Research, Attitudes and Alternatives Date Added

9/25/2015
Corporal Punishment: Attitudes,
Research, and Alternatives
Kelly Dauk, MD
Erin Frazier, MD
• We each bring our own
personal life experience
with this issue to the
table!
Debate over CP CNN
Link to video: https://youtu.be/-Z9DXaI3X-s
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Did you ever ride in the back of a truck or in a
car without a seat belt?
Did you sleep on your stomach as an infant?
Do you recall a time when everyone smoked in the
hospital or on airplanes?
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I-clicker Questions
1. Were you spanked as a
child?
A. YES
B. NO
2. Do you think spanking is
effective?
A. YES
B. NO
3. Was paddling permitted in
your school?
A. YES
B. NO
Who remembers this?
• What other words do
people use for
corporal/physical
punishment?
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Pop
Tap
Whup
Smack
Hit
Spank
• When you hit a
woman its called
assault………
Definition of Corporal Punishment
• The use of physical force with the
intention of causing the child to
experience bodily pain or discomfort so as
to correct or punish the child’s behavior
• Denotes the physical disciplining of
children in the schools and at homeincluding spanking, kneeling on painful
objects, washing mouths with soap,
pulling ears
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ØSpanking/hitting is not
teaching. The goal is to
stop behavior by
causing pain.
• Spanking and
hitting can
quickly lead to
abuse!!
• Teaches children to react
violently when upset
• Does not role model how
to handle conflict
resolution
• Does not teach resiliency
• Shaming
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• Discipline is a
teaching process, the
goal is to teach
appropriate behavior
and life skills
When is physical discipline likely to be used?
• Parents think it is effective
• Parents themselves were physically
disciplined
• Cultural background and religious reasons
• Socially disadvantaged
• Parents don’t know what else to do
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• Parents experiencing stress-jobs, marital issues
• Parents who report being frustrated or aggravated
with their children frequently
• Parents under 30
• Children age 2-5 year
• Misbehavior is
dangerous
Many people have religious or
fundamental beliefs that spanking is
appropriate discipline “spare the rod,
spoil the child”
Victor Vieth- “From Sticks to
Flowers”
• “Spare the rod spoil the child”
comes from proverbs (13:24) in the
old testament
• “Condemnation is ready for scoffers,
and flogging for the backs of fools”
(19:29)
• “On the lips of one who has
understanding wisdom is found, but
a rod is for the back of one who lacks
sense” (10:13)
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Why is physical punishment not effective?
• It doesn’t teach why the behavior is wrong or what
the alternative is
• Teaches children that they should behave a certain
way for fear of punishment instead of for the positive
reasons they should behave-what happens when
threat is gone
• Parents are less likely to follow through
-Models to children that it is
acceptable to use aggression to
get their way
-Causes children to be afraid of
parents-eroding the
relationship
-Teaches children to link
violence with a loving
relationship
How do you
change social
norms?
• Approval for using corporal punishment
• has declined gradually but steadily
• in the past 40 years
• In 1960 94% of parents favored
• In 1986 84%
• In 2004 71.3%
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Misconceptions
My “friend” posted
this on Facebook
“I spank my kid so he
wont shoot yours”
“I spank my child so he won’t shoot your child”
Research on Spanking- Murray
Strauss and Liz Gershoff
Link to video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEp5KQkvzbY
Research on Hitting Children
• Strauss MA 2000
• Commentary outlines the
need to stop CP as a means to
eliminate physical child abuse
• Discusses difficulties in
changing deeply imbedded
cultural norms
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Gersoff, ET 2002
• Gershoff, ET 2002
• Meta-analysis on corporal punishment –
88 studies in 62 years
• Less moral internalization of norms for
appropriate behavior and future
compliance
• More aggression and behavior problems
• Poor quality of parent-child relationship
Are children who receive corporal punishment better
behaved??
• -In a meta-analysis of 27
studies every study found
corporal punishment
caused more child
aggression
Gershoff, ET 2002
-Confirmed a strong
relationship between
corporal punishment and
physical abuse
-Only positive was behavior
is stopped in the short term
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Research on Hitting Children
• Taylor CA, et al. 2010
• The Fragile Families and Child
Well-Being study
• Frequent CP (>2 times per
month) at the age of 3 yrs. is
associated with increased
aggression at age 5 yrs.
Does corporal punishment cause mental
health issues?
• Afifi TO, et al. 2012
• Harsh physical punishment is
associated with mood and
anxiety disorders, substance
abuse and dependence, and
personality disorders
Research on Hitting Children
• Mackenzie, et al. 2013
• Demonstrated an
association between
spanking at age 5 yrs. and
higher levels of
externalizing behaviors
and lower child receptive
vocabulary at age 9 yrs.
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AAP bottom line – 1998, reaffirmed 2012
• “Because of the negative consequences of spanking
and because it has been demonstrated to be no more
effective than other approaches for managing
undesired behavior in children, the American
Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents be
encouraged and assisted in developing methods
other than spanking in response to undesired
behavior.”
National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners
• “Parents must be educated about harmful
effects of corporal punishment (CP) and
effective alternative forms of discipline for
home and school. NAPNAP believes it is
necessary to eliminate CP in the homes,
school and all other settings where
children are cared for and educated.”
http://www.jpedhc.org/article/S08915245(11)00228-8/pdf
American Psychological Association
Position Statement on Corporal Punishment
• Whereas it is evident that …….socialization can be achieved without the use of
physical violence against children…..
• Whereas corporal punishment….may create in the child the impression that he
or she is an "undesirable person"; and an impression that lowers self-esteem….
• Whereas research has shown that….the use of corporal punishment by adults
…is likely to train children to use physical violence to control behavior…..
• Whereas research has shown that……. (CP) is likely to instill hostility, rage, and
a sense of powerlessness without reducing the undesirable behavior;
• Therefore, be it resolved that the American Psychological
Association opposes the use of corporal punishment in schools,
juvenile facilities, child care nurseries, and all other
institutions, public or private, where children are cared for or
educated (Conger, 1975).
http://www.apa.org/about/policy/corporalpunishment.aspx
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United Methodist Church
Policy Statement on Corporal Punishment
• WHEREAS it is difficult to imagine Jesus of Nazareth condoning any action
that is intended to hurt children physically or psychologically,
• WHEREAS, the effectiveness of corporal punishment decreases with
subsequent use and therefore leads caretakers to hit children more severely,
• WHEREAS, children must eventually develop their own conscience and selfdiscipline, which are fostered by a home environment of love, respect, and
trust,
• THEREFORE, be it resolved, that The United Methodist Church encourages
its members to adopt discipline methods that do not include corporal
punishment of their children.
• And be it further resolved, that The United Methodist Church encourages
congregations to offer opportunities for dialogue and education on effective
discipline of children.
• Adopted 2004, Reaffirmed 2012
http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/disciplinechildren-without-corporal-punishment
American Medical Association
H-515.995 Corporal Punishment in Schools
The AMA (1) supports the abolition of corporal punishment in
schools; (2) encourages universities that train teachers to
emphasize alternative forms of discipline during their training; (3)
encourages physicians to work toward the abolition of corporal
punishment in their communities; and (4) encourages state medical
societies to support legislation prohibiting corporal punishment in
their state.(BOT Rep. AA, A-85; Reaffirmed CLRPD Rep. 2, I-95;
Reaffirmed: CSA Rep. 8, A-05; Modified: CSAPH Rep. 1, A-15)
https://www.ama-assn.org/ssl3/ecomm/PolicyFinderForm.pl?site=www.ama-assn.org&uri=/resources/html/PolicyFinder/policyfiles/HnE/H-515.995.HTM
National Association of School Psychologists
Position Statement of CP in Schools
The NASP “opposes the use of corporal punishment
in schools and supports ending its use in all schools.
Furthermore, NASP resolves to educate the public
about the effects of corporal punishment and
alternatives to its use, and to encourage research and
the dissemination of information about corporal
punishment’s effects and alternatives.”
http://www.nasponline.org/about_nasp/positio
npapers/corporalpunishment.pdf
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National Association of Secondary
School Principles
NASSP joins with the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, the National
Education Association, the National Association of Elementary School
Principals, the National Association of State Boards of Education, the American
Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People, the American Bar Association, and many
other groups calling for an end to this form of punishment.
NASSP believes that the practice of corporal
punishment in schools should be abolished and that
principals should use alternative forms of discipline.
http://www.principals.org/content.aspx?topic=47093
United Nations Rights of the Child- 1989
Unicef Fact SheetArticle 19
•
•
•
•
Protection from All Violence
Children have the right to be
protected from being hurt and
mistreated, physically or mentally.
Governments should ensure that
children are properly cared for and
protect them from violence, abuse
and neglect by their parents, or
anyone else who looks after them.
The Convention does not specify
what forms of punishment parents
should use. However any form of
discipline involving violence is
unacceptable.
http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf
International Perspective: Background on Hitting of
Children
• United Nation’s Convention on the Rights
of the Child (CRC) ratified by 193 states in
1989
• First international treaty regarding CHILD
physical, social, cultural, political and civil
rights
• 2 countries have not ratified
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• U.S. law largely in compliance with the
CRC provisions
• Exception: corporal punishment
• CRC calls for prohibition by law all forms
of corporal punishment
• 2006 UN Statement explicitly states CP
is a form of “legalized violence against
children”
• 46 countries illegal to use corporal
punishment
CP is illegal in 46 countries
https://www.google.com/search?q=countries+ba nning+corporal+punishme nt& rlz=1T4MXGB_enUS536US536&s ource=lnms&tbm=is ch&sa= X&ved=
0CAgQ_AUoAmoVChMIjP7HxMzTxwIVk7geCh0Y1AQY&biw=1821& bih=824&dpr= 0.75#imgrc=ijjtLujvv6ExWM%3A
Corporal Punishment Bans- Number of
Countries by Setting
Setting
Fully
Prohibited
NOT Fully
Prohibited
Home
46
152
Alternative Care
Settings
53
145
Day Care
53
145
Schools
126
72
Penal Institutions
135
63
Sentence for a
Crime
162
36
http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/assets/pdfs/legalitytables/Global%20progress%20table% 20(commitment).pdf
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I-clicker- KY State Laws Regarding CP
1. Is CP legal in KY child care
centers?
A. YES
B. NO
2. Is CP legal in KY foster care?
A. YES
B. NO
3. Is CP legal in group
homes/institutions?
A. YES
B. NO
I-clicker- KY State Laws Regarding CP
4. Is CP legal in KY juvenile
detention centers?
A. YES
B. NO
5. Is CP legal in KY schools?
A. YES
B. NO
The Board of Education Official Trailer
Link to video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHhUra7dCrs
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Where does corporal punishment fit?
Status of Corporal Punishment in the United States
19 States allow CP in Schools
http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/
08/05/corporal.punishment/
School Corporal Punishment Statistics
• CP received by 166,807
students in 2011-2012
• Disproportionate numbers of
minorities, boys, children with
disabilities
• U.S. Dept of Education Civil
Rights Data Collection
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School Corporal Punishment Statistics
By Gender
Boys
Girls
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/us0808/8.htm
School Corporal Punishment Statistics
Racial Disparities
Corporal Punishment
Population
Student Population
Caucasian
Caucasian
African
American
African
American
Hispanic or
Latino
Hispanic or
Latino
Other
Other
http://ocrdata.ed.gov/StateNationalEstimations
School Corporal Punishment Statistics
Special Education Disparity
Corporal Punishment
Population
Student Population
General
General
Special Ed
Special Ed
http://ocrdata.ed.gov/StateNationalEstimations
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What is KY state law?
KRS 161.180, 503.110
• Each teacher and administrator
shall “hold students to a strict
account for their conduct on
school premises”
• Force used is not “designed to
cause or known to create a
substantial risk of death,
serious physical injury,
disfigurement, extreme pain,
or extreme mental distress”
http://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx
Significant Geographic Variability in KY
http://theprincipal.blogspot.com/2007/07/to-spank-or-not-to-spank-parents.html
Hitting children in KY Public Schools
• KY law permits use of CP in
public schools
• Local boards of education
establish guidelines
• 1,581 incidences of CP occurred
in 42 school districts in 20092010
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Hitting Children in Kentucky Schools
• 1518 children across 42 counties received corporal punishment
in 2009-2010
• 823 children across 29 counties received corporal punishment in
2014
• Special education students account for 13% of student
population and 38% of students receiving cp
• 90% are male
• 64% are in Kindergarten-5th grade
• 81% involve low income students
or students on free or reduced lunches
• No hitting is allowed in child care centers, foster homes, group
homes, juvenile detention, or adult jail
http://kyyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Ending-Corporal-Punishment-in-Kentucky-Public-Schools.pdf
Hitting in KY Schools 2009-2010
Special Education Students
Corporal Punishment
Population
Student Population
General
Population
General
Population
Special Ed
Population
Special Ed
Population
http://kyyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Ending-Corporal-Punishment-in-Kentucky-Public-Schools.pdf
Hitting in KY Schools 2009-2010
By Gender
By Grade
Boys
K-5th
Girls
6-12th
http://kyyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Ending-Corporal-Punishment-in-Kentucky-Public-Schools.pdf
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Hitting in KY Schools 2009-2010
By Income
Free and
Reduced
Lunch
Regular
lunch
http://kyyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Ending-Corporal-Punishment-in-Kentucky-Public-Schools.pdf
http://www.wdrb.com/story/30012251/sunday-edition-paddling-still-allowed-in-kentucky-schools-a-fading-form-of-discipline
• West Liberty, KY couple sued Morgan County Middle School system in 2008
due to welts and a deep bruise found on their daughter with IQ 42
• Classified as physical abuse by Cabinet for Health and Family Services
• Circuit Court judge threw the case out, affirmed by KY Court of Appeals in
July- principal did not violate district policy and not enough evidence the
paddling was excessive
• Why?- “While it is unfortunate that bruising occurred, the fact that bruising
occurs in the administration of corporal punishment does not automatically
equate to a violation”
• Spokesperson for Morgan County Schools- “I don’t think we are convinced
CP yields the best results…..We have many other options we can use. We
have evolved into a mindset…of trying to educate and teach positive
behaviors.”
• Challenges for CP Schools: Liability, Increased insurance premiums
http://www.wdrb.com/story/30012251/sunday-edition-paddling-still-allowed
-in-kentucky-schools-a-fading-form-of-discipline
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Alternatives to Hitting in the Home
Translating Research into Practice
How do you talk to parents about
discipline?
What do you do for discipline?
How does it work for you?
How did it make you feel?
What other alternatives have you tried?
Discipline Foundations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Consistency
Follow through
Caregiver agreement
Eye contact/touch
Rescuing
Age appropriate
expectations
• Family meals
• Have fun
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Distraction/Redirection
• Works best for infants and toddlers who
are too young to reason with
• They often focus on one thing at a time
• If your child is playing with something he
shouldn’t-take it away and give him
something appropriate to play with or
move him to another location
Positive Attention
• Children love attention, sometimes negative behavior is to get
your attention
• Make sure you spend time reading and playing with your child
• “Catch them when they are being good”
Time out
• Goal is to give the child time too cool down and think about
their behavior
• Works best for children 2 and above
• Good for tantrums, arguing, hitting, throwing, or breaking
things
• A minute per year of child’s age
• Does not work if used to often
or last for too long
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Logical Outcomes
• Educate child that unwanted behaviors can cause negative
outcomes
• Best for older toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children
and teens
• Outcomes can not be something the child is ok with or that
the parents “saves” them
Reward Systems
• Create a chart listing wanted or unwanted behaviors
• Works best for preschool and young
school-age children
• Requires time and attention
for parents
• Decide how many checks or
stickers equals a reward
House Rules
• Goal is to agree on punishments and rules as a family
• Works best for school-age and teenage children
• Does not work if children
are not involved in setting
rules or if parents do not
follow through
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Alternatives to Hitting in Schools
NASSP Guiding Principles for Corporal Punishment
• NASSP supports the federal goal of violence-free
schools stated in Goals 2000: Educate America Act
(1994). Every school in the United States should be
free of drugs, violence, and the unauthorized presence
of firearms and alcohol.
• The fundamental need of U.S. education is to find ways
of engaging today's students in the excitement of
learning. Fear of pain or embarrassment has no place
in that process.
• Students have the right to learn in a safe and secure
environment.
http://www.principals.org/content.aspx?topic=47093
Alternatives to Hitting in Schools
NASSP Guiding Principles for Corporal Punishment
• Schools have a responsibility to model for and teach
our youth methods of exerting authority and
modifying behavior that are constructive, humane, and
provide opportunities for growth.
• Many proven means of discipline promote self-control
and the development of appropriate socially adaptive
behaviors in constructive, nonharmful ways.
• Discipline and corporal punishment are not
synonymous.
• Discipline should be applied consistently and fairly.
http://www.principals.org/content.aspx?topic=47093
NASSP Alternatives to Hitting in Schools
Professional development programs to address
the following:
• Early recognition of academic and behavioral
challenges and strengths to promote academic
success
• Adopt behavioral contracts between students,
teacher, and parents
• Positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior
• Individual and group counseling
http://www.principals.org/content.aspx?topic=47093
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NASSP Alternatives to Hitting in
Schools
• Encourage disciplinary consequences that are meaningful to
students and have an instructional or reflective component
• Provide social skills training
• Encourage programs that emphasize early diagnosis and
intervention for school problems for both students and staff
members
• Encourage programs that emphasize values, citizenship,
school pride, and personal responsibility and support the
mental health needs of children
• Encourage development of fair, reasonable and consistent
rules
• Support strong parent/school and community/school
communications and ties.
http://www.principals.org/content.aspx?topic=47093
KYCID offers professional development for
implementation of Positive Behavioral
Intervention and Supports (PBIS)
PBIS is a framework for assisting school
personnel with adopting and organizing
evidence-based behavior strategies to enhance
academic and social outcomes for all students
PBIS=SWPBS School-wide Positive Behavior
Supports
http://www.kycid.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64&Itemid=101
https://www.pbis.org/school/swpbis-for-beginners/pbis-faqs
KYCID offers training and materials free of charge to
districts completing a readiness checklist and
providing a team which attends a 2 hour overview and
meets quarterly; similar process for individual schools
Cost to district is in form of providing travel,
substitutes for team members, etc.
PBIS enhances academic success by eliminating
behavior as a barrier to learning
37 KY districts (over 400 schools) participating
http://www.kycid.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64&Itemid=101
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Drop in Office Discipline Referrals in PBIS Schools over 5
year:
Elementary
Middle School
High School
11%
14%
15%
Reduced Suspension Events:
Elementary
Middle School
High School
45%
7.1%
38%
http://www.kycid.org/
Novel Programs Working Toward Change
Novel Programs Working Toward Change
ACT Raising Safe Kids
Program
• Created by the American
Psychological Association- 8 week
program –parents learn normal
development, violent free homes,
teaches conflict resolution and
dealing with emotions
• University of Toledo-2 day training
course
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• Lucien Lombardo
and Karen PolonkoOld Dominion
sociology students
Dear Parents Images
• Stacie LeBlanc, J.D., M.Ed.- Executive Director
of New Orleans Children’s Advocacy Center
• Photos of individuals with summary
statements of corporal punishment research
studies using layman’s terms
• Target audiences are M.D. offices, faith
community leaders, parents
• Can be effective with use of local community
leaders, sports heroes, etc.
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Dear Parents
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Deferred Prosecution Child Abuse Initiative
• Dane County, Wisconsin
• Diversion program designed to
protect children and strengthen
families
• Caregivers who committed child
physical abuse in context of
excessive physical discipline
• Caregiver without charge in past 5
years and willingness to participate
• Attempt to reduce racial disparities
and have multi-generational impact
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“No Hit Zone” Beginning
• In 2005 Rainbow Babies introduced a
“ No Hit Zone” policy for their hospital
• Since then the similar programs have been spread
to other hospitals across the country
No Hit Zone Dilemmas
• Many healthcare workers have
encountered these situations without
clear guidelines of what to do
Policy
This is a “No Hit Zone”
A “No Hit Zone” is an environment in which no
adult shall hit another adult; no adult shall hit
a child; no child shall hit an adult; and no child
shall hit another child
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Goals
• Assist in lowering the frequency of
abusive or disruptive behaviors in
our hospital
• Assist in maintaining a safe and
caring atmosphere for patients,
families, and staff
• Educate faculty and staff on early warning
signs of stress and how to do
interventions
• Model distractions and help mold
expectations of behaviors of families
• Scenario based education
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Erin Frazier, M.D.
Medical Director
Children’s Hospital Foundation
Office of Child Advocacy
502-629-7358
[email protected]
Kelly Dauk, M.D.
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
University of Louisville
502-852-2706
[email protected]
Resources-Numbers and Links
• 1-800-CHILDREN-confidential help line for
support, encouragement, and information on local
resources
• Child help National Child Abuse Hotline 1800-4-ACHILD
• www.pcaky.org
• www.extension.umn.edu/ParentEducation/onlinet
ools.html
• www.cwla.org/positiveparenting/tipsdiscipline.ht
m
• www.healthychildren.org/English/familylife/family-dynamics/communicationdiscipline/pages/default.aspx
• www.helpstarthere.org/kids-families/healthypartenting
• www.circleofparents.org/parent_resources/inde
x.shtml
• www.extension.org/parenting
• www.aap.org/policy/re9740.html
• www.StopHitting.org
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Resources-Books
• Gershoff, E.T. (2008) Report on Physical Punishment in the United
States: What research Tells Us About Its Effects of Children.
Columbus, OH. Center for Effective Discipline.
• Ginsburg, K. (2015) Raising Kids to Thrive: Balancing Love with
Expectations and Protection With Trust. Elk Grove Village, IL.
American Academy of Pediatrics.
• Ginsburg, K. (2015) Building Resilience in Children and Teens:Giving
Kids Roots and Wings. Elk Grove Village, IL. American Academy of
Pediatrics.
• Phelan, T. (2010). 1-2-3 Magic: Effective Discipline for Children 2-12.
Parentmagic, Inc.
• Brown, J. (2008) What Angry Kids Need: Parenting Your Angry Child
Without Going Mad. Seattle Washington. Parenting Press.
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