Dimitris Loupis Piri Reis` Book on Navigation

Dimitris Loupis
Piri Reis' Book on Navigation (Kitab-i Bahriyye)
as a Geography Handbook
Ottoman Efforts to Produce an Atlas
during the Reign of Sultan Mehmed IV (1648-1687)
Abstract
The Ottoman Admiral Piri Reis (ca. 1470 - 1553/4) compiled in 1520/1 his
Book on Navigation (Kitab-i Bahriyye), which was based partly on
Bartolommeo [da li Sonetti]'s [Isolarlo] (Venice ca. 1485). His personal
observations, though, are of great significance. For the first half of the 16 t h
century this book of nautical instructions and charts (a sort of Isolano or
Arte del Navigare) was the best hydrographical work on the Mediterranean
Sea among other Italian and Spanish books of its kind. A larger second
version appeared in 1525/6 and a third, not from Piri Reis' own hand
though, during the second half of 17 t h century. This work has a long
manuscript tradition for a period of 250 years (till the end of 18 t h century).
More than forty copies seem to have survived nowadays. Kitäb-i Bahriyye
was the first cartographical work in Ottoman language and was used for a
long time not as a book of nautical instructions solely, but as well as a
Turkish handbook of geography and an atlas of the old world of the
Mediterranean Sea in Turkish. Its latest copies pay more attention to the
cartographical part of the work and less to the text. New maps of large
scale are added in the luxurious manuscripts with the aim to produce
modern atlases. This paper considers Kitäb-i Bahriyye as a geography
handbook and atlas, actually the more original one in Ottoman-Turkish
literature.
The 16 th century was for all peoples surrounding the
Mediterranean basin an era marked by an intense activation in
the sea and a constant and tireless effort to depict it accurately.
Those states that could navigate that encircled sea were obsessed
with the idea of perceiving and knowing the area. The Italian
city-states, the Iberian kingdoms and the Ottoman Empire kept
on being in trade and war among each other, registering their
own dominion and that of their enemies and allies, and on
making their presence felt all around the Mediterranean Sea.
Institute for Neohellenic Research N.H.R.F.
Tetradia Ergasias 25/26 (2004)
Eastern Mediterranean
Cartographies
p. 35-49
DMITRIS LOUPIS
fig. 1: Euboia Island. Bartolommeo
[dalli Sonetti], "Isolarlo," printed
Venice,
ca. 1485.
On the part of the Ottomans, who are the latest settlers in
the Mediterranean, a state establishment is consolidated at the
end of the 14th and the early 15 th century, anyhow, based on
new, more stable grounds after the capture of Constantinople.
The sultan, his court and the Ottoman scholars and scientists of
this period are in close dependence on the learned tradition of
the East and its achievements, even though they are a few
centuries far from the classical Arabic production. Thus, the
first works on geography, which are produced within the
Ottoman dominion under the aegis of the sultan, are limited
both to translations and adaptations of the classical Arabic or
Persian geographies 1 and to translations from Greek literature. 2
Bäyazld 11 (r. 1481-1512) bequeaths to his successor, Süleymän
the Lawgiver (r. 1512-1566), an organized and competent navy. 3
During Bayazid's reign, Pïrï Reis (ca. 1470-1553/4)4 grows
mature in the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas next to the
famous pirate and corsair, his uncle Kemäl Re'Is.5 The years that
36
PiRi R E I S ' BOOK
fig. 2: Chios
Island.
Piri Reis,
"Kitab-i
of the 16th Ct. Biblioteca
ON
NAVIGATION
Bahriyye"
Universitaria,
(1520-1),
Bologna
first
(MS
version
copy
3Ó12).
he spends together with his uncle are a p e r i o d of apprenticeship
on the art of navigation a n d the art of co-existence of
Mediterranean people, as Piri Reis comes in close contact w i t h
sailors from Italy, Catalonia, Spain, France and Northern Africa.
In I52O/I Piri Reis has already completed, after a w o r l d m a p
(1513) 6 that happens to be o n e of the oldest maps of America,
his isolarlo under the title of Kitäb-i Bahriyye (Book on
Navigation). 7 Following the example of the Italians Cristoforo
Buondelmonti (Liber Insularum Archipelagi, MSS. ca. 1420-30) 8
and Bartolommeo [da li Sonetti] (.[Isolarlo], p r i n t e d ca. 1485) 9
Piri Reis p r o d u c e d a w o r k w i t h nautical instructions and
detailed maps on the whole Mediterranean. His w o r k is a
combination of an isolarlo, an arte del navigare and a very
detailed portolan-atlas.
Piri Reis m a d e use of the charts of the
[Isolarlo] by Bartolommeo [da li Sonetti], his w o r k yet was
based o n personal observation and measurements all over the
37
DMITRIS LOUPIS
•Alio £l>UìA*lfe-j Z&J' jjA^-^r-J.*1 *Jfr
*-3Ä- tei—5>. eJL?îyÎÎJ-ir"i*^-»^
fig. 3: Monemvasia Rock
and Cythera Island. Piri
Reis, "Kitab-i Bahriyye"
(1525-6), second version
copy written in 1574.
Süleymaniye
Library,
Istanbul (MS Aya Sofya
2612).
Mediterranean Sea. Hence, he managed to produce one of the
most accurate and complete isolarli of the 16th century, getting
closer to the real geography of the old sea of the Mediterranean.
Piri Reis introduced a second version 10 of the Book on
Navigation in 1525/6. Its size was increased and its quality was
improved. This version contained much more maps. The 131
chapters of the nautical instructions and the 105 to 142 charts
of the many first version copies that have been preserved until
today (26 copies are known), turned to 219 chapters and 215-39
charts in the second version (ca. 10 copies). Besides, the poet
and corsair Seyyid Muradi 11 assisted Piri Reis to compose an
introduction in verse, which was, actually, the first theoretical
text on the art of navigation written in the Ottoman language.
It includes information on the winds, the orientation, the use of
the compass and the map, as well as astronomical and
38
PiRi R E I S ' BOOK
ON
NAVIGATION
geographical knowledge for the w h o l e k n o w n geography of the
time. Furthermore, it provides information on all seas of the
earth, after the discovery of n e w lands and sea routes. There are
chapters on the Indian Ocean, Abyssinia, the Atlantic Ocean and
its curiosities, the expansion of the Portuguese Empire, the
Chinese Sea, the Persian Gulf, the eastern shores of Africa, the
Camore Islands. The epilogue of the second version is also in
verse. It explains the reason for the i m p r o v e m e n t of the first
version and describes its process. Finally, Piri Reis sets the w o r k
at the disposal of God, the sovereign, the scholars, and the
people of the future.
A century after the hydrographer's death and during the second
half of the 17 th century there is a production of copies from the
Book on Navigation in a third version, which, nevertheless, lets
the text of the second version unaffected, while enriches the
cartographical part of the manuscripts. These third version
copies are not produced by Piri Reis's own hand, of course. Thus,
they have been susceptible of additional n e w large-scale maps. 1 2
These maps depict the Black Sea, w h i c h is not comprised in the
original, as well as parts of the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the
Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Central Mediterranean. Circular and oval
world maps, normal portolanos
(according to Nordenskiöld),
depictions of Istanbul and Candia 1 3 are also included.
These manuscripts have some features in common. They are
luxurious presentation copies. Their background material, inks,
design, colors and binding are of excellent quality. They bear
neither copyists' name, nor date of production. The copyists seem
to give priority to the cartographical part and not to the nauticalinstructions text, which turns out to be of secondary importance.
The Ottoman art of miniature painting is here prevalent. This fact
reveals that the second and third versions of the Book on
Navigation were not produced to serve the sailors' needs on board,
but the scholarly quests of the Ottoman sultan, his court and the
high functionaries of the empire. In a few copies there is a list of
contents (maps), whereas in others the text has been omitted.
These copies bear only the charts, so they take the form of an atlas
and titles such as: «portolani kebîr great portulan», 14 «deniz kitabi
39
DMITRIS LOUPIS
fig. 4: Dardanelle Straits.
Piri Reis, "Kitab-i Bahriyye"
(1525-6), third version copy
written in the late 17^ Ct.
Istanbul University Library,
Istanbul (MS T. 6605).
ç \£l\£ '<5ÌSiji2i*3i fcl
- book of the sea», 15 «harïta-i ekâlîm maps of the climates». 16
Seven are the copies that belong to the group produced
during the second half of the 17 th century. These are divided
into two subgroups. The second one does not include any text
but the maps of the Book on Navigation:
First Subgroup
1. Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, MS. W. 658 (239 maps).
2. Istanbul, Deniz Miizesi [Nautical Museum], MS. 988 (239
maps).
3. Istanbul Üniversitesi Ktph. [Istanbul University
Library],
1
MS. T. 6605 (228 maps). ?
40
PiRi R E I S ' BOOK
ON
NAVIGATION
Second Subgroup (no text)
4. Berlin,
Deutsche
Staatsbibliothek
Preussischer
Kulturbesitz [German State Li brary], MS. Diez A. Foliant
57 (195 maps).
5. Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria [University Library], MS.
3609 (204 maps). 1 8
6. Istanbul, Topkapi Sarayi Miizesi Ktph. [Topkapi
Palace
Museum Library], MS. B. 338 (189 maps).
7. London, Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Arts, MS.
718 (119 maps).
It is likely that the copies of each subgroup w e r e produced
in the same atelier, either that for the palace or the m a p
w o r k s h o p s in Galata, as m e n t i o n e d by the traveler Evliyä
Çelebi. 1 9 Copy No. 5 is supposed to have b e e n m a d e by a Seyyid
Nüh, w h o is considered to be a fictitious person by some
scholars. 2 0 The supposedly lost during the Second World War
copy of Berlin (No. 4) flirts w i t h the text of the first version,
w h i c h s u r r o u n d s t h e m a p s in f o r m of long m a r g i n a l
inscriptions.
Even if the original corpus of the maps in the Book on
Navigation is of great originality, the supplementary maps are
copies of Italian and Dutch w o r k s . Their sources are the
n u m e r o u s atlases of the Battista Agnese atelier (fi. 1535-64), 21
the Ottoman atlases of the p e r i o d 1550-75, 22 and finally, the oval
w o r l d maps by Jacopo Gastaldi dated in 1546 and 1560 and that
by Abraham Ortelius from his Theatrum
Orbis
Terrarum
(Antwerpen 1579-).
It seems that the Ottoman society of the era of Mehmed IV (164887), under the grand vizierate of the Köprülüs, kept seeking after
a geography handbook of its world. The empire was already in
territorial stagnation since the late 16th century and had started
going the way of a slow, long introversion. Nevertheless, as
Mehmed IV never gave up hunting, even during his campaigns,
the Ottomans did not stop being active. The conquest of Crete in
I669 and the second siege of Vienna in 1683 revealed the
41
DMITRIS LOUPIS
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JFV,
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fig. 5: Sardinia Island. Piri Reis, "Kitab-i Bahriyye" (1525-6), third version copy
written in the mid-U11' Ct. Attributed to Seyyid Nuli. Biblioteca
Universitaria, Bologna (MS 3609).
-il
PiRi
REIS'
BOOK
ON
NAVIGATION
empire's ultimate effort to revive the time of the conquests (15 t h 16 th centuries). The empire's world, however, and its potentiality
were limited within the encircled sea of the Mediterranean and
its surroundings. In the various copies only very large-scale world
maps can be found. They depict a remote world, which once
could be conquered. It could have been conquered, however,
w h e n the vivid and lively world map (1513) by Piri Reis was
displayed on the battle board, if it ever was. Not any longer. The
empire was soul-searching. It could not have its own fresh map
production of the enlarged world. Trying to revive the 16 th
century conquests, the empire discovered again Piri Reis,
renovated his work and tried to update it. The renewed Book on
Navigation, however, was still limited in the Mediterranean and
the Black Sea, even though in one of the n e w copies there is a
Caspian Sea 23 map. Their inclination to a c o n t e m p o r a r y
knowledge of the space found shelter in Piri Reis' work, passing
over translations or imperfect adaptations of classical Arabic and
Persian geographies and cosmographies, produced from the 9 t h to
the 14 th century. What made the Book on Navigation the most
preferred geography handbook was that it was a pioneering work
for its epoch and Turkish, above all. It was a w o r k composed by
an Ottoman subject and satisfied the Ottoman state needs. What
the Ottoman society needed was a Turkish-speaking, of Turkish
origin, geography h a n d b o o k and a detailed atlas of its
Mediterranean world.
The disadvantages of this choice led to a quite not
satisfactory result. The Book on Navigation r e m a i n e d a text of
nautical instructions. Its depictions w e r e of good quality, but
represented the previous century w o r l d ' s image. The Ottoman
society of the second half of the 17 th century could not ignore
the progress of geography and cartography that was taking place
in Italy and then in Central Europe. The Ottomans w e r e in n o
position to have a production of their o w n - a Piri Reis of the
17 th century did not exist- and w e r e necessarily switched to
translations.
43
DMITRIS LOUPIS
fig. 6: New World. Katib Çelebi, "Cihanniìma" (1Ó48-1Ó54). Manuscript
early 18th Ct. Private collection.
copied
Kâtib Çelebi, 2 4 the most important Ottoman scholar of his era,
translated the Atlas Minor by Mercator and Hondius (printed
A r n h e i m 1621) u n d e r the title Rays of light in the darkness Atlas Minor (Laväm c iü : 'n-nür fi zulmät - Atlas Minor) in 1653.
The same author w r o t e his most important w o r k on geography,
the Panorama of the World (Cihännümä), 2 5 from 1648 up to his
death in 1657. It would b e a great cosmography, but was left
incomplete. Making use of Mercator's atlases h e added his o w n
up-to-date information especially on maps of the Ottoman
d o m i n i o n . The n u m e r o u s copies found today in several libraries
indicate h o w famous this w o r k had been. However, Katib Çelebi
was a scholar cartographer, w h o translated and adapted in the
Ottoman language. He neither took soundings, n o r m a d e any
investigation on the spot, as Piri Reis had done earlier.
The translations m a d e by Katib Çelebi and the creation of the
first Islamic atlas of Mercatorian and Copernican conception
44
PiRi R E I S ' BOOK
fig. 7: Two-Hemisphere
(1675-1685).
World.
ON
Ebubekir
Topkapi
NAVIGATION
el-Behram
Palace Library,
ed-Dimiski,
Istanbul
(MS B.
"Nusretii'l-tslam
325).
gave fresh impetus to the production of works, such as the
O t t o m a n v e r s i o n of t h e v o l u m i n o u s Atlas
Major
sive
cosmographia Blauiana qua solum, salum, coelum,
accuratissime
describuntur
(Amsterdam 1662) by the Dutch Janszoon Blaeu.
These w o r k s m a r k e d a t u r n i n g p o i n t for the O t t o m a n
cartography as, henceforth, it was necessary for the latter to
follow closely the European m a p production. 2 6 Blaeu's w o r k was
presented to the O t t o m a n sultan Mehmed IV by the Dutch
ambassador Justinus Coljer on the 14 th August of 1668. The
sultan commissioned Alexandros Mavrocordatos, a dragoman to
the Porte, to translate it into the O t t o m a n language, but the task
was to be completed by Ebübekir el-Behräm ed-Dimiski, w h o
started in 1675 and finished his w o r k ten years later. It consists
of n i n e volumes and has the sonorous title of Nusretü D l-isläm
ve D l-sürür fî tahrïr-i Atlas Mayor (The T r i u m p h of Islam and the
Joy in the Writing of Atlas Major). 27
45
D M I T R I S LOUPIS
The aforementioned production exists due to the inclination of
the Ottomans to acquire, during the second half of the 17th
century, a geography handbook, and mainly an atlas in their
own language. The Book on Navigation was called out to satisfy
first of all that certain demand, before the Ottomans proceed to
translations of European works. This paper makes an effort to
look on the later luxurious copies of the Book on Navigation
under this light.
Dimitris Loupis
Bilkent University
46
PiRi
REIS'
BOOK
ON
NAVIGATION
NOTES
This paper was presented at the 18th International
Conference on the
History of Cartography (Athens, 11-16 July 1999), won the 2001 Walter W.
Ristow Prize for Cartographic History and Librarianship awarded by The
Washington Map Society, Washington, D. C , and was published in The
Portolan. Journal of the Washington Map Society 52 (2001-2002): 11-7. It
is reprinted here with some minor corrections.
1. In 857 [1453] the earliest Ottoman geographer Yaziciogli Ahmed Blcän
introduced the 'AcäibüΊ-mahlükät (Strange Creatures), which is an
abridgement of the famous work by the Arab geographer Qazwìnì under the
same title. The cosmographical works Dürr-i Meknün (Hidden Pearl) and
Miratili-'avälim (Mirror of the World) belong to the same author. See FRANZ
TAESCHNER, "Die geographische Literatur der Osmanen," Zeitschrift
der
Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 50 (1923): 36-8. If those works are
not just simply translations, the translators' personal intervention is little
productive, although Mehmed el-cAsik and his Menäzirü'l-'avälim (Panorama
of the World), which was completed in 1006/1598, had to be excluded.
Beyond that it is a cosmographical work as well, that follows Qazwlnl,
Dimashqi and Abu al-Fidâ3, it also contains contemporary geographical data
on Roumelia (Balkan peninsula), something that is not to be found in the rest
Islamic geographies. Its list of the cities according to the system of the seven
climates by Ptolemaeus is also significant (TAESCHNER, loc. cit., 48-55).
2. Mehmed the Conqueror asked the Byzantine scholar Georgios
Amoiroutzes and his Arabic-speaking son to translate the Γεωγραφική Ύφήγησις (Cosmographia) of Claudius Ptolemaeus into Arabic. Two Greek
manuscripts of the 13-l4th Ct. (GÌ 27 and 57) that preserve the Ptolemaic
Geographia, can still be found in the Topkapi Museum Library, while in the
Aya Sofya Library (today part of the Süleymaniye Library) two copies of the
Arabic translation can be found [No. 2596 (without maps) and 2610]. See
ADOLF D. DEISSMANN, Forschungen und Funde im Serai; Mit einem Verzeichnis
der nichtislamischen
Handschriften im Topkapu Serai zu Istanbul (Berlin &
Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter, 1933), 68-9 & 89-93; JULIAN RABY, "Mehmed the
Conqueror's scriptorium," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37 (1983): 24.
3. For the navy of Bayazid IF see HANS-JOACHIM KISSLING, "Betrachtungen
über die Flottenpolitik Sultan Bayezids II, 1481-1512," Saeculum 20 (1969):
35-43, and S. N. FISHER, The foreign relations of Turkey 1481-1512 (Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1948). For the navy of Süleyman the Lawgiver
see COLIN H. IMBER, "The navy of Süleyman the Magnificent,"
Archivum
Ottomanicum 6 (1980): 221-82. For the Ottoman navy in general see ÌSMAIL
H. UZUNCARSILI, Osmanli devletinin merkez ve bahriye teskilâti (Ankara:
Turk Tarih Kurumu, 1948).
•"
D M I T R I S LOUPIS
4. S e e SVAT SOUCEK, Piri Re'is, E n c y c l o p a e d i a of I s l a m 2 [abbr. E I 2 ] , a n d
FUAT EZGO, Piri Re'is, Islam Ansiklopedisi
[abbr. ÎA].
5. See HANS-ALBRECHT v o n BURSKI,
Geschichte
der
türkischen
Flotte
b u c h d r u c k e r e i g e b r . S c h e u r , 1928).
Kemal
(Bonn:
Re'is:
Ein Beitrag
zur
Bonner
Universitäts-
6. T h e m o s t r e c e n t a n d n o t a b l e s t u d y is b y GREGORY C. MCINTOSH, The
Piri Reis Map of 1513 ( A t h e n s , G e o r g i a : T h e U n i v e r s i t y of G e o r g i a P r e s s ,
2 0 0 0 ) . S e e , also, I D . , " C h r i s t o p h e r C o l u m b u s a n d t h e P i r i Reis m a p of
1513," Neptune
53-4 ( 1 9 9 3 ) : 280-94.
7. S e e SVAT SOUCEK, " I s l a m i c c h a r t i n g i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , " i n The
History of Cartography,
e d i t e d b y J. B. H a r l e y a n d D a v i d W o o d w a r d , v o l .
2, Cartography
in the traditional
Islamic and South Asian societies
(Chicago
& L o n d o n : T h e U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1992), 272-9 [abbr. H o C - 2 ] . See
also, DIMITRIS LOUPIS, Ο Πιρί Ρε'ϊς (1465-1553)
χαρτογραφεί
το Αιγαίο. Η
οθωμανική
χαρτογραφία
και η λίμνη του Αιγαίου [Piri Reis (1465-1553) and
Aegean
Charting.
Ottoman
Cartography
and the Aegean
Lake] ( A t h e n s :
T r o c h a l i a , 1999), w h e r e t h e p a r t of t h e w o r k r e f e r r i n g t o t h e A e g e a n s e a
is p u b l i s h e d i n G r e e k , a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h a d e t a i l e d i n t r o d u c t i o n a n d a
p r e l i m i n a r y h i s t o r y of t h e O t t o m a n n a u t i c a l c h a r t i n g d u r i n g t h e l 6 - 1 7 t h
centuries.
8. T h i s w o r k is p u b l i s h e d i n Christophori
Bondelmontii
Florentini
Librum
Insularum
Archipelagi,
e d i t e d b y G.R.L. d e S i n n e r ( L i p s i a e e t
B e r o l i n i : G. R e i m e r , 1824).
9.
Reproduced
in
BARTOLOMMEO
DALLI
SONETTI,
Isolano,
Venice
1485,
intro. F.R. Goff ( A m s t e r d a m : T h e a t r u m O r b i s T e r r a r u m , 1972).
10. T h e first v e r s i o n is p u b l i s h e d i n c o m p l e t e l y i n PAUL KAHLE, Piri Re'is
Bahrije. Das türkische Segelhandbuch
für das Mittelländische
Meer vom Jahre
1521, v o l . l a (Text, C h a p t e r s 1-28), l b (Text, C h a p t e r s 29-60), IIa ( T r a n s l a t i o n ,
C h a p t e r s 1-28), (Berlin-Leipzig: W a l t e r d e Gruyter, 1926-7). A c o p y (Istanbul,
Süleymaniye-Aya Sofya 2612) of t h e s e c o n d v e r s i o n is r e p r o d u c e d i n : PÎRÎ
RE'IS, Kitab-i Bahriye, intr. b y Haydar Alpagot & Fevzi Kurdoglu (Istanbul:
T u r k T a r i h i Arastirma K u r u m u Y a y i n l a n - Devlet Basimevi, 1935), a n d PÎRÎ
RE'IS, Kitab-i Bahriye, e d . Ε.Ζ. Ö k t e , 4 vols (Ankara: T h e Historical Research
F o u n d a t i o n - Istanbul Research Center, 1988).
11. See HÜSEYIN YURDAYDIN, "Kitâb-i B a h r i y y e ' n i n telifi m e s e l e s i , " Ankara
Üniversitesi
Dil ve Tarih - Cografya Fakültesi Dergisi 10 ( 1 9 5 2 ) : 143-6.
12. See THOMAS GOODRICH, " S u p p l e m e n t a l m a p s i n t h e Kitab-i B a h r i y e of
Piri Reis," Archivum
Ottomanicum
13 (1993/4): 117-41.
13- I n t h e c o p y London,
Nasser D. Khalili Collection
of Islamic
Arts,
MS. 718. T h i s c o p y is p u b l i s h e d i n SVAT SOUCEK, Piri Reis and
Turkish
mapmaking
after Columbus.
The Khalili Portolan Atlas ( L o n d o n : T h e N o u r
F o u n d a t i o n - A z i m o u t h E d i t i o n s - O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1992, 1 9 9 6 2 ) .
48
PiRi R E I S ' BOOK
ON
NAVIGATION
14. Copy of Walters Art Museum, Baltimore (MS. W. 658).
15. Copy of Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna (MS. 3609).
16. Copy of Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi Ktph., Istanbul (MS. B. 338).
17. A few charts of this copy are reproduced in KEMAL ÖZDEMIR, Piri Reis
(Istanbul: Baskent Ofset Kultur Yayinlan, 1994).
18. Reproduced in HANS-JOACHIM KISSLING, Der See-Atlas des Sejjid
(München: Rudolf Trofenik, 1966).
Nûh
19. See EVLIYÄ ÇELEBI Seyâhatnâmesi, vol. I (Dersa c adet: ikdam, 1314
[I896/7]), 548; EVLIYÄ ÇELEBI Seyâhatnâmesi,
Topkapi Sarayi Bagdat 304
yazmasinm transkripsiyonu
- Dizini, 1. kitap, éd. by Orhan S. Gökyay
(Istanbul: Yapi Kredi Yayinlan, 1996), 236.
20. See S. SOUCEK, "Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean," in HoC-2,
276-7.
21. See H.R. WAGNER, "The manuscript Atlases of B. Agnese," Papers of
the Bibliographical Society of America 25 (1931): 1-10922. See S. SOUCEK, "Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean," in HoC-2,
279-84.
23. Copy of Walters Art Museum, Baltimore (MS. W. 658).
24. See ORHAN S. GÖKYAY, Katib Çelebi, EI 2 ; ID., Kâtib Çelebî, ΙΑ, and
ID. et alii, Kâtip Çelebi - Hayati ve eserleri hakkinda incelemeler (Ankara:
Turk Tarih Kurumu, 1957).
25. For its fragmentary translation in Latin see HAGGI HALIFA (Kâtib
Çelebi), Gihân-Numâ Geographia Orientalis (pars secunda) ex Turcico in
Latinum versa a M. Norberg, 2 vols (Londoni Gothorum, 1818; reprinted
Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1973 )· The greater part of the first section
(Europe) was translated in German by JOSEPH von HAMMER, see Rumeli und
Bosna, geographisch beschrieben von Mustafa Ben Abdalla Hadschi Haifa,
aus dem Türkischen übersetzt von J. von Hammer (Wien: Kunst- und
Industrie-Comptoir, 1812).
26. See C. KOEMAN, "Turkse transkripties van de 17 eeuwse Nederlandse
atlassen," in Kartengeschichte
und Kartenbearbeitung.
Festschrift zum 80.
Geburtstag von W. Bonacker, herausgegeben durch Karl-Heinz Meine (Bad
Godesber: Kirschbaum Verlag, I968), 71-6.
27. See XIV-XVIII yüzyil portolan ve deniz haritalari, Istanbul Topkapi
Müzesi ve Venedik Correr Müzesi kolleksiyonlanndan/Portolani
e carte
nautiche XIV-XVIII secolo dalle collezioni del Museo Correr Venezia,
Museo del Topkapi-lstanbul
(Istanbul: Istituto Italiano di Cultura di
Istanbul, 1994), 146-55.
49