Classification 4: traditional, Psittaciformes to Piciformes pdf

Neognathae - the traditionally recognized orders
Gaviiformes - loons
Podicipediformes - grebes
Sphenisciformes - penguins
Procellariiformes – tubenoses: albatrosses, shearwaters (petrels), storm petrels, diving petrels
Pelecaniformes (polyphyletic) – totipalmate birds: pelicans, tropicbirds, gannets (boobies), darters (anhingas), cormorants,
frigatebirds
Ciconiiformes (polyphyletic) – storks, herons, ibises, shoebill, hammerkop, flamingos
Anseriformes – waterfowl: screamers, magpie goose, whistling ducks, ducks (swans, geese)
Falconiformes (polyphyletic) - diurnal birds-of-prey: New World vultures, hawks (eagles, buzzards,kites), falcons, osprey,
secretarybird
Galliformes – fowl: mound-builders, currasows, pheasants (turkeys, grouse, quail), guineafowl
Gruiformes (polyphyletic) – cranes, rails, bustards, seriemas, finfoots (sungrebe), sunbittern, kagu, mesites, button quail,
plains wanderer
Charadriiformes (polyphyletic) – shorebirds: sandpipers, seedsnipe, painted snipe, jaçanas, coursers and pratincoles, jaegers,
auks, gulls, thick-knees, plovers, stilts, oystercatchers, sheathbills, ibisbill, crab plover, sand grouse
Columbiformes – doves (pigeons), dodos
Psittaciformes – parrots
Cuculiformes (polyphyletic) – cuckoos, turacos, hoatzin
Strigiformes – owls, barn owls
Caprimulgiformes (para- or polyphyletic) – goatsuckers: frogmouths, potoos, nighthawks, owlet-nightjars, oilbirds
Apodiformes – crested swifts, swifts, hummingbirds
Coliiformes – mousebirds (colies)
Trogoniformes – trogons
Coraciiformes (probably polyphyletic) – kingfishers, todies, motmots, bee-eaters, rollers, cuckoo-roller, ground rollers,
hornbills, hoopoes, wood-hoopoes
Piciformes
Pici – woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, honeyguides
Galbulae – puffbirds, jacamars
Passeriformes – perching birds, ~ 60 families
Suboscines - mostly Southern Hemisphere except flycatchers
Oscines – songbirds, worldwide
Psittaciformes - parrots, parakeets, cockatoos, lories, etc.
Psittacidae - 317 species, pantropical-temperate, stocky, large head, powerful hooked bill with overbite,
lower mandible occludes with node of upper, lateral mandibular movement, gnaw and chew, fleshy tongue,
short legs and tarsi, zygodactyl, proficient climbers, some gregarious but maintain dominance hierarchies
in social groups, generally monogamous and travel in pairs even within flocks, nest in cavities, many brightly
Colored, structural blues, most sexually monomorphic, biparental care, some noted for mimicry and
cognitive abilities, most arboreal, one flightless
New World Parrots
African Parrots
Australasian Parrots
Cuculiformes
obligate or facultatively zygodactyl
Cuculidae - cuckoos, coucals, roadrunners 125 spp worldwide
Musophagidae - turacos and plaintain-eaters 18 spp Africa
Opisthocomidae - hoatzin 1 Sp So. America (Metaves)
(polyphyletic!)
Cuculidae - cuckoos, coucals, roadrunners, anis 125 spp worldwide, decurved bill, many with barred breast,
iridescent greens,long tapered tail, arboreal or terrestrial,generally weak fliers, some are nest parasites and
polygamous, anis nest cooperatively, some gregarious, most inconspicuous and secretive
more cuckoos
Musophagidae - turacos and allies 18 spp Africa,
arboreal, frugivorous, crested, short rounded wings, long tail,
zygodactyl to anisodactyl
turacos - colorful green and/or blue, crimson primaries, zygodactyl
Musophagidae - go-away birds and plaintain-eaters
drab plumage, facultatively zygodactyl or anisodactyl
Opisthocomidae - hoatzin 1 sp. So. America (Metaves)
bare face, crested, short rounded wings, long tail, facultatively zygodactyl, weak flight, arboreal,
folivorous, ruminant crop, smelly, gregarious, colonial, nestlings with functional manual claws,
biparental care, young fed by regurgitation, considered by many to be the most enigmatic of all
birds, thought by some to be Galliformes
Hoatzin at nest and displaying
Hoatzin nestlings
Strigiformes - nocturnal birds of prey
raptorial, binocular vision, facial disc, excellent hearing, feathered tarsi, facultatively zygodactyl
silent flight, swallow prey whole and regurgitate pellets of indigestible parts
Strigidae - owls 121 spp. worldwide
Tytonidae - barn owls 10 spp. worldwide
Strigidae - owls 121 spp. worldwide
very small to very large, tarsi relatively short, enormous eyes incapable of movement,
some with asymmetric skull, most with cryptic plumage, large rounded wings, long tail,
nest in cavities, biparental care
“eared” owls
“uneared” owls
Tytonidae - barn owls and bay owls 10 spp.
worldwide, tarsi relatively long, pectinate
claw digit III, not as visually specialized as
owls, plumage spotted, nests sheltered
(e.g., buildings), biparental care
the eyes of owls are immobilized because
the schlerotic ring is fixed to the skull
skull of barn owl
skull of owl
Caprimulgiformes - “goatsuckers”
large head, eyes, and gape, small feet, anisodactyl, cryptic plumage, nocturnal,
mostly insectivorous
Caprimulgidae - nighthawks 67 spp. nearly worldwide
Nyctibiidae - potoos 5 spp. Neotropics
Podargidae - frogmouths 12 spp. Australasia
Aegothelidae - owlet nightjars 8 spp. Australia
Steatornithidae - oilbird 1 sp. Neotropics
(Paraphyletic to Apodiformes!)
Caprimulgiformes
Caprimulgidae - nighthawks 67 spp. nearly worldwide, migratory
aerial insectivores, ristal bristles, long pointed wings, pectinate claw,
nest on bare ground, eggs spotted, biparental care, 1 sp. hibernates
sclerotic ring
Caprimulgiformes
Nyctibiidae - potoos 5 spp. Neotropical
Foests and mangroves, long tail, tomium notched,
perch vertically on tree, nonmigratory, nest on stump
Caprimulgiformes
Podargidae - frogmouths 12 spp.
Australasia
predatory, massive bill, owl-like,
binocular vision, slightly migratory
more frogmouths
Caprimulgiformes
Aegothelidae - owlet nightjars 8 spp. Australia
Small, filoplumes abundant on head, long tail, long tarsus, sharp claws, take insects in air
or on ground,nest in hollow tree, sister to Apodiformes, nonmigratory
Caprimulgiformes
Steatornithidae - oilbird 1 sp. Neotropical
moderately large, long wings, hooked parrot-like bill,
dietary specialists on palm fruit, colonial, nest in caves, echolocate,
nestlings obese hence the name, nonmigratory
Apodiformes
small, hypertrophied breast muscles, short arm,
very large hand and long primaries for powered flight
Hemiprocnidae - crested swifts 3 spp SE Asia
Apodidae - swifts 66 sp worldwide
Trochilidae - hummingbirds 319 spp (!) New World only
Apodiformes
Hemiprocnidae - crested swifts 3 spp SE Asia
crest, long forked tail, pamprodactyl,
aerial insectivores, echolocate, gregarious,
Biparental care but sexually dimorphic
Apodiformes
Apodidae - swifts 66 spp worldwide
aerial insectivores, large head, eyes, and gape,
cling to vertical surfaces, roost in caves or on cliffs,
Some enter torpor, stiffened rectrices, pamprodactyl
or facultatively so, large claws, Callocalia swiflets
echolocate, nest on vertical surfaces with nest made
either partially or entirely with saliva, mate on the
wing, some gregarious,biparental care, migratory
manus
Apodiformes
Trochilidae - hummingbirds 319 spp. New World
long bill, extendable tongue, iridescent plumage,
hovering flight (including backwards), primarily
Nectivorous but also insectivorous, biparental care
but female incubation, most sexually dimorphic,
mono- or polygamous,nest of spider webs and lichens,
migratory or nonmigratory, experience torpor
Skeleton of hummingbird (Ensifera swordbill)
manus
arm
carina sterni
hyoid bone
Coliiformes - colies or mousebirds
6 spp Africa, social and gregarious, proficient
climbers, creep through branches, short and direct
infrequent flight, facultatively pampro- zygoanisodactyl, often hang below branches by feet,
eat seeds, berries, fruit, crops
sleeping colies - viewed from above
Trogoniformes - trogons and quetzals 35 spp pantropical
broad bill, omnivorous, long tapered tail, cling to vertical surfaces, heterodactyl,
cavity nesters, sexually dichromatic, insectivorous or omnivorous (including
vertebrates and fruits)
Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus
Coraciiformes
large headed, large billed, anisodactyl or syndactyl, mostly arboreal, insectivorous
or predatory, cavity nesters, many characterized by blue structural colors, most sexually
monomorphic
Coraciidae - rollers 11 spp. Africa and Australasia
Alcedinidae - kingfishers 86 spp. worldwide
Meropidae - bee eaters 24 spp. Africa and Australasia
Todidae - todies 5 spp. Caribbean
Momotidae - motmots 8 spp. Neotropics
Brachypteraciidae - ground rollers 3 spp. Madagascar
Leptosomidae - Cuckoo-Roller 1 sp. Madagascar
Bucerotidae - hornbills 44 spp. Africa and Southeast Asia
Upupidae - Hoopoe 1 sp. Eurasia and Africa
Phoeniculidae - wood hoopoes 6 spp. Africa
(probably polyphyletic!)
Coraciiformes
Coraciidae - rollers 11 spp. Africa and Australasia
solitary, arboreal, named for elaborate courtship flight,
hawk insects in flight from bare branch or prey on
terrestrial vertebrates, nest in hollow trees or burrows,
biparental care, some migratory
Coraciiformes
Alcedinidae - kingfishers 86 spp. Worldwide
very large head and bill, rounded wings, small feet, syndactyl, solitary, arboreal, undulating
flight, plunge dive from hovering position, piscivorous or predatory, nest in hole in tree or bank,
biparental care, higher latitude species migratory, some dimorphic
Coraciiformes
Meropidae - bee eaters 24 spp. Africa and Australasia, nonmigratory, sexually dimorphic,
small, sharp slightly decurved bill, black eye stripe, elongate central rectrices, syndactyl, gregarious,
colonial, nest in burrows in bank, cooperative nesters, biparental care, arboreal, hawk insects in flight
Coraciiformes
Todidae - todies 5 spp. Greater Antilles of West Indies, nonmigratory, tiny, lethargic,
green above, white below, red throat, long flat bill, long tarsus, hawk insects in flight from perch
Coraciiformes
Momotidae - motmots 8 spp. Neotropical forests, nonmigratory
decurved serrated bill, black eye stripe, usually breast spot, raquette tail self talored and used
in display, solitary or in pairs, nest in burrow in bank, biparental care, mostly insectivorous
but also eat berries and reptiles
Coraciiformes
Brachypteraciidae - ground rollers 5 spp. Madagascar , nonmigratory
small, long tarsus, long tail, somewhat cryptic, terrestrial, crepuscular, hunt insects and
invertebrates on ground, nest in burrow
Coraciiformes (probably not really coraciiform)
Leptosomidae - Cuckoo-Roller 1 sp. Madagascar, forests,
large head, long wings and tail, short legs, facultatively
zygodactyl, powder downs, sexually dichromatic,
somewhat gregarious, feed in treetops on insects and lizards,
very poorly known
Coraciiformes “Bucerotiformes” and “Upupiformes”
Bucerotidae - hornbills 54 spp. Africa and Southeast Asia
Bucorvidae - ground hornbill 2 spp. Africa
Upupidae - Hoopoe 1 sp. Eurasia and Africa
Phoeniculidae - wood hoopoes 6 spp. Africa
Coraciiformes
Bucerotidae - (tree) hornbills 54 spp. Africa and Southeast Asia
medium to huge, black and white, large bill with casque, wings broad,
tail long, muscular and robust, skeleton highly pneumatized,
omnivorous, cavity nesters, female sealed with mud inside hollow tree
ground hornbills - 2 spp. Africa
large, terrestrial, predatory, gregarious
nonmigratory
Upupidae - Hoopoe 1 sp. Eurasia and Africa, some migratory
small, orange, black and white, crested, long bill,
mostly terrestrial but roost in trees, insectivorous, cavity nesters
Phoeniculidae - wood hoopoes
5 spp. Africa, small, dark shiny green,
long graduated tail, arboreal,
cling to vertivcal surfaces,
insectivorous, frugivorous, gregarious
gapers (elongated retroarticular of mandible),
cooperative nesters, nonmigratory
Rhinopomastidae - scimitar bills
2 spp. Africa
Piciformes - another group of zygodactyl birds
all cavity nesters
Suborder Pici
Indicatoridae - honeyguides 11 spp. Africa
Picidae - woodpeckers 209 spp. Worldwide except Australia
Megalaimidae - Asian barbets 26 spp. Asia
Lybiidae - African barbets 42 spp. Africa
Capitonidae New World barbets 14 spp. Neotropics
Ramphastidae - toucans 41 spp. Neotropics
Suborder Galbulae (possibly Coraciiformes)
Galbulidae - jacamars 15 spp. Neotropical
Bucconidae - puffbirds, 30 spp. So. America
Piciformes Suborder Galbulae
Bucconidae - puffbirds, nunbirds 30 spp. Neotropics
roller-like, small stout birds with large heads,
large roller- or kingfisher-like bill with hooked tip,
lethargic, hawk insects on wing or on ground,
nest in ground burrow, sexes alike, nonmigratory
Suborder Galbulae
Galbulidae - jacamars 15 spp. Neotropical, nonmigratory
Small, metallic green, long saber-like bill, diamond-shaped in
cross section, long tail
lethargic, hawk insects on wing,
nest in ground burrows
Suborder Pici
Indicatoridae - honeyguides 11 spp. Africa, 1 sp. Asia
small, gray, solitary, eat bee’s wax, nonmigratory
brood parasites on barbets and woodpeckers,
polygamous, sexually dichromatic
symbiotic relationship with honey badger and others
Suborder Pici
Picidae - woodpeckers 209 spp. Worldwide except Australia, Madagascar, New Zealand, many migratory
small to medium, chisel-like bill, spotted, barred, black and white, yellow, and red, many crested
stiffened rectrices, cling to vertical surfaces, most insectivorous, most sexually dichromatic, most arboreal
hyoid bone
Suborder Pici
traditional “Capitonidae” - barbets > 70 spp. (not including Ramphastidae) Pantropical
small stocky small, with thick bills, nostrils open upwards, notched tomium, loud garrish colors,
prominent rictal bristles, eat insects, fruit, buds, sit motionless for hours calling, nest in hole in
tree or river bank
Capitonidae and Ramphastidae - New World barbets and toucans
Lybiidae - African barbets
Megalaimidae - Asian barbets
Suborder Pici
Megalaimidae - Asian barbets 26 spp. Asia
Suborder Pici
Lybiidae - African barbets 42 spp. Africa
Suborder Pici
Capitonidae New World barbets 14 spp. Neotropics
Suborder Pici
Ramphastidae - toucans 41 spp. Neotropics, small to medium, black and white, yellow, and red,
enormous lightweight notched bill, feather-like tongue, nostrils open upwards, long tail, noisy,
eat fruit, insects, vertebrates,gregarious, arboreal, nest in hollow tree, sexes alike, altitudinal migration
Suborder Pici - Ramphastidae
araçaris
toucanets