HOUSING PROBLEMS AND POLICIES IN INDONESIA

HOUSING PROBLEMS AND POLICIES IN INDONESIA
Mohammad Taufik Makarao, SH., MH*
Abstrak
Sejak Departemen Perumahan Rakyat didirikan pada tahun 1952, kebijaksanaan Pembangunan Perumahan difokuskan terutama pada masalah
kurangnya perumahan baik secara kualitas maupun kuantitas bagi mereka
yang hidup dibawah garis kemiskinan.
Tujuan tahun 19S0an "mencapai perumahan yang sehat bagi tiap keluarga"
menjadi tujuan utama hingga saat ini. Hal ini dibuktikan dalam Repelita VI
(1994-1999), dimana menyatakan bahwa pembangunan perumahan dan
area tempat tinggal ditujukan untuk "memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat
akan tempat tinggal, baik secara kualitas maupun kuantitas dalam suatu
lingkungan yang sehat yang menyediakan rasa aman, damai dan tentram
tujuan ini adalah untuk sejalan dengan strategi perumahan Intemasional
"tempat tinggal untuk semua" Sementara dasar dari Program Perumahan
adalah Peraturan mengenai Pemukiman untuk masyarakat, beberapa perubahan yang konseptual telah jadi, yang dapat dijabarkan sebagai perubahan dasar dalam penampilan, yaitu dari "pembangunan perumahan"
menjadi "pembangunan pemukiman tempat tinggal" dan dari konsep
"pemerintahan menyediakan perumahan (pendekantan dari atas kebawah)
ke pembangunan masyarakat (pendekatan dari bawah ke atas) dimana
memandang masyarakat dari pembangunan rumah ke pembangunan tempat
tinggal menjadi umum diseluruh dunia pada tahun 1970'an dan kemudian
diikuti dengan menyebarnya ide pemberdayaan masyarakat (agenda untuk
Indonesia, 1997).
Meskipun indikasi-indikasi perumahan dan persentase dari rumah tangga
oleh fasilitas-fasilitas rumah tangga relatif meningkat, tetapi banyak
masalah-masalah perumahan di Indonesia seperti kurangnya perumahan
pada kualitas dari rumah itu sendiri termasuk besarnya rumah dihubungkan
dengan jumlah penghuninya, kualitas dari konstruksinya dan penyediaan
air, listrik, sanitas pembuangan dan jumlah dari perumahan itu sendiri
(dihubungkan dengan jumlah dari rumah-rumah tangga tersebut). Masalah
yang lain juga adalah hak kepemilikan rumah proposi dari rumah tangga
yang secara legal dikenal sebagaipemilik dan penyediaan rumah proposi dari
orang-orang yang sanggup membeli, menyewa atau mendapatkan kualitas
rumah yang baik/cukup yang menjadiperhatian disini adalah mereka dengan
pendapatan yang rendah terutama yang sangat miskin.
Key words: Housing Problems, Housing Indicators, Household and facilities,
Housing Policies and Programs.
Dostn Fakullus Hukum Universims Islam Assyafliah, Jakarta
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INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is the largest of population in the South East Asia and the pacific region,
and the fourth among the highly populated country in the world after China, India and
United State of America. Indonesian archipelago lies between two continents, Asia and
Australia.The South China Sea in the north,the Pacific Ocean in the north and east,and the
Indian Ocean in the south and west bound it. Indonesia which consist of approximately
17.000 islands (of varying size) stretching within 5.152 km from east to west and 1.770 km
from north to south. Indonesia is located between 6 degrees north and 11 degrees south
latitude, and from 95 to 141 degrees east longitude.The five main islands are Sumatera,
Java,Kalimantan,Sulawesi and Irian Jaya.Other islands are small and mostly uninhabited.
More than 80 percent of Indonesia's territory is cover with sea; the land area is about 1.9
million square kilometers. Administratively, Indonesia is divided into 27 provinces.
After more than 30 years, or began in 1966 under the New Order Government,
Indonesia has made substantial progress, particularly in stabilizing political and economic conditions. A period of great economic growth was experienced from 1968 to
1986, when per capita income increased sharply from about US $50 to US $385. This
increase was primarily the result of the international oil boom in the early 1980s, from
which more than 60 percent of the country's foreign exchange came. The drop in the
price of crude oil and natural gas in 1985 forced the government to look for alternative
sources of income, such as manufacturing, international trade, and service industries.This
effort has been successful. Per capita income has increased to around US $1,124 in 1996,
while the economic growth was around 5 percent. All of this increased ended in mid
- 1997 when the Asian economy collapsed.The value of the currency falls very quickly
and suddenly, prices increased, an unemployment increased dramatically. In addition,
parts of the country such as Kalimantan suffered from relatively long term no rain and
extensive forest fire.
The central importance of housing to everyone's quality of life and health is often
forgotten. But housing should do more than simply minimize disease and injury. If it meet
the needs and priorities of its residents, it also contributes much to physical, mental and
social well being.The quality and size of housing,and the quality of the neighborhood in
which it is located, is obviously important for privacy, security and an enjoyable domestic
life. Its location is important in terms of the access it provides its residents to city services
and employment opportunities. Based on explanation above the research problem in
this paper namely: What are the problems and policies of housing in Indonesia?
OBJECTIVES
This paper investigates housing problems and policies in Indonesia within
objective are:
1. To analysis housing problems and policies in Indonesia;
2. To give some recommendation for the policy maker about housing problems and
policies in Indonesia.
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METHODOLOGY, DATA SOURCES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE PAPER
This paper will be a descriptive research; therefore the descriptive data analysis
technique will be employed to cover all the problems and policies of housing in Indonesia.The main sources of data for this paper will be from Indonesia as follow: Indonesia
Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 1997, Agenda 21 Indonesia 1997, Statistical Year
Book of Indonesia 1997, Indonesia in Figures 1997, which are sources secondary data from
the publication of Indonesian government.This paper also benefits from data obtained
from some United Nations Publication as, United Nation Center for Human Settlements
(HABITAT). This study is organized in four sections. Section one is an introduction part;
section two is housing problems in Indonesia; section three is housing policies in
Indonesia, and section four is conclusion and recommendation.
HOUSING PROBLEMS IN INDONESIA
Literature Review
Since the foundation of Indonesia's Public Housing Bureau in 1952, housing development policy has focused mainly on the problem of housing shortages, both in
terms of quantity and quality, particularly for the poor. The 1950s objective of "achieving
healthy housing for every family" remains the today's objective. This is evidenced in the
Government's Sixth Five Year Plan (1994-1999), which states that development of housing
and residential areas is intended "to fulfill people's needs for dwelling places, both in
quantity and quality, within a healthy environment that provides a sense of safety, peace
and prosperity'IThis goal is in keeping with the current international housing strategy of
"shelter for all" While the basis of the housing program is the provision of shelter for the
community,a number of conceptual changes have taken place which could be described
as a basic change in outlook; that is, from the concept of "housing development" to the
concept of "settlement development" and from the concept of "government provided
housing" (a top down approach) to "community development" (a bottom up approach)
which views the society as the subject of development. This change approach from
housing to settlement development became common throughout the world in the
1970s, and was then followed by the spread of the idea community empowerment.
(Agenda 21 Indonesia, 1997).
Althoughthesetwoapproaches seem ideal.theimplementation has beenextremely
difficult. The Global Report on Human Settlement (HABITAT, 1986) in its research on a
new paradigm for settlement development in the 1970s, criticizes that, by continuing
to focus on the problem of "housing" the policy fails to be address the problems faced
by approximately 20 percent of the poor population. The main weakness of existing
problems is that the see the problem of settlement areas (for low income sectors of the
community) as being the same as the problem of provision of housing. As a result, the
use of resources and focus attention, which should be given to settlement development,
is of the mark. Settlement factor generally escapes the attention of developers.
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In Indonesia the policies have been implemented since the second five year
development plan (1974-1979). Since this time efforts to involve society have been
explored because the government has been restricted due to limited expenditure
of funds for housing development. The government is to create a climate which will
encourage the growth of housing development activity by the society itself.
Housing Indicators
If we are talking about housing problems, always interconnection with housing
indicator or housing facilities, namely: electricity, source of drinking water, time of water
source, sanitation facility, distance from well to cesspool, floor material, and floor area.
Also public transportation, health facility, market/store, cinema, recreation park, school
and type of cooking fuel.
Table (1)
Percent distribution of households by housing characteristic, according to urbanrural residence, Indonesia 1997
Characteristic
Residence
Urban
Rural
Total
Electricity
Yes
97.5
73.3
80.2
No
2.5
26.7
19.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
Piped into residence
28.9
4.0
11.1
Piped into yard/plot
4.6
1.2
2.2
Public tap
8.3
3.2
4.7
Pump
23.1
8.7
12.8
Protected well
25.7
36.5
33.4
Unprotected well
6.7
16.8
14.0
Protected spring
0.6
11.4
8.3
Unprotected spring
0.7
9.1
6.8
River/Stream
0.4
6.6
4.9
Rain water
0.9
2.3
1.9
Other
0.0
0.1
0.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
81.8
6.6
46.6
10.9
56.6
9.7
Total
Source of drinking water
Total
Time of Water Source
On premises
1-4 minutes
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5-9 minutes
10+minutes
Don't know/missing
Total
Median Time to source
Sanitation facility
Private with septic
Private, no septic
Shared, public toilet
River, Stream, Creek
Pit
Bush/Forest/Yard
Other
Total
5.9
5.6
0.2
100.0
16.2
26.1
0.1
100.0
2.3
13.3
13.3
0.1
100.0
51.4
19.1
14.0
13.6
0.3
0.5
1.1
100.0
17.0
24.2
9.2
32.2
4.4
11.2
1.5
100.0
26.8
22.7
10.6
27.0
3.3
8.2
1.4
100.0
44.5
20.6
15.1
9.0
10.8
100.0
10.2
38.0
12.7
12.8
19.3
17.3
100.0
11.1
39.8
14.9
13.4
16.4
15.4
100.0
10.7
5.0
0.5
43.3
27.8
16.1
0.1
100.0
28.6
3.2
35.0
12.2
2.7
0.2
100.0
21.9
2.4
37.4
16.6
6.5
0.2
100.0
28.5
70.7
0.8
100.0
14.4
9.787
27.5
72.0
0.6
100.0
14.5
24.468
27.7
71.6
0.6
100.0
14.5
34.255
Distance from well to cesspool
No well
Less than 10 meters
10-14 meters
15 meters and over
Don't know/missing
Total
Median distance to cesspool
Floor Material
Earth
Bamboo
Concrete/Brick
Tile
Ceramic/Marble
Other
Total
Floor Area
<10 square meter
10 + square meter
Missing/don't know
Total
Median area of floor
Number of households
Source: Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 1997.
The data in table (1) indicate that for more than half of household, the source of
drinking water is on the land and building owned by someone, while for 23 percent the
source is less than 10 minutes away, and for 20 percent of the households the source is
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10 minutes or more minutes away. Urban households generally are closer to the source
of drinking water than rural households. While 82 percent of households in urban areas
have water on the land and building owned by someone and 13 percent are within 10
minutes of the source in rural areas the corresponding figures are 47 percent and 27
percent respectively.
Half of households have a private toilet, 11 percent use a shared facility, and the
remaining 40 percent do not have a toilet.The majority of people who do not have a toilet
go to a river, stream, or creek.The different between urban and rural areas is significant.
Overall, 71 percent of households in urban areas have a private toilet, compared with 41
percent in rural areas. Basically, the distributions of households by type of toilet facility
among regions are almost same. Overall, for 15 percent of the households, nearest
cesspool is less than 10 meters from their hole, while for 13 percent the nearest cesspool
is between 10 and 14 meters and for 16 percent the nearest cesspool is 15 meters or
further from the hole. In general, hole is slightly closer to cesspool in urban areas than in
rural areas.
More than half of households in Indonesia live with a concrete brick or tile floor,
while 15 percent have a wood floor, and 22 percent have a dirt floor.There are substantial
urban-rural differentials by materials. Whereas 71 percent of urban households have a
concrete, brick, or tile floor, the proportion in rural areas is 47 percent. Conversely, 29
percent of rural households have a dirty floor, compared with 5 percent in urban areas.
There are also substantial regional variations. In Java-Bali regions, the majorities of the
households (58 percent) have concrete or tile floor, while in out of Java-Bali region it is
less than 50 percents.
Seven in ten households live with 10 square meters or more of floor space. The
difference between urban and rural households is not significant (71 percent and 72
percent respectively).
Percentage of Households by Housing Facilities
Quality and facility of housing can be used as an indicator of people's welfare.
Table (2) indicated that the number of households with electricity piped drinking water,
private toilet with septic tank, permanent floor and floor area > 50 M2.
(Table 2)
Percentage of Households by Housing Facilities
Housing Facilities
1990
1994
1995
1996
1997
Electricity
46.75
60.92
66.70
72.09
77.15
Piped Drinking Water
12.94
16.15
16.33
17.59
19.15
Private Toilet with Septic tank
17.89
21.97
21.38
24.36
26.62
Permanent Floor
70.78
75.21
76.02
77.34
80.31
Floor area >50 m2
50.08
54.27
55.61
56.13
56.10
Source: Indonesia in Figure 1997, Central Bureau of Statistic
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The relatively increased during 1990-1997. The numbers of households living in
houses with floor area more than 50 meter square increase from 50.08 percent in 1990 to
56.10 percent in 1997.The number of households with non earthen floor also showed an
increase from 70.78 percent to 80.21 percent.The number of households with electricity
as sources of lighting, pipe water facility, and own toilet with septic tank relatively
increased during 1990-1997.
Although housing indicator and percentage of households by housing facilities
relatively increased, but there are problems of housing in Indonesia namely: lack of
housing and quality of housing - including its size relative to the number of inhabitants,
the quality of construction and the extent of provision for water supply, electricity,
sanitation, drainage and quantity of housing (relative to the number of households).
Other problems are housing tenure-the proportion of households who, as legally
recognized owners; and housing accessibility-the proportion of people able to buy, rent
or in other ways obtain adequate quality housing. Of special interest in this is whether
those with low incomes (poor people), especially the very poor.
The Global Report on Human Settlement (Habitat, 1986:195), in its research on a
new paradigm for settlement development in the 1970s, criticized that, by continuing
to focus on the problem of "housing" the policy fails to be address the problem faced
by approximately 20 percent of the poor people. The report goes on to state that the
main weakness of existing programs is that they see the problem of settlement areas (for
low-income sectors of the community) as being the same as the problem of provision of
housing. As a result, the use of resources and focus of attention, which should be given to
settlement development, is off the mark. Settlement development requires coordinated
efforts and community involvement; this second factor generally escapes the attention
of developers.
Speaking of physical and social economic condition, Indonesia has a number of
regions which each have their own unique characteristic. As an island nation, Indonesia
has the longest coastline in the world.This coastal area is a disaster area; at the same time,
it contains potential natural resources.
Problems of coastal and small island communities are different from those of
island or large island communities, whose physical and non-physical conditions are
very different. This situation demonstrates the need for the development of different
approaches to housing and settlement.
HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAM IN INDONESIA
Housing Policies
1. Achieving Healthy Housing for Every Family
As I mention before since the foundation of Indonesia's Public Housing Bureau,
housing development policy has focused mainly on the problem of lack of housing,
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both in terms of quantity and quality, particularly for the poor.The 1950s objective
of "achieving healthy housing for every family" remains the today's objective.This
is evidence in the government's Sixth Five Year Plan 1994-1999, which states that
development of housing and residential areas is intended "to fulfill people's needs
for dwelling places, both in quantity and quality, with a healthy environment that
provides a sense of safety, peace, and prosperity" This goal is keeping with the
current international housing strategy of "shelter for all"
2. Ensure that Community (Private Sector) able to Provided Housing (a bottom
up approach)
While the basis of the housing program is the provision of shelter for the community, a number of conceptual changes have taken place which could be
described as a basic change in outlook; that is, from the concept of "government
provided housing" (a top down approach), to "community approach" (a bottom
up approach) which views the community as the subject of development. This
change in approach from housing to settlement development became common
throughout the world in the 1970, and was then followed by the spread of the idea
community empowerment.
Although the private sector can only fulfill a small portion of housing, its role in
housing development has been rapidly strengthening, particularly in the lateeighties.This is inseparable from the successful growth of the Indonesian economy,
which has been given rise to community groups with high purchasing power.
Such group has become the primary target of the private sector, with the result
that private sector development seems to be concentrated in and around the
large city Java. Urban areas have become the main areas of housing because
of the trend towards both increased urban population, and increased areas of
urban concentration.lt is estimated that in Indonesia's second long term phase of
development, 49.5 percent of the population will be urban residents.
3. To distribution of Housing
The distribution of housing on the island of Java has become the primary target of
the public sector and private sector, since Java possess better basic infrastructure
and natural resources with economic potential. A number of areas on Java have
experienced rapid growth, involving physical changes from the natural to largescale control; intensification of population density and seriously increased pollution
levels.Thus these areas represent which differ from another area.
4. The need for the Provision of Housing and Settlement Development which is
both Affordable to the General Public and Environmentally Sustainable.
As a consequence of the development of large scale settlement, conflict over Java's
natural resources frequently occurs between industry, agriculture, and planned
housing. There is also potential conflict because of the differences in economic
levels between planned settlements, which represent the domain of the high
income, internationally oriented urban dweller and the local village, which is
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packed with low income laborers who are suffering from a shortage of clean water
and other basic infrastructure. The social conflict resulting from this segregation
of the community, if not correctly handled, could have negative effect for national
stability.
Program for Achieving Housing Policy
1. Village Improvement Program
In Indonesia the policies criticized by the Global Report on Human Settlement
have been implemented since 1974 in the form of the village improvement
program. The housing development and the improvement of residential areas
should be done as parts of a single integrated process.
In practice, however the implementation was not far from a program of physical
improvements and new housing development both urban and rural areas. In
urban areas, efforts to improve the physical condition were extended through
the urban housing improvement program, which introduced the development of
apartments to replace slum housing in order to make optimal use of urban land.
2. The Provision of New Housing by the Public Sector (national Housing Authority - founded in 1974) and Private Sector; and the Construction and Simple
House and Very Simple House with Housing Credit from the Bank for Low
Income Communities
•
Very simple house have floor area between 21 -36 M2 (square meter)
•
Simple house have floor area between 37-99 M2 (square meter)
Calculation and statistics estimate that by the year 2020 approximately 750.000
new housing unit will be required.This means new land must be developed each
year for the housing.
3. To Develop Housing Infrastructure and Facilities Focus on the Provision of Clean
Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste Disposal, Especially for the Housing Areas of
the Low Income Community.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
Housing problems and policies in Indonesia is very important and creation of
healthy living atmosphere in terms of economy, socio cultural, political and environment
conditions. Despite housing indicators and percentage of households by housing
facilities relatively increase but there are some people did not have housing facilities.The
proportion of households who, as legally recognized owners; and housing accessibility
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- the proportion of people able to but, rent or in other ways obtain adequate quality
housing still only a small portion of the community, of special interest in this is whether
those with low incomes (poor people), especially the very poor.
Recommendation
The government of Indonesia should be continued housing policies in order to
improve quality of life, whereby each people can enjoy a better life, respect one another,
have access to infrastructure facilities and good housing services, and be able to enhance
the quality of their environment.
1. The government of Indonesia should be continued to provide housing for people
with housing credit from the bank.
2.
Private sector should be continued to provide housing and the construction not only
luxurious housing but also simple house and very simple house.
REFERENCES
1.
Alatas, Secha. November 1994. Population Growth, Distribution, Migration, and
Urbanization in Indonesia, Demographic Institute - Paper Series No. 13.
2. Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocketbook of Indonesia 1996.
3. Central Bureau of Statistics, State Ministry of Population - National Family Planning
Coordinating Board, Ministry of Health, Demographic Health Survey 1997.
4.
Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia in Figures 1997.
5. Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocketbook of Indonesia 1997.
6.
National Housing Policy Agency, National Workshop Report of Housing and
Settlement 7992, Jakarta 16-18 November 1992.
7. State Ministry for Environment Republic of Indonesia - United Nations Development
Program, 1997. Agenda 21-lndonesia, A National Strategy for Sustainable
Development.
8.
United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat), ]996. An Urbanizing World,
GlobalReport on Human Settlements 1996, Oxford University Press - United Nations
Center for Human Settlements (Habitat).
9.
United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat), 1986. Global Report on
Human Settlement.
10. United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat), 1988. Shelter for All: Global
Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000.
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