Platinum Labware

Transcription

Platinum Labware

Platinum Labware
INCLUDING:
• Crucibles
• Dishes
• Electrodes and Utensils
• Non-Wetting Platinum-Gold Labware
• Spectroflux® Analytical Fluxes
Contact us for custom fabrication
www.alfa.com
1
Where Science Meets Service
Platinum Labware from
Alfa Aesar
Trust the precious metal experts the next time you need
the tolerance of platinum or other precious metal
labware. Alfa Aesar labware is competitively priced on a
daily basis and standard items are in stock for immediate
shipment.
In conjunction with precious metal labware, Alfa Aesar
offers Spectroflux® Analytical Fluxes. Analytical chemists
worldwide rely on Spectroflux alkali metal borate
fusion fluxes for consistency and accuracy in sample
preparation. We welcome your inquiry and will offer
advice for proper flux selection.
Table of Contents
About Us______________________________________________________________________________ II
How to Order/General Information_____________________________________________________ III
Abbreviations and Codes______________________________________________________________ 1
Material Selection & Custom Fabrication_______________________________________________ 3
ZGS Platinum Labware_________________________________________________________________ 6
Non-Wetting Platinum Gold Labware___________________________________________________ 9
Crucibles____________________________________________________________________________ 13
Combustion Boats____________________________________________________________________ 18
Dishes_______________________________________________________________________________ 19
Electrodes___________________________________________________________________________ 22
Gauzes______________________________________________________________________________ 23
Inoculation Loops____________________________________________________________________ 24
Utensils______________________________________________________________________________ 25
Care and Use________________________________________________________________________ 27
Reference Data______________________________________________________________________ 31
Spectroflux® Analytical Fluxes_________________________________________________________ 35
I
About Us
In addition to platinum labware and Spectroflux®, Alfa
Aesar is a leading manufacturer and supplier of research
chemicals, metals and materials. With tens of thousands
of products, Alfa Aesar is the single source chemicals and
materials in sizes for research and scale up.
GLOBAL INVENTORY
Many standard crucibles and dishes are aviaiable from
stock. The majority of our chemicals and other materials
are available in research and development quantities from
stock. We also supply most products from stock in semi-bulk
or bulk quantities. Many are in regular production and are
available in bulk for next day shipment. Our experience
in manufacturing, sourcing and handling a wide range of
products enables us to respond quickly and efficiently to
your needs.
CUSTOM SYNTHESIS
We offer flexible custom manufacturing services with the
assurance of quality and confidentiality. We can deliver the
chemical you need in sizes for research, pilot-scale and fullscale production applications.
CUSTOMER SERVICE
Our dedicated scientific and commercial teams offer
full service from production to delivery. Most products
are stocked in catalog pack sizes and the majority are
available from stock in semi-bulk and bulk quantities as well.
All specialty and bulk products are shipped with a batch
specific certificate of analysis and material safety data
sheet. Because we understand that specific packaging is
often important, we offer custom packaging and labeling
to meet your requirements.
QUALITY CONTROL
We employ advanced quality control for both in-process
and final product testing phases. The high standard of our
modern quality control and assurance facilities is matched
by the expertise of our experienced staff.
II
How to Order/
General Information
ORDERING
There is no minimum order. All orders are
accepted, regardless of size.
TERMS OF SALE
PRICING
Please contact us to obtain pricing quotes for
your labware requirements.
Full details of Terms and Conditions are listed
on our website (www.alfa.com). For health and
safety reasons, we shall not supply chemicals
to private individuals or deliver to residential
addresses. Orders will be accepted from
legitimate business customers only.
SHIPPING
NEW CUSTOMERS
Whenever possible, we will ship products by the
method specified on your order.
We welcome new customers and setting up an
account with Alfa Aesar is easy. Just contact us
and a customer service representative will assist
you.
TECHNICAL SERVICE
At your request, we will furnish technical
assistance and information with respect to our
products. Our Technical Service Representatives
are trained in specific product lines to answer
your questions regarding applications,
specifications, product properties and handling.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
Each product ordered is automatically
accompanied by a Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS). If one is not immediately available, a
copy will be sent via mail as soon as possible. If
an MSDS is needed prior to shipment of a product
please call us or visit our MSDS website at
www.alfa.com/en/go160w.pgm#msds.
CERTIFICATES OF ANALYSIS
Lot specific Certificates of analysis are available
online at www.alfa.com. Please contact us by
phone, fax or email to request Certificates of
Analysis as needed.
RETURN SHIPMENTS
Some materials are not returnable. Returned
shipments cannot be accepted unless prior
arrangements have been made. Requests for
return authorization must be made within 30 days
of your receiving the materials. Restocking fees
may be charged on authorized returns.
III
CONTACT US
WEBSITE
www.alfa.com
Our web catalog features up-to-date prices,
availability, MSDS, Certificates of Analysis and a
user-friendly e-commerce system.
Abbreviations and Codes
The following abbreviations are used throughout our listing of products.
Å
AAS
ACS
AES
APS
anhy
approx.
aq.
Atm
b.p.
(c)
°C
ca
cc
cm
cont.
cP
cS
d.
dec.
dia.
ea.
ee
eV
°F
f.p.
FSSS
F.W.
g
g/l
GC
GLC
HPLC
ICP
ID
in
incl
IR
J/mol.K
kg
L or l
lb
æ
æg
æm
m
M
max
meq
Merck
mg
micron
min.
ml
mm
mmol
Mn
mol
m.p.
M.W.
Mw
Mw/Mn
(N)
Angstrom
Atomic absorption spectrometry
Chemicals meeting the specifications outlined
by the American Chemical Society
Atomic emission spectrometry
Average particle size
Anhydrous
Approximately
Aqueous
Atmospheres
Boiling point in °C at 760mm pressure, unless
otherwise specified
Contained weight of active material
Celsius
Circa
Cubic centimeter
Centimeter
Contained
Centipoise
Centistoke
Density
Decomposes
Diameter
Each
Enatiomeric excess
Electron volt
Fahrenheit
Flash point
Fisher sub-sieve sizer
Formula weight
Gram
Grams per liter (gas density)
Gas chromotography
Suitable for use in gas liquid
chromotography
High-performance liquid chromotography
Inductively Coupled Plasma
Inner diameter
Inch
Includes
Infrared
Joule(s) per mole Kelvin
Kilogram
Liter
Pound
Micro
Microgram
Micrometer (micron)
Meter
Molarity of solution
Maximum
Milliequivalent
The Merck Index
Milligram
Micrometer
Minimum
Milliliter
Millimeter
Millimole
Number averaged molecular weight
Mole
Melting point
Molecular weight
Weighted averaged molecular weight
Monodispersity value
Nematic phase of a liquid crystal
N
Ë
Normality of solution
Refractive index for the sodium D line at
20 °C (or temperature indicated)
nm
Nanometer
New product
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
OD
Outer diameter
oz
Ounce
optical gr. Suitable for optical applications
pc(s)
Piece(s)
pH
Value taken to represent the acidity or
alkalinity of an aqueous solution
POR
Price on request
ppb
Parts per billion
ppm
Parts per million
prec.
Precipitated
Primary
Analytical reagent of exceptional purity,
Standard for standardizing volumetric solutions and
preparing reference standards
P.T.
Passes test
PTFE
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
Purified
A grade of higher quality than technical,
often used where there are no official
standards
P.V.
Pore volume
Reagent Reagent grade
REM
Rare earth metal
(REO)
Rare earth oxide base - content of specific
rare earth element in comparison to total
rare earths present
S.A.
Surface area
soln.
Solution
Sp.Gr.
Specific gravity
Sp.Rot.
Specific rotation
stab.
Stabilized
subl.
Sublimes
Tc
Critical temperature
tech.
Technical grade
TLC
Thin-layer chromotography
TSCA
Toxic Substance Control Act
UN
Hazardous material transportation
identification number
œ
Wavelength in nanometers
wt
Weight
w/w
Weight/weight
w/v
Weight/volume
XRD
X-ray diffraction
È
Air sensitive
É
Moisture sensitive
Ê
Hygroscopic
ß
Light sensitive
÷
Approximately
>
Greater than
²
Greater than or equal to
<
Less than
³
Less than or equal to
[]
Numbers in brackets after the chemical
description indicate the Chemical Abstract
Service Registry Number
- mesh # 90% particles pass through screen having
a given mesh size
+ mesh # 90% particles are retained by a screen
having a given mesh size
Ì
Denotes substance is listed in Toxic
Substance Control Act (TSCA) inventory
1
Your Choice of Materials
Only a few metals are required to produce a wide array of durable labware. The basic noble metals group
consists of platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, iridium, gold and silver. Ruthenium and osmium,
however, are unworkable in their pure form, and are only offered under special circumstances. The following
page contains information on the most common metals and alloy combinations for labware.
Platinum
Pure platinum has excellent resistance to chemical attack by acids and fusion mixtures. Our platinum labware
contains 99.8% pure platinum, plus small amounts of iridium and rhodium for added strength and durability.
Platinum-Rhodium
When physical conditions require high labware strength at all temperatures, a platinum 10% rhodium alloy offers
superior performance to pure platinum. It is not recommended for applications that involve repeated fusions,
since it is slightly more susceptible to chemical attack than pure platinum.*
*Rhodium oxides may form which could volatilize off causing weight loss and a weakened material.
3
ZGS Platinum
After repeated use at very high temperatures, pure platinum labware begins to sag, bulge and crack.
Johnson Matthey developed ZGS platinum to compensate for this metallurgical instability. ZGS platinum
is a grain stabilized platinum with enhanced high-temperature properties. As a result of its greater strength
at high temperatures, ZGS platinum offers the opportunity for longer life and better resistance to low-level
contamination. See page 6 for more details.
Platinum-Gold Non-Wetting Alloys
Platinum 5% gold is commonly used in sample preparations of glass beads for X-ray fluorescence analysis
in the glass, cement and ceramic industries. This is because of the “non-wetting” property, conferred on the
platinum by the gold addition, which results in easy removal of samples after fusion.
Also, Alfa Aesar offers extra strength and durability in its exclusive ZGS platinum 5% gold formula. The ZGS
product is a stronger, more creep-resistant, high-temperature alloy. It also provides superior resistance to lowlevel contamination.
Silver
Silver apparatus is sometimes preferred for fusions with alkali hydroxides.
Gold
Gold is sometimes used for hydrofluoric acid treatment of siliceous materials.
Iridium
Pure iridium crucibles are widely used for the growing of crystals from high-purity melts at temperatures of up to
2200°C. Further details on iridium crucibles are available upon request.
Look for Alfa Aesar’s Spectroflux® brand line for superior quality
alkali metal borate based fluxes for use in a variety of analytical methods.
Custom Fabrication Labware
In addtion to the standard labware items listed in this catalog, Alfa Aesar offers custom fabrication of labware to
meet your exact specifications. Alfa Aesar draws from extensive experience in sourcing labware to meet your
needs, including custom dimensions and a variety of material options, such as:
•
Platinum
•
ZGS Platinum
•
Pt-5% Au
•
ZGS Pt-5% Au
•
Pt-10% Rh
•
ZGS Pt-10% Rh
Contact your local office today to receive a quote, or use the custom fabrication tool on our website at
www.alfa.com/en/gb110w.pgm?type=customlab to obtain more information.
4
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Platinum Labware Scrap Recovery Program
Alfa Aesar’s Platinum Labware Recovery program is unique in the industry, offering you a cost-effective way to
purchase new labware by returning your used labware for credit.
Additional benefits to the program include:
•
The highest reclaim available
•
Many replacement crucibles in stock for same day shipment
•
Most credits issued within 72 hours of receipt of material
Return authorization numbers issued for customers only. Other terms may apply. Please contact your local
Alfa Aesar office to see if this service is available in your region.
5
ZGS Platinum Materials for Even Better Performance
The use of platinum and its alloys (up to 25%) is well established in the automotive, chemical, glass, electrical
and dental industries. However, these applications often require high-temperature operation of these alloys. At
high temperatures conventional platinum group metals are subject to grain growth and, therefore, are weak and
subject to creep deformation. They can also be subject to contamination failure.
Johnson Matthey has developed zirconia grade stabilized (ZGS) platinum that is resistant to grain growth and
contamination and deformation at high temperatures.
An exclusive development by Johnson Matthey, ZGS platinum now makes available a superior material that
offers significantly improved performance over conventional platinum materials. ZGS platinum materials are
produced by incorporating a fine insoluble phase, dispersed uniformly throughout the platinum metal matrix, a
process called dispersion strengthening.
The principle of grain stabilization has been established in the base metal world for some time. The difficulty
had always been in achieving production of grain-stabilized material on a large scale and to a consistent
property specification. However, experts at Johnson Matthey developed a unique process to meet those
requirements, and have been using it for over 20 years.
Metallurgical Stability at Elevated Temperatures
Zirconia grain stabilization provides greater resistance to grain growth, dislocation movement and grain
boundary sliding. These problems normally occur in conventional platinum at high temperatures, causing
sagging, bulging and cracking.
In ZGS platinum and ZGS platinum 10% rhodium, the finely dispersed ZrO2 ceramic particles are evenly
distributed in the grains and on the grain boundaries. The dispersant in the regions between the grains resists
or impedes grain growth and grain boundary sliding. The dispersion within the grains impedes the movement of
dislocations within the grain itself.
How ZGS Behaves at Room Temperature
Property
100%
Pt
Pt
10%Rh
Pt
20% Rh
ZGS
Pt
ZGS Pt
10% Rh
Specific Gravity (g/cm3)
21.4
20.0
18.8
21.4
19.8
Electrical Resistivity at 0° (32°F)
10.6
18.4
20.0
11.12
21.2
Temp Coeff. of Electrical
Resistivity 0-10° C
0.0039
0.0017
0.0014
0.0031
0.0016
Ultimate Tensile Strength
18.0
48.0
70.0
26.5
51.5
Hardness (VHN)
40
90
115
60
110
(microhm, cms)
(32-212° F)
(kpsi-annealed)
Information given herein is based on data which, to the best of our knowledge, is reliable, but Johnson Matthey makes no
warranties expressed or implied as to its accuracies and assumes no liability.
6
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How ZGS Alloys Behave at Working Temperature
Applied Stress (PSI)
7000
6000
5000
4000
Stress rupture properties of ZGS platinum, ZGS platinum 10%
rhodium and the commercially important conventional alloys. The
curves refer to tests carried out at 1400°C in air on 1.5mm thick sheet
specimens.
ZGS Platinum
ZGS Platinum 10% Rhodium
3000
The figure above illustrates graphically the dramatic
improvement in high-temperature life achieved by
grain stabilization.
1500
Platinum 40% Rhodium
500
The time to failure at 1400°C under a stress of 1425
psi shows that ZGS Pt lasts up to twice as long as
the best conventional Pt-Rh alloy and ZGS Pt 10%
Rh lasts more than 10 times as long as ZGS Pt.
250
10
100
1000
Time to Rupture in Hours
In terms of the rate of deformation before failure,
ZGS materials are at least 1,000 times better than
Pt 25% Rh.
Ultimate Tensile Strength at Elevated Temperatures (KPSI-Annealed)
Temperature (°C)
100% Pt
Pt 10%Rh
Pt 20% Rh
ZGS Pt
ZGS Pt 10% Rh
1000
3.4
11.9
33.4
7.4
23.7
1100
2.4
8.8
23.5
6.5
20.3
1200
1.85
6.8
14.4
5.4
18.2
1300
1.14
5.5
9.95
5.1
13.4
1400
0.57
4.4
7.1
4.1
12.1
1500
-
3.4
5.5
3.4
10.2
Why Use ZGS?
•
•
•
•
It resists contamination failure for extended periods and extends crucible life.
ZGS offers and opportunity to reduce component weight while maintaining material integrity.
ZGS is produced in 500 troy ounce batches which are totally consistent in properties.
Products are available in ZGS Platinum, ZGS Platinum 10% Rhodium and ZGS Platinum 5% Gold. Other
alloys available upon request.
Successful ZGS Platinum Applications Include:
•
•
•
•
Products where high temperature causes creep, distortion and ultimately failure of unsupported
conventional platinum and its alloys. ZGS platinum-rhodium bushings, used for the production of
continuous filament glass fiber, resist creep-induced sagging and eliminate the need for costly structural
platinum supports.
Glass-carrying apparatus designed with thinner wall sections, yet having 50% greater useful life.
Lightweight thermocouple sheaths fabricated with walls one-half the conventional thickness.
Coreless stirrers, ZGS platinum often makes possible the elimination of molybdenum and ceramic cores,
improving service life and reducing potential inservice problems.
7
ZGS Platinum Crucibles
Available as ZGS Pt, ZGS Pt 5 Au and ZGS Pt 10 Rh.
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Wall
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
71002
71003
71004
71005
71006
71007
71008
71010
71015
71020
71025
71030
71035
71040
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
26.0
29.5
32.5
35.0
37.5
39.0
41.5
44.0
50.0
56.0
58.0
62.0
65.0
68.0
15.5
17.5
19.5
21.0
22.5
23.5
25.0
26.5
30.0
33.5
35.0
37.0
39.0
41.0
28.5
32.5
35.5
38.5
41.0
43.0
45.5
48.5
55.0
61.5
64.0
68.0
71.0
74.0
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.38
0.41
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
8.8
11.5
18.0
19.0
24.0
29.0
31.0
42.0
55.5
79.0
90.0
99.0
110.0
120.0
ZGS Platinum Dishes
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Wall
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
71402
71403
71404
71406
71410
71412
71416
71420
71425
71430
71457
71458
71460
71470
71478
10
15
20
30
50
60
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
500
700
35.0
38.0
42.0
50.0
57.5
62.5
70.0
75.0
82.5
82.5
90.0
90.0
100.0
125.0
143.0
17
19
20
22
26
27
28
29
31
34
38
40
41
50
58
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.33
0.33
0.33
8.0
10.0
12.5
15.5
18.5
23.5
28.0
37.0
39.0
52.0
62.0
65.0
93.0
171.0
202.0
8
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Non-Wetting Platinum-Gold Apparatus
Flux fusions are widely employed on a routine basis for the preparation of samples for X-ray fluorescence and
other instrumental and classical analysis techniques.
Several types of automatic equipment are available for this work and specially designed crucibles and molds
are produced for use with this equipment. Although the table lists standard sizes only, crucibles and molds for
automatic equipment such as Claisse, Perl X2, LECO, Herzog and other forms are also available. Normally,
non-wetting Pt 5% Au alloy is used for this work, although any alloy or material may be specified.
Platinum 5% gold was designed especially for non-wetting applications. It combines the workability and nonwetting properties of ordinary platinum 5% gold with the hot strength of rhodium platinum alloys, yet is easier to
fabricate and offers better stability. Its resistance to contamination makes it ideal for use in X-ray fluorescence
sample preparation.
Platinum 5% gold is dispersion strengthened to give it up to twice the working life of ordinary non-wetting goldplatinum labware. Its grain structure is stabilized by the introduction of very fine zirconia particles dispersed
evenly throughout the platinum-gold matrix in minute quantities. The nobility of the alloy is fully maintained at
this trace particle level.
Dispersion strengthening properties are maintained up to 90% of the true melting point of the alloy,
approximately 2705°F. The strengthening process also helps prevent the gold from leaching out, which assures
that the labware will keep its non-stick characteristics throughout its longer life.
9
Standard Non-Wetting Platinum 5% Gold Crucibles
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46376
46483
46845
46769
46900
46354
46542
46859
46865
46616
46822
46435
46400
46701
46840
46901
46863
46571
46568
46910
46438
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
35
35
40
50
50
70
75
100
125
150
175
200
26
29
29
32
32.5
37
41
35
37.5
43.5
39
41.5
49
44
55
50
56
59
62
65
68
15.5
17.5
17.5
19.5
18
22.5
25
21
22.5
26.5
23.5
25
30
26.5
33.5
30
33
35
37
39
41
29
24
33
27
36
31
34
39
41
36
43
46
41
49
46
55
62
64
68
71
74
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.3
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.36
0.38
0.4
0.41
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
8.5
8
11.5
13
18
17
25
19
24
26
29
31
39
42
53
55
79
90
99
110
120
Non-Wetting Platinum 5% Gold Crucibles With Reinforced Rim
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46490
46988
46657
46930
46558
46659
46675
46741
46565
46495
46688
46963
46982
46389
46459
46779
46458
46804
46429
46850
46624
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
35
35
40
50
50
70
75
100
125
150
175
200
26
29
29
32
32.5
37
41
35
37.5
43.5
39
41.5
49
44
55
50
56
59
62
65
68
15.5
17.5
17.5
19.5
18
22.5
25
21
22.5
26.5
23.5
25
30
26.5
33.5
30
33
35
37
39
41
29
24
33
27
36
31
34
39
41
36
43
46
41
49
46
55
62
64
68
71
74
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.3
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.36
0.38
0.4
0.41
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
10.5
10
13.5
15
20
20
29
21
27.5
30
32.5
33.5
45
46.5
60
60
83.5
95
104
116
125
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Lids for Non-Wetting Crucibles
Stock No.
Crucible Stock
No.
Crucible
Capacity (ml)
Crucible Top Dia
(mm)
Lid Weight
(gm)
46773
46620
46660
46875
46677
46417
46450
46723
46615
46634
46527
46566
46936
46442
46531
46646
46586
46944
46996
46344
46814
46490
46988
46657
46930
46558
46659
46675
46741
46565
46495
46688
46963
46982
46389
46459
46779
46458
46804
46429
46850
46624
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
35
35
40
50
50
70
75
100
125
150
175
200
26
29
29
32
32.5
37
41
35
37.5
43.5
39
41.5
49
44
55
50
56
59
62
65
68
2.8
3.6
3.6
4.5
4.5
6
7.2
5.2
6
8
6
7.2
10
8
15
10
15
15
15
18
18.8
Crucible for Schoeps Automatic Fusion Machine with Supporting Wire Cage and
Pouring Lip
Stock No.
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46546
46463
46357
46697
35
37.5
39
44
21
22.5
23.5
26.8
39
40
43
49
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
29.5
34.5
39
52
Crucible for Schoeps Semi-Automatic Fusion Machine with Supporting Pins
Stock No.
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46874
46947
40
40
30
30
30
30
0.45
0.6
30
41
Crucible for Leco FX-100 & FX-200 Automatic Fluxer with Supporting Ring
Stock No.
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46702
46790
37
35
20
21
35
39
0.6
0.6
45
45
11
Crucible for Perl X 2 Machine with 5mm wide Flange
Stock No.
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46663
46496
50
50
50
50
40
40
0.8
0.9
83
116
Crucible for Herzog Automatic Fusion Machine
Stock No.
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46949
50
38.5
30
1
83
Crucible with Enlargement
Stock No.
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46927
34.5
20
48
0.4
48
Perl X Type Casting Moulds
Stock No.
Top Dia
Outer (mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Flange
Shape
Height
(mm)
Std Weight
(gm)
46955
46978
46373
46404
46409
46676
46929
46528
46491
46757
46414
46550
55
55
65
65
44
51
51
44
44
51
51
41
30.5
30.5
39.5
35.5
35
39
39
33.5
33.5
33.5
33.5
29
0.5
0.7
1
1
0.76
0.8
1
0.8
1
0.8
1
0.8
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Square
Square
Round
Round
Square
Square
Square
4
4
10
10
8
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
26
41
63
63
32
46
55
28
36
46
55
29
Square Edge Dish
Stock No.
46778
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
40.9
12
Std Weight
(gm)
43
www.alfa.com
Crucibles
All Alfa Aesar crucibles are designed to withstand hard and varied use. Reinforced tops and bottoms can be
supplied for added strength without adversely affecting capacity or fit of the cover. Non-standard crucible sizes
and lids are available upon request.
Most crucibles are constructed of platinum, but customers may also request specially manufactured crucibles
made from our list of alloys.
13
Standard Form Crucibles
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
Outer (mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Std Weight
(gm)
46916
46377
46751
46896
46800
46825
46371
46974
46520
46498
46484
46578
46870
46375
46813
46343
46477
46649
46911
46964
46717
46931
46436
46793
46420
46607
46509
46670
46857
46521
46631
46500
46465
5
7
10
10
10
15
15
15
20
20
20
25
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
50
70
75
75
100
100
125
125
150
175
200
20
23
26
29
26
29
32
28
32.5
37
30
41
35
35
37.5
35
43.5
39
41.5
40
49
44
45
55
50
50
56
55
59
60
62
65
68
12
14
15.5
17.5
17
17.5
19.5
18
18
22.5
19
25
21
23
22.5
23
26.5
23.5
25
26
30
26.5
28
33.5
30
32
33
36
35
40
37
39
41
23
27
29
24
30
33
27
32
36
31
35
34
39
37
41
40
36
43
46
45
41
49
50
46
55
55
62
60
64
65
68
71
74
7
9
8.5
8
11
11.5
13
16
18
17
19
25
19
23
24
28
26
32
31
34
39
42
43
53
55
59
79
75
90
90
99
110
120
14
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Standard Form Crucibles with Reinforced Rim
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
(mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Weight
(gm)
46956
46591
46468
46489
46577
46894
46618
46353
46580
46722
46965
46958
46719
46561
46633
46517
46883
46737
46336
46635
46656
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
35
35
40
50
50
70
75
100
125
150
175
200
26
29
29
32
32.5
37
41
35
37.5
43.5
39
41.5
49
44
55
50
56
59
62
65
68
15.5
17.5
17.5
19.5
18
22.5
25
21
22.5
26.5
23.5
25
30
26.5
33.5
30
33
35
37
39
41
29
24
33
27
36
31
34
39
41
36
43
46
41
49
46
55
62
64
68
71
74
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.3
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.36
0.38
0.4
0.41
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
10.5
10
13.5
15
20
20
29
21
27.5
30
32.5
33.5
45
46.5
60
60
83.5
95
104
116
125
Lids for Standard Form Crucibles
Stock No.
Crucible
Top Dia (mm)
Weight
(gm)
Stock No.
Crucible
Top Dia (mm)
Weight
(gm)
46961
46535
46337
46979
46423
46391
46401
46678
46407
46739
46395
46364
46514
46732
46402
46552
19.5
22.5
25.5
26
27.5
29
29
29.5
32
32.5
34.5
35
37
37.5
39
39.5
2.6
3.7
4.5
2.8
5
3.6
3.6
6.5
4.5
4.5
7.5
5.2
6
6
6
9.5
46626
46355
46710
46868
46913
46554
46367
46744
46655
46725
46567
46843
46427
46382
46735
46694
41
41.5
43.5
44
44.5
49
49.5
50
54.5
55
56
59
59.5
62
65
68
7.2
7.2
8
8
12.5
10
14.5
10
16.5
15
15
15
21.8
15
18
18.8
15
Straight Wall Crucibles
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
Outer (mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46841
46771
46411
46705
46827
46480
46808
46432
46572
46920
46505
46887
46698
46829
46743
46992
46369
46755
2
2
4.5
4.5
10
10
25
25
45
45
75
75
90
90
130
130
210
210
18
18
20
20
25
25
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
60
60
60
65
65
10
10
15
15
17
17
20
20
30
30
40
40
55
55
50
50
55
55
15
15
20
20
30
30
55
55
50
50
50
50
35
35
55
55
75
75
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
3.1
7.5
6
13.5
13
23
25
53
29
67
46
100
40
80
50
110
75
175
16
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Roasting Crucible with Lid
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46768
30
0.25
25
Micro Crucibles
Stock No.
Capacity (ml)
Top Dia
Outer (mm)
Bottom Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Std Weight
(gm)
46547
46413
46762
46472
46785
0.75
1
3
5
10
11
12
17
20.5
26
7
7.2
10
12
15.5
12
13
19
22
28
1.7
2
5
7
9
Lids for Micro Crucibles
Stock No.
Crucible
Top Dia (mm)
Std Weight
(gm)
46686
46993
46349
46776
12
17
20.5
26
0.56
1.3
1.5
2.6
17
Combustion Boats
Stock No.
Width (mm)
Height
(mm)
Std Weight
(gm)
46625
46425
46541
46599
46653
46361
46891
46524
46449
46508
46601
46767
46338
46899
46684
46862
46464
46818
46713
46648
46573
46405
46598
46363
46473
4
4
5
5
6
7
9
9
9
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
16
16
3
3
4
4
4
4
9
9
8
8
10
5
10
10
10
12
14
10
10
10
10
10
16
13
18
0.5
0.7
1.6
1.9
0.7
1.2
5.8
5.6
9
10
4
3.5
6
7
15
23
31
3
4
7
10
18
40
14
50
18
www.alfa.com
Evaporating Dishes
Alfa Aesar evaporating dishes can be supplied with reinforced tops or bottoms as well as covers. Most dishes
are constructed of platinum but other alloys are available. Alfa Aesar can also assist with custom fabricated
dishes to your own designs and specifications.
19
Standard Dishes
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46987
46878
46729
46932
46775
46994
46611
46711
46952
46399
46782
46905
46352
46576
46397
10
15
20
30
50
60
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
500
700
35
38
42
50
57.5
62.5
70
75
82.5
82.5
90
90
100
125
143
17
19
20
22
26
27
28
29
31
34
38
40
41
50
58
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.33
0.33
0.33
8
10
12.5
15.5
18.5
23.5
28
37
39
52
62
65
93
171
202
Standard Dishes with Reinforced Rims
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Weight
(gm)
46893
46642
46821
46680
46424
46842
46742
46919
46457
46953
46507
46807
46928
46614
46689
10
15
20
30
50
60
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
500
700
35
38
42
50
57.5
62.5
70
75
82.5
82.5
90
90
100
125
143
17
19
20
22
26
27
28
29
31
34
38
40
41
50
58
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.33
0.33
0.33
10
12.5
15
18
26
26
31
41.5
45
58
68.5
71.5
99.5
181.5
211.5
Covers for Standard Dishes
Stock No.
Dish
Top Dia (mm)
Weight
(gm)
46915
46431
46844
46456
46582
46621
46981
46937
35
38
42
50
57.5
62.5
70
75
5.2
6
7.2
10
15
15
18.8
23.4
20
www.alfa.com
Round Bottom Dishes
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Top Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Std Weight
(gm)
46898
46761
46839
46570
46385
46471
46461
46387
46674
46753
20
35
50
90
150
200
250
325
400
500
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
10
15.7
26.5
38
56
80
101
130
154
174
Round Bottom Dishes with Handles
Stock No.
Top Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Std Weight
(gm)
46564
46957
15
22
8
11
2
4
Flat Bottom Plain Dishes
Stock No.
Top Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Std Weight
(gm)
46889
46590
10
15
2
2
0.3
0.7
Stock No.
Capacity
(ml)
Bott Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46826
250
90
45
0.15
70
Stock No.
Bott Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std Weight
(gm)
46512
85
20
0.15
46
Classen Dish
Wine Dish
21
Electrodes
In constructing general service electrodes, platinum is the only material that offers sufficiently high electrical
conductivity, mechanical strength and resistance to electrolyte and chemical attack. For most analysis, the best
cathode is an ordinary gauze cylinder. This material offers greater surface area than equal weight of plain or
perforated foil, and allows the electrolyte to circulate more freely.
Our electrodes are designed to minimize sharp bends and awkward shapes that might cause solution
entrapment. All seams and joints are welded - no rivets or solder is employed. Usually furnished with a bright
finish, electrodes can also be supplied with satin or brushed finish. When desired, identification numbers can be
added.
22
www.alfa.com
Electrodes
Stock
No.
Description
Top
Dia
(mm)
Bottom
Dia
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Std
Wt
(gm)
Approx
Surface
Area
cm2
46940
46619
46569
46556
46386
46788
46820
46396
46604
46707
46855
46921
46545
Fischer Cathode Mesh Cylinder with rings on Stem
Fischer Anode Mesh Cylinder
Fischer Cathode Mesh Cylinder without rings on Stem
Anode Wire Helix
Anode Wire Helix
Anode Mesh Cylinder with Central Stem
Cathode Mesh Cylinder
Winkler Cathode divides Mesh Cylinder
Cathode Mesh Cylinder
Anode Mesh Cylinder
Anode Wire Helix
Anode Rotating Paddle Shaped
Shoniger Basket
45
32
45
32
30
45
40
45
50
50
50
20
45
32
45
26.8
30
30
20
21
50
50
10
7
125
140
150
140
140
170
140
150
130
130
130
140
70
33
19
31
13
10
36
19
28
16
7
5
13 2.5
125
70
125
0.75
0.35
70
100
120
18 -
Gauzes
Stock
No.
Description
40931
40935
40930
10283
41814
46966
46428
Gold gauze, 100 mesh woven from 0.064mm (0.0025in) dia wire, 99.99% (metals basis)
Silver gauze, 50 mesh woven from 0.0764mm (0.003in) dia wire
Gold gauze, 52 mesh woven from 0.102mm (0.004in) dia wire, 99.99% (metals basis)
Platinum gauze, 52 mesh woven from 0.1mm (0.004in) dia wire, 99.9% (metals basis)
Platinum gauze, 45 mesh woven from 0.198mm (0.0078in) dia wire, 99.9% (metals basis)
Platinum gauze, Unimesh N7433, expanded metal mesh, 0.34mm (0.013in) thick
Platinum Ruthenium wire, 1.5mm (0.059in) dia x 150mm (5.9in) length, hard straight lengths
23
Inoculation Loops
Stock No.
Description
Top Dia
Outer (mm)
Top Dia
Inner (mm)
21231
21236
21226
20965
21387
21227
21287
21228
21233
21229
98123
21239
21235
21243
20610
Platinum 3.5%/Rhodium
Platinum 15%/Iridium
Platinum 5%/Iridium
Platinum 5%/Ruthenium
0.91
0.91
0.3
0.41
0.41
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.51
0.41
0.41
0.58
4
4
1
2
3
3
3
5
1.45
1.45
1.45
3
3
5
4
24
www.alfa.com
Utensils
Tongs & Tweezers
Stock No.
Description
Length
(mm)
Std
Weight
(gm)
46362
46638
Bowed Stainless Steel Tongs with Pt Tips
Stainless Steel Tweezers with Pt Tips
200
130
1.25
1.4
Stirring Spatulas
Stock No.
Description
Width
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std
Weight
(gm)
46765
46612
46617
46560
46608
46340
46777
46706
Stirring spatula single ended
Stirring spatula double ended
5
7
10
10
5
7
10
10
50
75
100
150
50
75
100
150
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
4.5
7
10
3
6
10
14
25
Shovels
Stock No.
Width
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std
Weight
(gm)
46679
46852
46885
46704
46600
46817
5
10
15
20
25
25
50
50
60
80
50
100
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
1.5
5
8.5
14
25.5
30
Fixed Triangles
Stock No.
Width
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std
Weight
(gm)
46358
46440
46394
46933
46917
46759
46876
46733
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.5
4
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
8
9
Adjustable Triangles
Stock No.
Width
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Base
Thickness
Std
Weight
(gm)
46802
46858
46668
46445
46967
46662
35
40
50
60
70
80
60
88
95
115
120
148
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
5
6.5
8
14
15
18
26
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Care and Use
Platinum ware can be heated in many atmospheres commonly employed for laboratory experimentation such
as:
•
Air, nitrogen and oxygen
•
Oxides of nitrogen
•
Bromine and iodine vapors
•
Hydrogen
•
Carbon dioxide
Platinum ware is suitable for numerous chemical research applications such as ignitions, fusions, evaporations
and glass production. These are usually accomplished in oxidizing atmospheres.
In addition, platinum has characteristics that make it exceptionally qualified for electrolytic usage in the
laboratory. In the construction of electrodes, platinum provides an excellent combination of electrical
conductivity, mechanical strength and resistance to electrolytic and chemical attack. Both cathode and anode
remain constant in weight during electrolysis, and deposits can be easily dissolved after weighing without
damage to the electrodes.
Platinum laboratory ware can provide numerous advantages when properly employed. Some of the basic
guidelines for use in various applications are outlined here.
Alfa Aesar offers a crucible cleaning kit containing all of the materials needed to safely clean most types of
crucibles.
Stock No.
Description
Quantity
37995
Cleaning Kit for Laboratory Crucibles
1each
27
Operating Temperatures
The following maximum operating temperatures are recommended for all applications.
Material
Temperature
Platinum
ZGS Platinum
ZGS Platinum 10% Rhodium
Platinum 5% Gold
ZGS Platinum 5% Gold
1400° C
1500° C
1550° C
1600° C
1300° C
1400° C
Ignitions
Platinum ware is widely used for ignitions. Although platinum is subject to attack during ignition by an easily
reducible substance, the risk of damage can be avoided by taking proper precautions in accordance with the
materials involved.
Ignition of filtered precipitates
Platinum laboratory ware can be utilized in ignitions of the following precipitates:
Barium sulfate
Alkaline earth carbonates, oxalates, etc.
Sulfates of metals not readily reducible
Oxides not readily reducible include Al2O3, MgO, BaO, CaO, SrO, TiO2, ZrO2, ThO2, MoO3, WO3, Ta2O5, Cr2O3,
Mn3O4, and in the absence of carbonaceous matter, ZnO, Co3O4, NiO, CdO.
The moist filter paper containing the precipitate is dried in a platinum crucible or dish by preheating on a hot
plate or suitable gauze over a gas burner. After drying, the dish is transferred to the area in front of the hot open
muffle of a furnace operating at 800°C. Within 10 to 15 minutes, the paper will become completely charred.
The dish should then be placed about 2 inches inside the muffle where it should remain until nearly all the
carbonaceous matter has been burned off. The removal of the last traces of carbon and the decomposition
of the precipitate may require a somewhat higher temperature. This can be applied without detriment to the
platinum, providing that reducing conditions are avoided. Free access to recirculating air is recommended.
Where a suitable care is exercised to assure safety, such precipitates as MgNH4PO4, MgNH4AsO4 and CaWO4
may be ignited.
Determination of ash in organic material
A shallow dish should be used, and the contents heated well forward in a hot open muffle until combustion
is nearly complete. Combustion can be accelerated if the surface is disturbed from time to time. After all
carbonaceous matter has burnt away, final combustion can be conducted in the hot zone of the muffle.
Determination of volatile material in fuels
Particular care should be exercised in this operation. In as much as it is essential that a nonoxidizing
atmosphere can be maintained in the crucible to prevent loss of free carbon, there is danger of contamination of
the platinum dish. This is particularly true if the fuel is rich in sulfur or phosphorous compounds.
28
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Fusions
Fusions in platinum ware should always be performed under oxidizing conditions, using materials that are free
from organic substances. During fusions and cooling, the material should come in contact only with platinum or
a clean refractory. Commonly used fusion agents affect platinum in the following manner:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sodium carbonate. When sodium carbonate is employed, the loss of weight of the platinum amounts to
only a fraction of a milligram.
Sodium carbonate mixed with sodium nitrate or nitrite. Nitrates or nitrites in the fusion mixture cause
heavier losses of platinum than sodium carbonate by itself, but the losses are not likely to exceed one or
two milligrams under ordinary laboratory conditions.
Sodium borate or sodium metaphosphate. Platinum is unaffected by borax at low temperatures.
Sodium metaphosphate attacks the metal only at very high temperatures or under reducing conditions.
Alkali bifluorides. When alkali bifluorides are used, the loss of weight of the platinum is practically null.
Alkali chlorides or alkali earth chlorides. Both attack platinum above 1000°C in the presence of air
which liberates chlorine from the fused salt. In a neutral atmosphere, these chlorides are inert.
Alkali bisulfates. When alkali bisulfates are involved, platinum is attacked slightly above 700°C. The
attack can be diminished by adding ammonium sulfate.
When any of the previous fusion agents (except alkali bifluorides) are employed, traces of platinum should be
sought in making an accurate analysis. Platinum can be precipitated with the hydrogen sulfate group.
Evaporations
Platinum laboratory ware can be employed in evaporations containing the following:
1. Sulfuric acid with or without hydrofluoric acid
2. Hydrofluoric acid
3. Hydrofluoric and nitric acid when the halides (especially chlorides) are absent
4. Hydrochloric acid in the absence of oxidizing agents that yield nascent chlorine
5. Alkali hydroxides or carbonates where contamination of the solution with silica must be avoided
6. Sodium peroxide solutions
Electrolytic Operations
Electrochemical methods of analysis have been widely adopted because of their speed, simplicity and
economy. In multiple analyses of a routine nature such as the determination of copper in brasses and aluminum
alloys, several solutions can be electrolyzed simultaneously. In single determinations, the analyst can attend
other operations while electrolysis is in progress.
Platinum electrodes can be used to advantage in numerous applications:
1. As anodes in most electrolytes except strongly acid chlorine solutions.
2. As cathodes for the deposition of metals from acid, alkaline or ammoniacal solutions. For the deposition of
zinc, gallium and bismuth, the platinum should first be copper-plated to prevent superficial alloying with the
deposited metal.
Glass Production
When producing glass in a platinum alloy vessel, all batch materials must be fully oxidized and silica-bearing
refractory materials must be avoided in order to ensure long vessel life. When cleaning the vessel to remove
glass residue, soak in 50% hydrofluoric acid at no more than 180°F. Do not allow HF to boil. This process may
take several days. To speed up glass removal, occasionally remove the vessel from acid bath and scrub soft
glass residue away. Make sure skin is protected; hydrofluoric acid will leave serious burns.
29
Conditions to Avoid When Using Platinum Labware and Platinum Fabricated
Products
When heated, platinum can be attacked by certain atmospheres, solids, fusions and vapors. The following
should be avoided, as noted, when high temperatures (greater than 1000°C) are involved:
Atmospheres
1. Ammonia: Darkens the surface and makes it less lustrous. In time, it will develop pores and create a
crystalline appearance.
2. Sulfur dioxide: Promotes the formation of sulfur trioxide. As a result, the platinum surface is coated with
platinum sulfide.
3. Chlorine: Converts the metal into a mass of crystals because of the alternate formation and
decomposition of platinous chloride.
4. Volatile chlorides: Especially those that decompose readily.
5. Highly carburetted gases and vapors: They aggressively attack the metal with the possible formation of
PtC2 and make it very brittle. Hence, platinum ware should never be heated in the reducing zone of a gas
flame.
Liquids
1. Aqua Regia.
2. Hydrochloric acid and oxidizing agents.
3. Concentrated sulfuric acid: It is harmful when extended periods are involved. In most laboratory
applications, the action is so slow that it is usually negligible.
4. Concentrated phosphoric acid: The action is noticeable only after prolonged heating.
Solids (including their fusions and vapors)
1. Sulfur, selenium and tellurium: The action of sulfur vapor is very slow and prolonged heating is required
to produce any serious effects. Selenium and tellurium combine readily with platinum.
2. Phosphorus, arsenic and antimony: Combine with platinum readily.
3. Magnesium pyrophosphate: Harmful above 900°C.
4. Silica and borax: Harmful at high temperatures.
5. Molten lead, zinc, tin, bismuth, silver, gold or copper, or mixtures that form these metals by reduction.
All combine readily with platinum to form a lower melting point eutectic alloy.
6. Fused alkali oxides and peroxides, to a lesser degree in the presence of air, alkali hydroxides.
7. Fused nitrates: The action is intensified by the presence of alkali hydroxides or carbonates, but is not
severe in any case.
8. Fused cyanides: Plantinocyanides are formed.
9. Iron oxide above 1200°C: At this temperature, oxygen is liberated and the iron combines with the
platinum.
10. Silica, silicates, alumina and magnesia above 1600°C: At lower temperatures, no action occurs.
11. Fused alkali and alkali chlorides in the presence of air at 1000°C or above.
12. Lead and bismuth oxides above 1250°C.
30
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Physical Properties of the Platinum Group Metals and Other Precious Metals
Platinum
Mechanical
Grade
Palladium
Iridium
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Osmium
Gold
Silver
Thermopure
Atomic Weight1 (Amu)
195.09
106.4
192.2
102.91
107.07
190.2
196.97
107.87
Specific Gravity3 (g/cm3)
21.45
12.02
22.65
12.41
12.45
22.61
19.32
10.49
Density3, lb/cu in. @ 68°F
.775
.434
.818
.448
.450
.815
.698
.379
Melting Point3, °F
IPTS - 68
°C
Thermal conductivity,
2
Btu/Ft /In/°F/hr (32-212 F)
Coefficient of expansion2,
in./in./°F x 10-6 (32-212 F)
Specific Heat3, @ 32 F
Btu/lb/°F
@ 212 F
Resistivity
@ 32 F
ohms/cir mil ft @ 68 F
@ 212 F
Mean temperature of coefficient
of resistance per °C3,
(0-100 C) (32-212 F)
Tensile strength3
Annealed
psi
50% RA
Vickers hardness3
Annealed
(similar to Brinell50% RA
10mm ball, 3000kg load)
3214
1768
2829
1554
4429
2443
3560
1960
4190
2310
5522
3050
1947.97 17.62
1064.43 961.93
493
522
1015
1044
725
609
2030
4.94
6.53
3.8
4.6
5.1
2.6
7.9
10.9
0.0315
0.0325
58.86
63.60
81.90
0.0584
–
64.0
64.8
–
0.0307
(68 F)
0.0589
–
30.1
26.1
–
0.0551
–
47
84
–
0.0309
0.0314
54
57.1
–
0.0312
(64 F)
13.1
14.1
–
0.0559
0.0568
9.56
8.84
–
28.33
2900
.0039
.00392
.0038
.0043
.0046
.0042
.0042
.0034
.0041
20-23,000
35,000
17-19,000
34,000
25,000
47,000
160,000
–
100,000
–
72,000
–
–
19,000
32,000
18,000
50,000
40-42
118
200-240
351
100-102
401
200-350
–
300-670
–
25
66
26
90
40-42
106
95 PT
5 Ir
90 Pt
10 Ir
80 Pt
20 Ir
75 Pt
25 Ir
95 Pt
5 Rh
90 Pt
10 Rh
80 Pt
20 Rh
95 Pt
5 Ru
90 Pt
10 Ru
60 Pd
40 Ag
Specific Gravity3 (g/cm3)
21.51
21.56
21.68
21.74
20.70
19.99
18.72
20.70
20.00
11.35
Density3, lb/cu in. @ 68°F
.777
.779
.783
.785
.748
.722
.676
.748
.723
.410
3398-3470
1870-1910
3308
1820
3362
1850
3452
1900
3236
1780
3281
1805
2426-2534
1330-1390
113
–
208
–
–
–
217
–
198
–
–
105
–
114.0
115.2
–
124.8
–
–
189
–
–
258
–
–
252
–
.0006
.00212
.0017
.0014
125,000
170,000
30,000
70,000
47,000
84,000
70,000
130,000
60,000
115,000
85,000
150,000
54,000
100,000
252
327
69
77
95
173
120
215
125
211
173
298
89
183
Melting Point3, °F
3227-3245 3236-3272 3290-3362
°C
1775-1785 1780-1800 1810-1850
Thermal conductivity,
–
215
125
Btu/Ft2/In/°F/hr (32-212 F)
Resistivity
@ 32 F
–
–
–
ohms/cir mil ft @ 68 F
114
150
192
@ 212 F
–
–
–
Mean temperature of coefficient
of resistance per °C3,
.0019
.0012
.0008
(0-100 C) (32-212 F)
Tensile strength3
Annealed
40,000
55,000
97,500
psi
50% RA
70,000
95,000
150,000
Vickers hardness3
Annealed
78
110
210
(similar to Brinell50% RA
149
215
245
10mm ball, 3000kg load)
References: 1 Periodic Chart of the Elements
2
ASM Metals Handbook
3
.00085
.00083
(25-100 C) (20-100 C)
.00002
Johnson Matthey and Co. Limited
Comparative Table of Metric, Troy and Avoirdupois Weights
Gram
Gram
Troy Oz.
Av. Oz.
Troy Dwt.
Troy Gr.
Troy Lbs.
Av. Lbs.
Kg.
1
0.0321507
0.035274
.643014
15.4324
.002679
.002205
.001
Troy oz.
31.103
1
1.09714
20
480
.083333
.068571
.031103
Avoirdupois oz.
28.350
.911458
1
18.22917
437.5
.075955
.0625
.028349
Troy dwt.
1.55517
.05
.054857
1
24
.0041667
.0034286
.001555
Troy gr.
0.0648
.002083
.002286
.041666
1
.0001736
.0001428
.00006479
Troy lb.
373.242
12
13.0657
240
5760
1
.822857
0.37324
Avoirdupois lb.
453.59
14.5833
16
291.667
7000
1.215278
1
0.45359
1000
32.15074
35.27396
643.015
15432.356
2.67923
2.20462
1
Kilograms
31
Weight Conversion Factors
To convert platinum weights to other precious metals, use the following factors: Weight of Metal Desired =
Appropriate Multiplier x Platinum Weight.
Metal or Alloy
Multiplier
Platinum (Pt)
Palladium (Pd)
Pd-50% Pt
Pd-5% Ru
Pd-8% Ru
Pd-11% Ru
Pd-20% Ag
Pd-25% Ag
Pd-40% Ag
Pd-40% Cu
Iridium (Ir)
Pt-5% Ir
Pt-10% Ir
Pt-15% Ir
Pt-20% Ir
Pt-25% Ir
Pt-30% Ir
Rhodium (Rh)
Pt-3½% Rh
Pt-5% Rh
Pt-6% Rh
Pt-10% Rh
Pt-13% Rh
Pt-20% Rh
Pt-25% Rh
Pt-30% Rh
Pt-40% Rh
Pt-50% Rh
1.000
.5604
.7179
.5614
.5619
.5625
.5400
.5406
.5295
.4930
1.0559
1.0027
1.0053
1.0080
1.0107
1.0134
1.0161
.5786
.9752
.9648
.9581
.9321
.9135
.8728
.8459
.8207
.7744
.7330
Metal or Alloy
Multiplier
Ruthenium (Ru)
Pt-5% Ru
Pt-8% Ru
Pt-10% Ru
Pt-11% Ru
Gold (Au)
Pt-5% Au
Au-10% Cu
Au-30% Pt
Silver (Ag)
Ag-3% Pd
Ag-10% Pd
Ag-20% Pd
Ag-30% Pd
Ag-50% Pd
Ag-3% Pt
Nickel (Ni)
Pt-3% Ni
Pt-5% Ni
Pt-10% Ni
.5804
.9651
.8453
.9326
.9263
.9007
.9944
.8069
.9282
.4890
.4908
.4952
.5016
.5074
.5220
.4968
.4150
.9957
.9343
.8766
Tungsten (W)
Pt-4% W
Pt-8% W
.8990
.9955
.9910
Special Alloys
90% Pt-5% Pd-5% Rh
69% Au-25% Ag-6% Pt
.9299
.7500
Platinum Sheet Data
Gram
Weight
per
square
inch
0.1582
0.1758
0.3515
0.5273
0.7031
0.8789
1.055
1.230
1.406
1.582
1.758
1.933
2.109
2.461
2.812
3.164
3.515
3.867
4.219
4.570
4.922
5.273
5.625
5.976
6.328
6.679
7.031
7.382
7.734
8.085
8.437
8.789
9.140
9.492
9.843
10.19
Thickness Thickness
in Inches
in mm
.00045
.0005
.001
.0015
.002
.0025
.003
.0035
.004
.0045
.005
.0055
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.011
.012
.013
.014
.015
.016
.017
.018
.019
.020
.021
.022
.023
.024
.025
.026
.027
.028
.029
0.0114
0.0127
0.0254
0.0381
0.0508
0.0635
0.0762
0.0889
0.1016
0.1143
0.1270
0.1397
0.1524
0.1778
0.2032
0.2286
0.2540
0.2794
0.3048
0.3302
0.3556
0.3810
0.4064
0.4318
0.4572
0.4826
0.5080
0.5334
0.5588
0.5842
0.6096
0.6350
0.6604
0.6858
0.7112
0.7366
Gram
Weight
per
square
cm
Gram
Weight
per
square
inch
0.0245
0.0272
0.0545
0.0817
0.1090
0.1362
0.1635
0.1907
0.2179
0.2452
.02725
0.2996
0.3269
0.3815
0.4359
0.4904
0.5448
0.5994
0.6539
0.7084
0.7629
0.8173
0.8719
0.9263
0.9808
1.035
1.090
1.144
1.199
1.253
1.308
1.362
1.417
1.471
1.526
1.579
10.55
10.90
11.25
11.60
11.95
12.30
12.66
13.00
13.36
13.71
14.06
14.41
14.76
15.12
15.47
15.82
16.17
16.52
16.87
17.23
17.58
17.93
18.28
18.63
18.98
19.33
19.69
20.04
20.39
20.74
21.09
21.44
21.80
22.15
22.50
22.85
Thickness Thickness
in Inches
in mm
.030
.031
.032
.033
.034
.035
.036
.037
.038
.039
.040
.041
.042
.043
.044
.045
.046
.047
.048
.049
.050
.051
.052
.053
.054
.055
.056
.057
.058
.059
.060
.061
.062
.063
.064
.065
0.7620
0.7874
0.8128
0.8382
0.8636
0.8690
0.9144
0.9398
0.9652
0.9906
1.016
1.041
1.067
1.092
1.118
1.143
1.168
1.194
1.219
1.245
1.270
1.295
1.321
1.346
1.372
1.397
1.422
1.448
1.473
1.499
1.524
1.549
1.575
1.600
1.626
1.651
Gram
Weight
per
square
cm
Gram
Weight
per
square
inch
1.635
1.690
1.744
1.798
1.852
1.907
1.962
2.015
2.071
2.125
2.179
2.234
2.288
2.344
2.398
2.452
2.506
2.561
2.615
2.671
2.725
2.779
2.833
2.888
2.942
2.996
3.052
3.106
3.160
3.215
3.269
3.323
3.379
3.433
3.488
3.542
23.20
23.55
23.90
24.26
24.61
24.96
25.31
25.66
26.01
26.37
26.72
27.07
27.42
27.77
28.12
28.47
28.83
29.18
29.53
29.88
30.23
30.58
30.94
31.29
31.64
31.99
32.34
32.69
33.04
33.40
33.75
34.10
34.45
34.80
35.15
43.94
32
Thickness Thickness
in Inches
in mm
.066
.067
.068
.069
.070
.071
.072
.073
.074
.075
.076
.077
.078
.079
.080
.081
.082
.083
.084
.085
.086
.087
.088
.089
.090
.091
.092
.093
.094
.095
.096
.097
.098
.099
.100
.125
1.676
1.702
1.727
1.753
1.778
1.803
1.829
1.854
1.880
1.905
1.930
1.956
1.981
2.007
2.032
2.057
2.083
2.108
2.134
2.159
2.184
2.210
2.235
2.261
2.286
2.311
2.337
2.362
2.388
2.413
2.438
2.464
2.489
2.515
2.540
3.175
Gram
Weight
per
square
cm
3.596
3.650
3.705
3.760
3.815
3.869
3.923
3.977
4.032
4.087
4.142
4.196
4.250
4.304
4.359
4.413
4.469
4.523
4.577
4.631
4.686
4.740
4.796
4.850
4.904
4.958
5.013
5.067
5.121
5.177
5.231
5.286
5.340
5.394
5.448
6.811
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Resistance in Ohms/Foot (at 20°C) of Platinum and Selected Alloys
Dia.
Plat.
5% Ir
10% Ir
15% Ir
20% Ir
25% Ir
30% Ir
3½% Rh
10% Rh
13% Rh
20% Rh
30% Rh
40% Rh
.010”
.011”
.012”
.013”
.014”
.015”
.016”
.017”
.018”
.019”
.020”
.021”
.022”
.023”
.024”
.025”
.026”
.027”
.028”
.029”
.030”
.031”
.032”
.033”
.034”
.035”
.036”
.037”
.038”
.039”
.040”
.640
.529
.444
.379
.344
.284
.250
.221
.198
.177
.160
.145
.132
.121
.111
.102
.095
.088
.082
.076
.071
.067
.063
.059
.055
.052
.049
.047
.044
.042
.040
1.143
.945
.794
.676
.615
.508
.446
.396
.353
.317
.286
.259
.236
.216
.198
.183
.169
.157
.146
.136
.127
.119
.112
.105
.099
.093
.088
.083
.079
.075
.071
1.503
1.242
1.044
.889
.808
.668
.587
.520
.464
.416
.376
.341
.311
.284
.261
.241
.222
.206
.192
.179
.167
.156
.147
.138
.130
.123
.116
.110
.104
.099
.094
1.713
1.416
1.190
1.014
.921
.761
.669
.593
.529
.475
.428
.338
.354
.324
.297
.274
.253
.235
.218
.204
.190
.178
.167
.157
.148
.140
.132
.125
.119
.113
.107
1.866
1.542
1.296
1.104
1.003
.829
.729
.646
.576
.517
.467
.423
.386
.353
.324
.299
.276
.256
.238
.222
.207
.194
.182
.171
.161
.152
.144
.136
.129
.123
.117
1.985
1.640
1.378
1.175
1.067
.882
.775
.687
.613
.550
.496
.450
.410
.375
.345
.318
.294
.272
.253
.236
.221
.207
.194
.182
.172
.162
.153
.145
.137
.131
.124
2.105
1.740
1.462
1.246
1.132
.936
.822
.728
.650
.583
.526
.477
.435
.398
.365
.337
.311
.289
.268
.250
.234
.219
.206
.193
.182
.172
.162
.154
.146
.138
.132
.998
.825
.693
.591
.537
.444
.390
.345
.308
.276
.250
.226
.209
.189
.173
.160
.148
.137
.127
.119
.111
.104
.097
.092
.086
.081
.077
.073
.069
.066
.062
1.154
.954
.801
.683
.620
.513
.451
.399
.356
.320
.289
.262
.238
.218
.200
.185
.171
.158
.147
.137
.128
.120
.113
.106
.100
.094
.089
.084
.080
.076
.072
1.173
.969
.815
.694
.631
.521
.458
.406
.362
.325
.293
.266
.242
.222
.204
.188
.174
.161
.150
.139
.130
.122
.115
.108
.101
.096
.091
.086
.081
.077
.073
1.250
1.033
.868
.740
.672
.556
.488
.433
.386
.346
.313
.283
.258
.236
.217
.200
.185
.171
.159
.149
.139
.130
.122
.115
.108
.102
.096
.091
.086
.081
.077
1.130
.934
.785
.669
.608
.502
.441
.391
.349
.313
.283
.256
.234
.214
.196
.181
.167
.155
.144
.134
.126
.118
.110
.104
.098
.092
.087
.083
.078
.074
.071
1.052
.869
.731
.622
.586
.468
.411
.364
.325
.291
.263
.239
.217
.199
.183
.168
.156
.144
.134
.125
.117
.109
.103
.097
.091
.086
.081
.077
.073
.069
.066
Platinum Wire Data
Gram
Weight
per ft.
Diam.
in inches
B. & S.
Gauge
Diam.
in mm
Gram
Weight
per
meter
Gram
Weight
per ft.
Diam.
in inches
0.00331
0.00747
0.01325
0.02071
0.02982
0.04059
0.05301
0.06709
0.08283
0.1002
0.1194
0.1400
0.1623
0.1865
0.2122
0.2392
0.2683
0.2991
0.3312
0.4008
0.4771
0.5598
.06492
0.7454
0.8483
0.9576
1.074
1.196
1.325
1.461
1.603
1.753
1.908
2.071
2.240
.001
.0015
.002
.0025
.003
.0035
.004
.0045
.005
.0055
.006
.0065
.007
.0075
.008
.0085
.009
.0095
.010
.011
.012
.013
.014
.015
.016
.017
.018
.019
.020
.021
.022
.023
.024
.025
.026
50
47
44
42
41
39
38
37
36
35
0.0254
0.0381
0.0508
0.0635
0.0762
0.0889
0.1016
0.1143
0.1270
0.1397
0.1524
0.1651
0.1778
0.1905
0.2032
0.2159
0.2286
0.2413
0.2540
0.2794
0.3048
0.3302
0.3556
0.3810
0.4064
0.4318
0.4572
0.4826
0.5080
0.5334
0.5588
0.5842
0.6096
0.6350
0.6604
0.01086
0.02451
0.04347
0.06795
0.09784
0.1332
0.1739
0.2201
0.2718
0.3288
0.3918
0.4593
0.5325
0.6119
0.6962
0.7848
0.8803
0.9813
1.087
1.315
1.565
1.837
2.130
2.446
2.783
3.142
3.524
3.924
4.347
4.794
5.259
5.752
6.260
6.795
7.349
2.415
2.597
2.786
2.982
3.184
3.393
3.608
3.830
4.059
4.294
4.536
4.784
5.039
5.301
5.569
5.844
6.126
6.414
6.709
7.011
7.319
7.633
7.955
8.283
8.618
8.959
9.307
9.661
10.02
10.39
10.76
11.15
11.53
11.93
12.33
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
B. & S.
Gauge
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
Diam.
in mm
Gram
Weight
per
meter
0.6858
0.7112
0.7366
0.7620
0.7874
0.8128
0.8382
0.8636
0.8890
0.9144
0.9398
0.9652
0.9906
1.016
1.041
1.067
1.092
1.118
1.143
1.168
1.194
1.219
1.245
1.270
1.295
1.321
1.346
1.372
1.397
1.422
1.448
1.473
1.499
1.524
1.549
7.924
8.521
9.141
9.784
10.45
11.13
11.84
12.57
13.32
14.09
14.88
15.70
16.53
17.39
18.27
19.17
20.10
21.04
22.01
23.00
24.01
25.04
26.10
27.18
28.28
29.39
30.54
31.70
32.88
34.09
35.30
36.58
37.83
39.14
40.45
Gram
Weight
per ft.
Diam.
in inches
12.74
12.94
13.15
13.57
14.00
14.43
14.87
15.32
15.77
16.23
16.70
17.18
17.66
18.14
18.64
19.14
19.64
20.16
20.68
21.20
21.74
22.28
22.82
23.38
23.94
24.50
25.08
25.66
26.24
26.84
27.44
28.04
28.66
29.28
29.90
30.53
.062
.0625
.063
.064
.065
.066
.067
.068
.069
.070
.071
.072
.073
.074
.075
.076
.077
.078
.079
.080
.081
.082
.083
.084
.085
.086
.087
.088
.089
.090
.091
.092
.093
.094
.095
.096
B. & S.
Gauge
14
13
12
11
Diam.
in mm
Gram
Weight
per
meter
1.575
1.588
1.600
1.626
1.651
1.676
1.702
1.727
1.753
1.778
1.803
1.829
1.854
1.880
1.905
1.930
1.956
1.981
2.007
2.032
2.057
2.083
2.108
2.134
2.159
2.184
2.210
2.235
2.261
2.286
2.311
2.337
2.362
2.388
2.413
2.438
41.80
42.46
43.15
44.52
45.93
47.34
48.79
50.26
51.74
53.25
54.79
56.37
57.94
59.52
61.16
62.80
64.44
66.14
67.85
69.56
71.33
73.10
74.87
76.71
78.55
80.38
82.29
84.19
86.09
88.06
90.03
92.00
94.03
96.07
98.10
100.2
33
Platinum Wire Data
Gram
Weight
per ft.
Diam.
in inches
31.17
31.82
32.47
33.13
33.80
34.47
35.15
35.84
36.53
37.23
37.93
38.64
39.36
40.09
40.82
41.56
42.31
43.06
43.82
44.58
45.35
46.13
46.92
47.71
48.49
49.31
50.12
50.94
51.77
52.60
53.44
54.28
55.13
55.99
56.86
57.73
58.61
59.49
60.38
61.28
62.18
63.10
64.01
64.94
65.87
66.81
67.75
68.70
69.66
70.62
71.59
.097
.098
.099
.100
.101
.102
.103
.104
.105
.106
.107
.108
.109
.110
.111
.112
.113
.114
.115
.116
.117
.118
.119
.120
.121
.122
.123
.124
.125
.126
.127
.128
.129
.130
.131
.132
.133
.134
.135
.136
.137
.138
.139
.140
.141
.142
.143
.144
.145
.146
.147
B. & S.
Gauge
10
9
8
7
Diam.
in mm
Gram
Weight
per
meter
Gram
Weight
per ft.
Diam.
in inches
2.464
2.489
2.515
2.540
2.565
2.591
2.616
2.642
2.667
2.692
2.718
2.743
2.769
2.794
2.819
2.845
2.870
2.896
2.921
2.946
2.972
2.997
3.023
3.048
3.073
3.099
3.124
3.150
3.175
3.200
3.226
3.251
3.277
3.302
3.327
3.353
3.378
3.404
3.429
3.454
3.480
3.505
3.531
3.556
3.581
3.607
3.632
3.658
3.683
3.708
3.734
102.3
104.4
106.5
108.7
110.9
113.1
115.3
117.6
119.9
122.2
124.4
126.8
129.1
131.5
133.9
136.4
138.8
141.3
143.8
146.3
148.8
151.4
153.9
156.5
159.1
161.8
164.4
167.1
169.9
172.6
175.3
178.1
180.9
183.7
186.6
189.4
192.3
195.2
198.1
201.1
204.0
207.0
210.0
213.1
216.1
219.2
222.3
225.4
228.6
231.7
234.9
72.57
73.56
74.55
75.54
76.55
77.56
78.57
79.60
80.63
81.67
82.71
83.76
84.82
85.88
86.95
88.03
89.11
90.20
91.30
92.40
93.51
94.63
95.75
96.88
98.02
99.16
100.3
101.5
102.6
103.8
105.0
106.2
107.3
108.5
109.7
111.0
112.2
113.4
114.6
115.9
117.1
118.3
119.6
120.9
122.1
123.4
124.7
126.0
127.3
128.6
129.9
131.2
.148
.149
.150
.151
.152
.153
.154
.155
.156
.157
.158
.159
.160
.161
.162
.163
.164
.165
.166
.167
.168
.169
.170
.171
.172
.173
.174
.175
.176
.177
.178
.179
.180
.181
.182
.183
.184
.185
.186
.187
.188
.189
.190
.191
.192
.193
.194
.195
.196
.197
.198
.199
B. & S.
Gauge
6
5
Diam.
in mm
Gram
Weight
per
meter
Gram
Weight
per ft.
Diam.
in inches
3.759
3.785
3.810
3.835
3.861
3.886
3.912
3.937
3.962
3.988
4.013
4.039
4.064
4.089
4.115
4.140
4.168
4.191
4.216
4.242
4.267
4.293
4.318
4.343
4.369
4.394
4.420
4.445
4.470
4.496
4.521
4.547
4.572
4.597
4.623
4.648
4.674
4.699
4.724
4.750
4.775
4.801
4.826
4.851
4.877
4.902
4.928
4.953
4.978
5.004
5.029
5.055
238.1
241.4
244.6
247.8
251.2
254.5
257.8
261.2
264.5
268.0
271.4
274.8
278.3
281.8
285.3
288.8
292.4
295.9
299.6
303.2
306.8
310.5
314.2
317.9
321.6
323.3
329.1
333.0
336.6
340.6
344.5
348.4
352.1
356.0
359.9
364.2
368.1
372.1
376.0
380.3
384.2
388.1
392.4
396.7
400.6
404.9
409.1
413.4
417.7
421.9
426.2
430.5
132.5
133.9
135.2
136.5
137.9
139.2
140.6
142.0
143.3
144.7
1461
147.5
148.9
150.3
151.7
153.2
154.6
156.0
157.5
158.9
160.4
161.8
163.3
164.8
166.2
167.7
169.2
170.7
172.2
173.7
175.3
176.8
178.3
179.8
181.4
183.0
184.5
186.1
187.7
189.3
190.8
192.4
194.0
195.6
197.3
198.9
200.5
202.1
203.8
205.4
207.1
.200
.201
.202
.203
.204
.205
.206
.207
.208
.209
.210
.211
.212
.213
.214
.215
.216
.217
.218
.219
.220
.221
.222
.223
.224
.225
.226
.227
.228
.229
.230
.231
.232
.233
.234
.235
.236
.237
.238
.239
.240
.241
.242
.243
.244
.245
.246
.247
.248
.249
.250
34
B. & S.
Gauge
4
3
Diam.
in mm
Gram
Weight
per
meter
5.080
5.105
5.131
5.156
5.182
5.207
5.232
5.258
5.283
5.309
5.334
5.359
5.385
5.410
5.436
5.461
5.486
5.512
5.537
5.563
5.588
5.613
5.639
5.664
5.690
5.715
5.740
5.766
5.791
5.817
5.842
5.867
5.893
5.918
5.944
5.969
5.994
6.020
6.045
6.071
6.096
6.121
6.147
6.172
6.198
6.223
6.248
6.274
6.299
6.325
6.350
434.7
439.3
443.6
447.9
452.4
456.7
461.3
465.9
470.2
474.8
479.4
483.9
488.5
493.1
497.7
502.6
507.2
511.8
516.8
521.4
526.3
530.9
535.8
540.7
545.3
550.2
555.1
560.1
565.0
570.0
575.0
580.1
585.0
589.9
595.2
600.3
605.4
610.6
615.7
620.9
626.1
631.3
636.6
641.9
647.2
652.5
657.8
663.2
668.6
674.0
679.4
www.alfa.com
Spectroflux® Analytical Fluxes
Introduction
The analysis of refractory materials can be reduced to a simple, accurate procedure with the use of Spectroflux®
analytical fluxes.
Refractory materials such as ores, slags and minerals are often very resistant to acid attack, making the
preparation of a sample solution difficult and time consuming. Selection of an effective method of disintegrating
the sample matrix to a reproductive form is a prerequisite for speedy, precise and accurate analysis. Flux fusion
is such a method.
Fusion with a molten alkali metal borate flux provides a rapid and simple means of dissolving chemically stable
materials to yield glass-like solid solutions. This method eliminates any inhomogeneity of particle size, density
or composition in the sample.
Samples of a wide variety of materials may thus be prepared in a simple manner for analysis by instrumental or
chemical techniques.
Analytical Techniques
Spectroflux® analytical fluxes can be used in conjunction with direct reading optical or X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
spectrometers, atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers, Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy
(ICP) techniques, spectrophotometers, polarographs, ion selective electrodes or classical analytical techniques.
Whichever method is chosen, Spectroflux® analytical fluxes offer the analyst the benefits of speed and analytical
precision.
Sample Preparation Guidelines
Many different procedures have been described in the literature for preparation of solid solution bead samples
suitable for XRF analysis.
The general method for the preparation of materials for analysis involves taking known weights of the flux and
sample in appropriate ratio, e.g. 10:1, fusing and allowing the melt to cool to produce a stable, transparent,
homogeneous and crack-free bead. To ensure that the same ratio of flux to sample is used for each separate
analysis, it is essential to ignite the sample before weighing. The weight of the flux used should then be
adjusted to compensate for the observed loss on ignition of the sample -- alternatively, a mathematical
correction may be applied.
The flux should also be ignited at about 700°C to remove any moisture absorbed during storage.
The ignited sample and flux are transferred into a non-wetting platinum alloy crucible and the contents are
thoroughly mixed with a chemically inert rod. The uncovered crucible is placed in a muffle furnace, or over a gas
burner at 900°C to 1150°C and swirled occasionally until the mixture is completely molten and homogeneous.
Samples containing high concentrations of alumina and zirconia necessitate heating at 1200°C.
A platinum alloy casting dish mounted on a ceramic support is heated at the same temperature as the crucible
for 2 minutes (5 to 10 minutes for aluminas and zirconias). After removal from the furnace, the molten mixture is
poured from the crucible into the casting dish. Once the bead has solidified, a jet of air is directed at the base of
the casting dish to cool the bead.
Spectrofluxes have been used successfully with commercially available automatic fusion equipment such as the
Philips MagiX, PerlX, PW 1400, LECO, Claisse fluxy, M4, Diano 8000 and others.
35
Techniques for Specific Materials
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Where samples are particularly difficult to dissolve, oxidizing agents such as lithium or sodium nitrate may
be added to the flux to speed up the dissolution of the sample.
Samples that contain sulfides should be roasted in a ceramic crucible in the air, before being mixed with
the flux, or fused with the flux in the presence of sodium or lithium nitrate. This ensures conversion of
sulfides to sulfates and their retention in the solid solution. Sulfur is lost from fusions in graphite crucibles
and when using ammonium nitrate as an oxidizing agent.
Samples containing large amounts of organic matter or carbon should be ignited in air at 500°C for several
hours prior to fusion.
Ferro-alloy samples must be fully oxidized prior to fusion with flux. Using lithium tetraborate, in-situ with
an oxidizing mixture, avoids pre-oxidation to samples, such as steel plant dust and refractories containing
metals.
Samples which need to be fused at 1200°C, e.g. aluminas, must be fused for the same period of time due
to the loss of flux that occurs by volatilization. It is also possible to compensate for losses on fusion by
adding an internal standard to the flux/sample mixture.
The non-wetting properties of Platinum 5% Gold crucibles can be enhanced by using a flux containing
a small quantity of the halo-acids HBr and Hl or alkali metal bromides and iodide. Halides increase the
fluidity of the melt, aiding both mixing and removal of molten mixtures. This is particularly useful in the case
of copper, cobalt and chromium bearing samples, which are prone to sticking.
Chrome-bearing materials containing up to 50% CrO3 may be dissolved in mixture comprising
5Li2B4O7:5LiBO2:0.4 sample.
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Precision is a significant feature of X-ray spectrometry. However, the spectrometer can only yield accurate
analyses if systematic errors are associated with the sample are eliminated. Errors due to mineralogical, particle
size and surface finish effects must be minimized. Refractory materials are particularly heterogeneous and
fusion with Spectroflux analytical fluxes provides the simplest method of eliminating mineral identity and particle
size interference while reducing inter-element effects.
The methods employed to compensate for inter-element effects are:
1. The use of mathematical corrections to compensate for enhancement and absorption
2. Calibration over narrow concentration ranges using closely matched standards
3. The use of multiple dilution with a flux
4. Incorporation of a strong absorber, e.g. lanthanum oxide (La2O3), into the solid solution at concentrations
such that variations in sample composition have little effect on the total absorption of the matrix for the
elements under analysis
Flux fusion techniques, therefore, have a major role to play in eliminating the various interference effects.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AA)
In the analysis of silicate rocks and minerals by AA spectrophotometry, borate flux fusion is an excellent method
of sample decomposition since it is rapid and applicable over a wide range of sample compositions. This
method requires no chemical separations and enables a large number of elements to be determined in a singlefluxed sample.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICP)
ICP is widely used in routine trace analyses in cements and refractories. Borate fluxes are used in the normal
way to provide a melt, which can be either directly dissolved into solution, or cooled and then dissolved in the
relevant acid.
36
www.alfa.com
Chemical Analysis
Flux fusion and dissolution of the resulting solid solution in dilute acid provide a rapid means of obtaining a
sample solution for the chemical analysis of materials resistant to direct acid attack. When a sample has been
fused with a borate flux and in the presence of boron interferes with the analytical procedure, the boron can
be removed by repeated evaporation with methanol, saturated with hydrogen chloride. This method of sample
preparation has also been successfully employed in spectrophotometric and polarographic analyses.
Optical Emission Spectrography
Borate fluxes perform a dual function in optical emission spectrographic analysis. First, they provide simple
and effective means of disintegrating the sample into a glass-like solid form of uniform composition. Referred
to as ‘iso-formation’, this ensures that the same type of sample is always presented to the spectrograph.
Secondly,a borate flux acts as a spectrochemical ‘buffer’, so that the spectral emission of the elements under
examination is not affected by variations in sample composition. Alkali-metal borates are particularly useful as
spectrochemical buffers since their spectra introduce very little line interference. Inter-element effects can be
minimized by the use of a flux containing internal standards, e.g. cobalt or strontium.
Flux Selection
The ideal flux will:
•
act as a solvent for a range of compositions
•
possess a low melting point to minimize volatilization of flux and sample, facilitate handling, minimize
power costs and prolong crucible life
•
possess low viscosity when molten to aid mixing during fusion, pouring from crucible and rapid dissolution
of sample
•
produce a transparent bead at minimum dilution with a wide range of samples free from devitrification
•
be non-hygroscopic to aid weighing and storage
•
have controlled, high density particle size to aid homogeneous mixing, rapid melting and economic use of
platinum labware
•
exhibit low loss of fusion, i.e. have low water content and be non-volatile to avoid excessive correction and
pre-firings
Our expertise in this area has led to improvements from which you can benefit. The preparative routes used by
Alfa Aesar are designed to yield Spectroflux® analytical fluxes that incorporate:
•
low loss on fusion
•
controlled particle size
•
high bulk density
•
homogeneity
•
low levels of impurity elements
Flux selection is dependent on the acidity/basicity of both sample and Spectroflux analytical flux. In decreasing
order of basicity the pure alkali metal borate fluxes can be grouped as follows:
LiBO2 > Na2B4O7 > Li2B4O7
Samples can be broadly grouped into three categories:
Acidic
e.g. SiO2, P2O5
Basic
e.g. M2O, MO or M2O3 (M=Metal)
such as Na2O, MgO, or Al2O3
Amphoteric
e.g. Fe2O3
37
Properties of Major Fluxes
Spectroflux® 100 Lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7)
An ‘acidic’ flux suited to dissolution of samples containing a high concentration of basic oxides, carbonate
rocks and aluminosilicates. High silica bearing samples dissolve slowly (1h); in contrast with aluminas and
aluminasilicates (20 min) at 1200°C. Beads produced from Li2B4O7, which are significantly less hygroscopic than
those prepared using Na2B4O7, do not generate interfering X-ray emissions, and have a lower absorption for
light element radiations. By using Li2B4O7, sodium can be included in the analytical program.
Spectroflux® 100A Lithium metaborate (LiBO2)
Rapidly dissolves a wide range of aluminosilicates, in particular, the more acidic oxide compositions. However,
materials containing in excess of 85% Al2O3 tend to promote devitrification of the bead, due to undissolved
particulates. LiBO2 is generally used when an aqueous medium is required for analysis, e.g. AA spectrometry.
Due to its relatively low melting point, fusion can be effected over a gas burner and the melt is free-flowing even
at 1000°C. LiBO2 will not cast in the absence of a sample to give a clear transparent bead. Beads made with
LiBO2 are less likely to crack than those prepared using Li2B4O7.
Spectroflux® 100B (4LiBO2:1Li2B4O7)
A eutectic composition specially formulated to dissolve aluminosilicates ranging from 100% SiO2 to 100% Al2O3.
It combines the superior melt characteristics of LiBO2 with the ability of Li2B4O7 to dissolve high alumina samples
rapidly. Strongly basic materials such as magnesite and calcite, when fused with 100B, will not produce stable
beads.
Spectroflux® 105, 106, 108 and 112
Based on an alkali metal borate, each of these fluxes contains lanthanum oxide as a heavy absorber to
minimize inter-element effects, thus allowing the analysis of a wide range of materials on the same calibration
curves. Sensitivity is slightly reduced for light elements; overlap of LaM line with NaK line occurs and minor
interferences are experienced when determining Mg, Ti and Mn. Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) increases the
basicity of the flux and assists in the formation of a glass.
Spectroflux® 100E, 104, 108, 118, 128 and 161
Based on an alkali metal borate, each of these fluxes contains nitrate or carbonate additions to provide an
oxidizing flux for use with samples containing reduced species.
Spectroflux® 110 and 110A
Formulated for silicate and calcareous materials, these compositions are more acidic than Spectroflux® 100B.
Spectroflux® 120 and 120A
Both compositions have a relatively low melting point due to the presence of alkali metal fluoride. Fusions using
these compositions should be carried out in a well-ventilated fume cupboard.
Spectroflux® 1000, 1010 and 1010A
Pre-fused fluxes; often used in the steel and cement industry.
Spectroflux® 200 Series
These are sodium analogues of the Spectroflux® 100 series. Sodium borate beads are hygroscopic by nature.
38
www.alfa.com
Special Fluxes
Alfa Aesar will gladly consider producing fluxes to suit customers’ needs. We already have over 100 unlisted
special fluxes.
Flux Fusion: Typical Applications
Spectroflux® analytical fluxes are used throughout industry for effecting rapid dissolution of many different types
of chemically stable inorganic materials.
•
aluminosilicate refractories
•
aluminum ores: aluminas
•
carbides
•
cement, raw mix and finished; concrete
•
catalyst supports
•
chrome ores and refractories
•
coal ashes and furnace deposits
•
copper ores; slags and concentrates
•
iron ores: iron and related slags; iron sinters; steel slags ferro-alloys
•
lead ores and slags
•
manganese ores and slags
•
metal alloys
•
niobium and tantalum ores
•
rare earth ores
•
silicate; aluminosilicate; phosphate and carbonate rocks; minerals and ores
•
soils
•
tin ore and concentrates
•
titanium ores
•
tungsten ores
•
welding fluxes
•
zircons: silicon and boron carbides
39
Classic Spectroflux Products
Stock No.
Name
Composition
w/w%
Mpt °C
Density
g/cm3
Typical Applications
12078
100
Lithium tetraborate
100
920
>0.5
96149
100
Lithium tetraborate (100-500 micron)
100
920
>0.5
41951
100
Lithium tetraborate (low phosphorus)
100
920
>0.5
A general purpose flux. Dissolves most
refractories. Not suitable for acidic samples.
Low phosphorus (20ppm).
12079
100A
Lithium metaborate
100
845
>0.5
Sulfates, phosphates, silicas, sands, clays
12080
100B
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
20
80
830
>0.5
Aluminosilicate range, aluminas, borax frits,
cements, iron, blast slags
97890
100D
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
35
65
825
>0.5
Aluminosilicate, aluminas, bauxites, iron ores
12083
105
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium carbonate
Lanthanum oxide
47
37
16
700
>1
Sulfate, phosphate, and other acidic minerals.
Will oxidize traces of reduced species.
H33169
105A
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium carbonate
Sodium nitrate
Lanthanum oxide
Sodium bromide
77
10
10
2
1
700
>1
12321
106
Lithium tetraborate
Lanthanum oxide
85
15
900
>1
Steel, sinters, slags, cements, phosphates,
carbonates
12320
107
Lithium tetraborate
Lanthanum oxide
81.8
18.2
900
>1
Cement
12086
110
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
66.5
33.5
875
>0.5
Cement products, aluminosilicates, calcareous
refractories
12087
110A
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
50
50
870
>0.5
Silicates, calcareous materials, chrome ores,
sands & shales
12089
120
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium fluoride
80
20
780
>0.5
Fusion on gas burners
36222
120A
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium fluoride
90
10
780
>0.5
Petroleum
Cement, most ores, carbonates,
aluminosilicates
Basic oxides, carbonates, alumino silicates,
glass, ceramics, cement, steel, aluminum,
concrete mixes, soils, magnesites, bauxites
and rare earth oxides
Prefused Spectroflux Products
Stock No.
Name
Composition
w/w%
Mpt °C
Density
g/cm3
96569
1000
Lithium tetraborate
100
920
>1.0
Carbonates, aluminosilicates
H33838
1000
Lithium tetraborate (low phosphorus)
100
930
>1.0
A general purpose flux. Dissolves most
refractories. Not suitable for acidic samples.
Low phosphorus (20ppm).
96706
1000A
Lithium metaborate
100
845
>1.0
Sulfates, phosphates, silicas, sands, clays
1000B
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
20
80
840
>1.0
Aluminosilicate range, aluminas, borax frits,
cements, iron, blast slags
1000D
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
35
65
825
>1.0
Aluminosilicate, aluminas, bauxites, iron ores
96689
96713
96571
1010
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
66.5
33.5
875
>1.0
Cement products, aluminosilicates, calcareous
refractories
96572
1010A
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
50
50
870
>1.0
Silicates, calcareous materials, chrome ores,
sands & shales
96712
1020A
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium fluoride
90
10
780
>1.0
Petroleum
40
www.alfa.com
Specialized Spectroflux Products
Stock No.
Name
Composition
w/w%
Mpt °C
Density
g/cm3
12082
104
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium carbonate
55.5
45.5
740
>0.7
Basic oxidizing flux for sulfates, phosphates,
metals, lead & titanium ores
12085
108
Lithium tetraborate
Lanthanum oxide
Sodium nitrate
76.2
14.3
9.5
790
>0.7
Strongly oxidizing acidic flux for coal ashes &
furnace deposits
96153
112
Lithium tetraborate
Lanthanum oxide
Lithium oxide
82
15
31
875
>1.3
Specialized applications
12088
118
Lithium tetraborate
Sodium nitrate
75
25
680
>0.7
Strongly oxidizing acidic flux for ferro-alloys,
metals, coat ashes & sulfides
H34264
118A
Lithium tetraborate
Sodium nitrate
85
15
680
>0.7
Strongly oxidizing acidic flux for ferro-alloys,
metals, coat ashes & sulfides
97429
125
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
Lanthanum oxide
Lithium fluoride
51
27
12
10
725
>0.7
Specialized applications
12090
128
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
Sodium nitrate
33.0
61.5
5.5
840
>0.7
Oxidizing flux
12092
161
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium nitrate
90
10
870
>0.7
Basic oxidizing flux for ferroalloys, iron ores
& slags
96155
161A
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
Lithium nitrate
45
45
10
870
>0.7
Basic oxidizing flux
12093
200
Sodium tetraborate
740
740
>1.2
Iron ores, chrome refractories, rare earth
minerals, tin & titanium ores
96714
310
Lithium tetraborate
Lithium metaborate
Lithium metaphosphate
17.5
17.5
65
630
>1.0
Specialized applications, petroleum
41

Platinum Labware

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