Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park

Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs
Wildlife State Park
Water Quality Summary
Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park
One of several old Florida tourist attractions that were built around first-magnitude springs, this
is now a state park. It showcases native Florida wildlife, including red wolves, Florida panthers,
black bears, bobcats, Key and white-tailed deer, alligators, river otters, and many others—all
seen by visitors from an elevated boardwalk that winds through their enclosures in a natural
setting. The main attraction is the endangered West Indian manatee.
Spring Location and Characteristics
The Homosassa Springs Group, a first-magnitude spring, is located in Homosassa Springs
Wildlife State Park, within the town of Homosassa Springs in Citrus County. First-magnitude
springs discharge a very large volume of water—at least 100 cubic feet per second (cfs), or
almost 65 million gallons each day.
Archaeological evidence has shown that prehistoric Native Americans inhabited the area around
the springs, as did the Seminole Indians after European settlers arrived. The word "Homosassa"
is a Creek Indian word meaning "place of many pepper plants."
The Homosassa springshed, which covers portions of Citrus and Hernando Counties, is about
270 square miles in size. The springs form the head of the Homosassa River, which flows west
approximately eight miles to Homosassa Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. Downstream from the
springs, two small spring-fed tributaries, the southeast fork and Halls River, flow into the
Homosassa River. The entire river system, including the springs, is tidally influenced, especially
in winter.
Homosassa Springs is unique in that the headspring vent flows from three points underground,
each with a different water quality and salinity level that blend together before exiting into the
spring pool. The vents for Homosassa Springs # 1, 2, and 3 are 67, 65, and 62 feet deep,
respectively. The springs issue from a conical depression, with limestone exposed along the
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sides and bottom of the spring pool. The spring pool measures 189 feet by 285 feet. There is a
large boil in its center.
The pool is teeming with salt water and freshwater fish, and the water is clear and light blue.
The surrounding land is low-lying, with thick hardwood–palm forest cover. Approximately 1,000
feet downstream, there is a fence spanning the river to keep boats out of the spring pool.
A floating observation deck in the spring pool has a submerged aquatic observation room
(Figure 1). Injured and rehabilitating West Indian manatees—an endangered native species—
are kept captive for year-round observation, and a barrier immediately outside the spring area
keeps them in the spring pool. Wild manatees frequent the spring pool and river year-round,
but are especially common in winter, when they seek warmer water during cold spells. These
huge, gentle animals, averaging 1,000 pounds, eat only aquatic plants. They cannot survive
for extended periods in water colder than about 63°F.
The Florida Park Service recently allowed wild manatees to enter the spring bowl at for the first
time in 30 years. The park’s eight captive manatees have been placed behind a newly
constructed gate in the spring pool, allowing the rest of the spring bowl to be available for wild
manatees during cold spells. The gate will be closed when the wild manatees have left the
spring at the end of the season, usually March, and the rehabilitating manatees will again have
the entire spring pool for their use.
Homosassa Springs has been a tourist attraction since the early 1900s, when trains loaded
with fish, crabs, cedarwood, and spring water would stop to let their passengers rest at the
springs. It was subsequently converted to a zoolike park with exotic animals such as lions,
bears, a hippopotamus, and monkeys, as well as non-native trees and plants.
The Florida Park Service purchased the springs in 1988 with funds from the state’s
Conservation and Recreation Lands (CARL) Program. Several other parcels were
subsequently purchased under the Land Acquisition Trust Fund and Preservation 2000
Programs. Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park currently comprises about 197 acres.
During the park’s restoration, all the exotic animals and non-native plants were removed. The
only non-native animal remaining is Lucifer the hippopotamus, now 55 years old, who has
been officially designated as an honorary Florida citizen. The park is now an interpretive center
for endangered West Indian manatees and Florida native wildlife education. Recreational
activities include picnicking, nature study, and birdwatching. However, swimming is not
allowed. A children's education center provides hands-on experiences about Florida's
environment. The park also has a large and active volunteer program.
Biology
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Native wildlife that can be viewed at the park include West Indian manatees, black bears, red
wolves, whooping cranes, Key deer, bobcats, white-tailed deer, American alligators, American
crocodiles, and river otters.
Bird species in the park include flamingos, pelicans, sandhill cranes, roseate spoonbills, and
shorebirds. A new state-of-the-art facility, the Felburn Shorebird Aviary, opened in 2013. It
allows visitors to enter the aviary on a walkway for an up-close, unobstructed view of the birds.
Wild native species such as wood ducks, limpkins, herons, and egrets can also be observed
along the park’s waterways.
Canals and seawalls constructed along the Homosassa River have affected water clarity and
habitat quality for native animals and plants. In addition, increased salinity in the river, which
the Southwest Florida Water Management District attributes to sea-level rise and not increased
consumptive use, is altering riverine habitats. Freshwater fish are disappearing, to be replaced
by saltwater fish. Trees along the river are dying due to the increased salinity, and barnacles
have been observed in the river.
Land Use
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of Citrus County was 12,458 in the 2000
Census. The principal land uses in the springshed consist of urban and agricultural lands,
forested uplands, and wetlands.
In 2015, a year-long study was completed which looked at the potential nutrient contributions
to the upper Homosassa River originating from the Wildlife Park portion of Ellie Schiller
Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park (Maddox et al, 2015). Sampling results determined
that Wildlife Park discharge contributed only 0.34% of the mean total nitrate+nitrite load
present in the headwaters discharge. Orthophosphate contributions from Wildlife Park waters
comprised 3.5% of the total Homosassa River headwaters load.
Restoration/Protection Efforts
In 2014, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) determined that the
Homosassa-Trotter-Pumphouse Springs Group, as well as nearby Bluebird and Hidden River
springs (Figures 1; 3-8), were impaired with respect to nutrients—meaning that increased
nutrient concentrations were causing an imbalance in natural populations of aquatic plants and
animals. FDEP established a Total Maximum Daily Load for each spring in the form of a 6376% reduction in average annual nitrate concentrations (Bridger et al, 2014). A TMDL is the
maximum amount of a given pollutant that a waterbody can assimilate and still meet water
quality standards. The restoration of ecological health in the spring and spring run depends
heavily on the active participation of stakeholders in the springshed, who are required to
develop projects to reduce nutrient concentrations.
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The Southwest Florida Water Management District is currently developing a Minimum Flow
and Level (MFL) for the Homosassa River. An MFL establishes how much water can be
withdrawn for consumptive use before significant environmental harm occurs.
The district has also proposed several restoration projects for the springs and river: the
Homosassa Habitat Enhancement project and Homosassa Pepper Creek Stormwater Retrofit
project.
Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park has participated in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s
Manatee Rescue, Rehabilitation, and Release Program for 30 years, and has helped
rehabilitate more than 40 injured manatees during that time.
The park is a participant in the Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail, a program of the Florida
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. This 2,000-mile, self-guided highway trail consists
of a network of 515 sites throughout Florida selected for their excellent birdwatching, wildlife
viewing, or educational opportunities. It is designed to conserve and enhance Florida's wildlife
habitats by promoting birding and wildlife viewing activities, conservation education, and
economic opportunity.
Water Quality
The Homosassa Springs Group consists of over 20 Floridan aquifer system springs, all tidallyinfluenced, which discharge directly or indirectly into the Homosassa River or its tributaries
(Figure 2). The main trunk of the Homosassa River is predominantly fed by the three
Homosassa Main Spring vents, along with six other minor vents. Spring Cove, located just
south of the Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park along the southeast fork of
the Homosassa River, contains at least six named springs: Pumphouse #1 (Figure 3),
McClain, Trotter Main (Figure 4), Trotter #1, Belcher and Abdoney springs. Bluebird Spring
(Figures 5,6), located in a county park approximately 0.7 mile southeast of Spring Cove, is
included in this spring group, as are the Hidden River Head (Figure 7) and #2 springs (Figure
8), located about 2.2 miles south of the Homosassa Main Spring vents. The Hidden River
springs (Hidden River Head and #2 springs) discharge into Hidden River, a spring run which
flows west for approximately two miles before disappearing underground. Also included are the
Halls River spring vents: Halls River Head, #1 and #2 (Figure 9) springs, located about 1.7
miles to the north, which form the headwaters of Halls River, a major tributary to the
Homosassa River.
The Homosassa springshed extends east across southern Citrus and southeast into eastcentral Hernando County (Knochenmus et al, 2001). Predominant land use consists primarily
of medium-density residential communities, mostly along and extending inland east of U.S. 1998 for about 6 miles, and upland forest within the Withlacoochee State Forest (WSF), located
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east of the residential communities and sitting astride the Brooksville Ridge. Pasture lands are
also a significant land use, with the largest areas sandwiched between the medium-density
residential areas and WSF, southeaast of Homosassa, as well as extending south of the WSF
into Hernando County (Jones et al, 1997).
The combined Homosassa Main Spring vents have been sampled for major ions and nutrients
as far back as 1946 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the Southwest Florida Water
Management District (SWFWMD) has collected a large suite of water quality analytes including
nutrients, field and salinity indicators at nine of the major spring vents of this Group during the
period from 2002 through 2012. Tables 1-9 summarize the results for selected analytes for
each major spring.
Like many Florida springs, nitrate levels in all of the monitored Homosassa River spring vents
have been trending upward during the period of study (2002-2012), with an approximate
increase of 0.010 mg/L nitrate + nitrite (measured as N) per year for the three Homosassa
Main Spring vents. By the end of 2012, nitrate + nitrite values for these three vents were
between 0.62 – 0.67 mg/L (Figure 10). The similarity in trends and nitrate + nitrite values
indicates that all three Homosassa Main vents likely have adjacent or overlapping ground
water sources. Looking back at the few nitrate + nitrite results collected from Homosassa Main
Spring prior to the 2000’s confirms that this upward trend has been continuing for at least the
past 66 years. In 1946, the nitrate concentration at Homosassa Main Spring was measured at
0.20 mg/L; in 1972 it was 0.26 mg/L, and by the 1980’s the mean value of the three samples
on record was 0.30 mg/L (no nitrate + nitrite samples were reported at this site during the time
period 1973 - 1984 and from 1989 – 2000).
The Spring Cove springs (Trotter Main, Pumphouse #1 springs) and Bluebird Spring also
showed increasing nitrate + nitrite trends, with values increasing about 0.017 mg/L per year for
the years with water quality data available (Figure 11). These trends are very similar to those
measured in the three Homosassa Main vents. In addition to similar trends, the nitrate+nitrite
values from these spring vents are all similar; these values ranged from 0.54 – 0.74 mg/L at
the end of 2012.
The Hidden River Head and Hidden River #2 spring vents (Figure 11) also show an increasing
nitrate + nitrite trend during the study period, and similarities in concentrations and trends also
indicates a similar ground water source area for these two springs. Nitrate + nitrite values for
these springs were in the range of 0.86 – 0.92 mg/L at the end of 2012, the highest of any
springs sampled within the Homosassa area.
Nitrate + nitrite values for Halls River Head Spring range from 0.02 – 0.36 mg/L between 2005
and 2012; however, there was not enough data available to discern any trends.
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Monthly rainfall measured at Tarpon Springs indicates a slight increase of 1.5 inches per year
from 2002 to 2012 (Florida Climate Center, 2012). Precipitation peaks do not seem to correlate
well with increasing quarterly nitrate + nitrite values; however, rainfall totals and nitrate
concentrations both show long-term increases during the period of study (Figure 10).
Plotting the ratios of nitrogen isotopes (15NNO3/14NNO3) versus oxygen isotopes (18ONO3/16ONO3)
in nitrate measured from ground water can reveal likely nitrate sources: inorganic (chemical
fertilizers) or organic (wastewater, septic discharge, animal waste) (Roadcap et al, 2002).
Nitrogen and oxygen isotopes were analyzed from single samples collected from Bluebird,
Hidden River Head, Hidden River #2, Homosassa Main #1, Homosassa Main #2, Pumphouse
#1 and Trotter springs in January, 2013. The results show that all values plot along a
denitrification trend which, when traced back to its source, indicates an inorganic (fertilizer)
nitrogen source. Denitrification was most apparent from the Bluebird Spring sample; the
Hidden River Head and Hidden River #2 springs showed the lowest denitrification. As
previously noted, the Hidden River spring samples also showed the highest nitrate
concentrations measured in the study area.
The other macronutrient of concern in Florida surface waters, orthophosphate, is only present
in low concentrations in all Homosassa-area springs, with mean values ranging from 0.015 –
0.028 mg/L (Tables 1-5) during the period of study. While elevated orthophosphate levels are
problematic in many of Florida’s lakes and rivers where surface runoff carries this nutrient into
these waterbodies from its sources, measured orthophosphate levels are low in springs. This
is due to its attenuation within limestone aquifers where, given enough time, orthophosphate
reacts with calcium carbonate to produce low-solubility calcium phosphate minerals which
remain within the host rock (Brown, 1981). This effectively removes orthophosphate from the
waters within the aquifer, and is the probable geochemical mechanism by which “hard rock”
phosphate deposits have developed in the state.
Salinity indicators (sodium, chloride, sulfate and specific conductance) have been historically
high in these springs, showing increasing values during the last decade (Figure 12), continuing
an upward trend observable since 1946 at Homosassa Main Spring, when sodium was 308
mg/L, chloride was 570 mg/L, sulfate was 87 mg/L and specific conductance was 2240 µs/cm
(1946 samples were taken from the Homosassa Main Spring Basin, and are a combination of
values from Homosassa Main #1, #2 and #3 spring vents). Comparing 1946 data to mean
values measured at Homosassa Main #1 Spring during the period 2002-2012, sodium and
chloride concentrations have increased over two-fold, sulfate has increased more than sevenfold and specific conductance has increased almost two-fold. Water quality data from samples
collected from the three Homosassa Main vents show that Homosassa Main #3 has the overall
lowest concentration of salinity indicators, and Homosassa Main #2 has the highest. It is not
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known why sulfate concentrations at Homosassa Main #1 spring have increased at a higher
rate than increases in sodium and chloride concentrations. There is strong temporal correlation
at each spring between all of the salinity indicators. The highest overall mean salinity indicator
values were found in Homosassa #1 and #2, and Halls River Head springs. The lowest values
were found in the Spring Cove spring vents (Pumphouse #1, Trotter Main springs – Figure 13).
The longer-term measured increases in salinity indicators reflect one or more of the following
potential causes: upconing of deeper, more saline ground water due to increasing fresh ground
water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system, decreasing precipitation patterns, or
steadily rising sea level.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are important for fish and other biota, and are generally
measured at levels below 5 mg/L in fresh ground water issuing from spring vents. The levels
measured in the Homosassa Group springs are within this normal ground water range, with
mean DO values in the 2.23 – 4.29 mg/L range. Some fish species can tolerate lower
dissolved oxygen levels, and thrive in spring vent environments. Dissolved oxygen levels
generally rise rapidly in surface waters downstream from spring vents, due to plant respiration;
however, the headwaters of the Homosassa River within Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs
Wildlife State Park are largely devoid of submerged aquatic vegetation.
Boron, not known to occur naturally in high concentrations in fresh Floridan aquifer system
ground water, has recently been sampled as a possible wastewater tracer in wells and springs,
due to its widespread use in laundry detergents. Historic (2002-2012) mean boron
concentrations from Homosassa Springs #1, #2 and #3 were compared to historic chloride
concentrations (from Tables 1-3), and boron/chloride ratios were calculated:
Homosassa Spring #1: Boron/Chloride ratio = 0.000202
Homosassa Spring #2: Boron/Chloride ratio = 0.000220
Homosassa Spring #3: Boron/Chloride ratio = 0.000157
All of these values are close to, but below the mean boron/chloride ratio measured in Atlantic
Ocean seawater sampled along the U.S. coastline from south of Cape Cod to Bermuda, which
is 0.000240 (Rakestraw et al, 1935). If one assumes that boron/chloride ratios in the Atlantic
Ocean are similar to boron/chloride ratios of the small percentage of seawater entrained in
Floridan aquifer system ground water, these numbers do not indicate a human boron
wastewater component present in spring discharge from the Homosassa Main spring vents.
Boron results were not available for the other Homosassa Group springs.
Sucralose is used as an artificial sweetener. Because it passes through water treatment
systems largely intact, it has recently been used as a potential human wastewater tracer. Only
one sample of sucralose has been collected to date from Bluebird, Hidden River Head, Hidden
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River #2, Homosassa Main #1 & #2, Pumphouse #1 and Trotter Main springs. Very low
detections (values between the laboratory method detection limit and the practical quantitation
limit) were seen only at Pumphouse #1 and Trotter Main springs; at the other springs,
sucralose was at concentrations below laboratory detection limits. Sucralose detections could
be indicative of possible wastewater influences within the springshed.
Sources and References
Behrendt, B. January 25, 2010. Lu the hippo hitting the half-century mark. Tampa Bay Times.
http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/lu-the-hippo-hitting-the-half-centurymark/1067996
Bridger, Kristina, J. Dodson and G. Maddox, 2014, Draft TMDL Report: Nutrient TMDLs for
Homosassa-Trotter-Pumphouse Springs Group, Bluebird Springs, and Hidden River Springs
(WBIDs 1345G, 1348A, and 1348E); Florida department of Environmental Protection, 105 p.
Online at: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/tmdl/docs/tmdls/draft/gp5/Homosassa-TMDLDraft.pdf
Brown, J.L., 1981, Calcium phosphate precipitation: Identification of kinetic parameters in
aqueous limestone suspensions: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Volume 45, Number
3, pp. 475-477. Abstract online at:
https://www.crops.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/45/3/SS0450030475?access=0&view=pdf
Cox, D. Accessed October 2013. Homosassa Springs State Park–Homosassa Springs,
Florida. http://www.exploresouthernhistory.com/homosassa.html
Florida Climate Center, Florida State University; Products and Services – Data: Long-Term
Precipitation Data through 2012. Online at: http://climatecenter.fsu.edu/products-services/data
Florida Department of Environmental Protection. June 3, 2005. Homosassa Springs Wildlife
State Park unit management plan. Tallahassee, FL: Division of Recreation and Parks.
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/planning/parkplans/HomosassaSpringsWildlifeStatePark.pdf
———. Accessed October 2013. Florida’s springs: Protecting native gems. Homosassa
Springs. Tallahassee, FL. http://www.floridasprings.org/tags/homosassasprings/
Florida Park Service website. Accessed October 2013. Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs
Wildlife State Park. http://www.floridastateparks.org/homosassasprings/default.cfm and
http://www.citruscounty-fl.com/menu.html
Friends of Homosassa Springs State Park website. Accessed October 2013. Felburn
Shorebird Aviary. http://www.friendshswp.org/felburn_shorebird_aviary.html
Homosassa Spring
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Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail. Accessed October 2013. I51. Ellie Schiller Homosassa
Springs Wildlife State Park.
http://floridabirdingtrail.com/index.php/trip/trail/Homosassa_Springs_Wildlife_State_Park/
Hammond, M. October 5, 2013. Restoring our springs. Southwest Florida Water Management
District.
http://www.floridaspringsinstitute.org/Resources/Documents/Hammond_Restoring%20our%20
Springs_Reduced%20Oct%205.pdf
Jones, Gregg W., S.B. Upchurch, K.M. Champion and D.L. DeWitt, 1997, Water quality and
hydrology of the Homosassa, Chassahowitzka, Weeki Wachee and Aripeka spring complexes,
Citrus and Hernando counties, Florida – Origin of increasing nitrate concentrations: SWFWMD
Ambient Ground-Water Quality Monitoring Program; 167 p.
Knochenmus, Lari A. and D. K. Yobbi, 2001, Hydrology of the Coastal Springs Ground-Water
Basin and Adjacent Parts of Pasco, Hernando and Citrus Counties, Florida: USGS Water
Resources Investigations Report 01-423088 p.
Maddox, Gary and Edgar Wade, 2015, DRAFT Final Report: Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs
Wildlife State Park - Wildlife Park Water Quality Assessment; Citrus County, Florida: Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Ground Water Management Section; 20 p.
Pittman, C. September 17, 2011. Salty flow into Chassahowitzka and Homosassa rivers
blamed on sea level rise, not overpumping. Tampa Bay Times.
http://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/water/salty-flow-into-chassahowitzka-andhomosassa-rivers-blamed-on-sea-level/1192217
Rakestraw, Noris W. and Henry E. Mahncke, 1935, Boron content of sea water of the North
Atlantic Coast: Industrial Analytical Chemistry – Analytical Edition, Volume 7, Number 6, p.
425. Online at: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac50098a026
Roadcap, George S., K.C. Hackley, and H. Hwang, 2002, Application of nitrogen and oxygen
isotopes to identify sources of nitrate: Report to the Illinois Groundwater Consortium, Southern
Illinois University; 30 p.
Save the Manatee Club website. 2013. http://www.savethemanatee.org/
Scott, T.M., et al, 2004, Springs of Florida; Florida Geological Survey Bulletin No. 66; 377 p.
Online at: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/springs/bulletin66.htm
Homosassa Spring
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Southwest Florida Water Management District. Accessed October 2013. Homosassa Springs.
http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/springs/homosassa/
———. Springs in West-Central Florida; SWFWMD website:
http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/springs/
———. Water Management Information System, online at:
http://www18.swfwmd.state.fl.us/WMISMap/WMISMap/Default.aspx?function=search&layer=re
source&return=extResource&UniquePageID=a0f85afc-bfb8-4173-a64f-d766f8cf38c9
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, STORET/WQX: EPA’s repository and framework for
sharing water monitoring data; Online at: http://www.epa.gov/storet/
U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources of Florida; online at:
http://fl.water.usgs.gov/infodata/
For more information, contact:
Gary Maddox, P.G.
Ground Water Management Section
Water Quality Evaluation & TMDL Program
Division of Environmental Assessment & Restoration
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
(850) 245-8511
[email protected]
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Figure 1: Homosassa Main Spring – three vents are located beneath the Underwater Observatory. Photo taken in
May, 2010 (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 2: Location of spring vents in the headwaters area of the Homosassa River
Figure 3: Pumphouse #1 Spring – Photo taken in January, 2013 (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 4: Trotter Main Spring – Photo taken in January, 2013 (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
Figure 5: Bluebird Spring – Photo taken in January, 2013 (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 6: Algae - Bluebird Spring – Photo taken in January, 2013 (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 7: Hidden River Head Spring - Photo taken in January, 2013 (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
Figure 8: Hidden River #2 Spring - Photo taken in January, 2013 (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 9: Halls River #2 Spring - Photo taken in September, 2010 (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 10: Nitrate + Nitrite trends in Homosassa Main #1, #2 and #3 springs: 2002 – 2012
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Figure 11: Nitrate + Nitrite trends in the southern Homosassa spring vents: 2002 – 2012
Figure 12: Salinity indicator trends in Homosassa #1 Spring: 2002 - 2012
Figure
13: Salinity indicator trends in Trotter Main Spring: 2002 - 2012
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Table 1: Summary of selected water quality results for Homosassa Main #1 Spring
Table 2: Summary of selected water quality results for Homosassa Main #2 Spring
Table 3: Summary of selected water quality results for Homosassa Main #3 Spring
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Table 4: Summary of selected water quality results for Pumphouse #1 Spring
Table 5: Summary of selected water quality results for Trotter Main Spring
Table 6: Summary of selected water quality results for Bluebird Spring
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Table 7: Summary of selected water quality results for Hidden River Head Spring
Table 8: Summary of selected water quality results for Hidden River #2 Spring
Table 9: Summary of selected water quality results for Halls River Head Spring
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