Science Officer`s Workbook

Transcription

2011
Science Officers
POCKET FULL OF KNOWLEDGE
This is a guide for Science Officers to use. It is intended
to be used as a RULE OF THUMB. There are no
absolutes in Hazmat.
Clint Greenwood, Ryan Marlar, Robbie Bay, Matt Tennell, John Carpenter,
Mike Mahoney and Scott Lance
1/1/2011
CHEMICAL FORMULAS

Key Points
If a product’s formula has a
C&H in it the product formula
will most likely burn.
o
o
o
 Organophosphates are some of o
o
the most toxic chemicals; in
o
their chemical formulas you
should be able to spell “CHOP”.
o
Examples
Toluene C5H6CH3 this product
burns.
Propylene Oxide C3H5O this
product burns.
Malathion C10H19O6PS2
Trimethyl Phosphite (CH 30)3P
Sarin C3H7FO2P+
VX CH3CH2O-P(O)(CH3)SCH2CH2N(C3H7)2
Tabun C5H11N2O 2P
Explanation

An easy way to remember this
is think C&H = “CHar”.

Note: The “CHOP” can be in
any order in the formula as
long as all the letters of chop
are present.
These can be nerve agents too.

VAPOR PRESSURES
Key Points







Examples
o Chlorine has a vapor
pressure of 6.8atm, so it is
a gas.
o Dipropyl Ketone has a
vapor pressure of
5mm/Hg, so it is a liquid.
Explanation
 Rule of thumb vapor pressure
of gases are typically given in
atmospheres (atm).
760mm/Hg = 14.7psi = 1atm, is the
 Rule of thumb – vapor
liquid/gas hinge point
pressure of liquids are
typically given in millimeters
of mercury (mmHg).
 At about 40mm/Hg chemicals
o Water has a vapor pressure
begin to evaporate and
of 21 mm/Hg.
escape their container
o Nitric Acid has a vapor
A good rule of thumb to consider:
 Liquids with a vapor pressure
pressure of 48 mm/Hg.
of 100mm/Hg and above
o Acetone has a vapor
should be considered a high
pressure of 180 mm/Hg.
vapor pressure (volatile).
Gases – V.P. in ATM multiply it by 14.7 psi.
Liquids – V.P. in mmHg multiply by 0.02 psi.
Vapor pressures listed in the NIOSH o Chlorine has a vapor
pocket guide are based on a 68° day
pressure of 6.8 atm at 70°.
unless otherwise noted.
o So the pressure in a
 Chlorine containers have
container carrying chlorine
about 100 psi on a 70° degree
For every degree +/-temperature
can
be
figured
by
day.
change a +/-change of 2 psi in a
multiplying 14.7psi x 6.8
closed container.
atm = 99.96 psi.
We use 70°, it easier to do the math.
o Chlorine has a vapor
Vapor pressures listed in the NIOSH
pressure of 100 psi on 70°  80° - 70° = 10° x 2 = 20 psi.
pocket guide are based on a 68° day
degree day.
 100 + 20 = 120 psi in
unless otherwise noted.
o Today’s temperature is 80
container today.
We use 70°, it easier to do the math.
degrees.
2
8/25/2011
MOLECULAR WEIGHT



Key Points
Atmospheric air has a molecular weight
of 29.
A molecular weight greater than 29,
the vapors will sink.
A molecular weight less than 29, the
vapors will rise.

Vapor Density = M.W. ÷ 29

Flammable and corrosive liquid vapors
sink.


Examples/Explanation
Atmospheric air is the means of comparison for other gases
and vapors.
Cyclohexane has a molecular weight of 84.2, so the vapors
sink.

Ammonia has a molecular weight of 17.0, so the vapors rise.




Propane has a molecular weight of 44.1.
44.1 ÷ 29 = Vapor Density of 1.5
Gasoline has a molecular weight of 110, so the vapors sink.
Sulfuric Acid has a molecular weight of 98.1, so the vapors
will sink.
Products that rise:
4h Hydrogen
Medic Methane
Anna Anhydrous Ammonia
Helium
Ethylene
Neon
Hydrogen Cyanide
Diborane
Nitrogen
Hydrogen Fluoride
Illuminating gas
Acetylene
Carbon Monoxide
SOLUBILITY
Key Points
Examples
 The human body is comprised primarily of water.
 Miscible and highly soluble products pose a potential
higher hazard to the human body




Explanation
Hydrazine – miscible
Sulfuric acid – miscible
Sodium hydroxide – soluble 111%
Potassium hydroxide – soluble 107%
 If products have a
solubility of less than 10% o Chlorine 0.7% solubility,
you should air ventilate.
air ventilate.
 Water will not be effective o Vinyl Chloride 0.1%
solubility, air ventilate.
on these products.
o
Triethylamine 2%
 Decon will typically require
solubility, air ventilate.
soap to remove the
product.
o Hydrogen Chloride 67%,
 If products have a
solubility of more than
water ventilate.
10%, water ventilate.
o Trimethylamine 48%,
water ventilate.
 Decon may be
o Propylene Oxide 41%,
accomplishable by water
water ventilate.
alone.
3

Less than 10% solubility means the
product will not grab an appreciable
amount of product to make a difference.
It won’t take knock down vapors.

Note water will be effective in decon
with products that have greater than
10% solubility.
If water is added, consult the “Chemical
Reactivity Worksheet” in CAMEO to
determine outcome.

8/25/2011
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Key Points


Products that float:
If a product floats on
water it generally has a
higher vapor pressure.
o
o
o
o
o
o
Examples
Hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes)
Aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene)
Polar organics with generally more than 4
carbons (ester, aldehydes, amines)
Long chain alcohols & organic acids.
Cyclopentadiene sp.gr. 0.80 & V.P.
400mmHg.
Gasoline sp.gr. 0.72-0.76 & V.P. 30300mmHg.

Products that sink:
o Halogenated Hydrocarbons
(tetrachloroethylene).
o Nitro Compounds (nitromethane).
o Organic Peroxides (methyl ethyl ketone
peroxide, benzoyl peroxide).

If a product sinks in
water it generally has a
very low vapor
pressure.
o Malathion sp.gr 1.21 & V.P.
0.00004mmHg.
o Phorate sp.gr 1.16 & V.P. 0.0008mmHg.
Products that mix:
o Inorganic corrosives (sulfuric acid,
phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide)
o Organic compounds, dependent upon
their molecular weight.
o Carbonyl & hydrogen bonds.

Explanation
 Likely LEL present.
 Anytime a hydrogen is
taken away and replaced
with any other element, is
automatically becomes
heavier than what it was
originally.
 If a product sinks you
should consider it toxic
until you can prove
otherwise.
 Likely no LEL present.





Products that are
convinced to mix:

Products that emulsify:

Products that chill

Figuring the weight of
products using specific
gravity.
o Organic compounds that contain a
carbonyl bond.
o
o
o
o
o
Organophosphates (malathion)
Organochlorine (DDT)
Thiophosphate (demeton)
Some herbicides (2,4,5-T
Cold pack (inorganics: nitrates,
ammonium salt, thiosulfates)
o Specific gravity is compared to water at 1
o Water weighs 8.33 lbs. per gallon.
4




Organic Acids: formic acid,
acetic acid
Alcohol: methanol,
ethanol, propanol
Ketones: acetone
Ketones: methyl ethyl
ketone
Aldehydes: acrolein
Amine: dimethylamine
Esters: methyl acetate
Tend to emulsify & turn a
creamy white color in
solution.

Subtle and easily missed.


Sulfuric acid sp.gr is 1.84
8.33 (water) x 1.84 (sulfuric
acid) = 15.33 lbs. per
gallon.
8/25/2011
MELTING POINT
Key Points
 Products with a four digit
melting point are inorganic
and most likely will not
burn.
 Products with a three digit
melting point are organic
and will most likely burn.
 Use the spoon test on
solids to determine
melting point.
Examples
o Calcium Cyanamide 2444:F
Explanation
 HazMat I.D., PID, 4-gas, HazMat
inorganic.
CAD, won’t see inorganic products.
o Camphor 345:F organic.
o Sugar (sucrose) 320-367:F
organic.
 HazMat I.D., PID, 4-Gas, HazMat
CAD will see organic products.
 Use table sugar (sucrose) to
establish a baseline temperature.
CORRELATION


Key Points
Products that have a low
boiling point and flashpoint
have a high vapor pressure,
ignition temperature, and
produce more vapors.
Products that have a high
boiling point and flashpoint
have a low vapor pressure,
ignition temperature.
Examples
o Ethyl Mercaptan - 442mmHg.
↓B.P. 95: ↓FL.P-55: & ↑V.P.
o Acetaldehyde - 740mmHg.
↓B.P. 69: ↓FL.P-36: & ↑V.P.
Explanation
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Production
Boiling Point
Boiling Point
o Propyl Acetate - 25mmHg.
↑B.P. 215: ↑FL.P 55: ↓V.P.
5
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Production
8/25/2011
ALKANES EXHIBIT:




Low Boiling Points and Flash Points
which increase with carbon count.
High Vapor Pressures that decrease
with carbon length.
Solubility  Insoluble to <1% to slight.
All are floaters
WET CHEMISTRY:





pH slightly acidic (4-7)
Spylfiter test #4 – positive for hydrocarbon
M8/M9 – absorbs into paper/tape
KI paper – no change
Solubility – very low
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:






Also known as the “parafins” of the
aliphatic family.
Chemical name ends in “ane”.
Are considered stable hydrocarbons.
Flammable to combustible; 1% - 8%.
Formula contains: “C” & “H” only.
Formula contains: CnH2n+2
OBSERVATIONS FOR FLAME:



COMMON USES:




C1 – C4: Petroleum gases
C5 – C9: Light naphthas, (pentane, hexane,
heptane) gasoline (octane)
C10 – C16: Fuel oils, mineral spirits,
kerosene (fuel oil #1), solvents
C17 – C25: Heavy fuel oils; diesel fuel (fuel
oil #2) & residual bunker fuels (fuel oil #4,5 &
6)

ELECTRONICS:


C26 & up: Lubricating oils, asphalt, tar
EXAMPLES:

Gases:
 Methane, ethane, propane, butane

Liquids:
 Pentane, hexane, heptane, octane,
nonane, decane
Luminous, tall orange flame;
invisible or blue base.
Clear smoke would indicate simple,
single-bonded organic with low
carbon number (methane, propane).
Some sooty black smoke would
indicate single-bonded organic with
higher carbon number (gasoline,
kerosene, diesel).

4gas – good LEL response
PID:
 C1 – C4 all I.P. over
10.6eV
 C5 and up all I.P. below
10.6eV
HazMatID variable sharp
peaks from:
 Variable, sharp peaks
from 3000-2800




Specific gravity – floater
Alka-seltzer – should not fiz
Q-tip – flammable to combustible
Ketone test – does not melt
styrofoam
ALKENES EXHIBIT:




Relatively low Boiling Points and Flash
Points which increase with carbon
count.
Relatively high Vapor Pressures that
decrease with carbon length.
All are floaters
WET CHEMISTRY:




Spylfiter test #4 – most common are
flammable gases
M8/M9 – most common are flammable
gases


Solubility – most common are
flammable gases, very low







Also known as the “olefins” of the
aliphatic family.
Chemical name ends in “ene”.
Contains double bond.
Are considered less stable (polymerize)
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Flammable to combustible.
Formula contains: CnH2n & “=”

Black smoke with a few spiderwebs
would indicate an unsaturated
hydrocarbon (double bonds) or a
mixture.
COMMON USES:

Short-chain alkenes are valued for their
ability to polymerize and such are the
backbone of the rubber and plastics
industry.
EXAMPLES:

Gases:
 Ethylene/ethene, propylene/propene,
butylene/butene

ELECTRONICS:



PID – all I.P. below 10.6eV
HazMatID:
 Liquid from pentene
onward, but not
commonly
encountered.
Liquids:
 Pentene, onward
7
8/25/2011
ALKENES EXHIBIT:



Very high Vapor Pressures that decrease
with carbon length.
WET CHEMISTRY:




Spylfiter test #4 – most common are
flammable gases
M8/M9 – most common are flammable
gases


Solubility – most common are
flammable gases, very low






Chemical name ends in “yne” of the
aliphatic family
Contains a triple bond.
Are considered a highly unstable , highly
reactive (polymerize to explosive)
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Generally have very wide flammble
ranges.
Formula contains: CnH2n-2 & “≡”
COMMON USES:

The only alkynes that are commercially
important are used for cutting &
welding of metals.
EXAMPLES:

Gases:
 Ethyne/acetylene,
propyne/methacetylene


Black smoke with a few spiderwebs
would indicate an unsaturated
hydrocarbon (double bonds) or a
mixture.
ELECTRONICS:



PID – some I.P. over 10.6eV
HazMatID:
 Liquid from pentene
onward, but not
commonly
encountered.
Liquids:
 Butyne/dimethylacetylene, onward
8
8/25/2011
AROMATICS EXHIBIT:




High Boiling Points and Flash Points
Low Vapor Pressures that decrease with
carbon length.
Solubility  <1%.
All are floaters






Also referred to as “BTEX”.
Chemical name ends in “ene”.
Are considered very stable
hydrocarbons due to the resonant
bonding.
Flammble to combustible; 1% - 7%
CnHn (minimum of 6 carbons)
WET CHEMISTRY:




Used mainly as solvents and as
feedstock chemicals for chemical
processes that produce other valuable
chemicals.
EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl benzene, Xylene





Q-tip – flammable to combustible
Ketone test – does not melt styrofoam

Orange flame, no blue base:
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl
benzene, xylene)



COMMON USES:

Spylfiter test #4 – positive for
hydrocarbon
Look for black spider-webs in
the smoke.
Considerable black soot
remains on watch glass.
So stable they burn with a
high degree of incomplete
combustion.
ELECTRONICS:



HazMatID:
 Weak, sharp peaks from
3100-3000
 Strong sharp peaks below
850
9
8/25/2011
ETHERS EXHIBIT:




High Vapor Pressures that decrease
with carbon length.
Solubility  <10%.
All are floaters
WET CHEMISTRY:


hydrocarbon
 M8/M9 – absorbs into paper/tape
 KI paper – no change





Q-tip – generally very flammable




As a class of flammable liquids, ethers
are generally more dangerous than the
other classes of flammable liquids
because their flash points are usually
lower, and the hazard of the anesthetic
properties poses an additional danger.
May become unstable (oxidize into a
peroxide) if not used within 6 months
after opening.
Generally very flammable 2% -48%
Formula contains: “C” & “H” along with
a single “O”
COMMON USES:

In the ether family, there is a wide
range of solvents, refrigerants, and
pharmaceutical application.
EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Ethyl ether (starter fluid), Isopropyl
ether



Low flash point.
Yellowish orange tall flame, blue
base, clean smoke, or only very
little black in the smoke.
Ethers have about twice the
amount of yellow flame, giving
them an almost banana look.
ELECTRONICS:



HazMatID:
 One or more strong, sharp
peaks nearby 1000.
 Hydrocarbon peaks near
3000.
10
8/25/2011
ORGANOPHOSPHATES EXHIBIT:




Very low Vapor Pressures that decrease
with carbon length.
Solubility  <1% to insoluble
Most emulsify, most all are sinkers
WET CHEMISTRY:




pH – slightly acidic (3-7)
hydrocarbon




Solubility – look for a clear unknown that
turns an opaque, milky white when poured
into the water, emulsifies.
Q-tip – generally a difficult combustible



Organophosphate is a commonly used
name for pesticides, which actually
encompasses many chemicals.
The family of pesticides is a large group
of very diverse compounds from rat bait
to snail poison.
Formula contains: “CHOP”

White on or in flame would
indicate organo-sulfur or
organo-phosphorous
compounds and herbicides
COMMON USES:

Insecticides target insects, herbicides
target plants, rodenticides kill rats,
however, all of these pesticides are
toxic to humans in some degree.
ELECTRONICS:


EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Malathion, diazinon, demeton

4gas – weak to no LEL response;
may get CO or H2S false
positives.
PID – many I.P. are
undetermined.
HazMatID:
 One or more strong, sharp
peaks nearby 1000.
 Hydrocarbon peaks near
3000.
11
8/25/2011
ALKYL HALIDES EXHIBIT:




Very low Vapor Pressures that decrease
with carbon length.
Solubility  <1% to insoluble.
All are sinkers.



Also known as halogenated
hydrocarbons.
The simplest hydrocarbon derivative
involves the addition of a halogen onto
the hydrocarbon backbone, resulting in
the Halogenated Hydrocarbons:
 Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
a “Fl”, or “Cl”, or “Br”, or “I”
COMMON USES:

Have commonly been used as:
 Refrigerant (Freon 10, carbon
tetrachloride)
 Fire extinguishing agent (halon 1211,
1301)
 Cleaning solvents
(perchloroethylene)
 Pesticides (chlordane)
WET CHEMISTRY:




 some are very corrosive
hydrocarbon





Solubility – <1%
Specific gravity - sinker
Q-tip – Combustible to noncombustible
Ketone test – may melt styrofoam



Self-extinguishing, turquoise
band at base of flame indicates
a chlorinated organic.
The higher the ratio of chlorine
to hydrocarbon, the more
turquoise will be seen.
Copper wire test – blue/green
flame.
ELECTRONICS:



4gas – weak to no LEL response
 Some are corrosive
PID – many I.P. are over 10.6eV.
HazMatID:
 Strong, sharp peak(s) below
800
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8/25/2011
NITROS EXHIBIT:




carbon length.
Solubility  10% or less.
All are sinkers.
WET CHEMISTRY:




hydrocarbon





Solubility – <1%
Q-tip – Combustible to noncombustible
Ketone test – should not melt styrofoam



Contains at least one nitrogen with two
single bonded oxygen.
Oxygen-to-oxygen single bonds are very
unstable and reactive.
“NO2”

Gray or pink/purple flame that
may be almost white indicates a
nitro compound.
COMMON USES:



Commonly found as explosives.
Powerful fuels.
Used as racing fuel & for RC cars.
EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Nitromethane, nitroethane,
nitroglycerine, etc.
ELECTRONICS:



4gas – weak to no LEL response
PID – many I.P. are over 10.6eV.
HazMatID:
 Strong, sharp peak near
1550.
 Strong, sharp peak, similar
intensity near 1350.
13
8/25/2011
ORGANIC PEROXIDES EXHIBIT:




carbon length.
Solubility  <1% to soluble.
All are sinkers.
WET CHEMISTRY:




hydrocarbon
KI paper – change; black, purple,
blue





Solubility – <1%
Q-tip – Flammable to combustible
Ketone test – may melt styrofoam




The organic peroxides are a group of
hazardous materials into which man
packed as many hazards as he possibly
could.
Designed to be a “fire waiting to
happen”. They all contain two legs of
the fire triangle:
 They are organic and all organic
materials burn.
 The presence of the peroxide radical
is an intimate source of oxygen.
Will have a “MSST” & “SADT”
temperature.
a “O2” or “OO”.

ELECTRONICS:

COMMON USES:

Most commonly used as initiators or
catalysts in polymerization reactions.
EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl
peroxide
Varying results from just
flammable, to intense
flammability, to explosive


4gas – LEL response varies,
generally weak.
PID – many I.P. are
undetermined.
HazMatID:
 Not able to see peroxide
radicals.
14
8/25/2011
ORGANIC ACIDS EXHIBIT:



carbon length.
Solubility  Super-duper miscible.
WET CHEMISTRY:


pH acidic (2-3)
hydrocarbon
 M8/M9 – absorbs into
paper/tape
 KI paper – no change





Solubility – Super-duper miscible
Specific gravity – super-duper miscible
Alka-seltzer – will fiz “acidic”
Q-tip – combustible




Also commonly referred to as carboxylic
acid.
The most polar of the hydrocarbon
derivatives, considered “super-duper”
polar.
An acid containing carbon making them
“organic” acids.
“COOH”

Nothing specific
COMMON USES:

Organic acids are much less reactive
with metals than are strong mineral
acids, and are used for oil and gas well
stimulation treatments when long
contact times between acid and pipe
are needed.
ELECTRONICS:



EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid,
ethanoic acid, butyric acid
**Caution CORROSIVE**
4gas – weak LEL response
PID – few with I.P. above
10.6eV
HazMatID:
 Strong, sharp peak
from 1720-1680.
 Broad, bumpy peak
around 3000
15
8/25/2011
ALCOHOLS EXHIBIT:



carbon length.
Solubility  Super miscible.
WET CHEMISTRY:




hydrocarbon
M8/M9 – absorbs into
paper/tape





Solubility – super miscible
Specific gravity – super miscible
Alka-seltzer – may fiz (70% isopropyl)
Q-tip – flammable






Very miscible, second most polar
functional group to organic acid.
The alcohol series has no gases, they are
all liquids.
As compared to other compound,
alcohols have relatively high B.P. &
moderate Fl.P. due to their polarity.
Very very flammable 1% -36%
Alcohols react with the same
compounds that water reacts with.
“OH”.
COMMON USES:


Nature produces a tremendous amount
of methyl alcohol, simply by the
fermentation of wood, grass, etc.
Ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, is
consumable alcohol.
EXAMPLES:



Ghost to blue flame,
generally colored,
invisible in direct light,
indicates an alcohol.
Some orange at the top,
ethanol or isopropyl
alcohol.
ELECTRONICS:



4gas – strong LEL response
PID – most with I.P. below
10.6eV
HazMatID:
 Broad, bell-shaped
peak nearby 3400.
 Strong peak near 1000
Liquids:
 Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
16
8/25/2011
KETONES EXHIBIT:



count.
Solubility  miscible to >10% solubility.
WET CHEMISTRY:




hydrocarbon
paper/tape





Solubility – convincible mixer
Specific gravity – super miscible
Q-tip – flammable
Ketone test – will melt styrofoam






Miscible in water and require polarsolvent foam to extinguish fires.
Short chain ketones are soluble in
water.
Less polar than organic acids & alcohols.
Generally have higher flash points than
ethers.
Generally flammable 2% to 12%
“CO”.
COMMON USES:



Most widely used solvent.
Found in the home as a solvent for
many adhesives.
Nail polish remover, PVC primer.
EXAMPLES:



Yellow flame, blue base, clean
smoke, or only some black on
the smoke.
Ketones have more blue in
the base.
ELECTRONICS:



4gas – strong LEL response
PID – most with I.P. below
10.6eV
HazMatID:
 Strong, sharp peak from
1720 – 1705.
Liquids:
 Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone
17
8/25/2011
ALDEHYDES EXHIBIT:



count.
Solubility  miscible to >10% solubility.
WET CHEMISTRY:




hydrocarbon
paper/tape





Specific gravity – miscible to floater
Q-tip – flammable
Ketone test – will not melt styrofoam






All aldehydes are irritants.
From a medical standpoint, aldehydes
account for a majority of the irritants
and sensitivities such as chemical
bronchitis, pneumonitis, pulmonary
edema, etc.
Aldehydes are very chemically reactive.
Very small carbon number
autopolymerize.
Generally very flammable 3% -55%
“CHO”.
OBSERVATIONS FOR
FLAME:

ELECTRONICS:

COMMON USES:

Acrolein is the major irritant in smoke
given off by burning of wood and wood
products, along with other Class A
combustibles.
EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Acrolein, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde,
formaldehyde
Nothing specific


4gas – strong LEL
response
PID – most I.P.
below 10.6eV
HazMatID:
 Strong, sharp
peak from
1740-1720
 Weak, sharp
peak near 2750
18
8/25/2011
ESTERS EXHIBIT:
WET CHEMISTRY:





Moderate Boiling Points and Flash
count.
Moderate Vapor Pressures that
Solubility  generally >10% solubility.


hydrocarbon
paper/tape





Q-tip – flammable






All the fragrances and tastes of nature
are due to the esters.
Esters have distinctive odors. Some are
very disagreeable, while others are
familiar and quite pleasant (banana,
fruity, etc.).
Many Esters are toxic at relatively low
levels.
Generally flammable 1%-16%
End in “ate” or “oate”.
“COO”.

Nothing specific
ELECTRONICS:
COMMON USES:


Some esters are commonly used as
artificial flavoring.
Neurotoxin chemical warfare agents are
esters, in particular those that are sulfur
or phosphorous based.
EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Methyl acetate, methyl formate, ethyl
acetate



4gas – strong LEL
response
PID – most I.P.
below 10.6eV
HazMatID:
 Strong, sharp
peak from17501725
 Strong peak
near 1150
19
8/25/2011
AMINES EXHIBIT:



carbon length.
Solubility  generally >10% solubility to
miscible.
WET CHEMISTRY:




pH slightly basic (10-12)
hydrocarbon
paper/tape





Alka-seltzer – may fiz (basic)
Q-tip – flammable







Commonly referred to as ammonia
derivatives, they are derivatives of the
base ammonia.
Corrosive, are the organic BASES.
Any increase in pH in an organic
compound indicates the presence of
nitrogen.
Have unpleasant odor similar to bowel
or rotten flesh or fish.
Rapid absorption can occur through all
routes that can become systemic.
Generally flammable 2% - 20%.
either “NH2” or “NH” or “N”.
COMMON USES:




Corrosion inhibitors.
Stabilizer in cellulose nitrate explosives.
For solubilizing herbicides.
Nitrogen Mustard Agents fall into the
general category of amines.
EXAMPLES:

Liquids:
 Diethylamine, triethylamine

Pink or purple stripe in the
flame
ELECTRONICS:



4gas – good LEL
response
PID – most I.P.
below 10.6eV
HazMatID:
 Broad,
pointed
peak(s)
nearby 3400
 Variable peak
near 1200
20
8/25/2011
# of Carbon
Hydrocarbon
Name
Formula
Derivative name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
Methyl, Form
Ethyl, Acet, Vinyl
Propyl, Allyl, Acryl
Butyl
Pentyl, Amyl
Hexyl, Ben, Phen
Heptyl
Octyl
Nonyl
Decyl
Typical Flammable Ranges Of Flammable Liquid Families
Alkane Fuel Family
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Ketones
Esters
Amines
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
1 to 8%
1 to 7%
2 to 12%
1 to 9%
2 to 14%
1 to 36%
2 to 48%
3 to 55%
Specific Gravity/Solubility Test
Sinkers
▪ LEL at chemical
▪ Solubility  well below 10%
▪ Generally higher B.P. & Fl.P.
▪ Generally lower V.P.
Organic liquids:
▪ Halogenated hydrocarbons (Fl, Cl, Br, Io)
▪ Nitro compound (NO2)
▪ Organic Peroxides (R-OO-R)
▪ Amine (aniline)
▪ Dimethyl esters (dimethylphthalate)
▪ Carbon disulfide
Organic Solids:
▪ Halogenated
▪ Naphthalene
Emulsifies
▪ Solubility  well below 10%
▪ Generally lower B.P. & Fl.P.
▪ Generally higher V.P.
Liquids:
▪ Likely LEL present
▪ Hydrocarbons:
▪ Alkanes
▪ Alkenes
▪ Aromatics:
▪ Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, etc.
▪ Polar organics with generally more than 4 carbons:
▪ Ester, Aldehydes, Amines
▪ Long chain alcohols & organic acids.
▪ Mineral oils.
Solids:
▪ Plastics, flour, cellulose, wood, pumice, lava rock, etc.
Organics:
▪ Solubility  miscible
▪ Require AR-AFFF or ATC.
▪ Polar organics with generally less than 4 carbons:
▪ Alcohol (pH 5-7) (3400 hump & peak 1000)
▪ Organic acid (pH 2-3) (peak 1720-1680)
▪ Acetone (pH 5-7) (peak 1720-1705)
Inorganics:
▪ Most all mix in water
▪ Inorganic acids (pH 0-1) sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric
▪ Ammonia, solids, powders (pH blue) hydroxides
▪ Solubility  over 10%
▪ Require AR-AFFF or ATC.
▪ Polar organics with generally less than 4 carbons:
▪ Ketones (pH 5-7) (peak 1720-1705) Example: MEK
▪ Ester (pH 5-7) (peak 1750-1725)
▪ Aldehyde (pH 4-5) (peak 1740-1720)
▪ Amines (pH 11-12)
▪ Natural oils
▪ Uniform, milky white solutions that do
not settle except perhaps after a long
time.
▪ Solubility  well below 10%, requiring
suspension agent.
Organics
▪ Pesticide/Insecticides:
▪ Organophosphate
▪ Organochlorine
▪ Thiophosphate
▪ Some herbicides
▪ Water-soluble cutting oils
Opalescence
Convincible Mixers
Mixers
Floaters
Unknown liquid separates from water  a strong indicator that the liquid is organic.
▪ An appearance of a dense milky iridescent
medium, or like a prism.
▪ Solubility  over 10%
▪ What would normally be an oily liquid
that can dissolve in water
▪ Example: brake fluid
Chillers ▪ Subtle and easily missed ▪ Inorganics: nitrates, ammonium salt, thiosulfates ▪ Example: cold pack
Q-Tip Test
Q-tip does not burn & turns
black
Q-tip has to be stuck in the
flame and ignites once heated
Flame jumps or leaps into Q-tip
Product is nonflammable
Product is
combustible
Product is flammable
Combustibility Test
Ignites before lighter
reaches the edge of the
watch glass
Ignites either when the
lighter is at the edge of
the dish or when the
lighter touches the
liquid
Large flame that cannot
be sustained without
the lighter
Small flame that cannot
be sustained without
the lighter
Flashes and burns but
self-extinguishes,
leaving a substantial
amount of liquid
Flashes, but then goes
out immediately; no
way to sustain flame
Extremely flammable
Fl.P. below 73°F
Inhalation hazard
Flammable
Fl.P. of 100°F or lower
Fl.P. near 100°F
Fl.P. above 141°F and below
200°F
Indicates a mixture,
probably alcohol or acetone
and less than 40% water.
Water remains after more
volatile solvent burns off.
Indicates a mixture of a
soluble, or miscible, organic
compound and water.
At about 40% water or less
the flame can be sustained.
Smoke Color Test
Clear smoke
Indicates simple, single-bonded
organic with low carbon number
Some black
Indicates a longer carbon skeleton, or
smoke; no
a mixture of materials
spider-webs
Many black spider-webs,
Benzene, Toluene,
considerable black soot
Ethyl benzene, Xylene
remains on the watch glass
Watch Glass Flame Test
Orange flame; no blue
base; dirty smoke;
spiderwebs
Luminous, tall orange
flame; invisible or blue
base
Blue flame (invisible in
bright light)
Green flame
Turquoise, selfextinguishing flame
(test tube char ignition)
Gray or pink/purple
flame may be almost
white
Pink stripe near the top
of the flame
Orange flame with faint
blue white edges
Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl
Benzene, Xylene
May be saturated
hydrocarbons, ketones, or
ethers
Alcohol, if unknown sank in
water, may be carbon
disulfide
Ketones and other polar
solvents may give a green
tinge to a ketone-type flame
Chlorinated, alkyl halide
Nitro or alcohol containing a
nitro group.
Likely engine fuel
May indicate amines or
other nitrogenated
compounds including nitriles
Indicates phosphides.
Noxious odor may be noted.
Pesticide likely
Other Combustibility Reactions
Liquid creeps away, leaving a
clear area around the burning
lighter; solid material remains
after the flame goes out
The flame burns at the edge of
the puddle initially, then moves
across the entire puddle, or
goes out
Indicates a solid
dissolved in a liquid
This usually indicates
a mixture of
flammable and
nonflammable
Melting Point Test
Below
1000°F
▪ Typically indicates an organic
▪ Combustible; generally pH 7 or lower
Above
1000°F
▪ Typically indicates an inorganic
▪ Non-flammable; generally pH blue
pH 5-7
pH 11-12
Possible oxidizer:
▪ Spylfiter test #4, M8, M9  beads up.
▪ Potassium Iodide strip  black, purple, blue
▪ Q-tip test  nonflammable
▪ Alka-seltzer  fizzer
Possible organo-pesticide:
▪ Spylfiter test #4, M8, M9  absorbs in.
▪ Emulsifier
Possible aldehyde:
▪ Miscible to highly soluble
Possible amine:
(the organic bases)
▪ Q-tip test  flammable to combustible
▪ Alka-seltzer  non-fizzer
▪ Short chain  mixer; long chain  floater
↑
pH 1-3
Possible organic acid:
(non-fumer)
▪ Formic, acetic, propionic, butyric acid
▪ Q-tip test  mostly combustible, few
flammable
Possible water:
▪ Spylfiter test #4, M8, M9  beads up.
▪ Q-tip test  nonflammable
▪ Alka-seltzer  fizzer
Possible organic peroxide:
▪ Spylfiter test #4, M8, M9  absorbs in
▪ Potassium Iodide strip  black, purple, blue
▪ Q-tip test  combustible to energetic flammable
▪ Sinker
Possible hydrocarbon:
▪ Alkane, alkene, aromatic, alcohol, ketone, ether,
ester, halogenated, organic peroxide, etc.
▪ Commonly “halo” pH paper.
▪ Q-tip test  flammable to combustible
▪ Floater, mixer, or sinker
pH 12 &
pH 0-1
Likely inorganic or mineral acid:
(fumers)
▪ Hydrochloric/muriatic acid (foil test)
▪ Nitric acid (penny test)
▪ Sulfuric acid (sugar test)
▪ Phosphoric, boric, hydrofluoric, hydrobromic
▪ Spylfiter test #4, M8, M9  beads up, may
destroy test papers.
▪ Q-tip test  non-flammable
▪ Miscible to highly soluble; likely to produce
heat when placed into water
pH 4-6
pH Test
Likely inorganic base: (some liquids, mostly solids)
▪ Possibly ammonia
▪ May contain “hydroxide” in chemical name
▪ Q-Tip test non-flammable
M8 Paper Test
Potassium Iodide Paper (KI) Test
Beads up:
▪ Typically non-flammable, inorganic
Absorbs in:
▪ Red color change, generally
indicates hydrocarbon
▪ Orange color change, common for
some corrosives to do.
▪ It is recommended to put 1 to 2 drops of HCL (muriatic acid) on the KI
paper before applying product to increase sensitivity.
▪ No color change, no oxidizer present
M9 Tape Test
Beads up:
▪ Typically non-flammable, inorganic
Absorbs in:
▪ Typically flammable/combustible,
organic
Black then to
white
Black to purple
Blue to dark
purple
▪ If strip turns black immediately, then quickly returns
to white, this is a very strong oxidizer.
Possibilities:
▪ Hypochlorites, hypobromites, concentrated nitric.
▪ If strip turns black or dark purple immediately this
indicates a strong oxidizer.
▪ If strip turns blue or dark purple in a few seconds,
continue testing but be aware you may be dealing
with a very hazardous chemical.
▪ If strip turns blue or purple after time, weak oxidizer.
Test #2
Oxidizer
Risk:
Test #3
Fluoride
Test:
Test #4
Petroleum
Product:
Test #5
Iodine/
Bromine/
Chlorine:
▪ Pink = Not Present
▪ Yellow = Present
▪ Possible hydrofluoric acid present
▪ Light Blue = Not Present
▪ If product beads up on the strip it is
typically not flammable.
▪ Dark Blue = Present
▪ If product absorbs in, it indicates
carbon is present.
▪ Peach = Not Present
▪ Violent = Present
Hydrochloric
Acid Test






Sulfuric Acid Test
Test #1
Acid/Base
Risk:
▪ Red = Strong Acid
▪ Typically non-flammable
▪ Inorganic or mineral acid
▪ Orange = Moderately Acidic
▪ Possible flammable/combustible
▪ Yellow = Weak Acid
▪ Possible flammable/combustible
▪ Green = Neutral
▪ Dark Green = Moderately Basic
▪ Dark Blue = Strong Basic
▪ Typically non-flammable
▪ Likely inorganic (ammonia,
hydroxide)
▪ Light or Dark Blue = Present
Note: KI paper is a much more
sensitive test
▪ White = Not Present
Inorganic Acid Test
Nitric
Acid Test
Spylfiter Test Strip



Add 6 to 7 drops of unknown to
aluminum foil.
Give it a couple of minutes.
If it fizzes it moderate to high
concentration of HCL or muriatic acid.
Add 2 to 3 drops of unknown to a pre1982 copper penny.
If it turns green, nitric acid is present.
Add 5 to 6 drops of unknown to
granulated sugar.
A high concentration of sulfuric will turn
sugar black.
A moderate concentration of sulfuric will
turn sugar yellowish to dark brown.
A lower concentration of sulfuric may
only wet the sugar cube.
Alka-Seltzer Test
NonFizzer
▪ Likely a hydrocarbon/flammable
Fizzer
▪ Likely:
▪ Water or water based
(example: 70% isopropyl alcohol)
▪ Acidic or basic solution
Ketone Test
Styrofoam
doesn’t
melt
Styrofoam
melts
Probably:
▪ Not a ketone or halogenated
hydrocarbon
Likely:
▪ Ketone
▪ Halogenated hydrocarbon
RAPID RISK ASSESSMENT
SOLIDS
Suffix
-ide
-oxide
-peroxide
-ate or –ite
-hydroxide
-hydrate
-cyandide
Element
Naming
Metal + NonMetal
Metal + Oxygen
Metal + O2
Metal + Oxy ion
Metal + hydroxide (OH)
Salt • H20
Metal + CN
Common Name
Basic Hazards
Some are H2O Rx (‡ see gas)
Mild corrosive with H2O
H2O Rx Oxidation
Oxidizer
H2O Rx Alkali
Affinity for H2O
Toxic and Rx with acids
H2O Rx
Family Name
Binary Salt
Metal Oxides
Inorganic Peroxides
Oxy Salts
Metal Hydroxide
Hydrate
Cyanide Salt
First two columns
LIQUIDS
Suffix
-ic
-ic or –ous
-ane
-ene
-yne, acetylene
-ide, -ane, -ene
-amine
-ether
-O Peroxides
-cyanide,
nitrile
-ol, Alcohol
-thiol
-al, aldehyde
-one, ketone
-ate, ester
-ic acid
Naming
H + halogen or H + ion
H + halogen or H + ion
Carbon chain >5 C. single bond
Carbon chain > 4 C. double
bond, Rx
Carbon chain > 4 C. triple bond
Very Rx
Benz, Phenyl
Halogen + carbon chain > 4 C.
N+ Carbon chain > 3 C.
Carbon chain
Carbon chain
Carbon chain
Carbon chain
Carbon chain
Carbon chain > 3 C.
Carbon chain
Carbon chain
Carbon chain
Basic Hazards
Toxic/Corrosive
Acids
Flammable
Flammable
Family Name
Halogens
Mineral Acids
Alkanes
Alkenes
Flammable
Alkynes
Flammable/Toxic
Asphyxiant/Toxic
Flammable/Toxic/Corrosive
Flammable/Toxic
Flammable/Polymerize
Flammable/Toxic/Polymerize
Aromatics
Alkyl Halides
Amines
Ether
Peroxides
O. Cyanides
Flammable/Toxic
Flammable/Toxic
Flammable/Toxic
Corrosive/Flammable/Toxic
Alcohols (Polar)
Mercaptins (Polar)
Aldehydes (Polar)
Ketones (Polar)
Esters (Polar)
Organic Acids (Polar)
GASES
Suffix
-ide
-ane
-ene
-yne
-ide, -ane, -ene
-amine
-al, -alde-, hydes
Naming
F, Cl
C chain
C chain
C chain
C chain
N + C chain
C chain
Gas (§=Cryogenic, ‡ = Pressure)
‡Acetylene
‡Ammonia
§Argon
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorine
Fluorine
§Helium
§‡Hydrogen
‡Hydrogen Sulfide
Krypton
Liquefied Natural Gas
Methane
§Neon
§Nitrogen
§Oxygen
Phosgene
‡Phosphine
Propane
§Xenon
Basic Hazards
Toxic/Corrosive
Flammable
Flammable
Flammable
Flammable
Corrosive/Flammable
Hazard
Flammable
Corrosive/Toxic
Asphyxiant
Corrosive/Toxic/Flammable
Corrosive/Toxic/Oxidizer
Corrosive/Oxidizer
Asphyxiant
Flammable
Flammable/Toxic
Asphyxiant
Flammable
Flammable
Asphyxiant
Asphyxiant
Oxidizer
Toxic
Flammable/Toxic
Flammable
Asphyxiant
Family Name
Halogens
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alkyl Halides
Amines
Aldehydes
Expansion Ration
865 to 1
855 to 1
842 to 1
680 to 1
458 to 1
981 to 1
745 to 1
850 to 1
700 to 1
693 to 1
635 to 1
693 to 1
1445 to 1
696 to 1
860 to 1
400 to 1
700 to 1
270 to 1
559 to 1
Basic Chemical Recognition and Identification
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
Tend not to burn, some
 Tends to burn or emit vapors, some
 Tend to burn or displace
act as oxidizers.
act as oxidizers.
oxygen.
 Some may sublime (move  Potential acid or base.
 Some are soluble in water.
from a solid to a vapor).
 May not mix in water.
 All are toxic or asphyxiating.
 Potential acid or base
 Can be toxic.
 Some act as oxidizers.
when in contact with
Representative Containers
water.
 Corrosive Liquid Cargo Tank
 Pressure Cargo Tank MC331
 Soluble in water or water
MC312/DOT412
 Cryogenic Liquid Tank MC338
reactive.
 Nonpressure Cargo Tank
 High Pressure Tube Trailer
 Can be toxic if ingested
MC306/DOT406
 One Ton Containers
or when contacting
 Low Pressure Cargo Tank
 Pressure Tank Containers DOT
unprotected skin.
MC307/DOT407
Spec51/Spec 51L
 Nonpressure Tank Containers
 Cryogenic IMO Type 7
 Dry bulk commodity
IM101/IM102
 Tube Modules-trailers
carriers.
 Portable bins (totes)
 Pressure Tank Car
 Super sacks or bulk bags.  Nonpressure (general service) Tank
 Cryogenic Liquid Tank Car
 Covered hopper cars.
Cars.
 Cylinders
 Drums and boxes.
 Corrosive Liquid Tank Car
 Bottles, Multicell packages, carboys.
pH - 1- 3 Red
pH - 4-9
pH - 4-9
pH - 4-9
pH - 4-9
pH - 10-14 Blue
Possibilities
Conditions

O2 - 20.9 ↓
O2 - 20.9 ↑
O2 - 20.9
O2 - 20.9 ↓
O2 - 20.9 ↓
O2 - 20.9 ↑↓
LEL - 0.0
Acid gases
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
LEL - 0.0
Oxygen
Oxygen
Production
LEL %
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Cyclos
Aromatics
Ether
Alkyl Halides
LEL %
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Ethene
Ethylene
Hydrogen
LEL 0.0
Nitrogen
Noble Gases
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xeon
Radon
LEL % Low
Ammonia
NH4, Derivatives
Amines
Amides
Azides
Inorganic Acids
Organic Acids
Fluorine –
move to RED
Chlorine –
move to RED
Ammonia –
move to BLUE
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Solid Product
Cyanide
Sulfides
Hydroxides
Liquid Product
Hydroxides
Ammonia
NH4, Derivatives
The state of matter identifies the container in which they are held.
Many materials once out of their containers revert back to its natural state of matter.
SOLIDS
LIQUIDS
GASES
Solids can be placed in
liquids, once heated they
revert back to the solid form.
Solids may be in particulate
form and may act similar to
vapors.
Liquids moving out of containment
systems may produce static electricity,
have high vapor pressures and move to
low areas.
Gases out of their container will
expand and occupy a larger area.
During release static electricity
may be produced.
Chemical and Physical Properties to consider based upon state of matter.
Appearance (Color)
Melting Point
Density
Solubility
Sublimation (Solid to Vapor)
Freezing Point
pH (Acids and Bases)
Appearance (Color)
Density
Specific Gravity (Liquids)
Vapor Density (Vapors)
Solubility
Flash Point (vapors, no gases)
Melting Point
pH (Acids and Bases)
Ignition Point
Flammable Ranges – LEL/UEL







Tend not to burn.
Some may sublime
(Moves from a solid to a
gas.)
Potential Acid or Base
when in contact with
water.
Soluble in water.
Can be toxic if ingested or
skin contact.
Tend to burn or flammable vapors.
Potential Acid or Base.
May not mix in water.
Can be toxic.
Appearance (Color)
Density
Vapor Density
Solubility (Greater or Less Than
10%)
Flash Point
Boiling Point
pH (Acids)
Ignition Point
Flammable Ranges – LEL/UEL
Expansion Ratios
 Tend to burn or displace
oxygen.
 Some are soluble in water.
 All are toxic or asphyxiating.
 Pressure Cargo Tank MC331
 Corrosive Liquid Cargo Tank

MC312/DOT412
 Cryogenic Liquid Tank MC338

 Nonpressure Cargo Tank
 High Pressure Tube Trailer
MC306/DOT406
 One Ton Containers
 Low Pressure Cargo Tank
 Pressure Tank Containers
MC307/DOT407
DOT Spec 51/Spec 51L
 Dry Bulk Commodity
 Nonpressure Tank Containers
 Cryogenic IMO Type 7
Carriers
IM101/IM102
 Tube Modules – Trailers
 Super Sacks or Bulk Bags
 Portable bins (Totes)
 Pressure Tank Car
 Covered Hopper Cars
 Nonpressure Tank Car
 Cryogenic Liquid Tank Car
 Drums and Boxes
 Corrosive Liquid Tank Car
 Cylinders
 Bottles, Multicell packages, carboys.
Melting point→→→→→→→→
Vaporization→→→→→→→→→→→
Solid ←←←←←←←←Freezing Point Liquid ←←←←←←←←←←←Condensation
Gas
Step 1:
 Look at your observations.
 7 Hazmat Clues
 Occupancy And Location
 Container Shapes
 Markings And Colors
 Placards And Labels
 Shipping Papers And Facility Documents
 Monitoring And Detection Equipment
 Senses
 Chemical Observations (Smoke, Fumes, Solid, Liquid and Gas.)
Step 2: Gather initial critical readings.
 Check for radiation.
 Check for acids/bases/oxidizers/peroxides.
 Check for flammables.
 Utilize multiple technologies that are available.
(Electronics/Colormetrics).
Step 3: Develop a hypothesis:
 Does the data from Steps 1 and 2 point to a chemical
characterization or family?
 What are the polar qualities?
 What other methods can be used to test the hypothesis? (Wet
chemistry/IR-Raman/Colormetrics
Step 4: Execute Response Plan:
 Take steps to mitigate hazards.
 Perform continuous air monitoring based upon what you have
discovered.
UNKNOWN SOLIDS
Radiation
2x Background
Turns White
Perchlorate
Test
SOLIDS
pH Test
Base
Hydroxides
Cyanides
Sulfides
Azides
Chlorinated Product
Cl2 Oxy Salts
Caution
Crystalized solids on or around container
openings should be considered as an
explosive.
Acid
Cyanide Test
Sulfide Test
Cyanide Salts
Oxidizer Test
Sulfide Salts
Peroxide Test
Peroxides
Hydroperoxides
Organic Peroxides
Perchlorates = Violet
Chromates = Red/
Brown
Cyanides = Green
Covalent
Bonds
Nitrate/
Nitrate Test
Biological
Peaks
InfaRed
Nitrates
Nitrites
Nitrogen Based
Explosives
3300, 1650, 1550
Inorganic Salts =
Oxi Salts
Cyanides
Solid Organics
Positive
Protein
Assessment of
Peptide Bonds
DNA Markers
Or
Create 10-6 dilutions
to control hook effect.
Handheld
Assays
Antigen/Antibody
Reaction
Bioluminescence
DNA Comparisons
PCR
Transport To
LRN
UNKNOWN LIQUIDS
Heavy Molecules – High boiling point, low vapor pressure greater than 64 ◦F (18◦C).
Light Molecules – Low boiling point, high vapor pressure less than 64 ◦F (18◦C).
Polar Molecules – Changes state of matter to liquids vapor pressure changes.
CH4
Gas Fuels
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Liquefied Natural Gas
C4H10
C5H12
Liquid Fuels
Gasoline
C13H28
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
C14H30
Liquid Fuels
Fuel Oils
C17H35
Diesel Fuel
Jet Fuel
C18H38
Heating Oils
Heavy Fuel
C20H42
Oils
C22H46
Heavy Oils
Lubrication Oils
LIQUIDS
Turns White
Observations:
Fuming in high humidity.
Formic Acid Colormetric Test.
IR Peaks (See region chart.)
Chlorinated
Product
Cl2 Oxi Salts in
Water.
Mineral Acids
Formic Acid = Red
Hydroflouric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrobromic Acid
Hydrosulfuric Acid
Hydrossulfurous
Acid
Hydrophosphoric
Acid
Hydronitric Acid
Hydronitrous Acid
Radiation
pH Test
Organic Acids
Formic Acid =
Yellow
Formic Acid
Acetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butyric Acid
Baleric Acid
Caproic Acid
Caprylic Acid
Capric Acid
2x Background
Acid
Base
Ammonia
Ammonia derivatives
Amines
Azides
Hydroxides
Smoke colors due to fire or reaction:
White/Clear – Single bonds, alcohols, halogens.
Black – Single bonds, ling carbon chains.
Heavy Black – Double, triple bonds, aromatic groups.
Red/Orange – Nitrogen based products, Nitric Acid, Bromine.
Purple – Iodinated compound.
Sharp White – Phosphoric compounds.
Basic Wet Chemistry Observations:
Polarity Test (Solubility)
Floats – Small CH chain – LEL Present
Sinks – Large CH chain – LEL at chemical
Mixes – LEL present – low weighted alcohols, aldehydes,
ketones, esters, amines.
Polar
Observations:
Weak LEL Reaction
Weak PID Reaction
Weak Fid Reaction
Miscible when polar.
IR peaks (See regional chart)
Colormetrics for family ID.
Solubility
Observations:
Strong LEL Reaction
Strong PID Reaction
Strong FID Reaction
IR peaks (see region chart)
Polar Fuels:
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Esters
Ketones
Basic Wet Chemistry Observations:
Flame Test
Combustible – Sample burns next to or in test flame.
Flammable – Sample burns away from test flame.
Flammable
PID
Flame Test
Fuels with varying Vapor Pressure
O2 = 20.9
Combustible Gas Inidicator
Oberservations:
LEL = %
High Numbers VP high, Flammable
Low Numbers VP low, Combustible
O2 =20.9 =/- 0.2 (sensor drift)
Fuels with varying Vapor
Pressures.
Observations:
Strong LEL Reaction
Strong PID Reaction
Polar and Non-Polar fuels with significant
Strong FID Reaction
Vapor Pressure. Carbons greater than 5.
IR peaks (See region chart)
InfraRed
Non-Polar Fuels
>5 Carbon – chained HC
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Aromatics
Ethers
Epoxides
Paint thinners.
Combustible
Multi-Gas
Monitor
FID
Fuels with varying
Vapor Pressure
below 10.6 eV.
Non-Polar
Analogous Familes
Functional Groups
(see IR Card)
Mixtures that are Combustible:
Motor Oils Diesel Fuels
Mineral Oils Vegetable Oils
Kerosenses Transmission Fluids
Sythetic Oils Paint Thinners
Observations:
Very weak LEL Reaction.
Very weak PID Reaction.
Very weak FID Reaction.
IR peaks (See region chart)
UNKNOWN GASES
Chlorinated products.
GASES
Turns White
Radiation
2X Background
Halogenated Acids
Fumes from liquid acids.
Ammonia
Amines
Acids
pH Test
Bases
Multi-Gas
Monitor
Fuels with strong Vapor Pressure
O2 = varies
Flammables that displace Oxygen.
Low weighted (<5 Carbons) chained hydrocarbons.
Methane Hydrogen
Ethane Ethene
Propane Propene
Butane Acetylene
Observations:
Strong LEL Reaction
Strong Oxygen displacement
IR peaks (See regions)
Colormetrics for ID
Multi-Gas Monitor Observations:
LEL = %
O2 = 20.0 =/- .2
PID = Will miss the first 4 HC of alkanes, ethyne,
first cyclos, and first alkyl halides.
Non Flammable that displaces Oxygen.
Noble gases
Nitrogen
Low weighted Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Observations:
Strong LEL Reaction
Strong Oxygen Displacement
IR peaks (See regions)
Colormetrics for ID.
Multi-Gas Monitor Observations:
LEL = 0%
O2 = Below 20.9 =/- .2
PID – 0 or #
Infrared
Analogous Families
Functional groups
(see IR Card)
PID
Fuels with strong
Vapor Pressure
below 10.6 eV.
FID
Fuels with varying
Vapor Pressure.
LABWARE
Laboratory ware or labware (including glassware and plasticware) is used for three main purposes:
1.
2.
3.
Storage
Measurement
Confinement of fluid transfer, chemical reactions, and the like.
Note: Except for bottles, storage items are also used for confining reactions.
Other purposes include connections for storage or containment and stirring or spreading.
Storage
Beaker
 An unrestricted or simple restricted vessel with high a height-toorifice diameter ratio.
 Usually has no handle.
 The most common form is a Griffin low form beaker.
Bottle and Jar
 A rigid or semi-rigid container that is typically made of glass or
plastic.
 Usually no handle.
 Bottle: Neck or mouth is comparatively narrow.
 Jar: Neck or mouth almost as wide as the rest.
Erlenmeyer Flask
 A flat-bottomed, conical laboratory flask.
 Usually with a short cylindrical neck.
Fernbach Flask
 An Erlenmeyer flask with a very broad base and a short cylindrical
neck. Typically holds 2.4 liters (L).
 Used to culture microbes on shaker-incubators.
Florentine Flask
 A flat-bottomed laboratory flask with a round bottom and
cylindrical neck.
 Uncommon in biology.
Stopper
 A plug or cap used to plug openings in labware.
Test Tube
 A plain or lipped tube that is usually made of thin glass and closed
at one end.
 The closed end can be round or flat.
 May have a threaded lip for a screw cap.
 Used in chemistry and biology.
Centrifuge Tube
 A test tube made of either glass or plastic, with a conical bottom.
 Often has a threaded lip for a screw cap.
 Used both for centrifugation and simply as a test tube.
Measurement
Burette
 A graduated glass tube with a small aperture and stopcock.
 Used to deliver measured quantities of liquid. Also used to
measure a liquid or gas received or discharged.
 More common in chemistry than in biology.
Graduated Cylinder
 A tall narrow container with a volume scale.
 Used to measure and transfer liquids.
Pipette (Pipet)
 A tube, usually open at both ends.
 A transfer pipet often includes a bulb at the top.
 Used to transfer and measure liquids from one container to
another.
Pipet Filler
 A device for non-transfer pipets to avoid mouth pipetting.
Volumetric Flask
 Used to prepare a solution of fixed volume with great accuracy.
 Has only one mark for volume etched or printed on it.
Volumetric Pipette
 A pipet with great accuracy.
 Has only one mark for volume etched on it.
Containment
Boiling Flask
 Used to distill liquids. A Claisen flask is an example.
 Rarely used in biology.
Column
 A tube or cylinder with a bottom cap to hold resin beads. The
bottom cap has a tube for collecting drops of solution, controlled by
a stopcock or a tube with a clamp.
 Used for chromatographic separation.
Condenser
 A device in which a gas or vapor is condensed to liquid. Water is run
through the jacket to cool the inner tube.
 Rarely used in biology.
Staining Dish and Jar
 A dish or jar with a cover and internal ridges on the sides to support
microscopic slides.
 Staining Dish: A small, square or rectangular dish with high sides.
 Coplin jar: A jar with a square cross-section.
 Used in biology to stain specimens fixed to slides.
Cuvette
 A small sample container with good optical properties.
 Used for spectroscopic measurements of samples.
Funnel
 A utensil which usually consists of a hollow cone with a tube
extending from the small end.
 Designed to catch and direct a downward flow.
 Bϋchner funnels have an internal support for filtration.
Petri Dish (Agar Plate)
 A small, shallow dish with a loose cover made of thin glass or
plastic.
 When filled with agar, used for bacterial and fungal cultures.
Reaction Vessel
 A vessel used to contain a chemical transformation.
Separatory Funnel
 A funnel with a narrow top opening and a bottom opening
controlled by a stopcock.
 Used to separate media, e.g., oil and water mixtures.
Watch Glass
 A shallow curved glass.
 Includes concave “dishes” that are used as beaker lids.
 Also used for a variety of other purposes: To hold protists and other
invertebrates for viewing under a microscope; To dissolve materials
such as crystals and powders; etc.
Adapter
 Used to join parts with different diameters.
Joint

Used to join two pieces of tubing.
Stirring Rod
 A piece of hollow or solid glass tubing.
Spreader
 A bent stirring rod or a T-shaped rod.
 Used to spread media on a Petri dish.
RESPONSE TO SUSPECTED BIOLOGICAL
INCIDENTS
1. Plan for wind speed and direction.
a. Set up and enter scene accordingly.
2. Determine credibility of incident.
3. Interrogate affected persons.
4. Examine container for clues of origin. Contain suspected substance in plastic bag.
5. Establish sufficient decon for situation. (Seek out a private area for decon.)
6. Establish sufficient PPE. Level “B” or “C” is adequate for “white powder” calls.
7. Acquire samples with Hepa Vac or other means that will enable a sample to be screened, tested
and sent to State Health Department.
8. Screen samples inside or in a private area. Screen for the following:
a. Corrosives – pH, Spilfyters
b. Radioactive – Ludlum 14c
c. Toxic – PID, FID, Spilfyters
d. Flammable – Multi-gas, Spilfyters
e. Hit on any of the above is “negative” for biological.
f. Hazmat ID – Look for protein alert.
g. If there is a positive for protein on the Hazmat ID sample needs to be sent to State Health
Department. Sample will need to be screened with a biological sample kit. (BTA or Ramp
System)
h. Responder IR
All samples are “double bagged” before they are sent to the State Health Department.
9. Acquire all affected persons contact information.
Chain of Custody form will need to be filled out on all samples taken to the State Health
Department.
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS SIGNATURES
1. These media indicate bacteriologic or, less likely, mycologic (fungal) work. The type of medium used
can tell own which bacteria or fungi to exclude. The difference between broth and agar is that the
latter has 12 to 20 g of agar added to the broth. This 1.2 – 2.0% agar, weight to volume (w/v). By the
way; “agar” is pronounced “AH-grr”.
a. Most transparent media are not rich, a so they do not support growth of many agents. Examples
include tryptic soy broth or agar (abbreviated TSB, TSA), nutrient broth or agar, and plate count
agar.
b. However, if the medium is an infusion broth or agar, more organisms grow on it. Examples include
heart infusion broth or agar and brain heart infusion broth or agar (BHIB, BHIA).
i.
Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, and a few strains of Francisella tularensis grow well on
these.
c. Sheep’s blood agar, or simply blood agar (SBA or BA) is prepared by adding 5% sheep’s blood (v/v)
to autoclaved TSA after it cools but before it starts to solidify.
i.
Blood agar plates are often abbreviated BAP.
ii.
Both B. anthracis and Y. pestis grow well on BA.
d. Chocolate agar (Choc) is made by adding the sheep’s blood when the autoclaved TSA is hotter. The
heat lyses (breaks open) the red blood cells so that the nutrients are released into the medium.
This is very rich agar.
i.
Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis all grow well on Chocolate agar.
2. Anaerobes require removal of oxygen, so look for candle jars, anaerobic jars or chambers with gas
generators, and nitrogen tanks on fermenters.
a. Clostridium botulinum is a strict anaerobe; the vegetative cells do not survive long in the presence
of oxygen. It grows well on BA, but also grows well on egg yolk agar, CDC anaerobic blood agar, and
Schaedler’s agar.
b. Oxyrase agar plates are designed to grow anaerobes without using candle jars or anaerobic
chambers.
3. Growth on a Petri dish may look bacterial, but could be yeast; Fungi may grow as yeast (rough or
smooth, but not fuzzy or furry) or as mold (fuzzy or furry).
4. The lot numbers on the media can be traced to a supplier, who can give a list of those who paid to
purchase media in those lots. If the purchase may be traced to a clinical laboratory, the media may not
be stolen. Hospital and clinical laboratories keep records of disposition of out-dated media. They
regularly give such media to training programs within hospitals and to nearby educational institutions.
5. A flask with growth separate from fermenters may contain a starter culture for the fermenters.
Haziness, cloudiness, or turbidity of the broth almost always indicates growth.
“Homemade” Fermenters
6. Corn steep liquor is used in place of D-glucose (dextrose) as a carbon source, but almost exclusively in
fermenters.
7. Antifoam is used in microbiology exclusively to suppress foaming in fermenters.
Other Microbiology
8. Stains:
a. Gram stains are used to check the purity and production of the material in the starter culture,
scale-up cultures(s), and fermenter.
b. Malachite Green is used in microbiology only to stain spores.
9. The Bacti-Cinerator® (Sherwood Medical Industries Inc., St. Louis, MO) is a device found in clinical
microbiology laboratories, which have banned open flame (Bunsen burners) since at least the late
1980’s. Other brands are now available. Many microbiologists may never see one in their careers, so
this device suggests strongly that whoever set up this clandestine laboratory has some knowledge of
infectious disease microbiology.
10. A glove box (Class III Biological Safety Cabinet) may be large enough to contain a setup for the full
process of fermentation, concentration, drying and grinding. A glove box usually is not the best source
for a sample; to enter it would add energy to the system and may compromise evidence. However, one
could take a sample from the glove box if need be. First, grab the sample with a glove, then pull the
glove out of the box without detaching it to invert it. Next, tie off the glove at two near positions, then
cut the glove between the ties (“umbilical-cord cut”). Finally bleach and put epoxy on the exposed
ends of the cut. The sample will be in the sealed, inverted glove. Note: This method may not be
accepted in all jurisdictions.
11. A funnel with a filter sitting on an aspiration (side-arm) flask serves to remove most of the broth from
the microbes.
a. A side-arm (Bernoulli) addition to a water spigot or an air pump can aspirate air out the side arm.
b. Note: If bacteria or fungi are being collected, then one saves the paste in the filter. If toxins are
collected, then one saves the liquid filtrate.
Drying, Milling, and Dissemination
12. If heat is used to dry product, focus on Bacillus anthracis spores and a very few toxins.
a. A toaster oven can serve to dry paste collected in filter paper.
b. Note: Remember that different preparations, using different media, can give different colors to a
product.
13. To grind the dried product, one can use a coffee-bean mill initially, then a mortar and pestle.
14. One can use a rock tumbler in which a ceramic bead mill could be placed for the final milling step for
spores, some toxins, and some viruses.
a. If the laboratory appears to be for bacterial production, the mill strongly indicates production of
bacterial spores, i.e., those of Bacillus anthracis. The tumbler and mill are available at hobby stores.
This final step is when one can add silica powder (Cab-O-Sil®, Aerosil®, or another brand) as
“fluidizer”.
b. Ceramic bead mills and similar devices usually should not be opened, to avoid spreading material.
Also, they are excellent evidentiary samples intact. However, enough powder should have leaked
along the seal for detection of agent with a HHA. The powder is end product, or is very close to it.
15. Reversing electrical polarity on a medical aspirator makes it a dissemination device. It should not be
opened to minimize energy. Also, it is an excellent evidentiary sample intact. However, it should have
sufficient amount of powder on the outside and in the clamped-off tubing for a sample and for
detection of agent with a HHA.
Proteins, Including Many Toxins
16. The presence of large amounts of salts such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, or
polyethylene glycol (PEG) of various chain lengths, relative to other compounds present in a biology
laboratory typically indicate that the worker is purifying proteins by salting in or salting out. Some
proteins fall out of the solution (in the precipitate), while some stay in the liquid (the supernatant).
a. Ammonium sulfate is perhaps the most popular salt to try first.
b. Laboratory workers usually use ammonium sulfate or sodium sulfate to purify ricin, but can use
other salts.
c. Laboratory workers use calcium chloride to purify botulinum toxin.
Viruses and Certain Bacteria
17. T-flasks are used for animal cell culture. Animal cell culture is necessary to support the growth of
viruses and such bacterial pathogens as Rickettsia species, Orientia tsutsugamushi, and Coxiella
burnetii. Because of the thickness of the flask, one cannot use a typical light microscope to focus on
the cells growing on the inside bottom of the flask. To look at the monolayer of cells, one uses an
inverted microscope. The light source is on top, pointed down; the objective lenses are underneath.
MEDIA AND ORGANISMS
IF THIS MEDIUM IS PRESENT
IT LOOKS LIKE
Tryptic soy or agar (TSB, TSA)
COLOR
Light to straw.
CLARITY
Transparent
Nutrient broth or agar.
Plate count agar.
Light amber to straw.
Light amber to straw.
Transparent
Transparent
Heart infusion broth or agar.
Light to medium
amber.
Transparent
Brain heart infusion or agar (BHIB,
BHIA)
Most other infusion broths or agars.
Light to medium
amber, yellow, or tan.
Transparent to slightly
hazy.
CONSIDER THESE ORGANISMS
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus
spp.
Bacillus anthracis
Other Bacillus spp.
Yersinia pestis and other Yersinia
spp.
(Sheep’s) blood agar (BA, BHIA)
Note: May be;
-tryptic soy agar,
- heart infusion agar,
- Or other base.
Chocolate agar (Choc)
Bright red.
Opaque
Bacillus spp.
Yersinia spp.
Clostridium spp.
Chocolate brown.
Opaque
Almost anything.
Cysteine rabbit heart agar
w/antibiotics.
Bright red.
Opaque
Francisella tularensis.
CIN agar base (Yersinia selective agar
base).
Reddish-orange.
Translucent to opaque.
Yersinia spp.
CDC anaerobic blood agar (Ana BA)
Egg yolk agar (EYA).
Schaedler’s agar with blood.
Medium red.
Whitish-yellow.
Dark Red.
Opaque
Translucent
Opaque
Clostridium botulium
Clostridium perfringens and other.
Clostridium spp.

Science Officer`s Workbook

Transcription

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