Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes from the
Transcription
Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes from the
Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes from the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey Huseyin YILMAZ1,2, Lieven WAEYENBERGE3, Ismail DEMIR2, Zihni DEMIRBAG2 & Maurice MOENS3* 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey 3 Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium * Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Introduction Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Steinernema Travassos and Heterorhabditis Poinar are obligate pathogens that infect a wide range of soil insects. Currently, there are about 69 valid EPN species belonging to Steinernematidae (56) and Heterorhabditidae (13) families. When screening EPN species or strains for controlling a specific insect pest, the better adapted an EPN is to local environmental conditions and the targeted pest, the higher the level of efficacy likely to be achieved. Therefore, it is important to survey for and preserve indigenous EPN species or strains. Turkey, a country of 784560 km2, is located between Europe and Asia as a bridge. A few EPN surveys have been conducted and demonstrated the presence of S. affine, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. weiseri, S. anatoliense (an endemic species) and H. bacteriophora (Hazir et al., 2003). We report the preliminary results of a detailed survey study on the distribution of EPNs in the North-Eastern part of Turkey in view of their use against economically important insect pests in this area. Materials and Methods Soil samples were collected in the period May 2006 to November 2007 from different localities, habitats (viz. hazelnut and tea plantation areas, spruce forests, vegetables fields, grasslands etc.) and altitudes in the North-Eastern part of Turkey (Fig. 1). Soil samples were baited with Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae. Dead larvae were placed into White traps (White, 1927) and infective juveniles were used to reinfect G. mellonella larvae. For light microscopy investigations, nematodes were fixed in hot 4% formalin (60-80°C). Fixed nematodes were transferred to anhydrous glycerine. All measurements were made using an Olympus BX50 light microscope. DNA extraction and PCR amplification of ITS regions of rRNA were performed as described by Spiridonov and Moens (1999). PCR products were cloned to pGEMT vector, transformed to E.coli JM109 cells and sequenced. Multiple sequence alignments were performed by ClustalX 1.81 and arranged manually by GeneDoc. Figure 1. EPN sampling sites map in the Eastern Black Sea Region: Steinernema ssp. (dark circles) , Heterorhabditis ssp. (stars), no nematodes (light circles). Results Entomopathogenic nematodes were recovered from 9 of 224 soil samples (4%) taken 62 sampling sites (Fig. 1) from different habitats (Table 1). Out of the 9 positive samples, 5 steinernematids (55%) and 4 heterorhabditids (45%) were detected. Using their morphology and morphometrics, the isolates were identified as Steinernema carpocapsae (3), S. affine, S. feltiae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (3) and H. megidis (Table 2). The sequences of the ITS and D2-D3 region of rDNA confirmed this identification. Table 2. Locality, soil type, habitat and altitute of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Table 1. Localities of EPN-positive soil samples. Sampling area No. of soil No. of % of with samples with EPNs EPNs Hazelnut field 70 3 4,2 Vegetable field 53 3 5,6 36 1 3,7 25 1 4 (Tea, Maize, Bean, Cabbage, Potato) Forest (Picea, Alnus, Populus, Quercus etc.) Grassland Roadside edge 16 0 0 Others 24 1 4,1 Total 224 9 4 Species & isolate name Locality Soil Type Habitat Altitute (m) Sampling date S. carpocapsae S1 Surmene, Trabzon Sandy-clay-loam Hazelnut field 20 Apr, 2006 S. carpocapsae B122 Balaban, Trabzon Sandy-loam Vegetable field 950 Aug, 2006 S. carpocapsae G14 Kumbet, Giresun Clay Mixed spruce forest 1160 Apr, 2006 S. feltiae B1 Bulancak, Giresun Sandy-loam Vegetable field 25 Mar, 2007 S. affine U36 Unye, Ordu Sandy-clay-loam Hazelnut field 70 Mar, 2007 H. bacteriophora M3 Yomra, Trabzon Sandy-loam Hazelnut field 100 Sep, 2006 H. bacteriophora D51 Duzkoy, Trabzon Sandy-clay-loam Grassland 220 Mar,2007 H. bacteriophora D52 Duzkoy, Trabzon Loam Vegetable field 250 Mar, 2007 H. megidis P69 Pazar, Rize Sandy-clay-loam Bank of a small river 5 Jul, 2006 Conclusions H. megidis is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Here, we report the occurrence of S. affine in Asia for the second time. The habitats from which the entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated were broadly classified as disturbed (66.6%), which included agricultural fields and hazelnut planted areas, and undisturbed (33.3%), which included spruce forest and grassland. In view of the results of this and previous survey it may be concluded that EPNs are quite diverse in Turkey, but distributed at a low frequency. Further research will be directed to determine the insecticidal effects of these isolates against the soil-borne insect pests in this region. References •Hazır, S., Keskin, N., Stock, P. S., Kaya, HK. & Özcan, S. (2003). Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in Turkey. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 375-386. •Spiridonov, S. E. & Moens, M. (1999). Two previously unreported species of steinernematids from woodlands in Belgium. Russian Journal of Nematology 7: 39-42. •White, G. F. (1927). A method for obtining infective nematode from cultures. Sciences 66: 302-303.
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