South Australian Parliamentary Travel Report

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South Australian Parliamentary Travel Report
Leesa Vlahos MP
Representing the Premier of South Australia
Hon. Mike Rann MP
at the 70 th Anniversary of the Battle of Greece
and Battle of Crete Pilgrimage
6 th of May 2011 - 15 t1 May 2011
STUDY TOUR REPORT
GED
AKER
HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY
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Objective of the travel:
Some historians believe the 1941 Battles of Greece and Crete by the Greeks and
Allied Commonwealth Troops against Axis Troops were doomed from the beginning
as yet another Church'Ilian romantic folly whilst to others it is simply a strategic
blunder that pitted better equipped, more numerous and battled hardened Axis
Troops against Greek and Allied Commonwealth Forces. Either way, the Battles
resulted in a defeat for the Commonwealth Forces and a four year occupation of
Greece.
These events contributed to a Post-War Greece that was defined by civil war,
political upheaval and the mass migration of Greeks around the world, particularly to
Australia.
To mark the occasion of the 70th Anniversary of these significant events to the
peoples of both Greece and Australia a delegation of parliamentary representatives
from South Australia and Victoria (in partnership with Greek — Australian community
groups) participated in a pilgrimage to the battle sites and Memorials. I officially
represented the Premier Mike Rann MP, on behalf of the South Australian
Government at these Commemorations.
The Battles of Greece and Crete re-defined and shaped Greek society internally and
abroad. According to Bruce Pennay in his work 'Greek Journeys through Bonegilla',
approximately 33,600 Greek migrants entered Australia in the immediate post-war
period between 1953-56.
Many young Greek men and women departed their homeland and family for decades
for far flung places like Australia, only to return in the 1970's or 1980's to introduce
their children to their beloved Greece.
My husband's family shares this story as Lacedaemonians near Sparta, leaving their
beloved war torn Peloponnesus for a new life in Australia. One of the many reasons
why this visit meant so much to me personally, was that these events still live large
in the memories of my father-in-laws and mother-in-laws families.
The Battles established deep and enduring links between the peoples of Greece and
Australia.
In many ways the people of Greece understand the events around these Battles
better than many Australians do, despite being the second and last ANZAC force,
sometimes known as the "Forgotten ANZACS". The Allied efforts are still well
regarded in Modern Greece.
In following the routes of many of the key battles, the evacuation sites and visiting
the cemeteries and commemoration sites of the Greek Battles of World War Two, it
was common to find many Greek families and towns had been directly touched by
the war and still remember the Australian Defence units.
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Where the ANZAC Troops fought with Greek forces or Partisans they were
remembered warmth and high regard. This echoed the writing of Dr Maria Hill in
"Digger and Greeks" who was leading her own pilgrimage group around the sites at
the time of my visit. These early experiences with Australians and New Zealanders
would influence the destinations Greeks would seek a new life over the coming PostWar decades.
I learnt of examples where former troops assisted and sponsored Greek migrants to
their own local Post-War communities and of Greek families facing German
retribution for giving aid or shelter to our Troops. This usually meant losing a relative
or a whole household to a firing squad.
Often in Australia when we talk of Wars and Veterans we remember Gallipoli,
Tobruk, Kokoda and Vietnam.
Some of the men who served on this Battlefront had served at Tobruk and would
later be sent to Kokoda.
On the 28 October 1940 the Greek Government and people said "Ochi" to being
invaded by Italy via Albania. The Italians were initially repulsed but a subsequent
German intervention forced the Greek Army and Commonwealth force sent from
Egypt earlier in February 1941 to mainland Greece to evacuate by any means
possible to the Island of Crete.
The poorly resourced, supported and badly planned Churchill initiated Battle for the
Greek mainland had resulted in the loss of many United Kingdom, Australia, New
Zealand, South African, Canadian, Indian and Cypriot soldiers.
The Battle of Crete ended with over 9440 soldiers evacuated from the Sfakia harbour
region between the 28th to the 31st of May 1941. But for the thousands that were
interned at Prisoners of War (POW's) by the Germans in Europe, the shame of
surrender left a bitter feeling.
The Battle for Crete resulted in 3012 Australian and 1692 New Zealand POW's who
would spend four years in German Stalags. 274 Australians and 671 New
Zealanders would never come home and were laid to rest in Cretan soil.
There is still historical and military debate about the documented justification for this
lack of adequate support for the Greek campaign, the impact on the success or
failure of the campaign. What cannot be debated is the fact the the battles and
occupation were bloody, exhausting and costly in the lives of many Greek and Allied
forces and even more civilian Greeks.
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The contribution by the armed forces and peoples of Greece made a significant
difference to the direction of the Second World War and assisted in the defeat of
Nazism.
The Battle for Crete saw the first mass use of German paratroopers in the war. It
was so costly in German life that they would never again be used to the same extent.
Thorough their joint efforts the Greek and Allied forces between April - June 1941,
were successful in inflicting the first defeats on the battlefield on the German forces
in the Second World War.
They significantly caused major losses to the German forces and contributed to the
redesign of the German invasion plans of Russia by inflicting heavy losses on elite
German forces.
The Battle of Crete resulted in major loss of elite German paratroopers, significantly
impacting the Axis forces for the rest of World War Two. Around 6000-7000
Germans lost their lives in Crete during Operation Mercury.
It is estimated that the Greeks overall suffered 35,000 military causalities and over
700 000 civilian deaths in the Battles. This represented some 10% of Greece's PreWar population.
Greece in 2011 is in deep recession and is struggling with significant financial, social
and economic crisis. This report touches on these issues and their implications
briefly as it was not the primary objective in this visit. The visit marked an important
period in the lead up to the legislative reform package vote and implementation after
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and European Union (EU) pressure.
On several occasion, I witnessed industrial action and wide spread opposition to the
reform. Reform has become associated with recession, a drop in the standard of
living and a loss of entitlements.
Yet despite this, the Pasok Government has pushed on with the reform agenda so
badly needed after more than 30 years of short sighted economic and fiscal
management from successive Governments. The Government is committed to push
through the reform agenda regardless of the electoral outcome because it is simply
the right thing to do.
Some of the features of this reform are: service sector and restricted professions
liberalisation and cartel breaking; restructuring the economy to be export focused,
containing the inflation rate that is high; reducing the fiscal deficit; improving
productivity and competitiveness in labour and manufacturing; major pension reform
and reductions; labour market reforms aimed at flexibility in hiring and firing
expenses and some employment contract changes and lastly a fundamental shift in
the way and amount of tax paid by the nation.
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Anti-Tax evasion plans are badly needed in Greece with it having one of the EU's
least efficient compliance systems.
Many times on the trip, the analogy was drawn between the dark days of the 1941
Battles for Greece and today's significant challenges by Officials at all levels. It is a
long road to recovery for Greece but if the Government can hold its' resolve and not
slow down the reform agenda, light does glimmer on the far horizon for the Nation.
The Tourism industry is the major industry and foreign revenue earner in Greece.
Over successive years, the industry has slipped backwards in its share of many
markets due to complacency in many levels from infrastructure to quality and to a
lack of diversification of products. The first half of this year saw a 10% increase in
arrivals to Greece for Tourism and if Greece can capitalise on the niche markets of
military history, food tourism and cultural tourism from the Greek Diaspora
community and the world the market will improve further.
I am indebted for the advice, tireless support and language skills to Mr John
Pandazopoulos MP, the President of World Hellenic Inter Parliamentary Association
and Mr Martin Foley MP, Co-convenor of the Victorian Parliamentary Friends of
Greece Group.
I also wish to thank the following people, organisations and groups in assisting to
make the visit a success:
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Commanding Officer of the AFG contingent and catafalque party Lieutenant
Luke Haitas and the attending Australian Defence Forces staff
Mr Antonis Tsourdalakis, President Pan Cretan Association of Australia
Mr Apostolos Voulgarakis, Vice Regional Governor Regional Government of
Crete
Mr Chrisitos lappas, Mayor Trikala
Mr Christos Anthis, President Ionian Island Assembly
Mr Dernitiri Dollis, Deputy Foreign Minister Government of the Hellenic
Republic
Mr Emmanouls Skoulakis, Mayor Chania - Crete
Mr Grigeris Niotis, Vice President Hellenic Parliament
Mr lonnis Trepeklis, Mayor Corfu
Mr John Nikolakakis, President Pan Cretan Association of Australia and New
Zealand
Mr John Pandazopoulos MP, President of World Hellenic Inter Parliamentary
Association
Mr Losif Nikitas, President —Hellenic Cricket Federation
Mr Manolis Stratakis MP, President of the Hellenic Parliament Friends of
Australia Group
Mr Martin Foley MP, Co Convenor Victorian Parliamentary Friends of Greece
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Mr Martin Leiper, Representative in Greece and Balkans Commonwealth War
Graves Commission
Mr Michael Opie, Acting Head of Mission and the staff and officers Australian
Embassy Athens
Mr Spiros Spryrau, Regional Governor Ionian Islands Regional Government.
Mr Steve Georganas MP, Federal Member for Hindmarsh
Ms Elwni Lianidou, General Counsel of Greece Melbourne
Ms Maniatia Angeliki, Guide and Historian — Athens
Ms Maria Lioni, Vice Governor of Rethymno Region of Crete.
Officers of The Department of Veterans Affairs, Australia
The Hon. Warren Snowdon MP, Federal Minister for Veterans Affairs
The Management and Staff of Colonial Travel — Athens
My enduring thanks and appreciation goes to the Veterans of the Battles of Greece
and Crete from the Allied Forces and their Partisan comrades who I was privileged to
meet during of this representation visit on behalf of the Premier of South Australia
tho Hon. Mike Rann, MP.
They are Mr Norman William Maddock OAM, Mr Daniel Mark Bowden MID, Mr
Arthur Leeslie Leggett OAM ED, Mr George William Henry Taylor MID and Mr
Aldred Clive Carpenter ED and Mr Basil George Hayler.
To the many other representatives of the national, regional and local Governments of
Greece and the numerous members of community, cultural and religious groups of
both Greece and the Greek — Australian community who I met whilst retracing some
of the campaign routes and who made this visit so meaningful, I give my sincere
heart -felt thanks.
Many histories of the Battle of Greece have been written, reviewed and updated as
new material has become available over time. This is an ongoing process as private
letter collections become available to historians. The following books and collections
were useful to me in preparation and during this visit:
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ANZAC Fury: The Bloody Battles of Crete. 1941 (Peter Thompson)
Australian War Memorial Archives and Website. — Greece campaign
http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_287.asp and
Battle for Crete. (John Hall Spencer — Reprint 2004).
Battle of Crete. A Palazzo Australian Army Campaigns Series 1 Australian
Army History Unit — 2007.
Crete 1941: Eye witnessed. (C Hadjipateras and M Fafalios, 2007)
Crete: The Battle and the Resistance. (A Beevor ,1991)
Diggers and Greeks: The Australian Campaigns in Greece and Crete. (Maria
Hill, 2010)
Germany's Lightning Airborne Assault. (Peter Antill, 2006)
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Greece and Crete: Australians in World War Two. (Department of Veterans
Affairs 2001)
Greece, Crete and Syria. (Gavin Long, 1953)
Greek Journeys through Bonegilla (Bruce Pennay, 2011)
Greek Pilgrimage: In search of the Foundations of the West. (John Carroll
2010)
Hunters from the Sky. (C Whiting, 1975)
Ten Days to Destiny: The Battle for Crete 1941. (G C Kiriakopoulos, 1997)
The Battle for Crete. (S W C Pack, 1973)
The Fall of Crete. (Alan Clark, 2001)
The Forgotten Anzacs: The Campaign in Greece. (Peter Ewer, 2008)
Seventieth Anniversary of the Battle for Greece and Crete- Official veteran
representative biographies (Australian Government Department of Veterans'
Affairs 2011)
Itinerary Visited:
Sunday 8 May 2011
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Arrival
Tour of the Acropolis Museum with Professor Pendermalis, President of the
Acropolis Museum
Monday 9 May 2011
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Guided walking tour of the Acropolis and discussion on early Athenian
democracy and its connection to modern democracy
Visit and wreath laying Commonwealth War Cemetery Kalamaki, Athens
Piraeus Port Evacuation site of the Australian Troop in 1941 Battle
Briefing by the Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister, Mr Dirnitris Dollis
Meeting with Mr Grigorios Niotis, Vice-President of the Hellenic Australian
Parliamentary Friendship Group and members of this Group at the Hellenic
Parliament
Tuesday 10 May 2011
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Daphni Australian Troop Camp site, Athens
Visit Ancient Corinth and the Corinth Canal which was defended by Australian
Troops during the 1941 Battle and where St Paul preached to the Corinthians
Visit Ancient Mycenae, the home of Agamemnon and the Tomb of Atreus
Visit Nafplion, Greece's first modern capital after the war of Independence in
1821, site of a World War Two Museum and Evacuation centre for Australian
Troops to Crete.
Wednesday 11 May 2011
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Walking tour of Olympia, home of the Ancient Olympic Games
Ferry ride from Parga to Corfu Island, Former British and Venetian Colony
Meeting with the Mayor of Corfu Yiannis Trepeklis in his UNESCO listed
Mayoral chambers
Meeting with Mr Nikitas losif and Officials from the Hellenic Cricket
Federation. Corfu has the third oldest cricket ground in the world.
Walking tour of the Centre of historical Corfu and Art Gallery of Peristylio
Launch with Ms Aliki Katsarou
Thursday 12 May 2011
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Guided walking of the Ionian Parliament, Corfu
Visit and view Holy relics at Agios Spryidion Church
Visit to the Asian Museum Collections of rare Chinese Ceramics, Oriental
Treasurers and the Palace of St. Michael and St. George with the Deputy
Minister for Culture and Tourism of Greece, Mr Nikitiadis.
Lunch with Regional Governor of Corfu, Spiros Spirou
Participate in a International friendly cricket game on Espianada Square
between Greece and Australia
Dinner with the Mayor of Corfu, Mr Yiannis Trepeklis and Councillors
Friday 13 May 2011
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Tour of Monastery Paliiokastritsa
Lunch Ipsos Beach
Formal Welcoming dinner at the Old Fortress Monolith'
Saturday 14 May 2011
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Ferry to lgoumenista, mainland Greece
Travel thorough Central Greece to Trikala, site of Battle involving Australian
Troops
Mayoral Reception with Mr Chrisitos lappas, Mayor of Trikala and local
Councillors and tour of Central City battle site, bridge and Monument to the
War heroes. This was a key bridge saved by Australian Troops.
Visit Kalambaka- site of Australian Troop's encampment to restore civil order
as part of the retreat of the Allied forces.
Sunday 15 May 2011
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Visit to the Monoliths and Monasteries of Stephens and Grand Meteoron at
Meteora. Monasteries on these remote rocky locations kept Orthodox
Christianity alive for the 500 years of the Ottoman occupation of Greece.
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Visit the Passes of Brallos and Thermopyllae. Thermopyllae is the site of a
1941 Battle for Australian Troops and ancient site of the Battle of the 300
Spartans against the Persians.
Travel Australian retreat route to Athens
Flight to Chania, Crete
Ritzitko Song of the Cretan Partisans
Germans blown in
With thousands of airplanes.
The umbrella soldiers
Are cannoning munitions in order to
Conquer and enslave Crete
But what the savages saw is that
Crete is fighting, striving and hitting
Monday 16 May 2011
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View old Maleme Airstrip and bridge battle site
Visit German Cemetery at Maleme Hill
Memorial, wreath laying Service and roll call of honour at the Harbour Nea
Hora- site of civilian partisans joining battle against invading German troops
Lecture and Religious Service at Agia Triada on the Role of the Clergy in the
Battle of Crete and subsequent resistance to German occupation
Tuesday 17 May 2011
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Departure to Omalos en route to Samaria Gorge- a mass evacuation route for
the Allied Troops to the South of Crete.
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Hike 16.5 km Samaria Gorge National Park route down to the sea
Ferry to Sfakia
Memorial Service, roll call of Honour, wreath laying on behalf of Premier Rann and
Victorian Delegation at Municipality of Sfakia. In this picture are Mr Martin Foley MP,
Mr Bruce Atkinson MLC and Mrs Leesa Vlahos MP representing the Premier Mike
Rann. This was a mass evacuation point and battle for Australian Troops from Crete.
Wednesday 18 May 2011
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Memorial Service, roll call of Honour, wreath laying at Municipality of Sfakia.
This was a mass evacuation point and battle for Australian Troops from Crete
Speech on the events at Sfakia by Mr Vasilis Thomas.
Reception at the Cultural Centre of Chania hosted by Regional Government of
Chania and Municipality of Chania and viewing of a documentary on the
Battle of Crete 1941
Thursday 19 May 2011
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Memorial Service to remember young cadet soldiers killed at the Orthodox
Academy of Crete Memorial, Kolymbari, Crete
Lunch with members of the Australian Cretan community delegation from
Victoria
Memorial Service and wreath laying with the Official Australian Veterans'
Affairs Veteran Delegation from the 1941 Battle at Preveli Monastery. The
Monks harboured and aided Allied Troops and partisans.
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The Official Australian Veteran Representatives to the 70 th Anniversary of the
Battles of Greece and Crete at the Stravromenos Memorial. The Delegation in
view are Mr Norman William Maddock DAM, Mr Daniel Mark Bowden MID, Mr
Arthur Leslie Leggett OAM ED, Mr George William Henry Taylor MID and Mr
Aldred Clive Carpenter ED. Obscured from view is Mr Basil George Hayler. Mr
Bowden was born in 1910.
Friday 20 May 2011
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Memorial Service at Greek Australian Memorial Stravromenos
Memorial and wreath laying Service at the Hellenic Australian Memorial,
Rethymno. Hosted by the Australian Embassy with the Official Australian
Veterans' Affairs Veteran Delegation from the 1941 Battle
Opening of the Australian Battle of Crete Photographic Exhibition, Rethymno
with the Official Australian Veterans' Affairs Veteran Delegation from the 1941
Battle
Official meeting with the Mayor of Chania, Mr Emmanouil Skoudakis
Galatas Memorial Service, Crete hosted by the New Zealand Embassy with
the Official Australian Veterans' Affairs Veteran Delegation from the 1941
Battle
Dinner with the Official Australian Veterans' Affairs Veteran Delegation from
the 1941 Battle, Federal Minister Hon. Warren Snowdon and local Officials.
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Australian Veteran Representative Mr Alf Carpenter ED reads the Ode of
Remembrance on behalf of the Official Australian Veterans' Affairs Veteran
Delegation from the 1941 Battle at the Memorial and wreath laying Service at the
Hellenic Australian Memorial, Rethymno hosted by the Australian Embassy.
Carpenter was born in April 1917 and served in the AIF 214 th Battalion as a
Sergeant.
Saturday 21 May 2011
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Memorial Service and wreath laying at Latzimas (Prinos Village) marking
the role of local resistance fighters to the Invasion and Occupation.
• Official Memorial Service and Commemorative events hosted by the
United Kingdom Embassy at the Suda Bay Commonwealth War
Cemetery.
Results achieved:
I lay a wreath on behalf of the Premier at the following locations:
• Commonwealth War Cemetery Kalarnki, Athens
• Sfakia, Crete
• Hellenic Australian Memorial at Rethymno, Crete hosted by the Australian
Embassy
• Commonwealth War Ceremony Suda Bay, Crete hosted by the United
Kingdom Embassy.
I participated in the Official Commemorations and Memorial Services at the following
sites:
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Commonwealth War Cemetery Kalamaki, Athens
Monastery of Aghia Triada, Crete
The Nea Flora Chania Memorial, Crete
Sfakia Memorial, Crete
Orthodox Academy of Crete Memorial, Kolymbari, Crete
Preveli Monastery Memorial, Preveli, Crete
Greek Australian Memorial Stavromenos, Crete
Hellenic Australian Memorial at Rethymno, Crete hosted by the Australian
Embassy
Australian Battle of Crete Exhibition Opening, Rethymno, Crete
Galatas Memorial, Crete hosted by the New Zealand Embassy
Latzimas (Prinos Village) Memorial, Crete
Commonwealth War Ceremony Suda Bay, Crete hosted by the United
Kingdom Embassy.
I am currently involved in speaking engagements on the significance of the Battles of
Greece and Crete with local Veteran groups and the Greek Community.
Recommendations:
Recommendation 1.
I recommend the formation of the SA Parliamentary Friendship Group of Greece.
The formation of such a Group is appropriate given the number of Greek —
Australians and depth of the relationships between Greece and South Australia.
According to Bruce Pennay in his work 'Greek Journeys through Bonegilla',
approximately 33,600 Greek migrants entered Australia in the immediate post-war
period between 1953-56.
Today more than 37,000 South Australians claim to be of Greek descent. These
post-war migrants have played a significant role in our State's economic, cultural and
social life and facilitated the maturing the relationship between Greece and Australia
over many years.
My electorate of Taylor in Adelaide's North, has many families of Greek descent.
It is important we recognise the invaluable role that Friendship Groups play in the
operation of the Parliaments role of building relationships between the many
multicultural groups and the Nations around the world with South Australia and by
extension the broader Australian community.
Recommendation 2.
I recommend the enhanced recognition of Australian Service Personnel in the Crete
and Greece campaigns.
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It is my belief that the Australian Government should be asked to reconsider its
position by awarding a specific Greek Campaign Medal to remaining Australian
Service personnel and the South Australian government should advocate this
position on behalf of the remaining Veterans.
This issue has long been a point of disappointment with the Australian Service
personnel that there has been no specific recognition of the Battles of Greece and
Crete.
One recent important book on the Battles by Peter Ewer has described as the battles
as being under taken by "The Forgotten Anzacs".
Many feel they have been forgotten by the Australian military establishment in seeing
the battles in the broader context of North African command.
Forgotten in the sense, that they were not marked by a dedicated honour or medal
by the Australian Forces.
Forgotten apart, from the Greek Government later marking the Allied contributions by
a medal struck in their honour.
Forgotten in the sense, that having contributed to the largest number of Australian
and Allied captured forces through the retreat from the Greek mainland and then
from Crete.
For the small number of veterans remaining from the Battles, the fact that the Greek
Government has awarded them recognition and our country Australia has not
rankles many men quiet rightly.
Recomendation 3.
I recommend the State and Federal Government investigate ways in which skilled
migration matches can be made been for appropriately trained and skilled young
Greeks who wish to migrate to Australia to fill skilled workforce shortages.
Many people approached me on the visit seeking a better life for their adult children
in their twenties and thirties who were full trained trade's people to qualified health
care professionals due to Greece's high unemployment rate. In March 2011, the rate
was 16.2% with a youth unemployment rate of 42.5%.
English is taught from a very early age in the schooling system and most
contemporary Greeks are adept at using English and Greek each day.
Additionally, the Greek — Australian community is well established and could benefit
from a second wave of Greek migration and reinvigorated connection to Greece. The
established community could assist with the integration and transition between the
two nations and new arrivals.
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Recomendation 4.
That the South Australian Government continue its bipartisan position for the return
of the Parthenon Marbles to the people of Greece by the British Museum and the
Government of the United Kingdom.
With the establishment of the modern Acropolis Museum and the provision in the
new facility for the marbles to be returned in accordance with United Nations
protocols, and in a manner that would see them safely protected for all peoples there
remain few valid reasons for the British Museum to remain in possession of what is
material looted by the British. The 2012 London Olympics it would be an ideal
opportunity for this act on the part of the Government of the United Kingdom to
return the marbles to the people of Greece to take place.
Recommendation 5.
Cultural Tourism based around battlefield sites
With the opportunities of the looming 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings
there are many prospects that need expert assessment by the State and Federal
Governments in partnership with the Tourism industry.
The key elements that should be considered between South Australia, Australia and
Greece are:
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the Greek Island of Lemnos' role as the departure point for the ANZACS
the Commonwealth World Graves Commission World War One sites located
across Greece
The significance of Australian Women's participation - for the first time — in the
support particularly around the nursing and medical fields
An online ANZAC battle sites trail for self guided tourisism across the region which
would include significant Greek content would be an ideal way to achieve this. This
could be integrated into many of the existing area of on line tourism planning sites
that is promoted by both the Federal Government and the Tourism sector.
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Attachment 1:
Maps of Invasion of Greece and Invasion of Crete: 1941.
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Attachment 2:
Commonwealth War Graves Commission:
Location in Greece of World War One and World War Two of Commonwealth
War Graves.
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Second World War cemeteries
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Military Cemetery
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0 Olana Military Cemetery
iti,arigol Madray Camehlay
Menelatir Read Indian CeMalery and Iiilemarial
•
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Salonika (Lembel Road) Kliary Cemetery
Thessaloniki
0 Kirechkoi-iiitenek0 'Mililary Cemetery
hikra British Cemetery end Memonal
Source: Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth War
Cemeteries and Memorials in Greece (2010)
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