The Legend of King Arthur

Presents
The Legend of
King Arthur
A Study Guide
Good theatre makes you think. Great theatre makes you feel.
For use with theatrical production by The Hampstead Stage Company
Written by Jennifer Henry, Education Director
© 2013 Hampstead Stage Company
Table of Contents
The Legend of King Arthur
All About HSC
page
Introduction
About Us: HSC and Pantomime Theatre…………..…………..…………………..… 3-4
About the Legend........................………………………………………………………...…….
5
Summary................……………...………………………………………………………................… 6
Characters and Setting
Meet the Main Characters……….……………………………………………………..
The Places………..………………..……………………………………………..………………
7
8-9
For the Classroom
Main Themes.................................................................................................................................... 10
Vocabulary……...……………………………………….…………………………………........... 11
Entry Points for Teachers………………………………………………………………… 12
Activities: Short and Long…………………………………………………..…..…… 13-15
Recommended Reading………………..…………………………………………………...………. 16
Did you Know?................................................................................................................... 8, 10, and 12
This year marks our 30th season! We are a nationally touring children’s theatre that
brings high quality, professional theatre to schools, libraries, and communities all
over the 48 contiguous states (everywhere but Hawaii and Alaska!). The Hampstead Stage
Company’s goal is to bring great books to life through live theatre; sparking an
interest in reading, and creating a new way to use your imagination for everyone.
The Hampstead Stage Company got its name from our founders, who came to
America from the Hampstead area of London, England to pursue their dreams. Since its
inception, our company has grown into one of the largest educational touring
companies in the nation. Performing over 2,000 shows a year, we have performed for
over twenty million audience members!
Our interactive educational tours run year-round and are performed by two
professional actors, each playing multiple roles. Our scripts are original adaptations,
based directly on literary classics, and include children and adults from the audience.
The plays last one hour, with a question and answer session following the
performance. We travel to your space, and bring our own realistic sets and costumes;
designed using extensive historical research. Our productions are flexible enough to
fit into any assembly/performance space.
Theatre performance helps us learn things about ourselves and the world
around us. But more than that, by using our imagination we can be proud of who we
are, create goals for ourselves, and even help the way we think in school and at home!
Sometimes not every school gets to see live theatre —it’s thanks to your teachers and
parents for bringing cool shows like this to your school! So, make sure to say thank
you to them the way we do at the theatre – give them a round of applause!!
The Hampstead Stage Company is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Every HSC
study guide is available to download for free from our website!
Contact:
Jennifer Henry, Education Director: [email protected]
Angie Hansen, Artistic Director: [email protected]
Website: www.hampsteadstage.org
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About the Legends
All About Pantomime
The legend of King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th
and 6th centuries. According to medieval stories, he led the defense against
Saxon invaders. The stories surrounding this young king are very different,
depending on the author, and whether he really existed in any kind of royal
capacity is something historians still debate to this day!
The Hampstead Stage Company specializes in a special form of theatre
called pantomime. Don’t be fooled, we are not silent mimes with painted
faces! Pantomime, also known as “panto”, goes back much farther than that.
Panto is a form of theatre traditionally found in the United Kingdom, Australia, Zimbabwe, India, and Ireland; and has been performed since the time
of Ancient Greece!
The most popular legend of Arthur was written by Geoffrey of
Monmouth. “Historia Regum Britanniae” (The History of the Kings of Britain)
was written in 1138, and tells tales and poems from Wales and Britain.
Geoffrey compiled others stories, as well as wrote his own, and created
Arthur as a great king who defeated the saxons, and created an empire with
Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, and Gaul. He weaves supernatural and
fanciful characters like Merlin, Morgana, Mordred, and the sword
Excalibur into his stories, set in the perfect realm of Camelot and Avalon.
The world “pantomime” comes from the Greek
words pantos, “every, all”; and mimos, “imitator, actor”.
Pantomime in Ancient Greece used to mean a group
of actors and musicians imitating a story. Many
famous poets used to write scripts for these actors,
and were paid very well.!
There is no one story of Arthur that we consider the best. Instead, we
can choose our favorite parts of each story, and make our own
Arthurian adventure! The legend of King Arthur is still a very popular
theme for books, movies, even musicals!
Pantomime was first performed in England as a
show between the acts of an opera, so they could
change the set backstage. It became such a popular
performance, that it soon became a show of its own.
It is said that pantomime had its first full performance
in the early 19th century. Actors travelled from town
to town, performing well known stories that taught a
lesson, or encouraged the audience to think about the
characters, and how they solved the problems they were presented.
Now pantomime is a very well known form of theatre in England.
Shows are based on traditional children’s stories, and call for a LOT of
audience participation! In England, the audience often boos the villain
character, “awws” for the damsel in distress, and yells comments to the
characters such as: “he’s right behind you!”, “Oh, yes he is!”, or “Oh, no he
isn’t!”. Volunteers are often called on stage by the Hampstead Stage
Company to act as the Chorus. They become extras, playing many characters
in multiple scenes, and are often on stage as much as the two other actors!
HSC actors follow traditional pantomime casting: girls play boys, boys play
girls, and there are many, many costume changes. Actors rely on their
voices and physicality (they way they move their bodies) to portray different
characters. Just like all pantomime shows before; Hampstead actors travel
all over the country, performing in many different types of spaces!
Here, we see just how popular the legend of King Arthur has been over the
years! From Left to Right: one of the first manuscripts mentioning arthur
(circa 1270), “A Kid in King Arthur’s Court” was a movie filmed in 1995 about
a boy who finds himself whisked back in time to meet King Arthur, “Spamalot” is a musical made very popular on Broadway about King Arthur and his
search for the Holy Grail (yet ANOTHER story based on Arthur!).
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Summary
Merlin is very flustered. He can’t remember the exact wording of a
spell. If he says one word wrong, it will summon is most vile enemy, Morgana
Le Fay, back from her imprisonment. If he says it correctly, he will treat all
the people gathered for the Festival of St. Swithin’s Day with beautiful fairy
lights (like our fireworks today!). After the spell is cast we soon know he
got the words mixed up, for Morgana Le Fay suddenly appears. We Meet the
Sorceress Morgana as she is just freed from not being able to use her power
for quite some time, and she is eager to begin again. Thankfully, Merlin stops
her from turning all the villagers into mice.
He takes us back in time to show us the tale of King Arthur. Merlin
tells us that today is a very special day. Here in the village, we are about
to meet the next king of England, though that person doesn’t know it yet.
Soon, Arthur comes around the corner running so fast that he doesn’t see
the tall, bearded wizard. Merlin and Arthur tell us of Saint Swithin’s Day, a
festival held every year, and a chance for the knights to become king! With
his dying breath, the former king Uther Pendragon plunged his sword,
Excalibur, into the stone, so that only a person worthy of the throne could
retrieve it. Arthur is squire to his Sir Percy, and is readying everything for
his arrival.
When we meet Sir Percy, we can tell it is very helpful to have Arthur
as his squire. Arthur then realizes he’s forgotten Percy’s swords, which he
needs to compete in the games of the day. Percy tells Arthur not to move an
inch until he returns from borrowing equipment from other knights.
Arthur feels so horribly for forgetting the swords, he decides to find a
sword for him. He sees Excalibur just sitting in the stone, and pulls it out.
Realizing what he did just as he hears Sir Percy returning, he hides the
sword behind his back.
Merlin reveals that Arthur is the son of Uther Pendragon, and heir to
the throne. Sir Percy confirms the story is true, and that he is proud of
Arthur, and will be a loyal subject. Arthur vows that no blood will be
spilled with Excalibur, and he will be a just king. He makes his fellow squires
knights. Morgana returns, excited that the sword has been pulled from the
stone. She plans to kill Arthur to take his power. Merlin makes a pact with
Morgana, promising to leave England forever, in order to save Arthur. She
agrees, but plans to convince her son, Mordred, to fight Arthur and gain
the power of the throne, making her the most powerful magician in the
land. Mordred doesn’t really want to be king, but he does what his mother
tells him. They fight, and Arthur wins. He banishes Mordred from England
forever.
Amidst Mordred’s treachery, entertainment from Trumbullo, the court
jester, and Morgana’s foiled plans, Merlin concocts a spell to ensure a happy
ending to their tale. If Morgana tries to harm in arthur in any way, she will
turn into a dog. Morgana tries to defeat Merlin, but he sends her away to
the dungeon before she can do any more harm. The royal court hurries off
to celebrate the wedding of King Arthur to the Lady Gwenivere!
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Meet The Main Characters
Merlin the Magician: A legendary figure best known as the wizard in the
tales of King Arthur. This character first appeared in the stories written
by Geoffrey of Monmouth as early as 1136. He is largely based on a real man
named Myrddin Wylit (also called Merlinus Caledonensis). Myrddin was an
historical war leader that went mad after seeing horrible things during
the war. Geoffrey changed the name from “Merdin” to “Merlin” because it
was much easier to translate to other languages correctly!
Morgana Le Fay: A powerful sorceress. Fay is another word for fairy, but
Morgana was much more powerful. Legend says that Morgana is Arthur’s
half sister (Lady Igraine was mother to both of them). She is the mother of
the traitor Mordred. She wants the power of the throne to use for evil!
Uther Pendragon: A legendary King of England. It was written that he was
a very successful warrior. He is the father of Arthur, though he used sneaky
ways to find his mother. His last name means “chief of warriors”.
Arthur: A Young man of England. We meet him as a squire to Sir Percy. In
truth, Arthur is the son of Uther Pendragon, and the heir to the throne.
The first written account of Arthur can be found as early as the 1000s, and
story that is most popular is the same writing by Geoffrey of Monmouth
where we meet Merlin. He is revealed as King when he pulls the sword from
the stone at the festival on Saint Swithin’s Day. He becomes and just and
honest ruler, viewing his knights as equals (which is why we know about
the “round table”).
Sir Percy: A knight, probably a knight of uther Pendragon’s house. When
Uther is defeated, merlin gives baby Arthur to him for safe keeping. He raises
Arthur, and makes him his Squire. After Arthur pulls the sword from the
stone, Percy tells him the whole story, and swears his loyalty to the new
king. He was a good father figure to Arthur, and continues to care for him.
Squires: A knight’s servant. Some Duties include carrying shields and armor,
running errands, and tending to the stables. He was most often a teenage
boy training to be a knight themselves.
Gwenivere: The Queen of King Arthur. In our tale, Merlin finds the fairest
lady in the land to marry arthur. When Morgana threatens her, he hides
her in a village until Morgana is defeated. She marries Arthur at the end of
the story!
Mordred Le Fay: The son of Morgana, and a traitor of the throne. In our
story, if Mordred were to gain power of the throne, his mother would be a
more powerful sorceress as well (and take the place of Merlin, her enemy).
Trumbullo: The court jester. It is a jester’s job to entertain the king or
Queen. Also known as the court fool. He uses things like acrobatics, storytelling, juggling, and music to entertain his audience.
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The Places
Britain (Late 5th Century): This was a changing time for Britain. It was still
a part of the Western Roman Empire, which came to an end in 476 AD. Many
men tried to conquer different parts of England and Wales. Even Uther
Pendragon was rumored to be a great conqueror, but he was not without
fault. Eventually, in the 6th century, Arthur defeats the Anglo Saxons, and
paves the way for Britain to become the great power it will be.
Cornwall: a county of England. It was first inhabited by pre-Roman
inhabitants that spoke a Celtic language which would develop into Cornish.
When Arthur became King, he also became First Lord of Cornwall.
Ingelsea: A ficticious province of early Britain. When Arthur is crowned in
our story, he is referenced as Baron of Ingelsea.
Cameron: a Gaelic word for “crooked nose”. Is actually the name of a
Scottish Clan, and a place near fife in the same country. Arthur is also
named Duke of Cameron when he is crowned by merlin.
Camelot: The castle and court of King Arthur. First referenced in stories
written in the 1100s, Camelot is located somewhere in Britain, and authors
purposefully leave the actual place out so you can use your imagination. It
is written as a very welcoming, just, beautiful place, where most want for
nothing. Today, there are movies, musicals, and even theme parks created in
the honor of camelot itself!
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This is a map of the United Kingdom near the end of Arthurs’s
reign...look how different it is from our modern map!
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Main Themes
Vocabulary
Responsibility: This story is full of the decisions and obstacles of
becoming a responsible person. To be able to choose between right and
wrong for yourself, and to answer as a person in charge of others. To be
able to choose the right way over the wrong takes great inner strength, but
to be a person that is willing to answer for their actions takes great
courage and independence. Arthur does what is right for the country
and the people of England. Merlin puts his life on the line to make sure the
right person takes the throne and the power of Excalibur. Which
characters are being responsible in this story? Who is the most responsible
person you know? What can you do to be more responsible? At school? At
home?
Overcoming Fears: Everyone has fears: the dark, snakes, spiders. , or being a
less than honorable person. Maybe your fear is something you can’t see, like
death, failure, or disappointment. It is very easy to avoid a fear, but it takes a
lot of work and time to avoid any chance of confronting it. In this story,
many characters choose to face their fears. It takes a lot of courage to face
your fears, and make them go away. Mark Twain once said, “Courage is the
resistance to and mastery of fear - not the absence of fear.” Sometimes if we
confront our fears, like Arthur and Merlin in this story, it helps us to
realize that our fears are not such a big deal. What are some of your fears?
What can you do to help them not be scary? Study them? Find something
that can help you work through your fear like a night light? talk with
someone you trust? how can you help someone else face their fear?
Spell: In short, to form words. To a magician, a spell is a spoken word, a
chain of words, or a list of ingredients that, when spoken together, makes
something happen. The words or ingredients of a spell, just like the letters
spelling a word, have to go in a certain order for them to make sense and
create something with magical power.
Newt: A small salamander that are semi-aquatic (they live in water and on
land). A very popluar ingredient used in spells written in stories!
St. Swithin’s Day: July 15th. A popular feast day in England honoring saint
Swithin (Bishop of Winchester). It’s a holiday much like our Groundhog day.
If it rains on the holiday, there will be 40 more days of rain. If it doesn’t,
there will be good weather for 40 more days.
Inheritance: Property, titles, or rights passing from the owner to the heir
by blood (family) or someone else chosen to succeed. Arthur was not only
inherited the throne by blood (uther was his father), but he was chosen
when he pulled the sword from the stone.
Court: The residence of a royal family, the place where the king meets with
his officers and advisors, or a name for the king and all those who work
for and with him. Depending on how the word is used, it can mean a lot in
this time period!!
Excalibur: King Arthur’s magical sword. Uther thrust this sword into a
stone, vowing that only the next person who drew it could be the one true
king. It was said that Excalibur could not be used to shed blood, and its
sheath protected the holder from mortal harm.
Knights: A person with an honorary title of “knighthood” by a monarch or
leader. It was considered a class of lower nobility. A knight would promise
to uphold values like loyalty, courage, and honor.
Did you Know?
Dungeon: A strong underground prison cell in a castle.
Can You SPELL popular?!
Feast Day: A day on which a celebration is held. What we now call a holiday.
Daily chores were put on hold to celebrate people, historical events, and
even coronating a new king!
Some of the most popular stories in the world involve
spells! Magic in fiction helps move the plot along, to
create or resolve a problem, helping us get to the end
of the story. Magic can be found in different ways in
books. A character can have magic powers, like Merlin
or Morgana. Some can have magic powers
given to them, like Spiderman. others gain their
magical powers through studying, like Harry
Potter. Sometimes, characters find themselves in
magical places, like in Shakespeare’s Midsummer
Night’s Dream.
Companion: Someone that you spends a lot of time with. A Friend.
Chivalry: A code of honor, generosity, valor, and courtesy.
Henchman: A loyal follower that does criminal activities for their leader.
Hily Ho: A merry greeting in the 5th and 6th century.
Exile: Being sent away from the country forever. Arthur exiles Mordred in
our story. He, nor any of his family, are allowed to come to England ever
again.
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Round Table: A discussion with many people where every participant has
equal say. Some say King Arthur actually had a round table made, but we use
the term now to say that no one is more important than any other.
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Entry Points for Teachers
Activities: The Short
I.
Arthurian Legend
II.
Magicians and Spells
III.
Knights and Chivalry
IV.
Narrative Theatre
V.
Overcoming Your Fears
VI.
Creating a Character
VII. The Royal Court
Physical Hooks – Find three physical
movements this character would do.
Would they flip their hair? Put their
hands on their hips if they were mad?
Practice these.
Voicing – Find three noises or words
your character would say. Do they have
a silly laugh? Do they growl? Do
they say their brother or sister’s
name in a certain way?
...why we have the color called “royal blue”?
During this time in history, we really began to pay attention
to what colors our royal families chose to use! In fact, it is
one of the reasons we have royal blue today!
Draw a Picture – You can have your
students draw a picture, and include
as much detail as possible (e.g. costume,
expression on face, setting, etc.).
VIII.
Responsibility
Did You Know...
Creating a Character: Make your own character.
It can be from HSC’s performance, it can be a
character from a fairy tale, or your favorite book.
Use your imagination!
Hily Ho! Hily Hey!: Every village had their own greeting. In our version of
The Legend of King Arthur, Trumbullo says “Hily Ho!” and everyone returned
“Hily Hey!”. See if you can come up with a greeting of your own for your class.
Remember you need to have a call (Hily Ho) and a response (Hily Hey). See if you
can add a silly physicality to your greeting. Use it for a day any time you see
each other between classes, or when you call on a student. Does it make you
proud to see another person in your “village”? Does it make you happy to
greet someone with enthusiasm and good will?
Activities: The Long
Fabrics must be dyed to the colors we like, no matter the
blend of thread. In this time, some of the most difficult
colors to achieve were red, blue, and purple. It took a
particular kind of dye, and a lot of it to make the
deep colors everyone desired.
Only the rich could afford the dye to make these rich
hues, so they became associated with the rich, the noble,
and the royal. In fact, one Royal family made a decree
that only their family could wear a certain blue...
hence ROYAL blue!!
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The Play’s the Thing: Write your own script (you can do this as the
“director”, or include your students to write collectively). Remember every
good story has a Setup (show your setting, introduce your characters), a
Problem, and a way to figure it out (the Resolution)! Maybe a character is
not being responsible, but by the end, and with the help of some other
characters, they find a way to redeem themself and help out the world
around them. Don’t forget to include a part for yourself! Have your
students read or act it out. You can even act it out for the other classes in your grade!
Feast Day!: Create a feast day with your class, school, or grade! Decide what
your feast will be celebrating. Make it a day where you wear the color’s of
your kingdom’s flag (your school colors). Have games to show your loyalty
and bravery. You can even have favorite foods of the kingdom (just be careful
with allergies!). Have your students write a decree (invitation) for the
festival, and then write a scroll for the town crier to read about what they
liked and didn’t like about the feast!
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Activities: The Long continued
Create your Coat of Arms: Have your students create their own symbol of
family and clan! The coat of arms was placed on banners and flags to signify
a knight’s history. It included their heritage, values, and accomplishments.
It was used to find friends or foe in battle. Using the Shield on the opposite
page, draw the following:
Section 1. Draw an animal that you feel represents you.
Section 2. Draw a picture of your greatest accomplishment.
Section 3. Draw a picture of what you see yourself accomplishing in
your life.
Section 4. Draw a picture of your most prized possession.
Section 5. Draw a symbol of your strength that is not an animal.
Section 6. Draw a portrait of the most important person in the world
to you, and label it.
Remember: Fill each section with color and picture in completely. This will
help each section in your coat of arms make one complete shield!
An Anglo Saxon War Mask
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Recommended Reading
The Once and Future King
Author: T.H. White
A masterful retelling of the saga of King Arthur. This version is a fantasy classic as legendary as Excalibur and Camelot, and a poignant story of adventure, romance,
and magic that has enchanted readers for generations. Recommended Grade Level: 6+
I Am Morgan Le Fay
Author: Nancy Springer
Morgan is a willful, mischievous girl with mismatched eyes of emerald and violet. A girl of magic, whose childhood ends when King Uther Pendragon murders her
father and steals away her mother. Then Pendragon dies and, in a warring country with no one to claim the throne, there are many who want Morgan dead. But Morgan
has power, and magic. She is able to change the course of history, to become other, to determine her own fate-and, thus the fate of Britain. She will become Morgan le
Fay. Recommended Grade Level: 5+
The Seeing Stone
Author: Kevin Crossley-Holland
It is 1199 and young Arthur de Caldicot is waiting impatiently to grow up and become a knight. One day his friend’s father, Merlin, gives him a shining piece of obsidian, and his life becomes entwined with that of his namesake, the Arthur whose story he sees unfold in the stone. In this many-layered novel, King Arthur is seen as a
mysterious presence influencing not just one time and place, but many. The 100 short chapters are almost like snapshots, not only of the mythic tales of King Arthur, but
the earthy, uncomfortable reality of the Middle Ages. Written in the direct, open voice of a real boy living in a time of uncertainty about the future, this story touches on
the issues of war and peace, social inequity, religion, reason, and superstition. Recommended Grade Level: 4+
The Legend of King Arthur: A Young Reader’s Edition of the Classic Story
Authors: Howard Pyle
Wrapped in myth and legend, celebrated by filmmakers, and remembered by adults, the classic tale of King Arthur and Excalibur lives on in this young reader’s edition.
Beautiful, full-color illustrations evoke all the mystery and delight of this centuries-old story of valor, honor, and magic. Recommended Grade Level: 3+
Merlin and the Dragons
Author: Jane Yolen
Young King Arthur, troubled by nightmares, doubts he is the rightful king of England. One rainy night, the wizard Merlin tells Arthur the story of dueling dragons and
a fateful clash between good and evil, which reveals the surprising secret of the boy king’s true legacy. Li Ming’s arresting oil paintings breathe fire into this magical
offering from Jane Yolen. Recommended Grade Level: PK+
The Kitchen Knight: A Tale of King Arthur
Author: Margaret Hodges
Retells the first part of “The Tale of Sir Gareth of Orkney”--one of the most exciting and entertaining of the stories about King Arthur and his knights--which first appeared in Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur. The noble Gareth vanquishes the dreaded Knight of the Red Plain and wins the hand of a fair maiden in this classic
for children. Recommended Grade Level: 2+
The Dark is Rising
Author: Susan Cooper
On the Midwinter Day that is his eleventh birthday, Will Stanton discovers a special gift -- that he is the last of the Old Ones, immortals dedicated to keeping the world
from domination by the forces of evil, the Dark. At once, he is plunged into a quest for the six magical Signs that will one day aid the Old Ones in the final battle between the Dark and the Light. And for the twelve days of Christmas, while the Dark is rising, life for Will is full of wonder, terror, and delight. Recommended Grade
Level: 3+
King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table with CD
Author: Naxos of America and Benedict Flynn
In King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, young Arthur is as surprised as anyone the day he pulls the mysterious sword from the stone and becomes the king
of England! The wizard Merlin leads him to assemble his knights, including brave Sir Lancelot and pure Sir Galahad. Arthur and his knights undertake many quests
to bring peace to the kingdom and uphold justice for all. But all the while, the evil Morgana le Fay and Mordred plot to overthrow Arthur and rule the kingdom. Soon
Arthur enters a terrible battle . . . for his kingdom, and his life. King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table is read by Sean Bean, who appeared as Boromir in The
Lord of the Rings. Recommended Grade Level: 1+
Remember, above all, that you should be HAVING FUN!! Your students will be all the more enriched for this, and you’re doing a
wonderful service to performing arts everywhere.
THANK YOU!!
We’ll be seeing you this spring! If there are any other questions, or for more ideas; please feel free to contact our Education Director,
Jennifer Henry, at:
[email protected]
BREAK A LEG!!
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