Daulatabad Fort and Monuments therein

Minar)
Name of the Monument/ site : Daulatabad Fort and Monuments therein (e.g. Chand
Minar)
LOCATION :- The Daulatabad Fort is located at a distance of 16 km to the north-west of
the Aurangabad, via State Highway No. 16 and further on National Highway No.211on the
way to Ellora on Chalisgoan-Dhule route. There are regular state transport buses from
Aurangabad.
Common Name
Longitude &
Latitude
Village
Police Station
Taluka
District
Distance from
District
Headquarter
Daulatabad Fort and
Monuments therein
(e.g. Chand Minar)
Lat. 19°56'30.76"N
Long. 75°12'44.26"E
Daulatabad
Daulatabad
Aurangabad
Aurangabad
Daulatabad Fort
GOOGLE ROAD MAP
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CULTURAL INFORMATION :-
Daulatabad Fort is an impressive monument, dominating
the surrounding landscape when driving on the road from
Aurangabad to Ellora. The small stream locally known as river
Manpuri River drains the area, bounded on the north and east by
the Balaghat range of Sahyadri Hills. The fort looks down the
plains on the south and west. Daulatabad was founded by the
Yadavas of Deogiri (The Hill of Gods) in 11th century A.D. under
king Bhillama V, who led victorious campaigns against the
Hoysalas, Paramaras and Chalukyas of Kalyani. Subsequently
Yadava rulers retained their capital at Deogiri until A.D. 1296
when Ala-ud-din Khilji defeated Ramachandradeva, son of
Krishna and held sway over it by forcibly reducing
Ramachandradeva as his vassal. Later, MalikKafur led his
armies in A.D. 1306-07 and 1312 against the recalcitrant
Ramachandradeva and his son Shankardeva successively,
subdued them and killed the latter.
Malik Kafur placed
Harpaladeva on the throne who later declared his independence.
Daulatabad Fort View from north east
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Qutb-ud-dinMubarak Shah Khilji made a successful campaign
against Deogiri and annexed the same to the Delhi Sultanate.
Muhammad-bin-Tughluq, who succeeded the Khiljis at Delhi
renamed Deogiri as Daulatabad (“Abode of Wealth”) and got the
capital shifted from Delhi to Daulatabad in A.D. 1328. But for
various reasons he re-transferred his capital back to Delhi.
By quick succession of political events, the area was
wrestled from the Imperial authority and the Bahmani rulers
under Hasan Gangu extended his control over Daulatabad as
well. By 1499 the Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar not only
captured but also made Daulatabad as their capital in A.D. 1607.
The subsequent period witnessed a seriesof wars between the
DeccanSultans and the Mughals under Akbar and ShahJahan. In
1633 A.D. Daulatabad was finally captured after a prolonged
siege of four months. It was during this time Aurangzeb was
placed as viceroy of Deccan who led his campaigns against
Bijapur and Golconda from Daulatabad. For a short period
Daulatabad was under the control of the Marathas before the
Nizams of Hyderabad took control of it in 1724 A.D.
Built on a 200 meter high conical hill, Daulatabad was one
of the most powerful forts of the medieval Deccan. The defense
system consists of two moats and three encircling fortification
walls with lofty gates and bastions at regular intervals. The
entire fort complex together with all the fortification walls consists
of an area measuring approximately 94.83 hectares.
The fort was enlarged and structures were added
subsequently as the fort passed on from one hand to the other
and from one dynasty to another. Today the Daulatabad Fort,
besides the moat and fortification wall consists of structures like
stepped wells (baolis), kacheri (court) building, BharatMata
Temple (temple dedicated to Mother India), Hathi (Elephant)
tank, ChandMinar, AamKhas building (Hall of Public Audience),
Royal Hammam, ChiniMahal, RangMahal, Baradari on the hill
top, water cisterns, rock cut structure and Andheri (the Dark
Passage). The 10 unfinished rock cut caves formed to the south
of Rangmahal belong to the Yadava period. The vestiges
unearthed from time to time in the fort complex revealed the
existence of a multi-cultural religious activity at Daulatabad.
These consist of various sculptures of gods and goddesses of
Brahmanical pantheon, the Jaina tirthankaras, architectural
members of secular and non-secular character, canons, utensils
of copper, etc. The excavations carried out within the fort
complex between 2003 and 2007 have laid bare the lower city
complex consisting of main lanes and by-lanes bordered by
remnants of various structures of different dimensions.
Ambar Kot
The exterior most and wall surrounding the fort is popularly
known as Ambarkot. It is believed that Malik Ambar, the
Abyssinian Commander of Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar
constructed it to protect from the onslaughts of Mughals. This
fortification wall, enclosing an irregular oval area is about 14 km
Aam khas building
Kalakot gate
Inner view of Baradari
Baradari view from east
Daulatabad Fort, View from east
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long. The outermost wall of the fort consists of 45 bastions built
massively with their connecting curtain wall and nine principal
gates with flanking bastions and towers. The walls have been
built with stone and mortar locked up with a good breadth of
rammed earth between the outer and inner casings. The height
of the wall varies from 9 to 12 meters and has battlements with
circular towers at the angles. The bastions at irregular intervals
are generally semi-circular or octagonal in shape. Wall walks are
a regular feature and are constructed from bastion to bastions,
over gates and this is protected by high battlements. The town
wall is extremely strong, being built of huge blocks of stones.
The buildings in the Ambarkot area that have withstood the
ravages of time are Hammam and a couple of mosques.
Mahakot
The next unit of defense inside Ambarkot is Mahakot. The
defense management in Mahakot at every step creates
obstacles for the enemy making it impossible for him to enter.
The Mahakot defense was made complicated by construction of
four distinct lines of enclosure walls with innumerable silently
brooding bastions and ramparts which would have to be
scrambled before the main entrance could be reached. The
fortification walls were either built or added at different periods by
Yadavas, Khilajis, Tughlaqs, Bahamanis and the Nizamshahis.
The outer wall of the fort is 5 km in circumference consists of 54
small and big bastions of single, double and triple storeyed. The
average height of this wall is between 6 to 9 m and 2 to 3 m in
thickness. These walls however end on reaching the moat on the
north and south side of the fortress. The interior fortification wall
is followed by a succession of walls and gateways and
courtyards. The inner defensive wall was probably rebuilt during
the Tughlaq period encircling the expanded town. At the inner
side there are strong chambers that serve both as guardrooms
as well as stores for grain and ammunition. The thick timber
gates with iron studs and long spiked nails protect the entrances,
which have beautiful carved designs. Every single space
between the outermost and innermost gates is covered by
gunfire from all sides. The guns were well entrenched and
protected by battlements, made the encroacher completely
defenseless. Guardrooms in the courtyard display canons
belonging to different periods and dynasties. The area consists
of noteworthy monuments like the Hathi Tank, Bharat Mata
Mandir, Chand Minar and ruins of an extensive palace built by
Mughal rulers.
Saraswati Stepped-Well (Saraswati Bawdi)
It is a beautiful well located near main entry gate (30 X 30
X12 m) built of dressed stone blocks with a narrow flight of steps
leading to the water level. Water was supplied by pipelines, from
a reservoir, but now stores only seepage water. An inscription on
the outer wall of the tomb of Qattal Shahid refers to Ghiyasuddin
Tuglaq Shah, the Sultan of Gazi in the month of Shawwal 722
Hathi hauze
Gate of Daulatabad Fort
Bharat mata temple
Top view of Bharat Mata Temple
Baradari view from east
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(i.e. 1332 A.D.) by one Thakkar Nanak of Jagbir. The inscription
also records that the well was constructed for providing water to
the common people and mainly for public use.
Hathi Tank (Hathi Haud)
It is known as Hathi Tank (38 X 38 X6.6 m) because of its
gigantic shape. Malik Ambar, an expert in the water
management, made arrangements to construct this tank. There
are steps from the three sides of tank to reach the bottom only
gravitational force was used to bring water to this system. There
was a network of pipes to distribute the water wherever to
various parts of the city. The capacity of Hathi Hauz is estimated
at about 10,000 cubic m.
Bharat Mata Temple (Bharat Mata Mandir)
The Bharat Mata Temple (87 X 87m) is one of the oldest
and important structures. The structure is perfect specimen of
symmetry, giving an impression of a harmonious and welladorned structure. The structure follows the classic plan of a
mosque, with access from three sides, and buttress (pseudo
minarets) on the four corners. The open courtyard had the liwan
on western side, which houses the miharab and encircle a
colonnade spacious courtyard. The octagonal space in front of
the miharab is covered by a hemispherical dome of the corbelled
variety. The architectural remains used in construction of this
mosque clearly indicate that they are derived from temples of
Yadava period, circa 10th –11th, C.A.D. By reusing pillars,
brackets and capitals and stone debris of temples a mosque was
built during the reign of Qutubuddin Mubaraq Khilji (1318 A.D.)
known as Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque). Now the central rear
wall contains the statue of Bharat Mata, hence known by the
same name.
Chand Minar
It is a very good specimen of Persian art Sultan Al-ud-din
Bahamani (Ahamadshah-II). It was constructed in memory of his
victory over Gujarat, in 1435A.D. The minar is plain and simple
from outside. It is constructed by stone and decorated with
colored tiles, which are still found on the wall. This minar has
four floors having spiral stairs inside. Small windows are
provided at regular intervals for light and air ventilation. For every
floor there are 80 steps and 6 small windows. Every floor is
provided with circular chajja. The bottom side of the staircase is
the biggest and over it two other small staircases are present.
On the one side of the minar there is a mosque and on other
side there is a Nagar Khana. At the base 24 arched shaped
chamber evident with extremely austere architecture without any
decoration motifs.
Chand Minar
Chini Mahal
Views of rock-cut ditch (khai)
Kacheri
It is a double storeyed building (15.84 X 12.80 m),
constructed in true arch style. The central hall of the palace has
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a huge dome ceiling internally decorated with diamond cut
polished stucco moldings. The central chamber has arcades on
both side with similar diamond cut mounding and a flight of steps
leading to the roof of the pavilion. The roof is flat and octagonal
in shape. In front of the palace is an expansive courtyard very
well planned and designed replete with medieval feature adopted
for environmental, structural and decorative harmony.
Royal Bath (Hammam):The Hammam situated within the Mahakot area, was
constructed during Tughlaq period for an affluent class of
society. Though it is in fair state of preservation, the
arrangements meant for heating water have totally disappeared.
The entire structure is excellently built of stone and lime-mortar
and the rooms are decorated with stucco plaster and paintings. It
is plain and simple outside, but internally they are extremely
comfortable, attractive and soothing. Separate baths were
provided for ladies and gents. The hammam stands within the
courtyard, enclosed by arcaded walls. The complex has a
labyrinth of chambers, cells and compartments. It has a domed
ceiling with a round bow at the apex to allow light to sink in and
discharge bad air. The chambers were used for massage, hot
water bath, caldarium hot room (steam-bath) and bathtub, and
also the requisite menial services needed for these. The water
was connected from one room to another by earthen pipes
through channels. Each chamber was planned and designed
very carefully, with well-laid tanks, water channels, pipes,
ventilators.
Kalakot
The Kalakot is situated immediately at the foot of the hill. It
encompasses rectangular area and encompasses within itself a
huge palace complex built by the Ahmednagar rulers. Different
kinds of techniques were used keeping in view the need for
defense. The peculiarity of this complex is the provision of deep
rock cut moat, strong thick fortifications having bastions, zigzag
gateways, wide wall walked with battlements, and the strategic
position of gun-turrets. On the western side lies the deep rockcut moat that encircles the conical hill while the rest of the three
sides are protected by a double line of fortification fronted with a
broad dry moat and a glacis. The entire walls and bastions
provide the best example of military engineering skills. There are
at least 5-6 zigzag gateways within a short distance with
recesses for storage of ammunition making access to this area
quite difficult. The gateways are so powerful that all the strength
and military strategy fails to break open the gates. On the curtain
walls of Daulatabad, there is a wide walkway, which runs all
around from bastion to bastion. The walkways are 1 to 1.50 m
wide and served as a sound defence strategy to shoot arrows
through crenels between the merlons, through the loopholes and
also machicolations. Gun-turrets strategically located at
important places are large and great in height with provision for
mounting big guns which cover not only the Mahakot but also
Gateway of the Andheri
Baradari
Views of rock-cut ditch (khai)
Mendha canan
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Ambarkot and the area much beyond.
Chini Mahal
This is a double storeyed building and known as Chini
Mahal (5 X 5.80 X 10 m) because it was once inlaid with blue
and yellow enameled, tiles. The palace is in good shape of
preservation. The upper floor is well ventilated and has two
chambers, which can be reached through flight of steps. The
palace played a very important role in the political history of
Deccan. Abdul Hasan Tanashah (1687-1700 A.D.) the last and
powerful ruler of the Golkonda was confined in the palace and
imprisoned by Aurangazeb after the defeat of Golkonda. Abdul
Hasan Tanashah was imprisoned here till his death (1687-1700
A.D.) in 1700 A.D.
Rang Mahal
Rang Mahal is the only exclusive example of carved
wooden work in Dulatabad fort. It is located to the south of
Mendha tope in an enclosure wall. The entrance to the mahal
has a huge arched doorway decorated with floral motifs and
medallions. The building is rectangular on plan (24 m x 15 m)
having six chambers interconnected provided with a spacious in
the front. The two inner corner chambers on the southeast and
northwest have an upper storey and remains of corbelled conical
roof can be seen. The main arch opens into a central hall which
is connected to the other chambers through arched openings
and jharokha windows above. The arches are decorated with
stucco work in the form of ornate medallions, floral and
geometric designs. The walls were built with random rubble
masonry and encased by dressed basalt stone. Lime plaster was
applied over the surface and was probably painted. The roof was
constructed with wooden beams, rafters and topped by lime
concrete. The roof was supported by was supported by wooden
pillars with brackets. The pillars and pilasters are beautifully
carved with miniature pillar motifs and brackets with stylized
floral motifs. The simple woodwork used in combination with
stone and stucco work gives the structure its royal grandeur.
Though no inscription has been found, on the basis of
architecture the building can be dated to circa 18th century A.D.
Moat (Khandak):The Moat is very deep and wide and was excavated out of
the living rock. It is so steep that it is almost impossible to cross it
not only for the human beings but also for the reptiles. The moat
was also inaccessible through wading because of aquatic
animals and the cross wall within the ditch, which works as a
barricade for a swimmer. A very plain plateau surrounds the
moat, so it is impossible for enemy to hide himself and reach the
base of the fort without being noticed. Originally the moat was
crossed by a drawbridge, which was taken up at night. Later in
1874, a masonry bridge was constructed during Nizam of
Hydarabad on the orders of Sir SalarJung. This bridge was the
Details of canon
Canon
Daulatabad Fort View from north east
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only entrance to the main fort. The depth of water in the moat
was under control and in time of siege, the portion of the moat
including the bridge could be flooded and to render the bridge
unpassable. The present iron bridge is newly constructed in
1952 for the convenience of tourists.
Dark Passage (Andheri):The only entrance to citadel is through a devious tunnel,
which in times of siege was rendered unpassable. This subterrain passage is indeed mysterious and in spite of several
individuals’ attempts, all its mysteries are not known. The long
ascending tunnel rises rapidly and tortuously by flight of steps,
which are uneven in width and height, difficult for climbs in the
absence of light. The labyrinth arrangements and the darkness
allow the enemy army to kill themselves. A long tunnel
containing numerous chambers cut out of the solid rock, were
used in the olden times as guards rooms and store houses. The
turns and twists opens out on a rough window, now covered with
grills, originally was a trap set for enemy intruders, which ended
in the ditch. The tunnel was unpassable when the great
obstacles come in the form of darkness, inlaid iron spins, barrier
of smokes and splash of hot oil and water from above.
Baradari
The white octagonal building situated at the top portion of
the hill is known as Baradari, because of its twelve arches.
Adjoining the Baradari is a square courtyard with open verandah
and galleries all around. The building was the favorite summer
residence of Emperor Shah Jahan and his son Alamgir
Aurangzeb. It was constructed at the instance of Shah Jahan in
Hijari 1010(1636 A.D). The double storeyed building is
symmetrical in style and constructed in black chiseled basalt
stones of uniform size. The courtyard has two octagonal
chambers on either side of uniform size. Each octagon has three
open arches, which are pointed and supported by masonry
pillars of quadrangular shape. The roof of the galleries is dome
shaped.
Cannons at Daulatabad Fort
A large number of cannons are found at Daulatabad Fort,
some in their original places like bastions on fort walls and
circular towers while others were collected from various locations
and displayed in the courtyard near the entrance gate and near
Aam Khas gate. These cannons range from large to heavy guns
to medium howitzers and handguns. These cannons are made of
either bronze or iron-both wrought and cast. The cannons
displayed near the entrance gate of the fort, represent many
varieties of guns. The iron cannon placed in a left side cell is
1.82 m long with bore of 7 cm diameter. A bronze cannon placed
near the second entry gate is 3.15 m in length and has a 12 cm
dia. bore. This is one of the most ornate cannons depicted with
leaf design on its muzzle, a rope design covering the rings and
Aam khas building
Kalakot gate
Inner view of Baradari
Baradari view from east
Daulatabad Fort View from north east
Aam khas building
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cascabel portion portrays a tiger holding a hunted deer in its
mouth. Besides bronze cannons, there are smaller guns and
mortars made of iron with varying length from 90 cm to 2.90 m.
Among the various dynasties ruling Daulatabad, Mughals
and Marathas were leading in promoting artillery. The
Mendhatope (Ram Cannon) originally known as Qila Shikan
(Breaker of Forts) is placed on an elevated circular platform
(16.30 m in dia.) located between Chini Mahal and Rang Mahal.
The cascabel is in the form of a ram, and hence the name
“Mendha Tope” gained prominence. This cannon belongs to
Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb (1658 – 1707 A.D.) as revealed by
the inscription near the muzzle, which reads as Abul Zafar
Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir Badshah
Gazi. Three other inscriptions are noticed on the cannon. The
inscription on the muzzle states, “With God’s help victory is near”
and “all believers are in God’s protection”. The third inscription
gives the name, “Tope Qila Shikan” (Breaker of Forts), while the
fourth inscription informs that Muhammad Hussain Arab
manufactured the cannon. Another inscription, partly covered
with a plate, on the base provides information on the weight of
the gunpowder and shot used for the cannon. Cast in bronze the
cannon measures 5.30 m in length. The calibre of the cannon is
20 cm, which can easily hurl a heavy shot. A pivot is provided at
the centre of the platform, which once held the cannon to enable
its rotation in any desired direction.
Dara Shukoh’s cannon is placed near Aam Khas is a typical
of composite cannon from Mughal period. There are three
inscriptions in Persian, bearing the title of Dara Shukoh, elder
son of Shahajahan and brother of Aurangzeb, name of the
manufacturer Muhhmad Husaain and hijari era 1038. Durga tope
(Durga cannon) is located at the highest point of the Daulatabad
fort. The cannon is placed on a large platform to target the
approaching enemy in open plains and also the surrounding
mountain ranges. It is 5.80 m long bronze cannon with varying
thickness from 48 to 42 cm and 18 cm calibre. The name Durga
is inscribed on the cannon in devanagari script. Dualatabad fort
was never under any European power but large quantity of
artillery seems to have been purchased from British, Dutch and
Portuguese. Cannon placed in front of Aam Khas Gate is
imported piece of artillery from Netherlands. It was cast in bronze
in 1642 A.D. as indicated by an inscription on the breech at
Amsterdam. A flag hanging in a ring is shown here in relief
bearing typical mark of Dutch United East India Company,
Vereeindge Oost Indische Compaigni VOC.
Daulatabad Fort It also played an important role in the
religious history of medieval India. The Yadavas, Hindu rulers
patronized Jainism on a large scale. It is also important in
Religious point of view that from here the Sufism spread in
Deccan. It is here that the famous medieval saint Jannardhana
Swami – the Guru of saint Ekanath attended Samadhi on the top
of the hill.
Kalakot gate
Inner view of Baradari
Baradari view from east
Daulatabad Fort, View from east
Hathi hauze
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PROTECTION STATUS :No. LXXI of AHMASR (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951 dated 28th
Nofitication No
November, 1951
New Classification
Category A
World Heritage Sites and those monuments which have been included in the
Tentative list of World Heritage sites
Category B
Ticketed Monument
Category D
Monument located in densely populated rural areas and most sensitive from
construction activity point of view
Status
Non living
GOOGLE DEMARCATION :
Google earth images demarcated with protected, prohibited and regulated areas
Under section of 20 A and B of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and
Validation ) Act 2010 areas up to 100 meters from the Protected limits and further beyond it up to 200 meters
near or adjoining protected monuments to be prohibited and regulated areas respectively for purposes of both
mining operation and construction whoever violate these provisions shall be punishable with imprisonment
which may extends to two years or with fine up to Rs. 1,00,000 (Rupees One lakh ) or with both, under
section 30 A and 30 B
10
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TOURIST INFORMATION :Opening and
Closing Days and
Timing
Ticketes / Recipts
Other charges
Everyday
Sunrise to Sunset
Admission Tickets for Indian Citizen (per head)
` 5/-
Admission Tickets for SAARC & BIMSTEC countries
Citizen (per head for citizen in Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,
Sri-Lanka, Afghanistan, Maldives, Pakistan, Thailand,
Myanmar – as per gazette of India No 100 dated 5th March
2008)
` . 5/-
Admission Tickets for Foreigners (per head)
` 100/-
Video filming charges (per day )
For exterior use only
Below 15 years free admission
` 25/-
Filming • Filming of protected monument is allowed only on payment of `
5000/- per day per monument in the form of demand draft from
a nationalized bank in favour of “Superintending Archaeologist,
Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad Circle,
Aurangabad “payable at Aurangabad. If you are interested in
the proposal, you may intimate this office regarding the date of
filming and submit Rs. 5000/-per day for each monument along
with duly completed application in Form IX
• For filming operation, an amount of ` 10,000/- towards
“Security deposit “ in the Post office saving account at GPO,
Aurangabad after obtaining authorization letter from this office.
The security deposit may also be submitted in the form of
demand draft of nationalized bank in favor of “Superintending
Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad
Circle “payable at Aurangabad. The security deposit will be
released and returned if no damage is caused to the monument
during filming operation. A no damage certificate from the local
monument in charge and a VHS cassette of filming operation is
required for release of security deposit.
11
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Tourist Facilities
Ticketed booking counters
Parking
Toilets
Portable drinking water facilities
Cafeteria and souvenir shops
Sales counters
Visitors movement plan
Dust bins
Clock rooms
Entrance plazas
Resting areas
Pathways
Approach roads
Signage’s
Free literature (e.g. pamphlets )
Facilities for differently abled
Available
Available
Under Construction
Available
No
Available
Under preparation
Available
No
No
Available
Available
Available
Yes
Yes
No
Tourist Flow & Revenue statements :
Visitors & Revenue statements for the period of April 2005 to August 2011 for Daulatabad Fort
Indian
Foreign
In Indian currency
In Foreign
Foreign
Total
visitors
visitors
currency
Exchange
Revenue
in
Financial year
From Indian
From
Visitors
Foreign US Dollar Collection Indian currency
(against
Visitors
Col.E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(C+D+F)=G
April 2005 to
March 2006
267686
5782
1338430
290900
5746
249930
1879260
April 2006 to
March 2007
266880
5216
1334400
204400
6344
277338
1816138
April 2007 to
March 2008
326594
6325
1632970
305000
6550
256065
2194035
April 2008 to
March 2009
428722
6658
2143610
665800
----
----
2809410
April 2009 to
March 2010
84253
682
421265
68200
----
----
489465
----
----
----
----
April 2010 to
March 2011
April 2011 to
August-2011
572480
232324
9087
2141
2862400
1161620
908700
214100
3771100
1375720
12
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Do & Don’t
•
•
•
•
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The visitors are requested not to touch the surface of the monument or go very
near to them.
Smoking, spitting and throwing garbage within the monument and premises is
strictly prohibited.
Photography with stand and flash light is not allowed in the monument.
Without the permission of Director General Video filming inside the monument is
not allowed.
Cousens Henry ., Mediaeval temples of the Dakhan .,Mrs. Rani Kapoor ,
Cosmo Publications, 24, B, Ansari road , New Delhi 110002 ., (1985)
Page No.: - 1-2
Hyderabad- a guide to Art and Architecture. Publication Division, Ministry
of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Page No.: - 3 , & 35
Naravane M. S., Forts of Maharashtra ., S. B. Nangia, for APH Publishing
Corporation 5 , Ansari Road , Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110002 (1995)
Page No.: - 236
Edited by Government of Maharashtra,, Maharashtra State Gazetteers
(Government of Maharashtra)
– AURANGABAD District (Revised
Edition )., Bombay, Gazetteers Department Government of Maharashtra
(1977)
Page No.: - 964-969
Kamalapur J.N., The Deccan Forts. G.R.Bhatkal, for Popular Book Depot ,
Larnington Road, Bombay 7 (1961)
Page No.: - 17, 101, & 106-110 Figure No XVII
Edited by Sherwani H. K. & Joshi P. M ., History of Medieval Deccan
(1295-1724) Vol. I Under the Authority of the Government of Andhra Pradesh
(1974)
Page No.: - 7-8 , 36-37 & 42-55
Edited by Yazdani G., The early History of the Deccan , Part I-VI.,
Authority of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, by the Oxford University
Press, London, Bombay, New york.(1960)
Page No.: Edited by Yazdani G., The early History of the Deccan , Part VII-XI.,
Authority of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, by the Oxford University
Press, London, Bombay, New york.(1960)
Page No.: Ghosh A., An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology Vol. II Munshiram
Mahoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Post Box 5715, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi
110055 (1989)
Page No.: Edited by Sherwani H.K., STUDIES IN INDIAN CULTURE (Dr. Ghulam
Yazdani Commemoration Volume) ., Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental
Research Institute, Hyderabad, A.P. (1966)
Page No :- 77-83
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