Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)

Building classification methodology in Albania
Results of the residential building retrofitting
methodology in Albania
Zsuzsa Szalay PhD
Support for Low-Emission Development in South East Europe
(SLED)
Structure of the presentation
▪ Development of building typology
▪ Statistical data on the building stock, construction materials and
building service systems
▪ Definition of retrofit options
▪ BAU, standard and ambitious retrofit
▪ Energy calculation methodology and main assumptions
▪ Climate data, building envelope, building service systems
▪ Calculation results
▪ Net energy demand, delivered energy, primary energy demand
and CO2 emissions of the building types
▪ Investment costs
▪ Building envelope and building service systems
Technical support
The building classification was carried out in collaboration with
▪ the Albanian expert team - Gjergji Simaku, Teuta Thimjo and
Thimjo Plaku
▪ Aleksandra Novikova
The work is based on the information and data provided by
the local expert team
Thank you for the contribution!
Main data sources
▪ Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Albanian
Residential Building Typology Matrix, 2014.
▪ Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Albania –
National Building Typology, Energy Performance and Saving
Potential, 2014.
▪ Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Assessment of
the energy performance of buildings – heating, 2014.
▪ Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Performance
Calculation of Building Types, 2014.
▪ INSTAT: Statistical databases – Census 2011
▪ INSTAT: Statistical databases – Census 2001
▪ INSTAT: Statistical databases – Construction
▪ INSTAT: Albania in Figures 2013, 2014.
▪ REKK: SLED Electricity sector modelling scenarios, 2015
Goal of the building classification
▪ Bottom-up methodology for the sectorial modelling of the
residential building stock
▪ Residential building typology did not exist in Albania
20 building types
Local experts
– Gjergji
Simaku
Energy demand of the
present state
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Albanian Residential Building Typology
Main sources
▪ Albanian experts
▪ Statistical data from latest census (2011)
▪ Estimations based on the census if required level of detail
was not available
Albanian Residential Building Typology
Main considerations (based on experts and census data)
▪ building type
▪ detached houses; semi-detached houses; row (terraced) houses
and apartment buildings.
▪ construction period:
▪ six construction periods: buildings built before 1960; between
1961 and 1980; 1981-1990; 1991-2000 and 2001-2011.
▪ size of building:
▪ number of dwellings in the building: buildings with one dweling;
two dwellings; three to four dwellings and five or more dwellings.
▪ number of floors:
▪ buildings with one floor; with two floors; three to five floors and six
or more floors
Albanian Residential Building Typology
Additional considerations:
▪ Climate zones (based on census data)
▪ Climate zone A, B and C
▪ Construction materials (based on experts)
▪ Heating systems and energy sources (based on census and
experts)
▪ Electricity, wood and LPG
Albanian Residential Building Typology
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Number of residential buildings and dwellings
▪ Total 598,267 residential buildings
▪ Total 1,012,062 dwellings
▪ Total 709,865 inhabited dwellings
▪ Total 722,262 private households
Population
▪ Total 2,821,977 inhabitants
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Number of residential buildings and dwellings per
building type
Based on census 2011, dwellings estimated
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Number of residential buildings and dwellings by building
type
Based on census 2011, dwellings estimated
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Residential buildings
Based on census 2011
Dwellings in residential buildings
Estimate based on census 2011
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Number of residential buildings by construction period
Based on census 2011, dwellings estimated
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Residential buildings
Based on census 2011
Dwellings in residential buildings
Estimate based on census 2011
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Detached houses by construction period
Based on census 2011
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Semi-detached houses by construction period
Based on census 2011 and estimate
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Row (or terraced) houses by construction period
Based on census 2011 and estimate
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Apartment buildings by construction period
Based on census 2011 and estimate
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Number of floors
Based on census 2011
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Non-inhabited buildings and dwellings
101,368 non-inhabited buildings and 302,197 non-inhabited dwellings
Based on census 2011
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Number of buildings per building type
1. Detached 2. Semihouse
detached
house
3. Row (or
terraced)
house
4. Apartment
building
A) Up to 1960
B) 1961-1980
C) 1981-1990
D) 1991-2000
E) 2001-2011
30 833
59 923
54 090
108 752
92 467
8 140
9 376
5 268
9 995
6 315
3 618
3 284
1 343
3 475
2 006
1 604
5 912
4 242
2 252
5 195
Unknown period
Non inhabited
TOTAL
62 387
92 460
500 912
10 254
7 063
56 411
3 953
1 094
18 773
2 215
751
22 171
Based on census 2011
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Residential buildings by climate zones
Disaggregation of data to climate zones was based on
classifying prefecture data to climate zones.
Based on census 2011
Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census)
Building permits issued for new buildings
Based on INSTAT
Statistical data on construction materials (2001 census)
Buildings by main construction material
Based on Census 2001
Energetic quality of buildings
▪ Before 1960: no insulation, poor energetic quality
▪ Apartment buildings after 1960: some insulation in sandwich
wall
▪ 1990s: partly or insufficiently insulated
▪ 2000s: partly or insufficiently insulated (building code not
strict enough, many buildings don’t comply)
▪ Part of the building stock already refurbished – most
common interventions are roof insulation and window
replacement
Statistical data on energy sources for heating (2011 census)
Main energy sources for heating
Based on Census 2011
Statistical data on energy sources for heating (2011 census)
Main energy
sources for
heating by
urban/rural area
Main energy
sources for
heating by
climate zone
Based on Census 2011
Statistical data on heating systems (2011 census)
Heating systems
Based on Census 2011
Statistical data on heating systems (2011 census)
Main type of
heating by
urban/rural area
Main type of
heating by
climate zone
Based on Census 2011
Statistical data on cooling systems (2011 census)
▪ Acc. to census 6% have air conditioner – we assumed these
are reversible heat pumps, which are used both for space
heating and cooling.
Statistical data on hot water
▪ No statistics available for hot water
▪ Experts opinion: electric hot water boilers are common,
some use wood stoves
Energy demand calculation
▪ Net energy demand calculation with German PhPP software
(Passivhaus Institut)
▪ Stationary calculation method, suitable also for conventional
buildings - based on EN ISO 13790: Energy performance of
buildings – Calculation of energy use for space heating and
cooling
▪ Was chosen because also can model cooling demand
▪ Baseline calculation for Climate zone B and adapted to the
other zones according to the heating and cooling degree
days
▪ Set-point temperatures: 20 C for heating and 26 C for
cooling
▪ Full and partial - intermittent heating and cooling options
Retrofit options
Three options considered
▪ Business and Usual (improvement BAU)
▪ change of windows and heat pump: -20% in energy demand
▪ Standard retrofit (improvement 1)
▪ Complex retrofit: insulation of building envelope and efficient
building services with solar collectors
▪ Ambitious retrofit (improvement 2)
▪ Complex retrofit: insulation of building envelope and efficient
building services with solar collectors
Climate zones
▪ Based on degree days
(base temperature 17.5 C)
▪ Zone A: Degree days less than 1500.
▪ Zone B: Degree days between 1501 and 2300.
▪ Zone C: Degree days higher than 2300.
▪
A
B
C
Prefecture
Berat
Dibër
Durrës
Elbasan
Fier
Gjirokastër
Korçë
Kukës
Lezhë
Shkodër
Tiranë
Vlorë
Climate zone
B
C
A
B
A
B
C
C
A
B
B
A
Building structures
Documentation for
each building type
provided by the
experts
Building structures - retrofit
Building type
A1
A2
A3
A4
B1
B2
B3
B4
C1
C2
C3
C4
D1
D2
D3
D4
E1
E2
E3
E4
Present state
Standard retrofit
Ambitious retrofit
No insulation, single
glazed window
Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double
glazed windows
Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5
cm, triple glazed windows
No insulation, single
glazed window
Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double
glazed windows
Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5
cm, triple glazed windows
No insulation, single
glazed window
Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double
glazed windows
Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5
cm, triple glazed windows
No insulation, single
glazed window
Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double
glazed windows
Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5
cm, triple glazed windows
Limited insulation,
Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double
double glazed window
glazed windows
Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5
cm, triple glazed windows
Building structures
Documentation for each building type
Input parameters
▪ Thermal bridges
▪ Heat losses based on internal dimensions, additional 20% thermal
bridges for the walls and 10% for floors and roofs
▪ Orientation
▪ Average orientation (East-West), 75% glazing fraction, average
shading in the winter (75%), temporary sun protection for summer
(41%)
▪ Ventilation rates
▪ Leaky windows - poor airtightness 1.5 1/h air change rate
▪ After changing windows: 0.5 1/h air change rate
▪ Summer: effective cross night ventilation
▪ Internal heat gains:
▪ 6.6 W/m2
▪ Set-point temperatures
▪ 20 C for heating and 26 C for cooling
Space heating systems – energy sources
▪ Present state:
▪ Based on experts and
calibration
▪ BAU
▪ Heat pump
▪ Standard retrofit
▪ Climate zone A&B: heat
pump
▪ Climate zone C: wood pellet
boiler
▪ Ambitious retrofit
▪ Climate zone A&B: Heat
pump, multisplit
▪ Climate zone C: wood pellet
boiler
System efficiencies
Space heating systems – total system efficiencies
Building type
Climate
zone A
and B
Detached
houses
Row houses
and multifamily
apartment
buildings
Climate
zone C
Present state
Heat pump and
direct electric,
t = 1.52*
Wood stove,
t=0.54
Gas stove
t=0.72
Heat pump and
direct electric,
t = 1.52*
Wood stove,
t =0.54
Gas
t =0.72
Heat pump and
direct electric,
t = 1.52*
Detached
houses
Wood stove,
t =0.54
Gas, t =0.72
Row houses
and multifamily
apartment
buildings
Heat pump and
direct electric,
t = 1.52*
Wood stove, 
t =0.54
Gas, t =0.72
BAU
Standard retrofit
Ambitious retrofit
Heat pump,
t = 2.09
Heat pump,
t =2.85
Heat pump,
multi-split
t =3.8
Heat pump,
SCOP = 2.09
Heat pump,
t =2.85
Heat pump,
multi-split
t =3,8
Centralized heating
system with wood
pellet boiler and
automatic
Heat pump,
regulation of
t = 2.09
temperature and
hot water
preparationt
=0.77
Centralized heating
system with wood
pellet boiler and
automatic
Heat pump, t
regulation of
= 2.09
temperature and
hot water
preparationt
Centralized heating
system with wood
pellet boiler and
automatic
regulation of
temperature and
hot water
preparation,t
=0.77
Centralized heating
system with wood
pellet boiler and
automatic
regulation of
temperature and
hot water
preparation t
Cooling systems
▪ Split units (mostly reversible)
Climate zone A
Climate zone B
Climate zone C
Existing state and BAU
Heat pump - EER=2
Heat pump - EER=2
no cooling
Standard retrofit
Heat pump - EER>3
Heat pump - EER>3
no cooling
Ambitious retrofit
Heat pump - EER>3
Heat pump - EER>3
no cooling
Domestic hot water systems
Building type
▪ Daily hot water
demand: 30
litre/day, person
Climate
zone A
Detached houses
Row houses and
multi-family
apartment
buildings
▪ Hot water
temperature 45 C
▪ Net hot water
demand: 18
kWh/m2yr
Climate
zone A
Detached houses
Row houses and
multi-family
apartment
buildings
Climate
zone C
Present state
BAU
Electric boiler Electric boiler
100%
100%
Electric boiler Electric boiler
100%
100%
Electric boiler Electric boiler
100%
100%
Electric boiler Electric boiler
100%
100%
Standard retrofit
Ambitious retrofit
Heat pump
30%
Heat pump
30%
Solar collector
70%
Solar collector
70%
Heat pump
60%
Heat pump
60%
Solar collector
40%
Solar collector
40%
Heat pump
30%
Heat pump
30%
Solar collector
70%
Solar collector
70%
Heat pump
60%
Heat pump
60%
Solar collector
40%
Solar collector
40%
Electric boiler
Wood pellet boiler Wood pellet boiler
80%
30%
30%
Electric boiler
Detached houses
100%
Wood stove
Solar collector
Solar collector
20%
70%
70%
Row houses and
multi-family
apartment
buildings
Electric boiler
Wood pellet boiler Wood pellet boiler
80%
60%
60%
Electric boiler
100%
Wood stove
Solar collector
Solar collector
20%
40%
40%
Correction factors for heating
Unheated area:
▪ Usual heating pattern in Albania: only the main room is
heated, roomwise systems are common
▪ AKBN study:
▪ In 2008: 35% of the living area heated at the coastline, 70% in the
mountains
▪ In 2012: 45% of the living area heated at the coastline, 80% in the
mountains
Duration of heating:
▪ Heating only for a part of the day, e.g. only in the evening
(morning)
Correction factors for heating
Energy source
Present
state
BAU
Standard
retrofit
Ambitious
retrofit
electricity
50%
10 h
80%
16 h
90%
18 h
90%
18 h
wood
6
-
-
-
LPG
6
60%
10 h
6
6
80%
10 h
6
6
85%
16 h
100%
16 h
-
100%
18 h
100%
18 h
16 h
-
100%
18 h
100%
18 h
18 h
-
Building type
Climate
zone A
Heated floor area (%)
Daily heated hours (h)
Climate
zone B
Heated floor area (%)
Daily heated hours (h)
Climate
zone C
electricity
wood
LPG
Heated floor area (%)
Daily heated hours (h)
electricity
wood
LPG
▪ Values: based on experts and calibration
Correction factors for cooling
▪ Cooling
▪ many people at home don’t use the AC system
▪ or just use it in only one or two rooms
▪ In climate zone C cooling is not typical
Climate
zone A
Climate
zone B
Building type
Present state
BAU
Standard
retrofit
Ambitious
retrofit
Cooled floor area (%)
Daily cooled hours (h)
Cooled floor area (%)
Daily cooled hours (h)
50%
8h
30%
8h
80%
10 h
30%
10 h
90%
12 h
40%
12 h
90%
14 h
50%
14 h
▪ Values: based on experts and calibration
Conversion factors for primary energy and specific
CO2 emissions
Q primary   Qdelivered  f p ,source i
mCO2   Qdelivered  f CO2,source i
Energy carrier
Wood biomass
Electrical energy
LPG
Solar energy
kWh

year

kg

 year
primary-to-final energy
factor
[kWh/kWh]
0.2
1.01
1.1
0
specific CO2
emissions
[kg/kWh]
0
0
0.227
0
▪ Values: IPCC guidelines, electricity sector modelling
Results – net energy demand, present state
Climate zone B, full heating
Climate zone B, partial heating
Results – primary energy demand
Climate zone B, full heating
Climate zone B, partial heating
Results – net energy demand, retrofit
Climate zone B, partial heating
Results – primary energy demand, retrofit
Climate zone B, partial heating
Further results
Albania_types_energy.xls
Problems
▪ Data on energy sources and heating systems: available for
climate zones, but not by building type. Acc. to local experts
there is a controversy in data - Expert guesses were needed.
▪ Unheated areas and duration of heating – high uncertainty
▪ It is recommended to carry out statistical surveys on partial
heating and cooling
▪ The typology is built for model heating; for cooling other
classification critareas would be more relevant (glazed ratio,
orientation, built environment)
Final values reached by calibrating the bottom-up model with
a top-down approach - Aleksandra
Cost of the retrofit options – building envelope
▪ Prices including labour and VAT
▪ Prices provided by the experts
▪ Average prices, including all elements, but there could be
extra costs (e.g. removal of old plaster etc.)
standard
retrofit
ambitious
retrofit
External wall
Roof (Floor
Construction to
Unheated Attic)
Floor Construction
to Unheated Area
(Basement)
14.10 €/m2
18.50 €/m2
-
18.00 €/m2
22.00 €/m2
11.50 €/m2
Data from local experts
Window
85.00 €/m2
110.00 €/m2
Cost of the retrofit options – building services
▪ Prices including labour and VAT
Data from local experts
Cost of the retrofit options – standard retrofit
Total specific costs – per net floor area
Data from local experts
Cost of the retrofit options – ambitious retrofit
Total specific costs – per net floor area
Data from local experts
Thank you for your attention!