Chondwade Bk Village, Maharashtra - CTARA

Field Work Report (TD 609)
On
Chondwade Bk Village, Maharashtra
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the Degree of
M.Tech. in Technology & Development
by
Vidya Sanap
(Roll No: 153354001)
Sneha Swami
(Roll No: 153350025)
Under the Guidance of
Prof. S.B.Agnihotri
Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Powai, Mumbai – 400076.
August 2016
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Field stay report titled ‘Chondwade Bk Village, Maharashtra’ prepared by Sneha Swami and Vidya Sanap is
approved for submission at Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), IIT Bombay, Powai
August 2016
Signature of Guide
Prof. Satish Agnihotri
CTARA, IIT Bombay
DECLARATION
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where others' ideas or words have been included,
we have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. We
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from
the sources, which have thus not been properly cited, or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.
Vidya Sanap
(153354001)
Sneha Swami
(153350025)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have utmost gratitude for the people of Chondwade Bk, who have shaped this entire study into a memorable experience. Special
thanks to Nana Pawara and his family members for hosting us. We would also like to extend our heartfelt thanks to Patil Kaka,
Dhirsing Kaka, Khema sir for their immense help during secondary data collection and PRA activities in village.
We are also thankful to entire BAIF-Dhadgaon and Shahada team for their constant help and support they have provided during our
field visits. We are deeply indebted to our Guide Prof. S.B Agnihotri for his encouraging words during times of need and valuable
guidance. We would like to thank Dr. Alaka Kulkarni and Dr. Malvika Kulkarni, Shabri Seva Samiti NGO Head Mr. Pramod
Karandikar sir for giving us opportunity to study malnutrition programs run by them in Shahada.
Report Approval for M. Tech TD609 Field Work
This is to certify that report ‘Chondwade village profile and Directed research’ submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
of the degree of ‘Master of Technology in Technology and Development of the IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400 076 is a record of bonafide
work carried out by Sneha Swami (Roll No. 153350025) and Vidya Sanap (Roll No. 153354001) our supervision and guidance.
19th August 2016
Prof. Anand B. Rao
Prof. Milind Sohani
(TD609 Coordinator)
Head CTARA
v
Abstract
About 69% population of India lives in villages (Census, 2011). Due to the presence of such a huge population at bottom level of
pyramid, all the development activities and technological interventions must start from here. The pre- requisite for any such activities
and interventions is to understand the needs and requirements of the village. The aim of this 9- weeks study is to understand the
dynamics within the village and assess their needs.
The main aim of the field stay was to observe study and understand the village ecosystem and the camaraderie of the closely knitted
systems that coexists there. This was done in a structured form through the help of various survey forms and PRA Techniques
prescribed by CTARA Dept. like Household survey, Water Resources Survey, Health Survey, Livelihood Survey etc. to name few.
Chondwade Bk was a typical tribal village with 10 padas (hamlets) located in Dhadgaon Tehsil under Nandurbar district,
Maharashtra. To carry out our study, we had to closely intermingle with the villagers and also concern with the Gram Panchayat and
the Govt. Authorities like Gramsevak, Talathi, and Agriculture Officers etc. It was an enlightening experience to get a close encounter
with the systems that operates the village especially the Govt. Officers. During our endeavor, we experienced various issues in the
village with their impacts and realized the difference between the perceived needs and actual needs of the villagers.
We stayed with a tribal family for 9 weeks and thus closely experienced their culture, traditions and lifestyle. We were amazed with
the humility and dedication of all the family members to the work and were inspired a lot. We were also overwhelmed with the care
and hospitality of the family.
Directed research involved study of Energy scenario of village, Cluster Facilitation Program of MGNREGA and BAIF WADI
program, Malnutrition. We have gone through literature regarding these topics to get better understanding of topic. Various survey and
interviews were conducted to study these topics.
vi
List of Figures
Figure 1: Age wise population analysis of village ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Education status of GP and village.............................................................................................................................................. 4
Figure 3: Education status male and female from Household survey ........................................................................................................ 4
Figure 4: Base map of the village ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 5: Status of use of toilets in village ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 6: Dependency on Agriculture from survey results ......................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 7: Land utilization in village............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 8: Type of framers in village ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 9: Status of source of water for agriculture ................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 10: Average income from agriculture from survey results ............................................................................................................ 10
Figure 11: Number of families having mango trees ................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 12: Number of families having Charoli trees ................................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 13: Number of Cattles with household .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 14: Number of animals with household......................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 15: Social map of village ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 16: Resource map of village .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 17: Seasonality............................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 18: Time line of village ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 19: Problem ranking ...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 20: Venn diagram .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure21: Transect walk ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 22: Electric amenities with family ................................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 23: Education status in village ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 24: Literacy male and female ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 25: Ashram School, Mandavi ........................................................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 26: Digital Anganwadi .................................................................................................................................................................. 25
vii
Figure 27: No of children per family from household survey .................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 28: Livelihood activities for people above 18 years old................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 29: Land utilization in village........................................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 30: Seed treatment training by TATA Sini to farmers. ................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 31: Kangi for storing grains. .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 32: Migration pattern in GP ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 33: Demand for employment in GP............................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 34: No of days people worked on NREGA from household survey ............................................................................................. 34
Figure 35: NREGA work requirement pattern in grampanchayat ............................................................................................................ 34
Figure 36: NREGA asset flushed off in first rain ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 37: Bunds with local stones constructed under NREGA............................................................................................................... 52
Figure 38: Migration rate in village .......................................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 39: Period of migration and its frequency in village ..................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 40: People below 18 years age worked on NREGA...................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 41: WADI owned by one of the beneficiary ................................................................................................................................. 55
Figure 42: Income of WADI beneficiaries in 2016 .................................................................................................................................. 56
Figure 43: Income of WADI beneficiaries in 2016 .................................................................................................................................. 56
Figure 44: Financial details of Govt horticulture plantation scheme under NREGA ............................................................................... 57
Figure 45: Traditional chulha used in village ........................................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 46: Installation of twisted tapes ..................................................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 47: Electricity bill .......................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 48: Billing efficiency in Dhadgaon ............................................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 49: Amchur Preparation ................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Figure 50: Bamboo based solar dryer ....................................................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 51: News related to Amchur processing in Dhadgaon .................................................................................................................. 68
viii
List of Tables
Table 1: Comparative Analysis of census 2001 and 2011 data for village ................................................................................................. 7
Table 2: Comparison between Nandurbar and Chondwade Bk village using census 2011 data ................................................................ 7
Table 3: Overview of village population from household survey .............................................................................................................. 8
Table 4: Income distribution among villagers from survey results .......................................................................................................... 11
Table 5: Consumption pattern for cooking energy fuel ............................................................................................................................ 20
Table 6: Electricity consumption for agriculture ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 7: Utilization of electricity for various activities ............................................................................................................................ 21
Table 8: Usage of electrical appliances in village .................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 9: Energy usage for transportation .................................................................................................................................................. 22
Table 10: Education pattern of village ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
Table 11: Literacy rate of Male and Female ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Table 12: Infrastructure and Human resource in PHC.............................................................................................................................. 26
Table 13: Disease findings from household survey .................................................................................................................................. 26
Table 14: List for various material uses for addiction with their rates ..................................................................................................... 27
Table 15: Distance of hamlets from the start line of village ..................................................................................................................... 27
Table 16: No of different types of vehicles used in village ...................................................................................................................... 28
Table 17: PDS Distribution per month ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Table 18: NREGA Job card details of village .......................................................................................................................................... 33
Table 19: Type of NREGA works sanctioned for village in year 2015-16 .............................................................................................. 34
Table 20: NREGA overview of GP .......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 21: Malnutrition status of Nandurbar district ................................................................................................................................. 46
Table 22: Malnourished children count of village .................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 23: CFT meetings conducted in village .......................................................................................................................................... 52
Table 24: WADI beneficiaries’ income details ........................................................................................................................................ 56
Table 25: Financial support provided by BAIF for WADI....................................................................................................................... 56
Table 26: Comparison between BAIF WADI and NREGA Horticulture plantation scheme .................................................................. 58
Table 27: Twisted tapes before and after results ...................................................................................................................................... 60
ix
Table 28: Electricity data of Dhadgaon block .......................................................................................................................................... 63
Table 29: Uses of alternatives energy sources for lighting ....................................................................................................................... 64
Table 30: 3 tier study of energy inequality ............................................................................................................................................... 67
Table 31: List of activities performed in WADI and respective man days for every year ....................................................................... 74
Table 32: Analysis of record of patients treated in Kulkarni hospital ...................................................................................................... 76
x
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Objective of study ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Structure of report ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2. Village profile ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction to Gram Panchayat and village .................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Demographics of village ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Base map ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Geographical setting ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Climate .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.6 Culture............................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Secondary data analysis .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Sampling strategy.............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
3.3 Primary data analysis ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.3.1. Water and Sanitation facilities .................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.3.2. Livelihood Analysis .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.4 PRA tools ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
3.4.1 Social map................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
11
3.4.2 Resource map ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.4.3 Seasonality ............................................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4.4 Timeline ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4.5 Focused group discussion ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.4.6 Venn diagram ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.7TransectWalk ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18
4. Sectoral analysis.................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Energy ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
4.1.1 Cooking energy scenario.............................................................................................................................................................. 20
4.1.2 Street light ................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
4.1.3 Supply for irrigation facility .................................................................................................................................................... 20
4.1.4 Household electricity scenario ................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.5 Energy for transportation ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2
Education .................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.3
Public Health .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.4
Road and public transport .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.5
Agriculture ................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
4.5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
4.5.2 Type of Land and Rain fall ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.5.3 Type of Crops .......................................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.6
Food security .............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
4.6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
12
4.6.2. Food Consumption Pattern ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.6.3 Food schemes ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31
5. Scheme analysis .................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.1 MGNREGA .................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
5.1.2 Need of scheme in Village ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.1.3. Present Status in Village ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
5.1.4. Field Observation .................................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.2 PDS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
5.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 37
5.2.2 PDS in village .......................................................................................................................................................................... 38
6. My leanings ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
6.1 Vidya ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
6.2 Sneha ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
7. Directed research .................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
7.1 Malnutrition .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
7.1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 46
7.1.2 Key Field Observations............................................................................................................................................................ 47
7.1.3 Proposed program .................................................................................................................................................................... 48
7.2 CFT ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
7.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 51
7.2.2 Objectives of Study .................................................................................................................................................................. 51
13
7.2.3 Field Observation ..................................................................................................................................................................... 51
7.2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................... 53
7.3 WADI.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
7.3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 53
7.3.2 Objectives of Study .................................................................................................................................................................. 54
7.3.3 Methodology used for study .................................................................................................................................................... 54
7.3.4 Observation .............................................................................................................................................................................. 55
7.3.5 Inferences ................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
7.3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................... 59
7.4 Energy ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 59
7.4.1 Cooking energy: ....................................................................................................................................................................... 59
7.4.2 Electrical energy: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 61
7.4.3 DC Solar Household System installation:................................................................................................................................ 64
7.4.4 Solar dryer:............................................................................................................................................................................... 65
7.4.5 Scope for SOUL ....................................................................................................................................................................... 66
7.4.6Conclusion and future study ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
8. Future work ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 68
8.1 Charoli Processing .......................................................................................................................................................................... 68
8.2 Amchur Processing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 68
8.3 Value addition to Mango seed kernel ............................................................................................................................................. 68
8.4 Fishing –Livelihood option for villages near Narmada Back water ............................................................................................... 69
8.5 Malnutrition .................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
14
9. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
References ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Annexure I ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Annexure II ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Annexure III .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 77
15
of the biggest generations of electricity it was sad to see poor
transmission and distribution network in rural India. Though
villagers have very less needs of energy they were suffering
from deficiency and poor sources. It was pleasure to see
dedicated doctors working in such interior area on sickle cell
and malnutrition etc. We have suggested an augmentation of
their work through a CSR support. We also found scope of
improving livelihood of people by appropriate technology
intervention like bamboo based dryer for Aamchur processing,
reduce laborious Charoli processing method, fish cage for
fishing activities in villages near Narmada back water, value
addition to mango seeds. Each of these could be taken to scale
in the region. Being there for two months gave us clear picture
of how development sector works and what we can contribute
in it.
1. Introduction
1.1 Objective of study
The objectives of the study to give a firsthand learning
experience of village life and exposure to rural resources and
technologies. It provide exposure to various activities of gram
Panchayat, other community based organization, functioning of
various government institution that work in rural areas. It also
provide an opportunity to utilize analytical skills obtained in
course work to assess technologies/institutions based on
resource/socio-economic specificities (including access and
control of these) in a context.
We stayed in a hilly terrain surrounded by Satpuda ranges that
lacks local public transport facility. We faced mobility issues
for two months and it affected our work efficiency.
Communicating with the tribal community was a big challenge.
The village is divided in 2 parts uphill and downhill hamlets.
We experienced that as elevation increases people get distant
away from basic facilities. This is rain fed region hence after
monsoon people migrate to nearest cities/town. Being CFT and
IPPE block our household survey showed migration rate as
70% raising question on effectiveness of programs like
MNREGA. SBA (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan) program gave feel
of government target mode functioning without understanding
particular terrain requirement. In such interior village also we
also experienced elite capture who took benefits of all
government schemes and NGO projects. Though India has one
1.2 Structure of report
Chapter 2: This chapter provides to introduction to
Grampanchayat and village and, its demographic, geographical
and cultural settings, climate condition.
Chapters 3: This chapter provides different methodology used
by us to get better understanding of village in terms of socio
economic structure, livelihood, health etc. It explains
secondary data analysis that we have used to get overview of
village before going to field stay. It also explains about
outcomes of household survey and PRA tool/Techniques
performed in village.
1
Chapter 4: This chapter provides analysis of 6 sectors on
which we have done focused study. The sector includes
Energy, Education, Health, Agriculture, Food Security, Road
and public infrastructure.
It gives their present status,
importance in village.
Chapter 8. This chapter explains probable future work
opportunities relevant to address some of the identified issues
/concerns of Village.
Chapter 5: This chapter provides detailed analysis of 2
Governments schemes namely MGNREGA and PDS. It
explains overview of scheme, present status, benefits and
importance of scheme in village environment. It also elaborates
the issues that exist in implementation of the scheme.
Chapter 6: This chapter explains on 2 months field experience
of participants and their learning through this journey. It
contains personal experiences of field stay and interaction with
different stakeholders of society.
Chapter 7: This chapter deals with Directed Research
component of field stay. It explains all 4 directed research
carried by us on field stay as follows:
1. Study existing services provided by Kulkarni hospital and
Shabari Seva Samiti on malnutrition in 3 tehsils and work
on project proposal to improve scale and quality of work
for new project
2. To study BAIF-Wadi program and check its potential as an
individual asset in MGNREGA.
3. To understand CFT program and its impact on NREGA
performance
4. To study energy scenario in village and suggest appropriate
energy opportunities
2
2.2 Demographics of village
Current total population village is 1232 out of which 619 are
males and 613 are females. Number of births past one year in
village is 25 out of which 2 are malnourished. Out of total
population 75.10% people have Aadhar card. The age wise
population of village is shown in following figure.
2. Village profile
2.1 Introduction to Gram Panchayat and village
Chondwade Gram Panchayat is a tribal village in Akrani tehsil
(called “Dhadgaon” in Marathi) of Nandurbar district in
Maharashtra surrounded by satpuda ranges. It belongs to
Khandesh and Northern Maharashtra region. It belongs to
Nashik Division and Taloda subdivision. It is located 60 KM
towards North from District headquarters Nandurbar and 401
KM from State capital Mumbai. This is newly formed
grampanchayat in March 2016 consists of 2 villages namely
Chondwade Bk and Chondwade Kh with total population 1357.
Initially it was coming under Kharwad Gram panchayat
consists of 6 villages. Latitude and longitude of village are
21°48'40.9"N, 74°14'50.9"E. It is located 8 km away from
Dhadgaon block. This grampanchayat has 7 members. Three
are 3 women and 4 men. There is no grampanchayat office or
any other required infrastructure available in village till now.
The village is spread over an area of 384.34 ha. The area under
forest is 184.84ha. The PHC is located 6 km away from village
located in Mukbari. People preferred to go Dhadgaon private
or public hospital rather the going to PHC. The post office is
located in Mandvi 12 km away from village. The nearest towns
to village are Shahda, Surat, Dhule.
350
300
250
200
150
100
Female
Male
50
0
Figure 1: Age wise population analysis of village
Source: Yashada an NGO survey 2015-16 report under Rajiv Gandhi
Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan
As per Yashada survey report the literacy rate of village is
44.12%. The literacy rate among male is 50% and among
female is 37.95%. The following figure depicts education
status of village.
3
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Source: Yashada an NGO survey report 2015-16 under Rajiv Gandhi
Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan
As per Yashada survey report total no of APL ration cards are
33 and BPL cards are 33. But as per our discussion with PDS
owner there are only 110 ration cards that can avail PDS
benefits in village out of which 90 are BPL card and 20 are
APL cards.
Gram Panchayat
Village
2.3 Base map
The below base map of village provided by Gramsevak
Figure 2: Education status of GP and village
Source: Yashada an NGO survey 2015-16 report under Rajiv Gandhi
Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Female
Male
0
Figure 3: Education status male and female from Household survey
4
2.4 Geographical setting
The village spread in area of 384.34 ha. There are 9 hamlets in
village out of which 4 at uphill. The area under forest is
184.84ha. The area receives an average rainfall between 600800mm. The villagers witnessed drought from last 2 years. The
light soils observed in Dhadgaon tehsil having 1-3 % slope,
having drainage problem, underground rock is basalt mix with
lime. It is good for Kharif crop i.e. for Bajra, Jawar,
Groundnuts and Cotton,etc.
2.5 Climate
Chondwade Bk village is surrounded by Satpuda hills
and is on height of 118 meters from the sea-level. Climate in
this area is Tropical and summer in planes is very dry and hot
and lasts for 3-4 months from March through July first week.
But even at temperature of 44°C, the summer in Chondwade
was pleasant, due to hills and continuous breeze.
Winter is very dry and cold and last for 3-4 months from
November till February. Monsoon rains reach this region
during second week of June and lasts till mid-October. But this
year it rain comes in last week of June. The village witnesses
2.6 Culture
As it was a tribal village their cultural practices were
very different. Yaha-mogi Devi is there goddess. Its temple is
around 50km from the village. Villagers visit that temple at
least once in a year. Narmada River is about 30km from
village. Once in a year families visit river and do rituals (Puja).
Holi and Pola are the most important festivals they celebrate.
Figure 4: Base map of the village
5
They all come together and dance at celebration of Holi. Pola is
for the respect for cattle, which help them in different farming
practices. They make sweets like Puran-poli on these
occasions. These are the traditional practices which they follow
from the years but now days they also started celebrating
Diwali and other Hindu festivals.
Marriages are simply celebration. There are two types
of tribes Pawara and Bhil. There is no restriction about
different tribe for getting married. Dowry is given by groom to
father of bride. Amount of dowry varies from 10 thousand to
60 thousand. Because of this there is no incidence of female
feticide (As per our informal interaction with women and
doctors). There are no rituals in the marriage, they just get
together and dance, drink and celebrate.
6
3. Methodology
3.2 Sampling strategy
The village is spread out in 9 hamlets, 4 are located at uphill
and 5 located at downhill part. The first few days visit to all
hamlets we realized that socio economic situation is different
in uphill and downhill hamlet. To get representative sampling
we decided to take sample from each hamlet depending on
their size for household survey.
3.1 Secondary data analysis
The comparative data analysis of census 2001 to 2011 is shown
in below table.
Parameter
Type
Number
Total
of HH
Population Total
No of Males
No of Females
sex ratio
Year
2001
131
2011
175
771
402
369
918
1046
516
530
959
Decadal Growth
rate
33.59%
35.67%
28.36%
43.63%
4.47%
3.3 Primary data analysis
In household survey we have collected data from 60
households. Below data gives general overview of village
population, sex ratio, literacy pattern.
Table 1: Comparative Analysis of census 2001 and 2011 data for village
Source: census 2001 and 2011
Parameters
Total
Male Female Sex Ratio
Total Households
60
Total Population
416
216
200
926
Population below 6
44
22
22
1000
years
Population below 17
130
63
67
1063
Years
Working
202
107
95
888
population(Between
18 -60)
Population above 60
10
7
3
429
Literacy Rate (Above 44.12% 50% 37.95%
6 years )
BPL
61
Nandurbar district is geographically divided into 2 parts i.e.
Tribal Talukas and Non-Tribal talukas. In the following table,
comparison of few parameters is done between Chondwade Bk
and Nandurbar district to understand this difference:
Parameters
Children below 6
years
Sex Ratio
Literacy Rate
Male Literacy Rate
Female Literacy Rate
Chondwade Bk
18.74%
Nandurbar District
14.57%
959
40.15%
56.45%
42.59%
978
64.38%
72.17%
56.46%
Table 2: Comparison between Nandurbar and Chondwade Bk village using census
2011 data
7
Table 3: Overview of village population from household survey
There is no drainage system available in village. All waste
water disposed outside home. Kitchen wastage is given to
animals.
3.3.1. Water and Sanitation facilities
Hand pumps and stream on boundary of village are 2
community sources for drinking water. People who have bore
well or well at home used it as another source of drinking
water. Out of 61 households, 29 households use hand pump, 22
uses River/Stream and other 6 uses their private source
(Borewell-5/well-1) along with community source. Under
SBM villages have built toilet but only few of them are using
it. Following fig gives picture of toilet use in village.
In survey no major disease incidence found in last 3 years.
There were only 2 cases of Malaria and 1 case of TB in last 3
years. There were 36 new babies born in last 3 years in 26
families.
3.3.2. Livelihood Analysis
The main occupation of villagers is Agriculture, laborers. Our
primary data analysis shows following results for occupation.
Occupation
Toilet used by Families
1.64%
8.20%
Agriculture
Used by family
34.43%
98.36%
Not used by
family
57.38%
Government
Employee
Not built
Figure 6: Dependency on Agriculture from survey results
The village area is 384.34 ha. Following fig shows the land
utilization in the village.
Figure 5: Status of use of toilets in village
8
Land Utilization
Type of Farmers
Cultivable Land
0.21%
11.48%
Uncultivable land
Marginal
47.00%
48.09%
Marginal - less than 2.5
acre
Small - between 2.5-5
acre
Medium-Large > 5 acre
44.26%
Small
Forest Land
44.26%
Crematory Land
MediumLarge
4.70%
Figure 7: Land utilization in village
Figure 8: Type of framers in village
Above data shows that only 48% i.e. 184.48 ha land available
for cultivation for 264 households. It means average land
owned by each family is 1.7 acre. This shows villages contain
mainly small land holdings farmers. Following fig shows
survey results for type of farmers in village.
The above fig shows that there are large no of small farmers in
village who has land holding less than 2.5 acre. This is rain fed
region and farming depends on rainfall only. Only small
fractions of farmers have irrigation facility. Following fig
shows details of farmers having irrigation facility.
9
No of Farmers having
Irrigation Facility
16.39%
Average Income from
agriculture
4.92%
1.64%
1.64%
Borewell
Lift Irrigation
32.79%
Well
80.33%
Nothing
11.48%
Below 10k
10K-20K
Not avilable
21K-30K
32.79%
11.48%
above 30k
Figure 9: Status of source of water for agriculture
Figure 10: Average income from agriculture from survey results
The main crops grown in this area in Kharif are Jawar, Maize,
Pulses, Vegetable, and Varai. In Rabi those who have irrigation
facility take crops like soybean, groundnut, vegetables etc.
Following fig shows distribution average income from
agriculture in village.
Income from agriculture varies from nothing to 35k. Following
fig gives distribution of agriculture income earned by farmers
in village with relation to land holdings and irrigation facility.
10
Income
No
of Type Of Farmers
Farmers
Without Irrigation Facility
With Irrigation Facility
Small Marginal Medium- Small Marginal MediumLarge
Large
Nothing
Below
10k
10-20K
21K30K
above
30k
20
10
19
6
1
3
1
23
8
4
10
1
2
3
3
1
4
4
1
Table 4: Income distribution among villagers from survey results
No of Families having Mango
Trees
Every family owned either one of them or all type of trees i.e.
Mango, Mahua, and Charoli. This gives another source of
income to them. Following fig shows no of trees owned by
families.
35
30
25
20
No of Families having
Mango Trees
15
10
5
0
0
1 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 30
Figure 11: Number of families having mango trees
The above fig showed that on an average every family owns 46 mango trees. The total mango trees owned by 61 families are
218. The production from one mango tree is 10-15kg. In
amchur processing 5 kg of mangoes gives 2-3 kg of amchur.
11
Hence total amchur production would be 1635kg or 1.6 quintal.
The rate for amchur varies from Rs 120-250/kg depending on
amchur quality. This showed that amchur also produce good
source of income to families on an average (Rs 5000-6000).
This income can be improved by modifying process of sun
drying of mangoes to maintain its colour and quality which
fetch high rate in market.
amount for marketing. Charoli can also provide another source
of income to people.
People also have livestock like Cow, bullock, Goat, Poultry.
People mostly sell goat or hen in case of need of money during
harvesting time or any other emergency. 51% people are
dependent on livestock. The income from livestock varies from
Rs 300-5000. There is no single family in village which does
not have any type of livestock. Following fig shows no of
livestock owned by family.
.
No of Families having Charoli
tress
No of Families having
Charoli tress
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
60
Cow
50
Bullock
40
Ox
30
20
10
0
1 to 50 50 to 100 101 to
150
151 to
200
above
200
0
0
1 to 3
3 to 6
No of Animals
Figure 12: Number of families having Charoli trees
Figure 13: Number of Cattles with household
In all total charoli tress owned by 60 households are 1350. One
charoli tree can provide 4-5 kg/tree. The total production from
village will be 1350*4.5=6075kg or 6 quintal. This is surplus
12
above 6
cook earns Rs 1500/month, and Teacher earns Rs
15000/month. Carpenter works in Dhadgaon after monsoon.
45
Goats
40
Hens
35
3.4 PRA tools
30
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a set of proven
techniques which are participatory and mostly visual in nature,
which are carried out using the active participation of
stakeholders i.e. villagers. It is done to assess the community
resources, identifying and prioritizing the problems and find
possible solutions to them. Below mentioned techniques we
used in PRA.
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1 to 10
11 to 20
above 21
3.4.1 Social map
Social Map is drawn to understand the social structure of the
village. Through it, we got to understand the caste-wise and
economic status wise distribution of people in the village. This
map also depicts the institutions, buildings, amenities etc.
present in the village. The activity started with active support
from one educated person of the village Mr. Patil. He really
helped to get border of village. Initially young boys took active
part in preparing map. After some time adult members of
villages were started coming.
They started giving us
instruction for drawing, some people correcting us, some
people were actively involved in drawing. About 30 villagers
were present and took active participation in activity. We tried
to involve females but no females participated in the activity
except one who helped us in preparing map. After social map
various questions to villages as follows:
No of Animals
Figure 14: Number of animals with household
The above fig shows that on an average every family has 6 to 7
hens. People use them as part of their meal as well as another
source of income in case of emergency. KVK is already
working in this area as backyard poultry intervention and area
specific mineral mixture for livestock. People used traditional
method for poultry management. Backyard poultry intervention
provides faster weight gaining breed which can provide
supplement income to people.
Apart from agriculture there are 7 families who also do
different activity outside village to earn money on
monthly/daily basis. There are 4 carpenters, 1 Govt Employee
(Teacher), 1 Works in Grain Shop, 1 widow worked as cook in
Ashram school. Carpenter earns 300-400 on daily basis and
13
1. Which houses has bore well, well, TV, motorcycle,
Tractor?
2. Houses where people completed graduation?
3. Which houses has Shop?
4. Which houses has LPG connection?
5. Houses where girls educating after 12th?
6. How many houses have electricity in village?
After asking such question we asked people what you learnt
from this map. People themselves told us that all facilities more
concentrated in downhill Padas of villages. Uphill Padas of
village were neglected from many facilities. This map also
helped us to get disparity exists between uphill and downhill
Padas. This map gave us electricity scenario of village which
helped in our Directed Research to explore possibility of solar
energy
Figure 15: Social map of village
3.4.2 Resource map
The main purpose of the Resource Map is to understand the
resources available in the village. It also brings the villagers of
all age together and thus they could share the knowledge of
their own village with each other’s. We have drawn social and
resource map on same day. We asked below question to people
after resource map preparation:
1. Hand pump Location in villages
2. How many hand pumps are working villages?
3. Sources of firewood and how far?
14
4. Source of grazing ground and how far?
5. Does villages has playground, gymnasium?
6. Government institution like Anganwadi, ZP school, PHC,
Post office, Ration shop, GP office and their remoteness,
working condition
The resource map gives us picture about various resources
available/unavailable in village, their working status. Out of 11
handpumps only 5 handpumps are working. Many required
resource were not available in village like PHC, Post office.
The ZP school does not have sufficient rooms. There are few
padas like Bardi Pada, Nevri bari pada, Amba pari pada do not
have handpumps. There is no proper road available to go these
Padas. There is no playground for this village. Some students
also played different kind of games like Kho-Kho, Kabadi at
state level.
Figure 16: Resource map of village
15
3.4.3 Seasonality
The objective of this exercise was to get an idea of
major seasons of festivals, agricultural activities, migration
trends, diseases trends in the village. It was also carried out by
discussions with the elder villagers. Holi is biggest festival in
this community. Apart from Holi they also celebrate Diwali,
Pola etc. They also celebrate Ganpati and Navratri. One village
one Ganpati, One Devi- is a good practice followed in village.
Yaha Mogi is their goddess name. A Mahashivratri fair takes
place in Dhadgaon. Agriculture activities started from June till
Sept. From farming people do not get much paper money; they
get food grains for their survival. People generally migrate
after Diwali and come back before Holi. In June all children
started going back to their ashram schools.
3.4.4 Timeline
Timeline of the village was drafted through discussions with
senior members of the village. Timeline was drawn to
understand the development of the village over time and the
major events like drought, floods, epidemic etc. that happened
in the village. Many interesting facts were revealed while we
were having conversation with elderly people regarding
timeline. First foremost thing we got was that after 1985 people
started cultivating hybrid seeds. This shift from traditional to
hybrid happened due to exposure to market place like Shahada.
From 2001 onwards people have seen lot of deforestation
happened on surrounding hill to meet cooking fuel demand of
increased population. Electricity had come in village in 1984
but still people have illegal connection. No house has meter till
now. First time Gram sadak Yojana was implemented in
village in 2006. So even after 10 years we have not seen proper
tar road in village. The road which was constructed under
scheme is completely in bad shape now.
Figure 17: Seasonality
16
Adult male and females and girls have given first preference to
drinking water in village.
1. In final ranking it is seen that fetching water from hand
pump and unavailability of water in summer days troubles
lot to villagers.
2. Next preference goes to hospital facility in the village. At
the time of emergency like snake bite or delivery of
pregnant women going to Dhadgaon has caused worries to
villagers.
3. As almost 90% agriculture is rain fed villagers suffered in
last two years because of drought. As this year village is
under Jal Yukta Shivar program it may start getting
benefits.
4. ZP school in village has only 2 classrooms and no
playground. Because of average quality of education
students have to go outside of the village. So their demand
is to have better infrastructure for school in village itself.
5. Unreliable and poor quality of electricity supply makes
them dependent on other sources like torches or kerosene
lamps.
6. Rain fed agriculture and less livelihood opportunities make
villagers to migrate for work to Shahada, Gujrat etc.
7. There is no public transportation runs in village as well as
few of the houses are not even connected by Kachha road.
As there are no roads to those hamlets they are bit under
developed.
8. As mostly women and girls were concerned about use of
firewood as cooking energy.
Figure 18: Time line of village
3.4.5 Focused group discussion
FGDs were done to understand various issues and challenges
faced by the residents of the Chondwade Bk. Discussions were
done separately with adult males, adult females, young males
and young females. Various problems include issues relating to
health, water, livelihood, sanitation etc. It helped us to
understand the issues and rank them in the order of importance.
17
9. Performance of PDS system is very poor in village. Almost
50% of households don’t have ration card as well as PDS
distributor is also not working properly who is outsider.
10. There is no play ground or Gymkhana in village though
village has team for Kho-Kho and cricket and has played in
local Taluka level matches.
The Venn diagram depicts that institution with which village
have high interaction are away from village. Due to
unavailability of PHC in village people preferred to go to rural
hospital rather than PHC located in Mukbari. There are only 4
government institutions which are in vicinity of village with
which interaction is either medium of low.
Figure 20: Venn diagram
3.4.7TransectWalk
We conducted Transect Walk– in direction South to North.
Some villagers accompanied us in the walks and were very
keen to tell us about various hamlets, mountains, farms, stream
that we walk through. The path of the walk was very tough,
passing through mountains, trench, streams, and farms.
Through this walk we got a clear view of the whole village and
its topography. Each walk was about 3 Kms long and it took us
about 3.5 hours to complete the same.
Figure 19: Problem ranking
3.4.6 Venn diagram
Venn diagram was drawn to understand the availability of
various Governments, Cooperative and other institutions in or
around the village. It also indicates their importance to the
village, distance from the village and the frequency of visits
needed to these places. It also showcases the interdependence
of these institutions on each other’s.
18
Figure21: Transect walk
19
4.1.3 Supply for irrigation facility
Agriculture in village is almost rain fed. Below data of pump
irrigation is collected from the household survey that we did
for 60 houses. Because of unavailability of electricity supply
farmers face difficulties. So sometimes whenever supply is
present they keep watering. Those who have bore well
connection they have to pay 1000 to 1500 rupees per year.
They are no meters so no readings available. As there is no
account for these units consumed it comes as losses at
substation level readings.
4. Sectoral analysis
4.1 Energy
4.1.1 Cooking energy scenario
Village has 264 households. Being tribal village there energy
needs was low. Firewood was the main source for cooking
energy. They had traditional Chulha with them which build by
mud from nearby hills. If its build once they use it at least for
one or two years. Only two houses in village have taken LPG
connection. Even though bio-gas was implemented in few
houses there is no awareness regarding use of green fuel. Those
bio-gas users have also shifted to Chulha again. Consumption
pattern for cooking energy fuel is given in table
Cooking
energy
Firewood
LPG
% households Average
consumption
99.24
Per person per
meal 1 kg usage
0.8
Per family 1
cylinder
Monthly
73000 kg
for village
2 cylinders
Irrigation
Facility
Pump
Sizing in
(Hp)
Usage
Bore-well
or pumping
from well
or Nala
5
2 hours for 4
months
1.5 hours for
1.5 months
4 hours for 4
months
3-4 hours 4
months
5-6 hours 3-4
months
7-8 hours for 56 months
3 hours for 3
months
5 hours for 4
month
4 hours for 4
8
5
5
Table 5: Consumption pattern for cooking energy fuel
5
4.1.2 Street light
Village is situated in interior of hills of Satpuda and houses are
far away from each other still there are no street lights in
village. Few events of theft have happened in past and also
happens now. In rainy days there is danger of snake bite as
well. That’s why no street light has created many problems for
them.
5
5
3
3
20
Total
hours
per
year
240
Yearly
consum
ption
68
544
480
2400
360
1800
450
2250
1050
5250
270
1350
600
1800
480
1440
1200
months
Table 6: Electricity consumption for agriculture
4.1.4 Household electricity scenario
As our village was newly formed GP there is only one public
infrastructure in village that is school. It has no supply of
electricity. Mostly lighting energy is their important need
which gets fulfilled with electricity. Secondary comes the
mobile charging.
Number of households with 248
electricity
Number of households without 16
electricity
Utility of electricity
Lighting
100%
Figure 22: Electric amenities with family
Heating water
Cooking
Pumping water
Mobile charging
0%
0%
5.5%
70%
Usage of appliance differs house to house. Availability of
supply also affects their usage hours. So below table gives
minimum usage hours of appliances.
Table 7: Utilization of electricity for various activities
Families use electric amenities like incandescent bulb, ceiling
or table fan and CFL. Chart below shows that more than 50%
of families are using electricity only for lighting purpose.
Incandescent bulb is available in village itself and it is cheap as
well. So even if try to convince them to use CFL, it didn’t work
much.
Appliances
Average rating
Bulbs
Fan
TV
CFL
80-100 W
90-100 W
Above 200 W
25-30 W
Average hours of
usage
8-10
10-12
6-7
8-10
Table 8: Usage of electrical appliances in village
8-10 hours of load shedding was common in village. But in
rainy season because of fault on lines supply may get cut for 10
days or so. But villagers have adopted that lifestyle. In evening
21
hours the mostly use torch or kerosene lamp. All further
analysis is included under DR part of energy.
constructed in 2008-09 with only two classrooms. Mr.
Dhirsingh Pawara donated his land for school classrooms.
Following data shows literacy scenario in Village.
4.1.5 Energy for transportation
As market, hospital, bank etc facilities are available in
Dhadgaon frequency to visit Dhadgaon is very high. Nearest
petrol pump was 12km from village. Table gives very rough
estimates of energy consumption as frequency to use vehicle
depends on their need and affordability for fuel. Connectivity
of interior hamlets also plays role there. As in rainy season
streams have lot of water vehicles cannot go through it.
Vehicle
Number Fuel
Geared
bike
Tomtom
Mini
truck
Four
wheeler
10
Petrol
2
Diesel
2
Diesel
1
Diesel
Illiterate
Primary school complete
Primary education complete
(1st to 5th )
Secondary education (6th to
8th)
Secondary education (9th to
10th )
HSc (11th to 12th)
Graduate
Post graduate
Frequency to Average
visit
Monthly
Dhadgaon
consumption
(Lit)
5 times in 50
week
3 times in a 100
day
2 times in 10
week
NA
NA
Table 10: Education pattern of village
Table 9: Energy usage for transportation
4.2 Education
Total population of village is 1225 from which 723 are literate
(As per the record of Yashada survey). School started in village
in 1968. Though there was no building or classrooms teaching
started in one house. Now people have become more aware
about education of their children. School building got
22
Men
210
2
100
Women
292
0
92
48
31
25
26
39
27
5
21
7
1
Illiterate
350
Primary education
complete (1st to
5th )
Secondary
education (6th to
8th)
Secondary
education (9th to
10th )
HSc (11th to 12th)
300
250
200
150
500
Total (above 6 year
age)
400
Literate Population
300
200
100
0
Male
Female
Figure 24: Literacy male and female
Graduate
100
50
Above charts shows that women literacy rate is less than men.
39
ZP School is from 1st standard to 5th standard. There are 65
students in total and 22 out of them are girls. As it have only 2
classrooms 1st, 2nd and 3rd standard students sit together and 4th
and 5th together. There are 2 teachers who come from
Dhadgaon daily. Salary of teachers is 25k. There is no playground for school. There is demand for more classrooms and
play-ground from teachers.
Post graduate
27
21
5
7 1
0
Men
Women
Figure 23: Education status in village
Men
Women
Total
population
(above 6 years)
492
469
Literate
population
Literacy rate
246
178
50%
39.57%
Basically trend in the village is that parents send their children
to Ashram school where everything is taken care of. 80% of the
students in village go to Ashram school. There are many
Ashram schools in overall Nandurbar district. Girls and boys of
our village mostly go to Ashram school in Mandavi, Ganor,
Shahada, Dhadgaon etc. We visited Girls Ashram School
which was in Mandavi, 15km away from village. Below image
is showing that Ashram school.
Table 11: Literacy rate of Male and Female
23
Students who are staying in hostel get 600 rupees after 8th
standard per month from tribal department. In spite of many
problems girls from school have achieved success in sports
because of enthusiastic teachers.
Anganwadi:
There are three Anganwadis in the village; they are namely
proper Anganwadi, Zapi-pada Anganwadi and Bari-pada
Anganwadi. In the beginning there was only one but because of
sparse nature of houses other Anganwadis have started. There
are 271 (126 are 0 to 3 years) children overall enrolled in
Anganwadis. Every Anganwadi has one main worker and one
helper. Main worker gets 5000 rupees while helper gets 2500
rupees per month. As many of houses are far from Anganwadi
attendance in Anganwadi is less than 50% every day. There
was not teaching activity in any of the Anganwadi. Children
used to come have their food and go.
Figure 25: Ashram School, Mandavi
School is from 1st to 10th standard. There are around 15
classrooms in school which are not sufficient. Food, books,
notebooks, writing material, uniform everything is provided by
tribal department. At morning 7am breakfast, 10am lunch, 4pm
fruit and 7pm dinner is the diet pattern followed in school.
Food is cooked in school itself. We met School principal; he
informed us there are many problems faced by them like





BDO on Dhadgaon took new initiative to make digital
Anganwadis. It includes flex which has alphabets, numbers,
picture of different animal, birds, and festivals. Motive behind
this initiative is that at least by sitting there and looking at
pictures will help children learn new things.
Staff of 40 teachers is required but they have only 20 (only
around 7 from them are permanent)
As there are insufficient rooms girls sleep in classroom
itself
New school building has been constructed but school do
not have right to use it yet
School has no play ground
There is no provision of hot water; previously they had
solar system but it is not working now
24
worker in some areas. There are 3 Vaidu available in village
that also does delivery at home. In case of delivery, the
patients use to call Asha/Anganwadi Sevika who would take
them to RH for surgical delivery or would also help delivery at
house. Asha dial 102 to call Ambulance. For every delivery in
the hospital, the Ashas were paid Rs 600. Similarly to
encourage delivery in the hospital and reduce infant and
maternal deaths, Rs 700 is given for delivery in hospital while
Rs 500 is given for delivery at house. There is no family
planning awareness among villagers. Following fig shows no
of children per family from survey results.
Family having childrens
Figure 26: Digital Anganwadi
30
4.3 Public Health
With a population of around 1232 people, Chondwade Bk did
not have PHC (Public Health Center) in village. The nearest
PHC was situated 5 km away in Mukbari. For critical and
complex cases people had to travel 7 km to RH (Rural
Hospital) in Dhadgaon. For further diagnostics, the doctors in
RH use to recommend patients to visit government hospital in
Nandurbar or Shahada. There are 5 doctors available in RH.
There is no sonography, CT scan machine available in village.
Working in Dhadgaon considered as punishment by Doctors.
24
25
20
21
Family having
childrens
16
15
10
5
0
1-3 childrens
Village has 3 Asha workers and 1 ANM who were responsible
for primary treatments of the patients and delivery of pregnant
ladies. They also maintained records of their patients and
assisted them for further treatments. We found people take help
of Anganwadi sevika as she is more approachable than Asha
4-6 childrens 7-10 childrens
Figure 27: No of children per family from household survey
The family planning awareness needs to be by Asha worker
which is not happening. The PHC in Mukbari was established
in 1997 and was provided with an Ambulance for emergency
25
cases. The ambulance is in working condition. The PHC is
open from 8am till 5pm 5 days a week and 8am-1pm on
Saturdays. The details of PHC are provided in a tabular form
below:
No. of Doctors
No. of Staff
Availability of beds
Daily foot fall
Lab facilities
No of Private doctors
No. of Ayurvedic doctors
No.
of
Homeopathy
doctors
No. of Asha workers
Availability of Ambulance
1
8
1
25
1
0
0
0
Malaria incidence in last 3 years
2
TB incidence in last 3 years
0
Dengue incidence in last 3 years
1
Delivery in last 3 years
26
Child Mortality
2
Maternal Mortality
1
Sickle cell
7
Table 13: Disease findings from household survey
12
1
While doing Household survey it’s found that Sickle cell
anemia found among 7 villagers. There are 15 patients of
Sickle cell anemia in our village. Our household survey capture
7 sickle cell patient out of 60 households. This anemia is also
observed in children age form 10-16 year old. Sickle cell
patient do not get adequate medical facilities from Government
Hospital. Sickle cell patient formed one union at Dhadgaon
level to fight for their rights. NGO “Maharashtra Aarogya
Mandal” is working in this area from 1997 on sickle cell issue.
They keep OPD on Monday from 8-6pm. They also held
monthly medical camps in Dhadgaon. They have mobile
laboratory and facilities for blood investigations. Right now
they are having 2500 patient from Dhadgaon block. As it is
genetic disease marriage counseling is needed to avoid its
spread to next generation. But people consider it as social
stigma and hide this information. There are two kinds of lab
Table 12: Infrastructure and Human resource in PHC
The following vaccinations are available in the PHC which are
provided at very nominal rates:
1. Polio
2. Jaundice
3. Hepatitis B
4. Measles
5. Vitamin A
6. T.T for Pregnant ladies
7. D.P.T. booster (for 2-6 year children)
There is no major disease apart from found in village from
survey results. Following fig shows details of survey findings.
Household Survey Details
26
test need to be done to detect sickle cell patient. In spite of high
severity of disease in block no adequate lab testing machine lab
available in rural hospital. They referred patient to
“Maharashtra Aarogya Mandal” NGO. For serious sickle cell
patient blood needs to be provided. But blood bank facility is
available neither in PHC nor in RH. The cases of snake-bite
case are frequent in the area in monsoon. One lady died in our
village due to snake bite. As told by PHC doctor, 20 antivenins
are available with them.

People generally follow their elders who use to consume
bidi/ghutka on daily basis.

Alcohol is prepared locally from Mahua flowers, hence
alcohol is cheap and readily available People also illegally
sell Bear at Rs 120 per bottle. They considered Mahua as a
medicine to get relief from cough, fever.

After tiring day at farm, they generally relax with alcohol
but over consumption make it harmful.
We have also noted the addictions of the villagers during the
survey. Though some of them were not very comfortable
talking about addictions, some were very helpful and gave us
the addiction patterns in the village. The elder generation both
males and females consumed bidi/tobacco on daily basis.
Tendu patta one of the very popular NTFP in the region is
available at cheap rates and with local tobacco they generally
make the bidi at their home itself. They welcome guest (both
males and females) at home by offering Beer, Bidi, and
Tobacco. This we observed in our house where we stayed. It
considered as status symbol. Even in functions like marriage or
in Gramsabha they offered all this to everyone. While asked
upon their reason to adopt such addictions here are some of the
responses that we noted:
Item
Beer
Local Tobacco
Bidi
Tendu Patta
Quantity
1000 ml
10 gm
25 units
20 units
Price (Rs)
120
5
10
5
Table 14: List for various material uses for addiction with their rates
4.4 Road and public transport
As village is situated at interior part and terrain is hilly there
were many issues regarding road transportation. Village itself
had no Gaonthan area as various hamlets were spread over 5 to
7 kilometers of radius. Table gives the distances (sparse) of
hamlets from the start line of village.
Hamlet name
Bari Pada
Amba-bari pada_1
Amba-bari pada_2
Nevri-bari pada
Bardi pada
Distance from start line of
village (in km)
5
3
5
3
3
Table 15: Distance of hamlets from the start line of village
27
In 2005-06 tar road got constructed under Pradhanmantri Gram
Sadak Yojana from the main road to village. But quality of
road was very poor. Distance covered was 4 kilometers. Those
4 kilometers distance is only from the main road to the
beginning of village. After that it is all kachha roads which
connect hamlets. Rather ‘Bardi-pada’ hamlet has not even
proper road connectivity, only small pathway through the hills.
This pathway passes through a small stream which creates
transportation problem in monsoon. Hence people from ‘Bari
Pada’ hamlet couldn’t buy 2 wheelers due to such
transportation issues even though they can afford it.
4.5 Agriculture
4.5.1 Introduction
Agriculture is the main source of livelihood and food of the
villagers, as described in previous sections. 180.64ha of land is
cultivable in the village. Almost all the agriculture produce
from the farms is consumed locally with very few exceptions
who sell the produce like grains, vegetable etc. in the market.
Thus most of the agriculture in the village and area could be
termed as sustenance agriculture. Following fig shows share of
agriculture in main livelihood activities for people above 18
years old.
There is no public transport working in village. Nearest bus
stand is in Dhadgaon which is 10km away from the village. In
village there are 2 Tom-tom from which only one was working
more frequently. It takes passengers at least 3-4 times per day.
He charges 10 rupees per person to go to Dhadgaon. On
Monday when there is bazaar in Dhadgaon frequency is more.
Vehicle
Geared bike
Tom-tom
Mini truck
Four wheeler
Number
10
2
2
1
Occupation
1.52%
Agriculture
Labrourer
Fuel
Petrol
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
2.87%
1.69%
Govt Employee
20.24%
Private Empoyee
0.17%
Unemployed
0.34%
5.90%
Table 16: No of different types of vehicles used in village
79.26%
Student
Household Work
Nearest petrol pump is 12 kilometers from the village. As it is
only one petrol pump in 20 kilometers radius there used to
deficiency of petrol at petrol pump. There were many private
shops in Dhadgaon who used to sell petrol in black at Rs,
80/liter.
Dependent
Figure 28: Livelihood activities for people above 18 years old
28
Source: Yashada an NGO survey 2015-16 report under Rajiv Gandhi
Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan
4.5.3 Type of Crops
Soil in the hilly terrain is moderately fertile and thus there are
limitations on crop variety Also there is 1 check dam on the
river, but it is not storing water due to faulty construction work.
Thus virtually there is no irrigation facility in the village except
few farms which had been irrigated by bore well, well and lift
irrigation from river. Due to these constraints, most of the
farmers do farming in the rainy season and do labor work in
other period i.e. there is single crop pattern in the village.
4.5.2 Type of Land and Rain fall
The village terrain is hilly with steep and moderate slopes. The
average rainfall in the region is 650 mm and because of the
hilly terrain, the water flows away and does not accumulate.
The overall terrain of the village is hilly and mainly has red soil
with some patches of black soil near the river banks. 47% of
land of village is cultivable.
Almost all the farm produce is consumed or stored as a buffer
stock in Kangi (Grain Storage Tanks) and very few is kept as
seeds for next season or sold in the market.
The major crops cultivated in the region are Jawar, Maize, Tur,
Udid, Vegetables. Those who are having irrigation facility take
groundnut, soyabean in rabi season.
Total Land area in (ha)
0.21%
Cultivable Land
47.00%
48.09%
Uncultivable
land
Forest Land
As per the house hold survey, 19 out of 61 household were not
getting any financial income from agriculture and 12 were
gaining some marginal income from the agriculture i.e. only
49% farmers were getting some income out of agriculture,
which is very alarming. Tata Sini NGO is educating people to
treat seeds before sowing in order to improve farm production.
Crematory
Land
4.70%
Figure 29: Land utilization in village
Source: Talathi land Records
29
4.6 Food security
4.6.1 Introduction
Chondwade Bk, situated in north-western part of Maharashtra.
The major crops grown in this area are Maize, Jowar, Tur,
Udid, Groundnut, Mango, Custard apple. The food
consumption pattern can be easily predicted because the crops
which are grown locally are only consumed. Hence the
consumption pattern is very much dependent on the cropping
pattern. People also consume wild vegetables like Havar,
Matle, Puvdya, Panjhelo,Ubriya, Hatga, Ambadi etc. as per
season. Production of jowar, maize, bhagar is relatively higher;
hence it is stored in Kangi and consumed throughout the year.
Figure 30: Seed treatment training by TATA Sini to farmers.
4.6.2. Food Consumption Pattern
The villagers followed a two time meal system. First meal of
the day would be around 11-12 am where they consumed
maize/jowar bhakar or rice with bhaji. Bhaji would depend on
the season. The second meal would be around 7pm which
consisted of rice and bhaji. Bhaji depends on season. People eat
more green vegetables in monsoon like lady finger, ridge
guard, drum stick, bitter gourd etc as they grow it near their
houses. After monsoon more preference given to cereals and
pulses or vegetables like potato from market.
Apart from meals, they would take tea in the morning and
evening. The tea consumed in generally black tea in most of
the family. Those who are having cattle prepared tea with milk.
Figure 31: Kangi for storing grains.
30
4.6.3 Food schemes
The village had PDS (Public Distribution System) scheme
outlet which provided ration at cheaper rates. The monthly
distribution for families with different Ration Cards is shown
in the table. In village only 110 families are getting benefits by
this scheme (90 BPL/20 APL).
Public Distribution System
Economic
Status
BPL
Antyoday
Annapurna
APL
Rice
(Kg)
25
25
25
10
Wheat
(Kg)
10
10
10
5
Sugar
(Kg)
5
5
5
5
Kerosene
(Lit)
2
Table 17: PDS Distribution per month
Integrated Child Development Scheme
As per scheme nutritional food should be provided to children
in anganwadi. In our village food is provided by SHG. They
provide “yellow rice” daily without any vegetables, pulses etc.
Under Janani Surksha Yojana healthy readymade food packets
should be provided to pregnant breastfeeding women. But we
haven’t observed this facility in any anganwadi. The new
“Amrut aahar Yojana” started by government in which
anganwadi sevika cook food by her and feed it to pregenat
women in anganwadi itself. The money will be provided to
Anganwadi sevika for it as per no of beneficiaries. This scheme
is still not functioning in our village.
31
migrated some time ago but may return b) Be willing to do
unskilled manual work c) Apply as a household at the local
Gram Panchayat. The application for registration may be given
on plain paper or printed form to the local Gram Panchayat. It
should contain the names of those adult members of the
household who are willing to do unskilled manual work, and
particulars such as age, sex and SC/ST status.
5. Scheme analysis
5.1 MGNREGA
5.1.1 Introduction
MGNREGA, a central government act is designed as a safety
net to reduce migration by rural poor households in the lean
period A hundred days of guaranteed unskilled manual labour
provided when demanded at minimum wage on works focused
on creating sustainable assets and upgrade infrastructure of
rural areas for e.g. water conservation, land development &
drought proofing. The Ministry of Rural Development is the
nodal Ministry for the implementation of NREGA. It is
responsible for ensuring timely and adequate resource support
to the States and to the Central Council. Gram Panchayat and
Panchayat Samiti NREGA staffs are mainly responsible for
implementation of NREGA at village level. The National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) will be open to all
rural households in the areas notified by the Central
Government.
5.1.2 Need of scheme in Village
In village all farmers have small land holdings and farming
depend completely depend on rainfall. Survey and PRA data
shows that very few farmers have secondary water facilities
like bore well lift irrigation pump, irrigation well. This Tehsil
faced drought conditions from last 2 years. People used to
migrate after Diwali (Oct-Nov) and return before Holi (Mar).
Household survey showed that 70% people migrate every year.
In FGDs people told that they need work even in Monsoon
also. Due to small land holdings work finished within month.
Following fig shows migration pattern and demand for
employment in grampanchayat.
The entitlement of 100 days of guaranteed employment in a
financial year is in terms of a household. This entitlement of
100 days per year can be shared within the household; more
than one person in a household can be employed
(simultaneously or at different times). All adult members of the
household who register may apply for work. To register, they
have to: a) Be local residents: ‘Local’ implies residing within
the Gram Panchayat. This includes those that may have
32
Source: Yashada an NGO survey 2015-16 report under Rajiv Gandhi
Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan
Who Migrate seasonally
The above figure shows that men migrate mostly outside for
work but women stays at home. This shows that there is lot of
potential to implement NREGA to full fill need of employment
of people.
Male
11.56%
3.11% 10.67%
Female
5.1.3. Present Status in Village
Villagers received job card in 2006. First time this year
NREGA work started in village as per people’s opinion. But
NREGA MIS data showed that every year NREGA work
happened in village from wage seekers job card history. People
are not much aware about NREGA act and their entitlements.
CFT (Cluster facilitation Team) program started in Dhadgaon
Tehsil from 2014. This program covers all villages of
Dhadgaon Tehsil. Due to CFT impact NREGA work started in
the village. There are 264 households in village. Below data
shows Job card and NREGA worker data from 2 different
agencies.
Children
74.67%
Family
Figure 32: Migration pattern in GP
Source: Yashada an NGO survey 2015-16 report under Rajiv Gandhi
Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan
Need of Employment in GP
264
300
By Yashda PRA ( By GramSevak in June
on 25-6-14)
2016
223
200
100
99
Need of Employment
0
Monsoon
Winter
Total HHs having 216
Job cards
217
Total Workers
624
567
Table 18: NREGA Job card details of village
Summer
As per official record below type of work are technically and
administratively sanctioned for village in 2015-2016.
Figure 33: Demand for employment in GP
33
Work Name
Irrigation Well
Compartment Bunding
Matinala Bund
Farm Pond
Well Recharge
No of Beneficiaries
Work as per requirement under MGNREGA
9
4
1
14
4
2.42%
Not demanded
Didn't get work
30.00%
Table 19: Type of NREGA works sanctioned for village in year 2015-16
20.30%
Got less than
required
Note: Screenshot of official records provided in Annexure part
Got as per
requirment
0.30%
As per household survey people got work under NREGA less
than their requirement. Following fig shows survey results.
46.97%
NA
No of days HHs Worked
2.78%
less than 10 days
19.44% 27.78%
50.00%
Figure 35: NREGA work requirement pattern in grampanchayat
10-30 days
Source: Yashada an NGO survey 2015-16 report under Rajiv Gandhi
Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan
31-60 days
more than 60 days
We are unable to provide active worker data for the village.
This is newly formed Grampanchyat. Currently all records of
villages shown under old Kharvad Grampanchyat. Below table
show status of Job cards in Kharvad Grampanchyat.
Figure 34: No of days people worked on NREGA from household survey
Total No. of Job Cards issued
Total No. of Workers
Total No. of Active Job Cards
Total No. of Active Workers
SC worker against active workers[%]
ST worker against active workers[%]
Even Yashada survey gives data for NREGA work requirement
for Grampanchayat.
Table 20: NREGA overview of GP
34
1,303
3,581
688
1,605
0.12
99.75
Source: https://nrega.nic.in
operator for last year. To resolve this he has do much
paper work and follow up with MIS team placed at
Nandurbar district place. He resolved all these issues in
Monsoon when work load is less.
Suggestion provided:
 Get Xerox copy of pass book of wage seekers along
with first demand to avoid mistakes in e-muster or
all wage seekers Xerox copy passbook can be
collected in monsoon season and made entry in MIS
to freeze bank account. This will avoid burden
when people demand work.
Note: MIS data cannot be tracked at village level. I have gone
through some of job card ids belong to this village. The job
card showed that people were working on NREGA from 2007.
But reality on field is different.
5.1.4. Field Observation
5.1.4.1 Block Level
I had interaction with Data entry operator who sits in
Panchayat samiti office. There were 4 data entry operators
available in NREGA cell. For internet BSNL internet
connection was available. The battery backup has come from
last 2 months. Before that operators have faced load shedding
problems of 6-8 hours. As told by them they have to work on
weekend to meet deadlines
5.1.4.2 Field Level
1. Most of the NREGA individual assets beneficiaries reside
in downhill parts of the villages.
2. CFT program is implemented by BAIF NGO in this area.
From last 2 year CFT have conducted 4 awareness
meetings in this village. But all meetings conducted in
downhill part of village with poor attendance.
3. For this village CFT has prepared 18 labour groups that
contain 185 active workers. After people interaction it
realizes that no villagers are aware about such labor group
which they are part of.
4. Children below 18 had worked on behalf of their parents on
NREGA worksites.
5. Family members whose names were not included in Job
cards were also worked on NREGA worksites.
6. Most of the works observed by us were CCT, Pali, Mati
nala Bund, well. In our field stay duration, no NREGA
Following online problems are faced by them:
1. While doing data entry for e-muster they faced problems of
incorrect Post office code or blank /duplicate Post/Bank
account no of workers.
2. Duplicate job entry can be done for same worker. There is
no unique key identification of worker in system
3. Most of the time payment is rejected due to incorrect
/inactive account nos, invalid post office code. In such
cases data entry operator made no of hours as 0 for
problematic entry of worker and proceeds to avoid
problems for rest of the valid entries. There were 468
invalid and 513 rejected cases pending with Data entry
35
work was going in village. One of the Mati nala bund
washed off in first rain itself.
7. People have not received payment till now. All villagers
have account in Mandvi Post office 12kms away from
village.
8. NREGA work execution, payments were completely
monitored and controlled by Mr. Nana Pawara, elite of the
village. He was reluctant to share information with us. All
NREGA related paper work was available with him instead
of Gramrojarsevak. According to him NREGA staff at
Panchayat Samiti office took bribe at every stage of work
approval. He paid money from his pocket to sanction work
for his village.
9. There were 2 Gramrojarsevaks in village. Dilip Pawara is
newly appointed. He was not completely aware about his
roles and responsibilities and other one never available in
village.
10. People did not receive adequate work as per their
requirement. This year also people have migrated to nearest
town for farming work, construction work. Survey shows
that migration rate is 70%.

Following fig shows newly constructed Mati Nala Bund gets
flushed off in first rain wash due to faulty site selection
Probable solutions:

require internet connection. It can work offline as
well. Internet connectivity is available at sub post
office level located in Dhadgaon. Right now all
branch post office masters go to sub post office to
collect money. After bio metric authentication post
masters can update their bio metric data from sub
post office with help of internet connection and can
distribute money to only wage seekers after their
finger authentication. This is successfully
implemented in Nizamabad, Telangana District.
Household survey shows that 75% population use
mobile for communication purpose. Wage seekers
can get SMS intimation in their local language once
money credited to their account. It just requires
updating their contact no in MIS. This will also help
to alert people about their payment.
Currently payments are collected by one elite
person or Gramrojarsevak by post office on behalf
of wage seekers. Also on withdrawal slip
Gramsevak signature required. To avoid this
malfunctioning biometric authentication can be
implemented at branch post office level. It does not
36
Distribution. PDS was introduced around World War II as a
war-time rationing measure. 1970s, PDS had evolved into a
universal scheme for the distribution of subsidized food. In the
1990s, the scheme was revamped to improve access of food
grains to people in hilly and inaccessible areas, and to target
the poor. Subsequently, in 1997, the government launched the
Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), with a focus on
the poor. TPDS aims to provide subsidized food and fuel to the
poor through a network of ration shops.
Food grains such as rice (Rs. 3/kg) and wheat (Rs. 2/kg) as
well as sugar are provided to the beneficiaries. Food grains
given account to total 35kgs to each beneficiary as well 5 liter
of kerosene. Beneficiaries are divided into two main
categories:
Figure 36: NREGA asset flushed off in first rain
5.1.4.3 MIS
While verifying MIS data from wage seekers job card for
Chondwade BK village I found logical mistakes in database for
e.g. duplicate job card entry, incorrect status of work. I have
attached one of the finding here.


Households below poverty line or BPL
Households above poverty line or APL
The Planning Commission calculated state-wise estimates of
the total number of BPL beneficiaries that would be covered
under TPDS. Each state government was responsible for
identifying eligible BPL households on the basis of inclusion
and exclusion criteria evolved by the Ministry of Rural
Development. Such households were entitled to receive a BPL
ration card. APL households were not identified and any
household above the poverty line could typically apply for an
APL ration card.
MIS Data.docx
These findings can be corrected by giving proper logical
checks. This can be taken as part of MTP
5.2 PDS
5.2.1 Introduction
Public distribution system (PDS) is an Indian food
security system. It is established by the Government of
India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public
37
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): The AAY scheme was
launched in December 2000 for the poorest among the BPL
families. Individuals in the following priority groups are
entitled to an AAY card, including: (i) landless agricultural
laborers, (ii) marginal farmers, (iii) rural artisans/craftsmen
such as potters and tanners, (iv) slum dwellers, (v) persons
earning their livelihood on a daily basis in the informal sector
such as porters, rickshaw pullers, cobblers, (vi) destitute, (vii)
households headed by widows or terminally ill 4 persons,
disabled persons, persons aged 60 years or more with no
assured means of subsistence, and (viii) all primitive tribal
households.
5.2.2 PDS in village
PDS is working in our village from last 40 years. First 20 years
PDS shop was in another village but after that it got shifted to
same village. Basically it is not a shop, distribution happens
from one house. 110 households have BPL ration card with
them which includes 90 Aantodyay and 20 Pradhanya card
beneficiaries. Kerosene distribution also happens from another
house by self-help group. Supply of both is not reliable. Every
household is well aware about the benefits of scheme.
For getting food grains shop owner has to take signature of
person (Mr. Paradake), who is official supplier (Fair price shop
owner) for the village. As he was not working properly (he
used to provide grains once in 4-5 months), villagers
complained about this in Tehsil office, Dhadgaon and gave
distribution work to ‘Pawara’ from village. Interaction with
villagers and other stakeholders gave following insights:
Annapurna Scheme: This is being implemented from 1st
April, 2001. This is 100% centrally sponsored scheme. Under
this scheme 10 Kgs of food grains per month are provided free
of cost to the old destitute people of 65 years and above age.
The eligibility criteria for this scheme are that the person
should not be in receipt of pension under the National old age
pension scheme or state pension scheme.

National Food Security Act, 2013: An Act to provide for food
and nutritional security in human life cycle approach, by
ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at
affordable prices. Under existing PDS food was matter of right.
But under NFSA, food is a matter of right and eligible persons
can take ration in one go or under different installments or even
after lapse of year. A uniform scale of 5 per soul is available
under NFSA which was not under existing TPDS. Those
households are named under Pradhanya (Priority) cards.


38
Mr. Pawara is working from last 10-12 years. He pays
12,500 (by Chalan) in bank to buy grains. Godown charges
Rs. 1000 to release grains and Transportation to villages
charged around Rs. 900; both are not legal.
Households are supposed to get 25kg of wheat, 10kg of rice
and 5 kg of sugar but in reality they get 20kg of wheat, 810kg of rice and 2-3kg of sugar, and in all they pay 120 to
140 rupees. Quality of grains is not good all the time.
They sell 5kg of grains to families those do not have ration
card by increased price (increased by 1 rupee)







Many new families are there who have applied for ration
card but did not get it. Some of them have got ration cards
but they don’t get grains.
Distributor inspector (Mr. Nagdevate) told us that even
though families get ration card they are not eligible to get
grains. Unless list of BPL/APL households which is with
them gets updated they cannot include more families.
He mentioned that even though people take new ration card
they don’t remove their names from previous card; which is
compulsory to do.
Kerosene is distributed by self-help group. They buy it at
rate Rs. 18/lit and by rule they are supposed to sell at Rs.
21/lit, but they sell at Rs. 25/lit.
In the beginning they used to get 1200 liters of kerosene
but then it got reduced to 1000 liters, then 800 and right
now they get 600 liters. So the distribution amount is also
reduced.
They do not distribute all kerosene they get. Almost 60% of
it they sell in Dhadgaon market at 40 Rs./lit. In their
register they mark it as they gave 5 liter to each household.
But from feedback of villagers we got to know that they
only distribute 2 to 2.5 liters. Almost 70% of households
answered now days they don’t get kerosene at all. Some of
them said they get once in 3 months.
39
was less hot compared to Nandurbar. The village is distant
from very basic facilities like health, education, transport,
water. This tehsil faced drought from last 2 year. Still people
are surviving, happily accommodating, and welcoming outsider
in the village.
6. My leanings
6.1 Vidya
After 12 hour journey, we reached to Dhadgaon Tehsil. I was
completely exhausted due to lot of travel, summer heat and
also acidity problem. To avoid emergency in village I thought
to visit clinic in Dhadgaon as my health was getting worse. The
doctor immediately admitted me and gave one injection and
saline dose. While on bed I saw that he was charging almost
300 and above to every patient even for fever. Giving saline
and injection was normal for all patients. When I asked for my
bill he charged me Rs 450 and also showed unwillingness to
give any bill receipt. Still I managed to get by giving reasons of
health insurance. This was my first encounter with health
institution in a village. Meanwhile we managed to connect to
our house owner Mr. Nana Pawara. He boarded us on auto
which was full of 20-25 people from all side. Due to
transportation problem, people have to travel like this even
though it is dangerous for their life. It was not adventurous trip
for them as I was feeling at that time. But it was their
helplessness. After few days, I heard news of young boy death
while he was travelling sitting on top of the vehicle.
The village life was very calm, slow, no hurry to go anywhere.
There were only 2 autos available to travel to-from Dhadgaon.
Due to this, our whole day gets wasted even for 15-20 mins
work in Dhadgaon. People do not feel any uneasiness, irritation
for such long waiting period. Being Mumbaikar, Initially I felt
that uneasiness, frustration and many questions comes to mind
- why people do not feel irritation? Why they don’t ask for
public transport? What is that hindering to have public
transport facility in village? After few days I got to know that
some people have motorcycle with them who are also bit well
off families in village. Those who are facing transportation
problem according to them this issue is not their first priority.
Even distance to Dhadgaon is 7 km which they managed to
cover by walking. For them there are many other issues on
priority. So finally even I accept reality and became of part of
village life without doing any hurry to achieve any target.
Within few days the very first thing I got that nobody has asked
us about our caste which generally happens in other normal
villages/towns/cities. Population belongs to Pawara and Bhil
community. I do not find caste pride or caste, gender
discrimination in village. Even I saw girls ran away from their
home to marry with boy of their choice. But after few days
everything gets settled down and parents from both sides do
The village, Chondwade, was completely surrounded by
Satpuda ranges. It was really beautiful to see village in the
evening (especially from uphill). In night I can see very
beautiful sky with full of stars rare to see in the city. This night
picture increased my curiosity about universe. The temperature
40
celebration. I haven’t heard single honor killing case there. For
this reason I can say that I stayed with progressive community
compared with others. I do not find obesity in village from
child to adult.
This is rain fed region. Farming completely depends on
monsoon. Hence people migrate after Diwali and come back in
Holi. They usually go to Shahda, Nashik to do farming and
construction activities. Household survey shows that 70%
people are migrating every year from this village. Being CFT
and IPPE block the people are still migrating for work due to
lack of NREGA implementation in village. This situation is
raising question about CFT effectiveness in this village.
While doing survey I experienced that people were lying about
their assets and agriculture income. But then I started asking
question to myself if some outsider comes and ask such
information to me. Will I give all information to them? Why
they should believe in me? They were having fear of subsidy
loss if they go out of BPL due to high income showcase
(without knowing financial limit for BPL/APL). Then I used a
trick to get income information. I used to keep pen and form in
bag once I written their family and health information. It just to
showcase that form was filled up and started general talk with
them. Instead of asking direct income question I asked about
their crop pattern, how much they received this year, what and
how much they sold and what was the rate etc. Then I wrote all
this before going to next home.
Even I observed that women were having 10-12 children.
There was no family planning. NFHS 2015-16 also reported
that overall use of family planning method in rural part of
Nandurbar district is 55.3%, use of condom is 2.2% only.
Health worker can play a role in this. But even health worker
communication to female non-users about family planning is
21.7%. Even educated gents do not allow their wife to do
operation. New generation has 2-3 children but their parents
still wants more children to work in farm. I was thinking that
they do not have enough land to complete their basic needs
then why they need more children. How can they feed to all of
them? I really did labeling to these people without taking
effort to get actual reason behind it. I got answer for this
toward end of my field stay by Dr Alaka Kulkarni and felt
guilty. She narrated one incident when one lady blamed tribal
for not having family planning. Dr replied to her that if people
do not have assurance about their children life how you can
expect family planning from them. Sickle cell is most prevalent
disease in whole Dhadgaon tehsil. There were no basic lab
facilities, sonography machine available in government
After PRA activities like social map, resource map, we and
villagers realized that hamlets on uphill part are neglected
compared to hamlets on downhill part. There was no
electricity, Angawadi, hand pumps, road connectivity in that
area. All facilities like bore well, tractor, motorcycle, graduated
people in home, doing job outside were concentrated downside
only. This reflect same situation between Shahda (downhill)
and Dhadgaon tehsils in terms of facilities and poverty.
41
hospital to detect sickle cell. ‘Maharshra Arogya Mandal’ is an
NGO working in this area toward sickle cell issue. Every
Monday NGO does OPD in Dhadgaon for sickle cell patient.
According to NGO 2011 data, sickle cell estimated carrier
individuals (Prevalence 22.5%) >43,000, Estimated sufferer
individuals (Prevalence 1.2%) - More than 1900 in Dhadgaon
tehsil. This gives severity of disease in this area. Sometimes,
serious sickle cell patient need to provide blood due to their
low HB. There is no blood bank available in Dhadgaon as well
as Nandurbar district place. It is available in Shahada. People
consider this disease as social stigma so they hide it if their
children have sickle cell. As it is genetic disease it is essential
to do marriage counseling of these people but government is
not paying attention towards it even though count of patient is
very high in this area.
of adequate facilities like playground, lab, washroom, and
adequate teaching staff. Once this school won many state level
awards in games like Kabadi, Kho-Kho etc. But now due to
unavailability of playground they do not play games since from
3 years. 40-50 girls were staying in one room. At other side
even in IIT we are complaining about many things while living
in sharing room. New building constructed before 2 years for
ashram school but charge has not given to school yet.
There were 3 anganwadi in village but all at downhill side. No
anganwadi sevika is teaching to children. Everyday same poor
quality of food served to them. NFHS 2015-16 survey reported
for rural part of Nandurbar district, Children under 5 years
who are stunted are 49.7% , Children under 5 years who are
wasted 40.4%, Children under 5 years who are severely
wasted are 15.2%, Children under 5 years who are underweight
(weight-for-age) are 57.0%
Many NGOs work in this village like Tata Sini, BAIF, Shabri
Seva Samiti. NGOs also work in Target mode. Most of the
time, meetings are conducted with poor presence and
involvement of people even knowing that due to some reason
many villagers are out of village. NGOs work is also more
concentrated in downhill part. They have not conducted
meetings in uphill part. TATA Sini is working on malnutrition
issue. They were providing “Nut paste” to SAM children. After
Health checkup it came to know that there were only 2 SAM
children in one Anganwadi. Instead of giving these packets to
Anganwadi sevika who has SAM children it was given to some
other Anganwadi sevika (the house where we were staying).
She has not returned these packets to required Anganwadi till
us there. She was giving packets to children coming to her
anganwadi who taste it once and throw away whole packet.
Even not all children are getting benefited by Anganwadi due
to remoteness or ignorance from anganwadi sevika. All elder
children (above 4th class) of village go to Ashram school.
Government provides all essentials to children starting from
cloth, books, bags everything. But ashram school lacks in terms
Under SBA (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan) government asked
villagers to build toilet for which money will be given
afterwards. Just of sake of money people build bare minimum
structure of toilets on cheaper rate without taking care of water
facility. At one side people are going 1-2kms away to get their
42
drinking water then how can you expect them to use toilet
without arranging proper water facility. But when it’s asked in
Gramsabha why did you accept this proposal, why didn’t you
put forward these question nobody has answer for it. From all
this I got feeling that government program run in target mode
without customizing it as per terrain.
village activities. There is huge communication gap between
government officials and village people. At one side we are
talking about empowering Panchayat Raj Institution with help
of 73rd and 74th amendment providing more rights to PRI.
What’s the use of providing more rights to Garmpanchayat like
this who are not even aware about their duties, responsibilities?
This village also gave experience of “elite capture”. Nana
Pawara is educated person in village. He has wide contact with
all Government departments as well NGOs. All government
schemes / NGO work go through his home first. NREGA work,
payment were controlled by him. As told by him and NGO
people bribe has been taken by government official at every
stage of NREGA work. This remind me sentence of Rajiv
Gandhi that for every rupee sent to the common man, only 17
paise reached him.
During my directed research study of WADI program I had
interaction with 5 beneficiaries of WADI program. After
understanding benefit of WADI, people had taken a lot of
effort to maintain their WADI. Few of them carried water on
their head from river 1km away to water fruit plants in WADI
for 2 years.
This field experience gives me real picture of village life, PRI,
government programs and scheme functioning, NGO work
styles. I have seen mentality of people who wants to showcase
them as poor to get benefits of all government subsidy or any
other schemes. But at the same time I have seen people who
own small land made magical change in their life with their
hard work without relying on government subsidy. It taught
me to keep patience in life and do hard work.
This is newly formed Grampanchayat in March 2016. Newly
elected Sarpranch of the village is illiterate girl. I was even
doubtful about her age (completed 18?). Her father and brother
have completely taken charge of all sarpanch work and even
trainings to be attended on behalf of her. The first Gramsabha
happened with poor attendance of people, without discussing
any development agenda and just played party politics. While
talking to sarpanch family members I do not find any vision or
agenda they have for village development. It just they want
political power. They are not much aware about SHG
functioning, new government schemes. Government official
like Gramsevak, Talathi who are stakeholders in village
development do their job without actively participating in
6.2 Sneha
Journey started on 8th of July with lot of excitement and little
fear. After Shahada it was all through the hills, giving the
assurance that we are going really into interior tribal village.
Though forest is not dense it was nice view. First shock when
we reached village was there is not as such gaonthan area.
Everyone stays in their own farm, so it was going to take lot
43
time to explore the village. In first week, every day we were
getting to know new hamlet. Then I learned tribal people care
more about land, farming and their own trees. Being from
western Maharashtra this was very new type of village for me.
Best thing I felt about village is anywhere you see or out of a
window you will see only hills.
being corrupt and not working properly. There is lack of
collective action and participation from people of tribal
community which is letting officials to do corruption.
Programs of NGOs also followed top-down approach in some
cases. TATA sini has CSR activity under which they were
investing for vegetable farming. Only farmer who have
irrigation facility were able to take it as vegetable farming
demands daily water supply. There were few families who
wanted first irrigation facility (like well) and then they could
have taken vegetable farming. But it was not allowed. People
are not provided with what they want; they are provided with
what NGO plans to give. So there might be very less
beneficiaries for such program. Bothe government and NGO
have target oriented approach. For example CFT program was
supposed to aware people about NREGA. But instead of
awareness they always focused how number man-days created
has increased. Because of target oriented approach basic
purpose of program is not served many times.
Tribal department has many schemes for people as well as
many NGOs are working in our village. So many times when
we used to do household survey people asked us what we are
going to give them. Till now they have got many things for free
like solar lamp, cattle and even utensils in home. So sometimes
it was hard to convince them that we are not going to give
anything. In between those conversations I started knowing
mentality of people. They have become very much dependent
upon government scheme and subsidy. Like almost everyone
has built toilet because they are supposed to get subsidy but
nobody is using it.
In these 9 weeks I learned how to deal with people. We
interacted with different stakeholders of society like
government officials, staff, NGO staff, villagers, doctors and
many more. Every time you cannot be open to everyone.
Sometimes they are very reluctant to share any kind of
information. That time you have to make sure you win his/her
trust and get that information. The thing which came across my
observation was failure of any program/scheme is not the
responsibility of one side. Officials used to complain that
people don’t listen them and demand many things as if it’s
their right. On the other side people were blaming officials for
Once we traveled from Shahada to Dhadgaon in 2 hours which
is 60 kilometers away. Our village was 10km from Dhadgaon.
But it took 5 hours to reach our village. It was literally test of
our patient level. We faced many issues because of
transportation. There was only one rikshaw from village which
was available. After 3pm nothing will be there to us to the
village. We used to wait 2-3 hours for rikshaw. Other villagers
with us who also used to wait for it; it was not big deal for
them. Many of them used to just walk those 10km distance.
44
One afternoon when we were resting in our house incident
happened. Instead of tea or cold drink guests were being hosted
by offering beer (alcohol). That time I started realizing
difference between development and modernization. Families
used to spend considerable amount of money on alcohol, Bidi,
Tapkir and gold or silver ornaments. But when it comes to
nutritious food for child they were giving reason of poverty, so
ironic. So this tribal community is trying to be modern rather
than developed. They are not aware of this fact but it is
happening.
45
7. Directed research
7.1 Malnutrition
The above data shows severity of malnutrition in Nandurbar
district. During our field stay we observed that children were
not getting nutritional food during their growth period in
Anganwadi. In our village yellow rice without any pulses and
vegetables are served to children daily. There are 6 MAM, 2
SAM children in our village as per anganwadi health check up
report. CMAM (Community-based Management of Acute
Malnutrition Model) is a Joint initiative of Dept. of Women
and Child Development, Govt. of Maharashtra, Tata Trust, and
UNICEF for providing timely & quality care for children with
Severe Acute Malnutrition from Nandurbar district in
Maharashtra. TATA SINI provides easy Nut paste packets to
SAM children which weigh 92 gram and has 500kcal.
7.1.1 Introduction
Tribal villages in Maharashtra's Nandurbar district have
disturbing facts about levels of malnutrition among children.
The National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4), the
fourth in the NFHS series, provides information on population,
health and nutrition for India and each State / Union territory. It
also has Maternal and child health. Table below gives
indicators for child health for Nandurbar district.
Category
Rural
Total
Children under 5 years who
are underweight (weight- 57
for-age)%
55.4
Children under 5 years who
are stunted (height-for- 49.7
age)%
47.6
Children under 5 years who
are wasted (weight-forheight)%
39.8
40.4
These packets were given to anagawadi sevika who does not
have SAM children. She gave these packets to children came to
her anganwadi instead of giving it to anganwadi sevika which
has SAM children. Children just taste it and throw it away.
This field situation and interaction with Dr Alaka Kulkarni
encouraged us to study this topic in depth. Kulkarni hospital
based in Shahada along with NGO ‘Shabari Seva Samiti’ runs
program to address malnutrition issues in this area.
Table 21: Malnutrition status of Nandurbar district
Source: National Family Health Survey 2015-16 report
46
Kulkarni Hospital spends money on this program through their
NGO “Adarsh Pratishthan”. NGO brings batch of 7-8 patients
to hospital. Doctor admits malnourished children for 8 days
and provides 1 week nutritional food course to children along
with other medicines. They also tried to counsel parents about
health care of children and nutritional locally available food at
economical rate.
Zapi Pada
0
5
Table 22: Malnourished children count of village
Hospital: All types of sick children are treated in Kulkarni
Hospital. They are provided diet after every 2 hour between 610PM. Generally children get admitted on Thursday and get
treatment till next Wednesday. All facilities like food, bathing
were made available in hospital itself.
We spent 3 days in Kulkarni hospital along with one local girl
Monika. Monika completed her Master in Arts and also did
B.ED. She helped us to interact with those patients. As she was
belonging to their community, people were talking more with
her than us.
Diet Plan:
Objective of study was to understand treatment given to
children, hurdles faces by doctors and social workers and come
with plan to improve quality and scale of program.
In this diet plan Ghehuna provided by Hospital and rest of the
diet prepared and provided by NGO. Doctor do checkup of
children twice in a day. Weights of the children are measured
twice in a day. Food provided to parents is Dal rice almost
every day. Toilet and bathroom were not clean. Initially meal
to parents provided by hospital in canteen. But due to less
quantity and test parents have asked different facility for
themselves. Hence NGO started cooking with help of parents
in the hospital. There is separate small corner room provided to
NGO for cooking.
6.00 Am: Milk; 8.00: Sheera; 10.00: Ghehuna; 12.00: Dal
Rice; 2:00: Banana; 4.00: Sheera; 6.00: Ghehuna; 8.00:
Khichidi, 10.00: Milk
7.1.2 Key Field Observations
Village: In our village scenario was nothing different. There
was no special diet prepared for children. Elder siblings used to
take care of younger once as mother used to be busy. Egg,
fruits and milk were not the part of daily diet. Green vegetables
were only eaten in the rainy season. In our village there were 3
Aanganwadis. Status of malnourished children is given in
below table.
Name
Anganwadi
Proper
Bari Pada
of SAM children
2
0
Problems faced by Doctor:
1. Electrophoysis test: This test is used to detect sickle cell.
Right now hospital can afford this test only for the patient
as it is costly (). As per doctor say if the results are positive
then it is essential to do the test for rest of the family
MAM children
0
6
47
members. Also lab expertise is required to analyze results.
Currently hospital sends blood samples to Surat or
Nandurbar.
2. Sickle cell preventive measures:
3. Doctor faces communication problems due to different
language speak by tribal people (Pawari /Bhilori)
4. They do not have dedicated manpower to look after this
ward.
Assumption: Adarsh Prtishthan digitized data contains patients
brought from Shabri Seva Samiti only.
7.1.3 Proposed program
This unit aims to treat and cure malnourished children from
villages comes under Dhadgaon and Akkalkua, Taloda tehsils.
Local NGO named ‘Shabri Seva Samiti’ and ‘Kulkarni
Hospital’ located in Shahada are two stakeholders for running
this program.
Problems faced by NGO:
Below are objectives of the unit as per priority:
1. Right now one person per Tehsil is working to bring batch
to hospital. They are not provided any transport facility by
NGO.
2. For each batch fund provided on basis of per parent per
meal 40 rupees.
3. As per volunteer they need more people to assist in the
work and also transport facility.
1. To treat malnourished children and associated diseases
(apart from surgical)
2. Improve/increase the appetite of a child by feeding
them every 2 hour with different eatables
3. To make aware mother about different diet practices
and patterns locally available, affordable. It can be
conveyed by doing recipes with their involvement or
visual media can also be used.
4. To do counseling of parents regarding child care and
diet practices
5. To take preventive and curative measures for sickle cell
patients like vaccination and lifelong medicine course.
6. To do counseling of sickle cell patients.
Data Analysis:
The table given in Annexure II provides analysis of no of
patients treated in Kulkarni hospital under this program in last
4 years.
Analyzed data shows that patient comes for ADM every
month. But frequency of patient is high in month of Feb, April,
July, August and September. Follow up can be analyzed by
tracing each patient history as above data includes multiple
follow up count of same patient as well.
To track progress of pregnant women and do their counseling
at specific interval regarding diet as well as vaccination (Long
term objective)
To meet above objectives we need below programs:
48





1. Diet plan
Prepare locally available, affordable diet plan for children and
parents.
2. Diet communicator
Languages known: Pawari, Bhilori, Marathi
Infant and Young child feeding
Area specific diet study.
Learn children songs in local languages
Standards regarding weight , height, age etc
Milestone to be achieved by children as per standard
convention
Her Responsibilities:
Note: We need third party to train communicator regarding
area specific diet study and children songs.

3. Data maintenance






To build communication bridge between parents and
doctors.
To improve child and mother interaction with help of
different activities
To do counseling of mothers regarding child health and
affordable, locally available diet practices through various
forms activities like interaction, video presentation, past
successful case studies, encourage their involvement in
daily cooking activities.
Involvement with doctors to prepare diet plan for parents
and children.
To explain importance of wining, feeding and stimulation
to mothers.
Develop trust among parents
Involve in regular medical camps and help doctors in
awareness programs.
Right now unique AP no is given to each patient. Patient
medical history maintained in manual format. Patient name,
address, date of admission, date of discharge, date of OPD,
date of follow up and medicine expenditure maintain in
digitized format. Data entry operator need to digitize other
essential data as per doctor suggestion. This data can be
utilized for further research.
In future Software can be developed for data analysis.
4. Medical Camps
Medical camps will be taken by doctors once in every month to
reach more people with help of Shabri seva samiti volunteer.
This camp consists of both awareness as well as medical
checkup activities
Training programs for her:

5. Sickle cell patient treatment
Importance of Good diet and bad diet
49
Below preventive and curative measures should be taken for
sickle cell patient.
8. Pregnant women counseling
Typhoid: one every 3 year, 200/injection
Malnourishment start at child birth if mother has not taken
proper care during pregnancy. Awareness programs can be
done at village level regarding pregnancy care and related
government programs. Help them to avail government facilities
available in PHC and government hospital.
Hepatitis B: 3 doses, 50/dose
Amenities required:
Meningococcal: once only, 4000/ dose
Gas cylinder, mixer or basic cooking appliances, Toys,
Projector, Handycam
Vaccination:
Pneumococcal: 3 injection, only once, 1800/ injection.
Medicines to be taken lifelong:
Targets
Folic Acid: 5mg, Rs 2/ tablet
Give weekly or monthly goal to NGO volunteers to bring
patient (new as well as follow up) to hospital. Incentivize
volunteer if they cross target.
Zinc: 20mg, bottle for 15 days- Rs 70/bottle
Hydrooxyurea: as per body gram, Rs 12/ tablet
Manpower
6. Toys section
Existing: 3 (Cook Shankar, Adarsh Partishthan Project
Manager, Data entry operator)
In this unit separate toys section to be provided to engage
children.
Needed: 4 (2- Communicator (prefer girls), 1- Tribal cook, 1Medical Social worker)
7. Kitchen garden
One of the shabri seva samiti volunteer has implemented
kitchen garden at his home and also encouraged others from his
village to do it. Right now video recording can be done about
their experience and shared with patient’s parents. In future
actual kitchen garden implementation can be done in the
hospital area and involve people participation in it.
Finance:
Diet for parents & children: 12000/month. (When it provided
by Hospital)
50
Electrophoresis test: Rs 700 (for standard lab like Metropolis),
Rs 400 (Nandurbar), Rs 30 to transport blood samples to lab.
7.2.2 Objectives of Study
The CFT program is also implemented in Dhadgaon block
from 2014. MITTRA (BAIF’s sister organization) is
implementing agency in Dhadgaon. This is 3 year program in 2
tribal blocks of Nandurbar district. The objective of the study is
to understand CFT program and its impact on NREGA
performance
Last year Hospital expenses: 2, 98,000
We have placed proposal to CSR for funding support for this
project.
7.2 CFT
7.2.3 Field Observation
As part of Study I have gone through literatures provided by
MITTRA CFT team. There are 6 peoples staff working on CFT
program out of them only one is B.Tech (Agriculture) engineer
and others are hired from local areas completed MSW. The
villages are divided in 3 CFT divisions. Each CFT team
comprises of 3 people has 10 GPs under them. Our village
comes under CFT-1.
7.2.1 Introduction
One of the impediments in implementation of MGNREGA has
been lack of availability of staff at GP level with expertise in
soil and moisture conservation measures, decentralized
planning, community mobilization etc. To begin with, CFT
teams (a cadre of professionals) established in those blocks that
require a more intensive approach to be adopted for
successfully meeting the objectives of MGNREGA. These
areas would typically be pockets where the population of
landless agriculture labourers, SCs, STs and other vulnerable
groups is very high. The CFT will comprise of four specialists,
one each for community mobilization, soil and moisture
conservation, agriculture and allied activities and MIS & ICT.
One among these four will be designated as the Assistant
Programme Officer (APO)/team leader/ Coordinator. The CFT
will work under the overall supervision of the PO but will also
be jointly accountable to the GPs within their cluster. The main
responsibilities of CFT team is raising awareness among
potential wage seeker, provide technical support to government
functionaries, surveying, planning, monitoring, MIS keeping,
payments.
Also I have also done one field visit to ‘Khanbara’ newly
formed Grampanchayat where CFT has started NREGA work
with participation from all villagers. Khanbara grampanchayat
consists of 2 villages, Khanbara and Mojara. I have visited 2
NREGA work site locations where Mati Nala bund works were
going on. Following points noticed on field Site.
1. In my village there is no CFT activities happened during
our field stay. Bunds with local stones construction work
was going on village.
51
Period of Migration
1.64%
< 3 months
26.23%
3 to 6 months
42.62%
6-9 months
Figure 37: Bunds with local stones constructed under NREGA
As per household survey Migration rate is 70% in Chondwade
BK village. Following fig depict period of migration and % of
families migrate.
Figure 39: Period of migration and its frequency in village
2. As discussed with CFT team they are conducting “Rojgar
divas” activity in village to create awareness among
potential wage seekers. There were 6 meetings conducted
in my village by CFT team for awareness as well as for
planning work. Below data shows date of meetings and
attendance for meetings:
Migration
29.51%
Meeting Date
02/07/2015
20/10/2015
05/11/2015
07/01/2016
08/01/2016
20/01/2016
Yes
70.49%
No
Attendance
45
17
30
17
20
7
Table 23: CFT meetings conducted in village
Figure 38: Migration rate in village
52
Most of the meeting took place at downhill side.
getting it register online. According to CFT team people
were registering for demand and migrating for other work.
Some other people worked on their name or they asked for
unemployment allowance (which is dream for all India
NREGA wage seekers).
6. In village people didn’t receive payment till now for work
they have done in March and April.
3. Survey showed that not much peoples were aware about
CFT program in village or any meetings held regarding it.
4. On field site of Khanbara I observed that people demanded
work 2 months before. They received work in June 13,
2016. Demand has come from 120 people but now only 30
people got work. As per muster 30 people were working on
site. But in actual only 21 peoples were working on work
site. Gramrojarsevak was using rough muster. He didn’t
receive printed muster till now. Below 18 years children
were also working on site. I observed one well educated
M.A, B.ED girl was working on site.
7.2.4 Conclusion
Even though CFT program was working in Dhadgaon block
from 2014, migration rate is still high (70%) in Chondwade Bk.
There was communication as well as co-ordination gap exists
in Government functionaries and implementing agency.
Implementing agency was not clear about their roles and
responsibilities. More focused was given on colleting demand
from people and preparing technical estimate rather than
empowering people and train NREGA technical assistants in
preparing estimate. Even adequate staff was not available with
CFT team as per MOU. CFT team hasn’t worked towards
payment issues of people. Even though MIS record showed
that demand has increased by 25.88% from 2013-14 results are
not visible on field.
7.3 WADI
7.3.1 Introduction
A `Wadi plot’ is a piece of family-owned land that is
developed for agro-horti-forestry, with soil and water
conservation, under a Wadi project. A typical orchard,
promoted under this project covering 1 acre, involved
Figure 40: People below 18 years age worked on NREGA
5. There was new rule in Dhadgaon block. All demands are
verified by Sarpanch, Gramsevak Gramrojarsevak before
53
plantation of 40-60 fruit plants and 300-400 forestry species
along the border. The rationale for agro-horti-forestry is that
mature fruit trees can provide income to poor families in underdeveloped areas, year after year, for several years, unlike
agricultural crop cultivation, which is highly dependent on
monsoons. Orchard plots could be so laid out that some
agriculture is also possible in alleys and spaces between trees,
to meet part of a family’s food requirements, till fruit trees
begin to yield. Multipurpose tree species can be grown along
boundaries for protecting the fruit plants from stray cattle like
agave, jatropha, sagargota, cacti etc. These trees meet family’s
fuel, wood or fodder needs and can also be a source of
additional income. Agro-horti-forestry thus meets a broad
range of key needs of poor families. The literature review
shows positive impact on beneficiaries’ health, income,
improvement in quality of life and reduced migration. WADI
project made active involvement of beneficiary investing their
only assets i.e. land and labor. One of the goals of
MGNREGA scheme is livelihood security for the poor through
creation of durable assets, improved water security, soil
conservation and higher land productivity. Hence it triggers to
study the possibility of making WADI as an individual asset
scheme in MGNREGA to provide sustainable livelihood to
poor.
2. To understand no of labour days produced by WADI
program to family
3. To study financial cost required to set up one WADI
4. To study benefits of WADI program to farmers and its
impact on their migration or NREGA work requirement
5. To check potential of WADI as an individual asset scheme
in MGNREGA
7.3.3 Methodology used for study
In Dhadgaon tehsil 4373 WADIs are implemented under
different programs namely “Jan Uthan”, “Jan Utakarsh”,
“ITDP Taloda” out of which 60% had survived. The survival
rate calculated basis on out of given trees how many survived
in a WADI. If 60 trees are given in Wadi the above 30 trees
should be alive to consider under survive criteria. I have done
detailed case study of 5 beneficiaries of WADI from Harnkhori
and Bijari Village. The focus was given on following points
during case studies:
1. Profile of Beneficiary: Name, Land own, Family size
2. History of Beneficiary before WADI- Profession, Source of
income, Yearly Income from agriculture.
3. WADI intervention: list of activities done in WADI, no of
man days, frequency, no of year, technical and financial
support by BAIF, income from WADI
4. Impact of WADI on life as well as agriculture
5. Any issues/challenges faced, suggestion.
7.3.2 Objectives of Study
The objectives of Directed research are as follows:
I have also taken interview of BAIF team who involved in
WADI project implementation in Dhadgaon.
1. To understand BAIF Wadi program process
54
1. Profile: Name, Education
2. Details of provided trainings
3. WADI intervention: activities done in WADI, no of man
days, frequency, no of year, technical and financial support
by BAIF, income from WADI.
4. How material support provided in WADI.
5. Impact of WADI on people life and agriculture
6. Any issues/challenges faced, suggestion.
7.3.4 Observation
BAIF WADI
7.3.4.1 Benefits
I have interviewed 5 beneficiaries and 1 BAIF technical
person. All beneficiaries have land holding less than 5 acre
apart from 1. Before WADI implementation all beneficiaries
were migrating to nearest villages/towns for 3-6 months. Due
to WADI implementation in their land agriculture productivity
has improved. Intercropping in WADI gave more income
compared to previous one. People have stopped migrating after
WADI intervention. According to people they get new
direction to work in farming. Due to soil and water
conservation activity, agriculture income from farm lands
nearer to WADI has also improved.
Figure 41: WADI owned by one of the beneficiary
Below chart gives income earned by beneficiaries.
1st
Year
Beneficiaries Land ( in WADI
Names
acre)
Income
2016
Income
Mochada
Pawara
30000
Subhash
Pawara
55
1.5
5
9900
15000
60000
Intercropping
Income 2016
30,000
(brinjal)
Madhukar
Patle
10
NA
15000
27000
(cotton from
2 acre)
Tersingh
Patle
1.5
10000
38000
10-11 quintal
Jawar
Ruma Patle
1.25
10000
22000
Table 24: WADI beneficiaries’ income details
I also collected data of BAIF beneficiaries from Nasik team.
Below table showed their income.
Figure 43: Income of WADI beneficiaries in 2016
Apart from this people get additional income from
intercropping as well forest trees planted boundary sides of
WADI. This satisfies their demand for fodder and fuel. Women
do not have to go to forest to collect firewood.
7.3.4.2 Labor, Material and technical Support
BAIF provided support to WADI beneficiary for first 3 years.
The financial support provided by WADI is explained as
follows
Tasks
Digging Pits
Border fencing
After care activities
Total
Figure 42: Income of WADI beneficiaries in 2016
1st Year 2nd
Year
600
600
600
600
1800
600
3rd
Year
600
600
Table 25: Financial support provided by BAIF for WADI
56
7.3.4.3 Labor, Material and technical Support
The table provided in annexure depicts list of activities
performed, frequency, no of man days in each year of 5 year
WADI program.
As per Maharashtra Government revised GR in 2014,
following support provided under horticulture plantation
sheme:
The material component is provided to beneficiary by local
team. The material is provided from funding project to local
team. In WADI water resource development focus was given to
cluster of WADI plots rather than individual beneficiary. The
components involved in water resource development as Water
lifting device (Diesel engine, Electric Motor, etc Water
Distribution systems(PVC pipe, Drip, Jalkund etc)
Well,/Spring Development /Repairing/Deepening, Water
tank/drum as per funding support. Any one of the component
support provided to farmer based on water condition in near
vicinity of his/her area. The individual assets like bore well or
well have not provided. Local team does not aware about the
financial break up for material cost. The sheet attached below
was provided by BAIF MITTRA team for “TDF Shripur”
project financial details.
1. Grafts of plants will be provided by Agriculture department
2. Material cost initially done by farmer. After producing bills
payment will be made to farmers.
3. Family can work only for 100 days on WADI as per
NREGA entitlements in a year. After that other remaining
no of days work should be given to other job holders
4. The government provides support for first 3 years. Below
sheet shows the labor and material support provided under
this scheme to farmer.
TDF Shirpur
Budget.xls
Note: As informed by BAIF-MITTRA team financial details
for this project are somewhat similar as “Jan Uthan” and “Jan
Utkarsh” projects implemented in Dhadagaon area.
Figure 44: Financial details of Govt horticulture plantation scheme under
NREGA
In this case labor and material ratio is 83:17. In Dhadgaon only
2 farmers benefited from this scheme. I also visited one of the
beneficiaries named “Nandlal Pawara”. He has given 277
MGNREGA Horticulture Plantation Scheme
57
4. Data entry operator gives least preference to WADI muster
roles entry which cause delay in payment. They faced coordination problems between NGO and government
functionaries.
plants of Peru out of which only 270 were alive. He received
financial support Rs 13800 but not on time. He did not get any
technical help from Agriculture department.
Analysis of Case study for creating Long-Term Assets under
MGNREGA through GO-NGO Partnership - an Initiative in
Andhra Pradesh
There is more scope to analyze the NREGA data of AP
beneficiaries on whose land WADI was implemented under
this program. This can be taken as part of MTP.
The Gram Samrudhi programme (2010-2015) was initiated
jointly by the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) and
BAIF. BAIF’s sister organization in Andhra Pradesh, BIRDAP, played the role of the implementation agency. The
programme area was a part of Mahbubnagar district, covering
60 selected GPs of three mandals. Treatment of 200ha in each
of the 60 selected GPs in three mandals, so that total area of
treatment would be 12,000ha. WADI implemented on 1ha area
of farmer. 10,000 person-days of employment are generated in
a 100ha-block in one financial year. But at end they revised
target with only 22 GPs. They could do horticulture plantation
on 74.4ha only by Dec 2012. The case study showed that
NGO faced below challenges while implementing WADI
through MGNREGA:
1. They faced difficulty in getting continues 100ha WADI
plot in one GP due to NREGA beneficiary criteria, lack of
people involvement.
2. People were not ready to build farm pond or CCT on their
farm land due to loss of some area.
3. Other NREGA activities simultaneously were going on in
same GP. They faced difficulty in getting labour during
peak time. Due to 100 days NREGA clause people who
really wants to work but can’t work on it and those who,
were not ready to work on it.
7.3.5 Inferences
The following fig shows comparison between Maharashtra
NREGA horticulture plantation scheme and BAIF WADI
project.
Component
Labour and material ratio
Material support
Fruit plants provided
Hand tools support
Technical support
Insecticide support
Soil conservation
Water Conservation
No of Beneficiaries in
Dhadgaon
WADI BAIF
Program
0.725
NREGA Horticulture
Plantation scheme
87:13:00
Provided by
BAIF
Initially borne by farmer
and returned to her/him
after producing bills
3 types (Mango,
Cashew, Amla)
Yes
Yes
3 years
Yes
Yes
4373
Any one type
No
No
1 year
No
No
2
Table 26: Comparison between BAIF WADI and NREGA Horticulture
plantation scheme
58
The above comparison shows that BAIF WADI takes care of
diversity, seasonality while WADI implementation which is
not happening in NREGA scheme. There is scope to improve
horticulture plantation scheme with help of BAIF team. The
possible ways to take WADI under NREGA as follows:
7.3.5 Conclusion
In implementing WADI as an individual scheme under
NREGA, a major challenge observed would be synchronization
of NREGA works with the time-bound, sequential schedule of
WADI plot development. In WADI all activities has to happen
on time. To implement WADI with NREGA, rules keep in
mind like 100 days employment per HHs, labor and material
ratio, eligibility of beneficiary. The project has already tried
out in AP. Further detailed analysis of AP project can provide
better insights and lessons learnt for bringing NREGA as an
individual asset scheme under NREGA.
Approach 1: Some parts of WADI activities can be completed
through NREGA as follows
1. The nursery can be created under MGNREGA to provide
grafts of fruit plants to WADI beneficiary. This nursery
plants should be ready before monsoon. This will also
provided another source of income to farmers.
2. The no of man days and labor cost of WADI can be
provided under MGNREGA
3. Soil and water conservation, and water resource
development works required for Wadi plot development
can be undertaken under MGNREGA
7.4 Energy
7.4.1 Cooking energy:
Almost every house in a village uses Chulha for
cooking. They have traditional chulha and its diameter is
around 23-25 centimeter. Reason of bigger size of chulha is
they need bigger sixe of Bhakaries. They mostly use firewood
from nearby forest hills. Mostly women go for the collection of
firewood. At one time one person can fetch minimum 10-15
kgs of firewood. Depending upon family size its frequency of
collection is decided. Mostly collection frequency is once in 34 days. Back up for rainy season is also considered while
collection at the end of summer. Cooking is done twice a day.
On an average per person per meal 1kg of firewood is required
(As per the readings taken).
Approach 2: In Maharashtra, under NREGA horticulture
plantation scheme already exists. Some materials which are
provided under WADI were missing in horticulture plantation
scheme like hand tools, particular fertilizers for closing pits
like basal dose, bone meal. The task activities can be modified
after discussion with BAIF and government team. Then
material support responsibility can be given to BAIF which
will make sure on time delivery to farmer rather than farmer
invest amount first.
59
Mangala
Pawara
Kina Pawara
smoke
1.8 kg of cow-dung and 1 kg reduction in
2 kg of fire wood for 4 firewood usage
adult and 2 children
4 kg firewood for 4 Half kg Reduction
persons
in firewood usage
Table 27: Twisted tapes before and after results
Figure 45: Traditional chulha used in village
When we interacted with women in village they all admitted
that smoke from Chulha is troubling them but they don’t seem
to feel it is big problem. Few of them answered that they don’t
have any other option. So we told them about twisted tape. By
showing the video we gave them demo about how to use it. We
gave them all instructions such as don’t let it touch to utensils
and don’t put water on it etc. There was no hesitation for trails.
Table gives effects of TTP use
Name
Kanto Patale
Dhirsingh
Pawara
Sanibai
Pawara
Figure 46: Installation of twisted tapes
TTP was installed in 6 households which had positive effect in
terms of reduction in firewood usage. Response from users was
there was no effect on smoke reduction but amount of firewood
required reduced. Though they got benefited nobody was
willing to pay for that. There was no demand generation even
after 20-25 days. I tried to convince a lady that she could take
lead and earn profit by selling it. But even she was not
confident weather women in village will try or buy it. Though
she agreed to try.
Firewood Usage before Response
after
TTP installation for 1 TTP installation
meal
6 kg for 7 persons
1 kg reduction in
firewood usage
9 kg for 8 persons
She did not find it
user friendly so
simply removed it
4 kg for 1 adult and 4 Half kg reduction
children
and no reduction in
60
There are two households in the village which use LPG for
cooking. They have to fetch LPG cylinder from Dhadgaon. As
both the houses have their private vehicle they don’t face any
difficulty to bring it. Mostly 1 cylinder is sufficient to them for
one and half month. One subsidized cylinder cost them around.
When we asked other households do they even know how
much LPG costs or can they afford it; they were not aware
about cost or initial investment.
water in summer is less so it becomes difficult to use bio-gas
that time.
7.4.2 Electrical energy:
First electricity pole reached to village in 1984. Only one bulb
connection was there at first. That time only 35 houses were
there. It comes under Jalgaon zone Nandurbar circle.
There are three transformers (each of 63kVA) which provides
electricity to around 9 hamlets. Even though it is hilly region
electricity poles have reached in interior. Reliability as well as
quality of supply is not good. 8-10 hours of load shedding
present on normal season but in rainy season it becomes worst.
Usually evening hours there is load shedding. Because of that
specially women face difficulties while preparing evening
meal. As power cut is for long hours farmers were complaining
that they cannot water their farms as per requirement. So
whenever power is there they keep motors running.
Reasons of failure of Bio-gas:
Two years back BAIF took initiative to construct bio-gas with
fixed dome model. In our village it got constructed in 3 houses.
But right now none of them is working. Reasons are as follows,



Nana Pawara: His family used bio-gas for 8 months. It
required daily maintenance as well as lot of water. His
family was not able to spare that much time. Thus he took
LPG connection after 8 months. From then he is not using
bio-gas.
Dhirsingh Pawara: his family did not like the taste of food
which was cooked on bio-gas thus they stopped using it.
They shifted to Chulha in the end.
Barkya Pawara: he was having insufficient supply of water
as well as his cattle count got reduced. Thus he was not
able to use bio-gas anymore and shifted to Chulha again.
Firewood is easily available for them and it costs nothing. That
is why nobody cares to think about solution like bio-gas. Very
fewer families have bore-well in their house. Availability of
Figure 47: Electricity bill
61
Nobody either has meter connection or pays bill. Exception is 2
households get bill once in 3-4 months without any meter. Fig
shows one of the bill. They have to go to post office to pay
their bill. Around 20 families have paid 1000-1500 rupees for
meter connection to wireman but they just got meter not proper
connection. As there are no meters, connections are taken by
putting hook on transmission line itself. Wireman collects
money from every family when transformer is burned/not
working. Households pay around 250-500 rupees to wireman
every year. Those who have bore-well connection they pay
1000-1500 rupees per year. So there is no exact billing pattern.
Whatever and whenever a wireman says they pay.




Meeting with Junior engineer Mr. Pandhare:
We met him in Dhadgaon. He is working for Dhadgaon
substation from 2 years. He gave us information about how the
system works. Following points came out of our discussion,

 Electricity comes from Kalawa load dispatch center, firstly
to Shahada and then to Dhadgaon. At Dhadgaon its
33/11kV substation. 5 feeders of 11kV start from
Dhadgaon substation.
 In summer days when there is peak load incoming voltage
drops down to 22-23kV.
 Hamlets/villages who want new electricity connection have
to fill demand form which costs 550 (500 as security
deposit) rupees for tribal village and 1500 rupees for others.
Number of households applying does not matter while



62
applying. Other than this no money is taken for initial
connection.
Famers have to submit 7/12 and proof that he owns
well/bore-well along with the form to gel connection.
After receiving demand they prepare estimate for that. It
might take 7-8 days to start the work on site. They include
even remote households while planning even they are very
few. 1 kilometer distance transmission needs 16 poles.
Previously electrification was done under RGGVY but now
it is done under DDUGJY.
Every village has wireman. His work is to take initial
survey in village (before electrifying), giving meter
connection, maintenance, fault correction and he also takes
the readings of meters in the household. After taking the
reading of every one they form the bills. There is no spot
billing method. They are supposed to pay bills in post
office or bank.
For BPL household billing pattern is 10 rupees fixed charge
and 1 rupee per unit charge. While APL household have
per unit charge
He was claiming that district losses are 35-40%. He is
working in 163 around 4000 residential consumers, 660
agricultural consumers and 265 street light connections.
It is not allowed to take money from the consumers if
transformer is burned/not working.
If theft is occurring in mass population even they cannot
stop it sometimes. There is strong political interference that
makes them helpless. So they try to convince and make
them aware about having proper connection.
 Till the last year it was compulsory that 80% of the
consumers connected to that transformer have to pay bills.
But because of drought scenario this clause is loosened
now.
 Because of practical hurdles it is not economic to have
agriculture feeder differently. As it is scattered area and
people live in their farms itself having the different
agricultural feeder increases the cost.
7
%
Dist
Loss
51.84
41.8
-10.04
Table 28: Electricity data of Dhadgaon block
Chart below gives the % billing efficiency of different type of
consumers. Data for Apr13-Nov13 and Apr-14 to Nov-14 is
taken from MAHADISCOM billing database; while May-15 to
Apr-16 is collected from engineer from their data base. This
shows that domestic bill collection efficiency has improved
over years from 80% to 90%.
Below data is of Dhadgaon block that we got from junior
engineer, in which it can be seen that % losses are reduced by
almost 10%.
140
120
Dhadgaon
Sr. No.
Particulars
Apr to
Dec-14
Apr to
Dec-15
100
%
Change
80
22.00%
40
Apr14-Nov14
20
May15-Apr16
1
Input
(Mus)
2
HT
sale
(Mus)
0
0
0.00%
3
LT Non Ag
sale (Mus)
2.97
4.95
66.70%
4
Total AG
sale (Mus)
2.78
3.53
27.00%
5
Ag
Consumers
(Nos.)
649
621
-4.30%
6
Ag
Load
(HP)
2280
2187
-4.10%
11.94
14.57
60
Apr13-Nov13
0
Figure 48: Billing efficiency in Dhadgaon
Mostly lighting is their need. Around 20% of households have
Television, fan or flour mill with them. So for load shedding
hours they use torch. They come with batteries/cells or
rechargeable. Batteries cost them from Rs. 200 to Rs. 500. For
cell replacement (after 15-20 days) they spend minimum 40
rupees per month which they buy from Dhadgaon. Because of
63
unavailability of kerosene very few houses have kerosene
lamp. Those who use kerosene lamp require minimum 2 liters
of kerosene per month.
works. We took help of one uncle from village so that family
can understand how system works. He was ready to pay for
that. Thus we installed the system in his house.
Device
System details: 2 LED bulbs (2.5 W each) and mobile
charging unit, Battery (12V, 7Ah), Solar panel of 10W, Cost
4500 rupees.
Torch
Kerosene
lamp
Initial cost Recurring cost
in Rs.
per month in
Rs.
200
40
0
80
Total
expenditure in
year in Rs.
680
960
After installation: As marriage season was just over and he
needed money for buying seeds he could not pay that time. So
he has promised that he will pay half of the cost that is 2000
rupees to NGO person in the month of October. My leanings of
this experiment are as follows:
Table 29: Uses of alternatives energy sources for lighting
7.4.3 DC Solar Household System installation:
Many families have shifted across the hills because they own
lands there and it became different hamlet. Before 10-12 years
ago people have shifted here. There are 13 houses in that
hamlet (Bardi pada). There is not even a kachha road to go to
that hamlet; we have to walk through hills. Nobody owns well
or bore-well there; and there is no hand pump. Those 13 houses
are not in cluster, 2 or three houses together on each hill. There
is no electricity supply. 3 years back they were promised to get
electricity. One of the elite from village took initiative and got
money from MLA’s fund. Even they bought poles. But poles
were insufficient to reach that hamlet. So they thought of
buying few more and other things but nothing has happened
since then. That’s why today also there is no electricity.





Household: There was one family with average village
lifestyle who owns 2.5 acre land and his average income is 2025k per annum. As there is no electricity they use torch with
batteries. So we told them about solar system and how it
64
Until family pays at least for partial do not take next step
System was not working for 2 days because rat did damage
to wire connecting panel to battery. House owner didn’t
even bother to ask to check what is wrong. It showed how
much they really want system to work.
Even after 20-25 days houses in same hamlet were not
aware about this. There was surely communication gap.
One of the villagers from same hamlet told that after one
year people will get to know about this. Creating awareness
is biggest challenge.
Unless and until there will not be any subsidy for this
people will not take any kind of interest
There is market gap present. If anything goes wrong with
system people have to go all the way to Shahada. No
engineer is available in Dhadgaon for small maintenance
problems.
Tribal department have distributed solar lamps in many areas
without taking any money. So it will be hard in future to ask
money from them. Best solution is to start market for small
solar lamps costing Rs 100 to 200. Instead of torch they can
spend money on those lamps and it will not even require per
month maintenance cost.
Figure 49: Amchur Preparation
Why not micro-grid:


Issues involved in sun drying are

 As mentioned earlier distance between two houses is large,
exceeding half or sometimes 1 kilometer.
 It is not plane terrain. Houses are situated even on the slop
of hills interior.
 Operation and maintenance of micro-grid needs villager’s
participation. There is lack of collective action in village.
 Tribal community have adopted for the situation rather than
mitigating the problem.
 Utility grid electricity has reached in very interior places in
those regions, so crossing few more hills is not big deal for
them.


When it is kept in open area for sun drying there is no
control over
Temperature. Thus it may get reddish color after drying.
Reddish color fetches lesser price for Aamchur. Completely
white dried sold for 250 rupees/kg and minimum possible
cost is 180 rupees/kg
Because of dust sometimes it might not give white color
after drying.
Apart from this drying of Mahua flower, Ambadi flower is
also done in summer days.
Bamboo based solar dryer:
This is the innovation of Arati NGO, Pune. Solar dryer can be
manufactured using bamboo and other local material with
minimum market cost of 6000 rupees. BAIF arranged training
session for SHGs. We also had hand on session during that
training.
7.4.4 Solar dryer:
Almost every house has on an average 4 mango trees and they
are depend on it for livelihood option by making Aamchur. In
the month of April end and beginning of May they pluck out
raw mangoes. Green peel of mango is taken off and white part
inside is cut in the
pieces. They kept for
sun drying for 2 days.
Figure 50: Bamboo based
solar dryer
Some of the important
facts about this dryer
are
65






currently buying torches with batteries of nearly same
amount.
Bamboos are available easily in village. Frame and trays
both are made up of bamboo.
If black net is
not available net of bamboo strips can be formed.
Complete model can be formed in 2 days with group of 3-4
people.
Aamchur, vegetables anything can be dried in this.
All parts can be dismantled and it can be transported easily.
Suggestions
1. As these villages are very remote places it’s important to
have strong reach to solve maintenance issues.
Maintenance centre should be available to nearest possible
market place where they visit frequently (Like Dhadgaon,
Molagi).
2. Though SoUL is specifically designed for student purpose
we cannot avoid its use by family for other tasks. So if
possible user friendly design (Torch + Lamp) can give
more fruitful output.
Idea behind the study was SHGs from the village can take up
this as value addition to Aamchur processing. Participant from
SHG can be benefited by selling solar dryers as well as they
can use it for themselves for drying purpose.
7.4.6Conclusion and future study
Alternative technology interventions should be done with
participation of local community. There should be supporting
market for technology interventions as well. Interventions can
be scaled to larger number with government support.
7.4.5 Scope for SOUL
90% of children go to schools either in ZP school or in Ashram
school. Village is already suffering from the poor supply of
grid electricity. There is no supply in evening hours (from 6pm
to 9pm). We also interacted with students of Ashram school.
Scenario there is no different. So obviously their study hours
are suffering because of this. Benefits of SOUL project if it
gets implemented,
As per the interaction with villagers and present needs of
electricity I identified 3 tiers of energy inequality. Tier 1 has
families which do not have access to electricity connection thus
they are ready to opt for solar household system. Tier 2
consists of those families who have access to electricity but
availability of supply is poor. Because of which they have
expenditure on back up sources of electricity. But they cannot
afford SHS just for the sake of back up. Tier 3 has households
with access to electricity but as their aspirations and financial
1. SoUL will surely serve its purpose for better future of
students.
2. Along with it family will also get benefited. Women in
house have various activities to do in evening hours like
cooking, fetching milk of cow. We saw our house-owner
using SoUL lamp for such purpose as well.
3. Considering financial status of tribal families it is not
difficult for them to pay 60 to 120 rupees for lamp. As they
66
status is higher those families would like to have SHS for back
up.
Table 30: 3 tier study of energy inequality
Tier 1
Tire 2
Tire 3
20
HHs
209HHs
35HHs
Access
Availability
Affordability
Village
Population
67
250/kg. The solar dryer or bamboo based dryer can be used to
dry mango peels in controlled temperature and protect from
dirt. This will reduce economical loss occurred by farmers.
Bamboo based dryer can be made with local materials at local
level. It can provide another livelihood options for SHGs who
can manufacture at local level
8. Future work
8.1 Charoli Processing
The household survey showed that charoli production from 60
households is 6 quintal. This shows that there is marketing
potential for such large volume of charoli. People use
traditional laborious method to process charoli from seeds. In
such cases breakage percentage is also measureable. As per
villager’s opinion in 1 kg of charoli processing breakage
percentage is 15-20%. To avoid these losses and reduce their
manual effort technology intervention can be done for
decertification process. During our field stay we had
interaction with Rutag team and Vigyan Ashram, Pabal team.
Rutag work was going on during that time. For testing purpose
we sent around 1kg of charoli seeds sample to Vigyan Ashram.
Before few days’ interaction with Rupali Mam, Rutag Manager
we got to know that machine is ready and they have reduced
breakage losses. There is scope to test this machine in next
season in April- May. We have already informed BAIFMITTRA Dhadgaon team regarding this.
Figure 51: News related to Amchur processing in Dhadgaon
8.3 Value addition to Mango seed kernel
Mango peels are used for amchur processing and seed kernels
are sold at Rs 8-10/kg in market. These kernels are good source
of nutrients. Mango seed kernels have a low content of protein
but they contain the most of the essential amino acids, with
highest values of leucine, valine and lysine. Mango seed
kernels were shown to be a good source of polyphenols,
phytosterols as campesterol, sitosterol and tocopherols. In
8.2 Amchur Processing
In Dhadgaon amchur production is very high. Almost every
household have 4-5 mango trees. In amchur preparation people
sundry mango peels for 7-8 days and then sold those dried
amchur in market. Due to sun drying color, quality of amchur
gets affected due to dirt, high temperature. The amchur with
reddish colored fetches low rate in market from Rs 100-150/kg
and those with whitish colored fetches market from Rs 20068
addition, mango seed kernel could be used as a potential source
for functional food ingredients, antimicrobial compounds and
cosmetic due to its high quality of fat and protein as well as
high levels of natural antioxidants. The mango stone obtained
after decortication of mango seed can be utilized as adsorbent.
The value addition can be done to these kernels can provide
good source of income to farmers.
8.4 Fishing –Livelihood option for villages near Narmada
Back water
24 villages from Dhadgaon are affected due to Sardar Sarovar
dam construction on Narmada River. Fishing can provide one
of the livelihood options to people living near narmada back
water. The floating fish cage can be provided by Rutag to
support their livelihood activities.
8.5 Malnutrition
We have worked with Kulkarni Hospital and Shabri Seva
Samiti to form project proposal for improving scale and quality
of services provided to address malnutrition issues in 2 tribal
tehsils of Nandurbar district.. Currently project is in proposal
stage with CSR for funding.
69
average. BAIF WADI program has made significant change in
people’s life. It showed that not only money but correct
guidance and farm input at correct time made WADI program
beneficial to farmers. Due to its success people are still
demanding WADI from BAIF even though project was
finished. People were not opting for Horticulture plantation
scheme under NREGA from Government even though
financial support is more under this program. This shows
people just do not need money but need sustainable solution to
fulfill their livelihood need. This field stay also gives more
clarity of appropriate technology for rural areas which we
learned theoretically in class.
9. Conclusion
We went to sparse area of Bharat where conventional concept
of Gaothan has limited applicability. Being in hilly terrain we
faced mobility issues which affected our efficiency. We
suggest having team of one boy and one girl if village is sparse.
Our stay in tribal village for two months turned to be great
learning experience. Being the residence of urban India we
were able to see clear difference between urban and rural India
progress and lifestyle. Various factors such as awareness,
education, remoteness, quality of available facilities etc are
affecting progress of this area. We experienced that as
elevation increases people get distant away from basic
facilities. Different schemes and programs look very attractive
on paper. But when they get implemented, field scenario
becomes totally different. Scheme which seems ideal may turn
to allow most corruption in field. We found amazing similarity
between NGO and government functioning when programs
implemented at scale. SBA (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan) program
gave feel of government target mode functioning without
understanding particular terrain requirement.
Yet, being optimistic we tried to implement solutions like solar
household lighting system, CSR proposal for malnutrition
program. We also have proposed solutions like correction in
MIS functioning, WADI as individual asset scheme under
NREGA which will not beneficial to Nandurbar district but to
Maharashtra state as well.
But at the same time we were pleased to see reach of various
government programs such as ICDS, PDS, rural electrification,
MGNREGA into such remote places; though their working was
70
References
1. BAIF-MITTRA Progress report on CFT program.
2. GOI. (2014). GR Revised Horticulture Programme under MGNREGS EGS-1.pdf.
3. GOM. (2014). MoU for MGNREGS-NRLM-CFT Convergence Project. MoU for MGNREGS-NRLM-CFT Convergence
Project, (June 2014).
4. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (2015). National Family Health Survey - 4 District Fact Sheet Nandurbar
Maharashtra.
5. BAIF. (n.d.). The Wadi Programme: Rural Development through Farming Systems Approach, 1–4.
6. Yogesh Sawant, R. M. A. (n.d.). BAIF: Transforming Dreams into Reality for Rural India, 1–29.
71
Annexure I
Tasks
How
many
years?
No of man days
Frequency
in year
Digging Pits (1*1 m)
1
1
30
Digging MPTS pits (1 foot)
1
1
5
Closing MPTS pits
1
1
2
BC Powder spread in pits
1
1
0.5
Fertilizer application in pits and closing pits
1
1
2
Plantation
1
1
1
Border Fencing
1
1
15
Plant protection-Staking/Repair
1
4
Basin Prepartion
1
Weeding
8
1st
Year
2nd
Year
3rd
year
4th
year
5th
Year
2
1
1
1
every
year
2
2
2
2
2
every
year
16
16
16
16
16
Monsoon aftercare activities:
72
Fertlizer Application
2 ( for
small
trees), 1
for mature
trees
every
year
4
4
3
2
2
Spraying Insecticide
3
every
year
3
3
3
3
3
27
26
25
24
23
Total Monsoon aftercare activities
Winter Aftercare Activities
Basin Preparation
1
every
year
2
2
2
2
2
Soil Loosening
8
every
year
16
16
16
16
16
Irrigation
8 ( big
ring size),
16 (small
ring size)
every
year
16
16
16
16
16
Weeding
8
every
year
16
16
16
16
16
Spraying Insecticide
3 times
first 3 year every
and then
year
2 times
3
3
3
2
2
Application of Bordeaux paste to fruit trees
1
0.5
0.5
1
1
1
every
year
73
Total winter aftercare activities
53.5
53.5
54
53
53
Summer aftercare activities
Irrigation
8 ( big
ring size),
16 (small
ring size)
every
year
16
16
16
16
16
Soil Loosening
8
1
16
16
16
16
16
Border Fencing repair
1
every
year
repair
0
3
2
1
1
Prunning
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
Preparation of shades using grass/branches, to
protect sapling from scorching heat
1
every
year
2
2
2
2
2
Soil conservation work
1
1
7
Total summer aftercare activities
42
38
37
36
36
Total Labour days
178
117.5
116
113
112
Table 31: List of activities performed in WADI and respective man days for every year
74
Annexure II
Year
Type
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
ADM
7
3
12
16
20
3
10
3
5
OPD
7
7
6
4
10
3
4
Follow
up
5
9
4
5
30
7
6
9
5
18
3
6
13
3
12
3
5
3
1
2
10
2
5
2
3
2
2
5
3
1
8
5
13
10
27
4
10
10
1
1
ADM
2
10
OPD
9
7
Follow
up
5
10
4
9
2
ADM
11
8
2
14
4
OPD
5
7
3
Follow
up
6
9
4
5
4
1
6
8
10
6
9
4
ADM
11
10
10
9
10
8
14
13
13
6
10
12
OPD
2
6
1
3
1
Follow
up
3
6
5
11
3
13
8
ADM
3
9
3
22
10
3
2
5
11
OPD
Follow
up
10
2
3
3
11
16
8
79
44
80
77
79
107
215
35
138
241
28
2
12
Total
13
215
91
10
7
76
10
75
Total
Average
ADM
27
37
17
70
27
23
49
56
46
32
26
32
OPD
16
10
8
18
10
7
9
21
8
9
5
7
Follow
up
24
30
24
37
28
18
26
51
32
29
34
27
ADM
6.75
9.25
4.25
17.5
6.75
5.75
12.25
14
11.5
8
6.5
8
OPD
4
2.5
2
4.5
2.5
1.75
2.25
5.25
2
2.25
1.25
1.75
12.75
8
7.25
8.5
6.75
Follow
6
7.5
6
9.25 7
4.5
6.5
up
Table 32: Analysis of record of patients treated in Kulkarni hospital
76
857
240
696
214.25
60
Annexure III
Sr. No.
Particulars Dhadgaon
Apr to Dec- Apr to Dec- % Change
14
15
1
Input (Mus)
11.94
14.57
22.00%
2
HT sale
(Mus)
0
0
0.00%
3
LT Non Ag
sale (Mus)
2.97
4.95
66.70%
4
Total AG
sale (Mus)
2.78
3.53
27.00%
5
Ag
Consumers
(Nos.)
649
621
-4.30%
6
Ag Load
(HP)
2280
2187
-4.10%
7
% Dist
Loss
51.84
41.8
-10.04
77