.
Soon after she left the hospital, she began to work in the office of the Royal Automobile Club in 1926.18
There she met Sture Lindgren, who was the office manager. They got married in 1931.19
Astrid’s life with her husband and child was filled with happiness.20 She was a good mother. This
is what her son, Lars Lindgren said in 1981, “She was not one of those mothers who sat on a bench and
2
watched her children play. She wanted to play too, and I suspect she thought it was just as much fun as I
did!”21 Once, Astrid said, “Yes, after I had the children, I realized that I still had that sense of
playfulness. And that’s what I want all sad teenagers to know: It does get fun again!”22 In 1934, she had
her first daughter, Karin. The following few years, Astrid was absorbed in child-raising.
In 1941, when Astrid was thirty-four years old, she was at a turning point in her life. Her seven-year-old
daughter, Karin, had pneumonia, and had to spend a lot of time in bed.23 She asked her mother to tell her
stories. One winter evening, though Astrid was exhausted, she asked Karin what she would like to hear and
got the answer that Karin wanted to listen to a story about Pippi Longstocking.24 Astrid didn’t know who
Pippi was or from where Karin had gotten
the idea.
Anyway, Astrid thought the name Karin
created was so crazy (in fact, Pippi’s full name was Pippilotta Delicatessa Windowshade Mackrelmint
Efraim’s Daughter Longstocking)25 that the story should be crazy, too. Pippi had vivid red pigtails
and freckles.26 She was the strongest girl in the world, so she could carry her big horse. She also had a
pet monkey named Mr. Nillsson. Astrid wrote, “She had no mother or father, and that was, of course, very
nice because there was no one to tell her to go to bed just when she was having the most fun, and no one
who could make her take cod liver oil when she much preferred caramel candy.”27 Karin loved stories
about Pippi very much.
Through telling stories to Karin, Astrid realized how much fun storytelling was.
She began to write her stories down. Pippi led Astrid into the literary world.
Three years later, in 1944, Astrid sent her manuscript about a teenage romance, Britt-Mari Unburdens
Her Heart, to a competition, which was being held by the new publishers, Rabén and Sjögron.28 When she
was informed that she had gotten second prize, she ran into her son’s room and shared the joy with him.
Getting second prize gave her confidence, so she revised the Pippi stories and sent them to another
competition.29 This time, she got first prize. Many publishers wanted to publish Pippi Longstocking. In
1945, Pippi Longstocking (see fig. 2) was published by Rabén and Sjögron.
3
Fig.2: The first edition of Pippi Longstocking30
The popularity of Pippi Longstocking was such that it was printed again and again in Sweden.31 In
France, however, Pippi was not accepted
quickly.
In 1951, the French publishers that published
Pippi Longstocking censored the book heavily and cut out everything that they regarded as too provocative
and anarchistic. For example, Pippi made fun of policemen
in the Swedish book, but those
scenes were cut in the French book. Astrid got very angry at this action of the French publisher. She
persuaded the publisher to publish the story as it had been written.32 Though there were some cases
similar to France, Pippi Longstocking was translated into more than eighty languages, such as Azerbaijani
and Zulu.33 Her following books sold well because of the popularity of Pippi Longstocking.
In 1952, the first book of the Lotta series was published.34 This story is about a little girl’s happy life
in beautiful Sweden. It was broad-casted on TV as a movie.
This story spurred Astrid’s popularity.
Three years later, in 1955, she created a sensation. Her masterpiece, Karlsson on the Roof (see fig. 3)
was published.35 In the book, a chubby little man, Karlsson, was the main character.
He had a
propeller on his back, so he could fly around Stockholm. He lived on the roof of seven-year-old Pee Wee’s
house in Stockholm.36 Karlsson on the Roof was printed again and again all over the world, especially in
the Soviet Union.37 One hundred and fifteen thousand copies of the first edition of Karlsson on the Roof
were sold there. Sixty different Russian editions were published. According to the Russian ambassador to
4
there. Sixty different Russian editions were published. According to the Russian ambassador to Sweden,
Boris Pankin, there are two books which can be found in most Soviet homes. The Bible and Karlsson
on the Roof.38
Fig. 3: The first edition of Karlsson on the Roof39
In 1969, Astrid began to write a book which was based on her parents’ real love story.40 The reason why
she began to write it down was that both of her parents had died by that time. While she had been put away
the relics left by her parents in her hometown Vimmerby, she found old love letters, which were sent to her
mother from her father. These letters impressed Astrid very much. She collected these love letters and
began to write her parents’ love story. It took six years for her to complete it, and in 1975, she released the
book, Samuel August from Sevedstorp and Hanna from Hult. Through writing this book, she hoped to
stop being sad about her parents’ death.
From 1950, she received prizes one after another. In 1950, she was given The Nils Holgersson plaque
by Swedish Local Library Association.41 In 1958, she was given The Hans Christian Andersen Medal.42
It is the most prestigious prize for children’s literature. In 1970, she was given the major Swedish
newspaper, Expressen’s “Heffaklump” prize.43 Also, in 1971,
she received the Gold Medal of the
Swedish Academy. (“The Swedish Academy is an independent cultural institution, founded in 1786 by
King Gustav III to advance the Swedish language and literature.”)44 By receiving those prizes, she came
5
advance the Swedish language and literature.”)44 By receiving those prizes, she came to be really
confident of her writing, and also, probably the most famous author in Sweden.
When Astrid was sixty-six years old, in 1973, she published The Brothers Lionheart. However, this
book received a great deal of criticism because the hero of the story came back to life again after he had
died.45 Kerstin Stjärne, one of the critics, said, “Astrid Lindgren created evil in a one dimensional way. .
. In the book, death is seen as a solution to problems.”46 Astrid replied, “Such scrutiny is difficult and must
be made with respect for the work of art, with an open mind and maybe with some humor.”47 In spite of the
severe opinion of the critics, children loved the book very much. One day, a girl phoned Astrid, and said,
“I have just read The Brothers Lionheart and thank you for creating such a happy ending.”48 When Astrid
received this compliment, she was firmly convinced that it was necessary for children to learn about death
through books like The Brothers Lionheart.
When she was sixty-nine years old, in 1976, Astrid started being involved in public debates on problems
that confronted Swedish society. At first, she fought against unjust taxation.49 In fact, she was not
interested in money. What she wrote down in her diary on January 1, 1972 was as follows, “I’ve earned a
damned sight more amount of money than ever. It’s worrying. I don’t want money.”50
She never
complained about taxes, or rather, she was happy to pay taxation. However, there was one thing she could
not stand. It turned out that the enterprises to which artists and writers belonged would have to pay more in
taxes than they had earned. She decided to point out this ridiculousness indirectly by writing an article
about it. The story was Pomperipossa in Monismania. Here is an extraction.
“ ‘Do you know that this year your marginal income tax is 102 percent?’ ‘What talk!’ said
Pomperipossa. There aren’t that many percent!’ For she was not particularly clued up in
higher mathematics. ‘Oh, yes!’ she was told. In Monismania there could be as many
percent as you liked! If you added together income tax and the social charges which
Pomperipossa was to pay in because she was a sole trader, it added up to 102 percent, after
51
that Pomperipossa could say what she pleased!”
6
Pomperipossa could say what she pleased!”51
Soon after Pomperipossa in Monismania came out, Astrid received a bitter counterattack from the
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gunnar Sträng. He said,
“Yes, here you have fiscal politics, with an enthusiasm just quoted from an interesing article
by Astrid Lindgren. It is an interesting combination of literary ability and deep incompetence
of the maze of fiscal policy. But the latter, we don’t expect any more from Astrid Lindgren.”52
The argument between Astrid and Sträng went on for a few months. In the end, however, Astrid
succeeded in making Sträng compromise.
Consequently, Sträng said, “We politicians shall not do worse
than to admit if a mistake has been made. But the essential thing here is that she isn’t just right, but that she
gets things put right. . . we will change this.”53 Thus, she made the government change the laws.
In 1978, Astrid helped establish a law that protected children’s basic rights.54 She received The
Peace Prize of the German Booktrade in the same year, and she wrote a speech entitled
“Never
Violence!” for the prize-giving ceremony. In this speech, she told the audience
“Don’t we, after all these millennia of constant war, have to ask ourselves if there is some fault
in the construction of the whole human race, as we always resort to violence? Is there no
possibility that we can change ourselves before it’s too late? I believe we have to start at the
foundation, with the children.”55
This speech pressured the Swedish government to make a law which forbade corporal punishment and
child abuse.56 Thus, she helped children who suffered from child abuse.
The third thing she did to make the world better was to organize an animal protection campaign.57 It
was a long struggle and it extended over about three years (1985-1988). By calling public attention to the
7
topic, she intended to “pressure the government and also people who treated animals cruelly in
slaughterhouses”.58
In order to get public attention, and get more people on her side, she began to
contribute articles about animal welfare to Expressen (see fig. 4) together with Kristina Forslund, who
was a veterinarian and also a professor of agriculture.59 She wrote as follows
Fig. 4: The front page of Expressen on September 22, 198560
in one of the articles which was printed in the Expressen.
“Pigs probably need to be treated more respectably when they are going to be slaughtered.
Not the way they are now, frightened and full of anxiety and crammed in with an endless
number of other pigs just as terrified, shoved by electric prods, towards an end that will
finally, and definitely, deliver them from their anxiety.
Why is such unfair treatment
expanding with every year that passes? Who or what is it that forces animal-loving Swedish
farmers to collaborate in this legalized cruelty to animals?”61
Then, she insisted on the necessity of a boycott by consumers.62 “I think that we consumers should start a
boycott, and let it be known that we will not accept inferior meat, and that we will not collaborate in such
suffering for animals.”63
Her ardent and repeated
appeal
was accepted
by many citizens.
People began to call the animal protection law which Astrid wanted to establish, “Lex Lindgren,” after
Astrid Lindgren.64
8
In 1987, the boycott pressured the Prime Minister at that time, Ingvar Carlsson to give way at last.65
She was promised that the Swedish Government
called “Lex Lindgren.”
would establish
an animal protection
law
Ingvar Carlsson gave a speech at Astrid’s birthday party and ended the
speech like this: “So my gift, Astrid, is that we’re going to try to create a really good animal welfare law
that will, at last, be better that the present one and that you will, I hope, be really pleased with!”66
However, the trouble was that the “Lex Lindgren” did not contain the things that Astrid had wanted, such
as prohibitions on the life-long incarceration of animals and poultry.
67
Astrid protested against this
incomplete law, but the law was not changed. Astrid stopped protesting against the law reluctantly, but for
consolation, she thought she had at least had given to people a chance to think about animal welfare.68 She
changed the general opinion of Swedish people about animal rights through this long campaign for animal
welfare.
Since 1990, her efforts and achievements, both in the field of literature and in social reform, were
recompensed more than ever. For example, in 1996, a newly discovered asteroid, No. 3204, was named
“Lindgren” after Astrid Lindgren. Though newly discovered asteroids usually are named after astronomers,
the Swedish astronomer, N. Chernykh proposed the name.69 Astrid expressed her astonishment and joy
with the following speech. “From now on, you must call me Asteroid Lindgren.”70 In 1997, she was voted
Swede of the Year.71 At the award ceremony, she said as follows:
“I think that you have forgotten one thing, and that’s the fact that I’m old person who is deaf
and nearly blind and almost completely mad. And that person you have made Swede of the
Year! We’ll have to beware of spreading the news because they’ll think that the whole of
Sweden is like that.”72
The following five years, she lived calmly in her home. However, on January 28, 2002, Astrid died at a
nursing home in Stockholm. She was ninety-four years old.73
Astrid had a great influence on people. Her literature amused children not only of those days, but also
9
the children of today. The following statement reflects her love of writing. She said, “Let me simply say
that there aren’t any messages in my books. . . not in Pippi or any other book.
I wrote to amuse the
child within me, and I can only hope that, in doing so, I might be able to amuse some other children as
well.”74 She wrote stories for her heart’s contentment, so that she could make amusing books for herself,
and also children all over the world. She received forty-eight prizes, including The Hans Christian
Andersen medal and The Gold Medal of the Swedish Academy. There is even a theme park connected with
her books’ characters. In the field of social reform, she promoted three reforms to make the world better
for all living creatures. She pointed out unjust taxation and made the government change the law. She also
helped establish a new law that protected children from being abused, and another that protected animals
from being treated cruelly in slaughterhouses. Though she is dead now, her achievements, both in the field
of literature and in social reform, will live on.
10
Outline
Ⅰ. Introduction
A. Who Astrid Lindgren was
1. A writer of children’s books
2. The writer of Pippi Longstocking
3. She was an activist for three legal reforms.
B. This paper will tell about:
1. Her youth
2. Her life as a writer
3. Her political activities
4. Her later life
5. The great influence she had on people
Ⅱ. Lindgren’s early life
A.
Her happy youth
1.
She was born in southern Sweden in 1907.
2.
Her family was filled with love.
3.
She was given her first book at the age of four in 1911.
4.
She began to go to Vimmerby Primary School in 1914.
5.
She was good at telling stories.
6.
She stopped playing with toys. Instead, she came to be interested in the latest dresses, jazz
and dancing in 1920 when she was thirteen.
B.
She moved to Stockholm.
1.
She became pregnant at the age of eighteen in 1926, and it made her parents angry.
2.
She moved to Stockholm because she thought it was better for her to leave her parents for a
11
while.
3.
Her first son, Lars was born in the same year.
4.
She started working at the Royal Automobile Club in Stockholm in 1928.
5.
She married Sture Lindgren in 1931.
6.
She had her first daughter, Karin in 1934.
7.
She was absorbed in child-raising the following few years.
Ⅲ. Lindgren’s life as a writer
A. She started writing in 1941.
1.
She wrote Pippi Longstocking for her daughter in 1941.
2. She became a professional writer after her story, Britt-Mari Unburdens Her Heart took
second place in the Rabén and Sjögron Competition in 1944.
B.
Her books and people’s reactions to her books.
1. The revised Pippi Longstocking took first place in another competition in 1944.
2. She became a popular writer after Pippi Longstocking was published in Sweden in 1945.
3. Karlsson on the Roof, published in Sweden in 1955, was popular, especially in the Soviet
Union.
4. She wrote Samuel August from Sevedstorp and Hanna from Hult, which was her parents’
real love story, in 1969.
5. The Brothers Lionheart, published in 1973, received a lot of bad criticism because the book
was about death.
Ⅳ. She advocated three legal reforms.
A. She protested against unjust taxation in 1976.
1.
She realized that the new income tax rates were acutually 102 percent. She had to pay more
tax than what she actually earned.
2.
She pointed it out in her book, Pomperipossa, published in 1976.
12
B.
C.
3.
She and the Chanceller of the Exchequer, Gunnar Sträng argued about tax for a few
4.
months.
The
government changed the tax law in the same year.
She fought for children’s rights.
1.
She gave a speech entitled “Never Violent!” in 1978.
2.
After her speech, in the same year, Sweden established a law against child abuse.
She advocated animal welfare.
1. She wrote an article in 1985, which revealed that animals had been treated cruelly in
slaughterhouses.
2.
She wrote an open letter to Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson in the same year.
3.
The Swedish government made an animal protection law in 1987.
Ⅴ. Her later life
A. The newly discovered asteroid No.3204 was named “Lindgren” after Astrid Lindgren in 1996.
B.
She was elected Swede of the Year in 1997.
C.
She died on January 28, 2002.
Ⅵ. Conclusion
A. She was a great writer that amused children all over the world.
B.
Some of her books received criticism. For example, some critics said that she described death
as though it were a solution to problems.
C.
She tried to help people and animals by fighting against unjust taxation, and child abuse and
animal cruelty.
D. She was awarded many prizes such as Swede of the Year.
E.
Her books and the three legal reforms are treasures for people today.
13
Footnotes
1. “Astrid Lindgren,” Internet, September 30, 2003, http://www.njl.dk/born/noger/a
strid.htm.
2. Sawako Noma, Jinbutsu 20 Seiki [Famous People of the 20th Century], (Tokyo:
Kodansha, 1998), p.491.
3. “Astrid Lindgren, Sweden’s Most Widely Read Author,” Internet, May 26, 2003,
http://www.astrid-lindgren.com/indexx.htm.
4. “About Astrid Lindgren,” Internet, May 26, 2003, http://www.astridlindgren.se/e
ng/index_1024.htm.
5. “Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002),” Internet, October 9, 2003, http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/alindgr.htm.
6. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
7. “Astrid Lindgren Life Dates 1907-1920,” Internet, October 6, 2003, http://www.astridlindgren.com/astridlindgren//Ldates/1907-1920.htm.
8. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
9. “Astrid Lindgren Life Dates 1907-1920.”
10. “Astrid Lindgren, Sweden’s Most Widely Read Author.”
11. “Astrid Lindgren, Sweden’s Most Widely Read Author.”
12. “Sweden.se,” Internet, October 9, 2003, http://www.sweden.se/templates/Factsheet4402.asp.
13. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
14. “Sweden.se.”
15. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
16. “Guardian Astrid Lindgren,” Internet, October 9, 2003, http://books.guardian.c
o.uk/news/articles/0,6109,641143,00.html.
17. “Junibacken,” Internet, October 9, 2003,
http://www.junibacken.se/www/english/press/omjunibacken/astrid lindgren/.
18. “Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002).”
19. “Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002).”
20. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
14
21. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
22. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
23. Vivi Edström, Astrid Lindgren, A Critical Study (Stockholm: Rabén and
Sjögren, 2000), p. 91.
24. “Astrid Lindgren, Sweden’s Most Widely Read Author.”
25. “Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002).”
26. “Pippi Creator Lindgren Dies,” Internet, October 9, 2003,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1786741.stm.
27. Astrid Lindgren, Pippi Longstocking (New York: Puffin Books, 1997), p. 11.
28. “Astrid Lindgren’s Life,” Internet, October 9, 2003, http://www.jmk.su.se/global
02/Kirsten/article/astridlindgren.htm.
29. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
30. “Samralen,” Internet, October 23, 2003, http://www.samlaren.se-swed.net/lindg ren/.
31. “Sweden.se.”
32. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
33. “Astrid Lindgren’s World,” Internet, October 20, 2003, http://www.astridlindgrensworld.com/.
34. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
36. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
37. “Norwegian Film,” Internet, October 20, 2003, http://www.nfi.norweigianfilms/n
f2002/karlssonontheroof.html.
37. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
38. “Samralen.”
39. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
40. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
41. “Astrid Lindgren,” The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., Vol.7, 1768, p.373.
42. “Hans Christian Andersen Awards,” Internet, October 20, 2003, http://www.ibby.org/Seiten/04
andersen.htm.
15
43. “Prizes and Awards,” Internet, October 28, 2003, http://www.skolweb.se/skolarb
eteb/read.php?get=1980.
44. “Svenska Akademien,” Internet, October 22, 2003, http://www.svenskaakademien.se/index.html.
45.
“To Astrid Lindgren: Farewell and Thank You,” Internet, October 31, 2003,
http://www.swedshbookreview.com/article-2002-1-thompson.asp.
46. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
47. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
48 “About Astrid Lindgren.”
49 “Astrid Lindgren Dies at 94,” USA Today, January 28, 2002, USA Today.com.
Internet, April 2, 2003, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/01/28/astrid.htm.
50 “About Astrid Lindgren.”
51. “Astrid Lindgren Life Dates 1974-1976,” Internet, October 22, 2003, http://ww
w.astrid-lindgren/Ldates/1974-1976.htm.
52. “Pomperipossa,” Internet, October 22, 2003, http://www.astridlindgren.se/eng/om
astrid/politik/possa2.htm.
53. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
54. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
55. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
56. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
57. “Guardian Astrid Lindgren.”
58. “Astrid Lindgren Wants to Save the Cows,” Internet, October 22, 2003, http://
www.astridlindgren.com/english/e2291985.htm.
59. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
60. “This Is the Way It Started,” Internet, October 22, 2003, http://www.astrildlin
dgren.com/english/english.htm.
61. “Astrid Lindgren Wants to Save the Cows.”
62. “Astrid Lindgren Wants to Save the Cows.”
63. “Astrid Lindgren Wants to Save the Cows.”
16
64. “Guardian Astrid Lindgren.”
65. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
66. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
67. Telephone interview with Nobuko Fukui, a professor of Tokai University, August 23, 2003.
68. “Jannet Asteroid Page (3200s),”
net/JANNET/asteroid.per100/03200/html.
Internet, October 22, 2003, http://www.aerith
69. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
70. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
71. Keiko Sanpei, Astrid Lindgren (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2002), p. 147.
72. “About Astrid Lindgren.”
73. Andreas Alfredsson, “Astrid Lindgren Dies Aged 94,” Aftonbladet, January 28,
2002, Aftonbladet Online, Internet, April 2, 2003,
http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,126903,00.html.
74. “Astrid Lindgren’s Quotes,” Internet, October 22, 2003, http://www.members.ro
gers.com/linde/quotes.html.
17
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