“the finno-ugric ephraim”–theory by pekka t. lyyränen

ARTICLE
Published 24.6.2016 in web: jarmo10.org
Contact address of the Authors:
[email protected]
[email protected]
1
PEKKA T. LYYRÄNEN
His Finnish surname refers etymologically to a lyre.
He used acronym PTL
Tuula-Hannele and Ossi Ikonen1
“THE FINNO-UGRIC EPHRAIM”–THEORY
BY PEKKA T. LYYRÄNEN
INTRODUCTION
Researcher Pekka T. Lyyränen’s (1954 - 2016) obituary
was in the Aamuposti Journal on Sunday the 5th Mars in
2016 and it was a poem: "Went for take-off, an angel of
heaven, lifted into the arms of the weary, out quietly
bore the paternal, took to the beach and peace. It was
an open door in heaven, where his beloved people
await. We feel a deep sense of sadness, pity, only the
beautiful memories remain." We have been
remembering with gratitude Pekka and his work with
the Finnish roots. Now it is time to talk about his theory.
PEKKA. T. LYYRÄNEN: “THE FINNO-UGRIC EPHRAIM” - THEORY
PTL’s theory rises from 7 research areas: 1) The Holy Bible (used Finnish translation 1933/1938 ),
2) The History of Israel and Finland, 3) Biblical Archaeology, 4) Anthropology and Ethnology, 5)
Linguistics, 6) Nomenclature research; Surnames, Names of Places, and 7) DNA and genetic
research. The categories of these 7 research areas are originally discovered by Ossi Ikonen at the
1
Pekka T. Lyyränen was an administrator of the Hebrew Finnish DNA Project (Family Tree DNA) and researcher graduated at the University of
Helsinki in Finland. He was theologian and after working 25 years as a professional pastor he started to study ethnic and genetic roots of Finnish and
Finno-Ugric people. He said God (JHWH) called him to this work. He studied full time and independently without any financial support.
Dr. Tuula-Hannele Ikonen, PhD, Independent researcher, Member of European Association for Jewish Studies, http://eurojewishstudies.org/
Mr. Ossi Ikonen, BA, Bible teacher, in the field of “Israel and the Jews at the end of times”.
2
beginning of research process and activities concerning ancient Israeli roots of Finland. PTL’s
findings and study results are easy to match to these 7 categories. PTL made studies in all these areas.2
The last area, DNA and gene research, came finally closest to him, especially after he became
administrator of the Hebrew Finnish DNA –Projects (Family Tree DNA) in Yom Kippur in 2007.
PTL’s "The Finno-Ugric Ephraim” –theory includes three cornerstones (premises), which combine
together different factors/variables: 1) The geographical location: the North, 2) DNA Y-DNA
haplogroup N with sub lines (paternal line), and 3) Wandering/migrating routes from ancient
Assyria and Babylon to the North.
All children of Israel did not wandered/migrated immediately from Assyria out; based on different
assumption it seems to be sure that some groups moved to the south, and other directions. However,
sooner or later some groups of the ten lost tribes wandered/migrated towards the Caspian Sea and the
Black Sea regions, and they remained in the Central Volga river area. NB! The concept of “the ten
lost tribes” is explained in Appendix.
Then, some groups continued to different directions, also to today’s Baltic nations and Finland. The
Finnic tribes, that is, the Fenno-Ugric people are well known in history. See: Map 1: Finnic tribes in
4th century (jarmo10.org). See: Map 2: Today Finno-Ugric people consists of 20 different
groups/tribes in Russia.3 The Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the same language group. Additionally the
men of Finno-Ugric tribes are genetically close to each other, as they belong to the haplogroup N.
Map 1: Finno-Ugric tribes in 4th century
Map 2: Finno-Ugric family today
These three cornerstones of PTL’s theory are: the North, Haplogroup N, Wandering/migrating
routes from ancient Assyria to Finland, make up the basis for PTL’s theory.
A Finnish Scientist (Mathematician, Statistician), Dr. Antti Lange, PhD at the University of Helsinki, has own theory of the tribes of Ancient Israel.
http://www.fkf.net/kadonneet/ It is interesting to know that Lange’s theory’s conclusions are parallel with PTL’s theory’s conclusions.
Thus, both academic scientists, Lyyränen and Lange, who have been working independently, have come to the same conclusion.
3
http://www.elupuu.org/index.php?id=52
2
3
PTL’s theory: After analyzing the data from 7 research area including different variables/factors, that
is, by using different analyzing multidisciplinary methods, the synthesis is complete. The conclusion
is that, the ancient Finno-Ugric people and Finnish people belong to the descendants of the ancient
Israelites – more or less. It is estimated that about 60 % or more of the today’s Finns (= haplogroup
N men) would be linked to ancient Israelites.4
The article focuses mostly on the Finns.
LOCATION OF FINLAND, TRIBES, LAND AND CULTURE
PTL's theory is based on the Holy Bible.
The ten tribes of the ancient Kingdom of Northern Israel were located firstly in Israel, and then they
were forced to relocate in the ancient Assyrian and Babylon territory. The Biblical fact is that the
Israeli descendants of the ancient Assyria will once return back to their homeland. De facto, the lost
tribes of ancient Israel have dispersed widely. Finland, the extremely Nordic continent country is
considered to be one Diaspora country for the ancient Israelite tribes of Assyria. 5
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT FINLAND
The ancient Kingdom of Israel was divided into tribes and tribal areas, in the same way the Finns are
distributed to the 9 tribes, who have had their own domain, such as the tribes of Israel theirs. The
westernmost tribe is Pohjalaiset (their former name was Kainuu people and Kvens) and the
easternmost tribe is Karelians. And just as each tribe of Israel has its own nature and temperament
described in the Bible, this is also the case among the Finnish tribes.
Israel’s ancient tribes were in constant wars. In the Holy Bible they are described as sensitive,
ferocious, quarrelsome, violent, and before God, disobedient. Historical and social scientific studies
have highlighted the violence of the Finns. And on the basis of the results of genetic studies, it is
known that some of the Finns carry an impulsivity gene in their genome.6
The Finns belong to the Finno-Ugric population. Most of the remains of the northern tribes of the
ancient kingdom of Israel wandered/migrated far to the north, today’s Russian territory. According
to PTL’s theory their descendants were the Finno-Ugric people – more or less. There are today about
4
See: Article 1, 2 and 3, which describe the theory more precisely. http://jarmo10.org/originfinns.htm
See. Appendix
6
PTL referred to Deut. 45. Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because
thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee: 46. And they shall
be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed forever. 47. Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with
gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things. (King James Version)
John R. Kelsoe, Behavioral neuroscience: A gene for impulsivity. Nature, 2010. 468, 1049 –1050.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7327/full/4681049a.html
http://wyrdscience.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/researchers
5
4
20 different Finno-Ugric tribes in today's Russia. This Finno-Ugric population including different
Finno-Ugric groups has had a unique identity, a Finno-Ugric language and own cultural traditions
and religions.
Finland has the history of ancient kings.7 In 1200 century Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus tells
about the kings of Finland. Likewise, an Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson tells about the kings of
Finland and Kainuu. Further, born in Isokyrö in Finland, archaeologist Elias Brenner wrote in 1670
Chronicle, which mentions the 15 ancient kings of Finland. This Finnish history includes kings, who
have lived in the vast areas from Siberia to the coast of today’s Norway.
Already in 17th and 18th century some academic historians and theologians claimed that the Finns are
Israeli/Jewish descendants of the ancient Kingdom of Israel. From 200 BC and until 500 AD the
descendants of Israeli tribes are called by the name “Jews”. It is associated with the word Judea, the
southern Kingdom of Israel. However, at that time the tribes of the northern kingdom of Israel were
lost.
The Swedish theologian, bishop and linguist Enevaldus Svenonius showed similarities between the
Hebrew language and the Finnish language. The dissertation (Doctoral Thesis) of a Finnish
theologian Daniel Juslenius published in 1712 showed similarities between these two languages. And
in 1700 century Swedish scholar, physician and ornithologist Olof Rudbeck claimed that the Finnish
people descent from the tribes of Israel and they belong to the remnant of them. Similarly, a Swedish
nobleman and historian Olof von Dalin believed that the ancient Finns are ultimately descendants of
the lost tribes of Israel. Finnish historian Johannis Bilmark brings out in his doctoral dissertation a
view that the Finns are descended from the ancient Kingdom of Northern Israel's descendants.
The Mikkeli (a town of Finland) based historian Gabriel Axel Gorander (also Koranter, 1827-1877)
wrote in 1848 that the Finnish tribe descents from those ten tribes of Israel, who were resettled in
Assyria.
Also, our contemporaries, the professor emeritus of the Semitic languages in Helsinki, Dr. Tapani
Harviainen, PhD (b. 1944) has drawn attention to the similarities between the Finnish language and
the Hebrew language. He mentions in this context the Hebrew word em, which refers to an oldfashioned word emä, meaning a mother; the Hebrew word pimah, which refers to a Finnish sour milk
piimä; the Hebrew word for kirjah or kirya, which is a Finnish book kirja; the Hebrew word ragas,
which is a Finnish word rakas, a beloved person; the Hebrew word ish, which refers to a Finnish
father isä; the Hebrew word for abi, which refers a Finnish word appi, a father of her husband; the
Hebrew word chamas, which is a Finnish tooth hammas.
Some scientists have brought up old Finnish traditional customs that resembled Jewish ways: 1) The
Finns have spent a day of rest on Saturday, or the Sabbath as do the Jews. It is told that Swedish King
Gustav Vasa, who was King of the Finns too, would have prescribed, that the Finns who seem to
7
Jouko Pesonen, FINLAND DURING THE FIRST MILLENIUM http://jarmo10.org/suomivuonnatuhat.pdf
5
spend a day of rest on Saturdays like the Jews, should spend a day of rest on Sundays as do nonJewish people in Sweden. 2) It is known that ancient Finns started the beginning of the year in March,
as do the Jews. 3) It is explained that the Sauna would be connected to the ritual purity of the Jewish
people. Finnish sauna's significance is very complex, and in a sense it has been a "holy" place.
Professor Henrik Gabriel Porthan in 18th century objected strongly to all ideas connected to the
Finnish Jews. He asked, whether the Russians were Jews such as some Finns claim to be? – Today
we know that there are in Russia many people with Haplogroup N, and many Jews, and many those
people, who use Sauna as do the Finns. 4) The Finns eat unleavened bread mämmi at Easter time.
Still today there are many other traditional customs, which seem to drive from Jewishness. Ancient
semi-Christian/pagan Kekri fest has traditional habits, like an old sacrificed ram; it is derives from
the old Hebrew tradition.8 The Finnish lettipulla/bun, like Jewish Challah is traditionally baked to
celebrate the Sabbath. At the Jewish New Year the Challah is baked in a circle, symbolizing the
cyclical nature of life. The Finns also bake Challah like this, when they bake for celebrations.
Finland's first university was founded in Turku in 1640. It was later relocated to Helsinki. But the
university seal has remained original and it says Zechariah 6: 8. “Then cried he upon me, and spake
unto me, saying, Behold, these that go toward the North country have quieted my spirit in the north
country.” (King James Version) Thus, at least some university scholars had a view, that some
descendant of the tribes of the Norther Kingdom of the ancient Israel live in Finland, in the North.
HAPLOGROUP Y-DNA IS N
The second cornerstone of the theory of PTL is Haplogroup N in paternal line of Finnish and FinnoUgric people. Finland is the only independent country/nation, whose people’s paternal line is
preponderantly N with its sub lines. The theory of "Finno-Ugric Ephraim" of PTL assumes that
haplogroup N is one important key element in determining the fate of the ancient tribes of Israel. It is
understood that haplorgoup N would have occurred 3,500 years ago, so haplogroup N’s genes are
age-old.
However, PTL points out that N is the youngest European paternal line, of those which are regarded
to be as stem lines in Europe like I, R 1a, R 1b, G and E. So it is possible to argue that N line would
be one sub line of line J.
PTL's theory is based on the Biblical definition of the time, according to which man was created about
6000 years ago.
The stem line N would be divided into 10 sub lines, and these sublines have many other sub lines. In
other words, the ancient paternal line, that is, Israelites of the ten lost tribes in ancient Assyria would
8
Source: Eija Niemeläinen, 2016.
6
belong to haplogroup N, or better to say, to N’s different variations, because mutations change genes
continuously.
The current DNA and genealogical studies reveal that the Finns have paternal genetic similarity in
haplogroup N with such other ethnic groups like people in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and with other
Finno-Ugric people, and Forest Finns in today’s Sweden, and Kvens in today’s Norway.
According to Eupedia Haplogroup N1c is found chiefly in north-eastern Europe, particularly in Finland (61%),
Lapland (53%), Estonia (34%), Latvia (38%), Lithuania (42%) and northern Russia (30%), and to a lower extent
also in central Russia (15%), Belarus (10%), eastern Ukraine (9%), Sweden (7%), Poland (4%) and Turkey (4%).
N1c is also prominent among the Uralic speaking ethnicities of the Volga-Ural region, including the Udmurts
(67%), Komi (51%), Mari (50%) and Mordvins (20%), but also among their Turkic neighbours like the Chuvashs
(28%), Volga Tatars (21%) and Bashkirs (17%), as well as the Nogais (9%) of southern Russia.
N1c represents the western extent of haplogroup N, which is found all over the Far East (China, Korea, Japan),
Mongolia and Siberia, especially among Uralic speakers of northern Siberia.
Haplogroup N1 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 95% in the Nenets (40% N1c and 57% N1b)
and Nganassans (all N1b), two Uralic tribes of central-northern Siberia, and 90% among the Yakuts (all N1c), a
Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in central-eastern Siberia. (Note that N1c was
known as N3 and N1c1 as N3a in the official phylogeny prior to 2008).
The Lithuanian royal Gediminid Dynasty - although not descended from the Rurik dynasty - belongs to
haplogroup N1c1. The branch of the royal Rurik Dynasty descended from Vladimir II Monomakh
(Monomakhoviches) belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N1c1-L550 (Y4343 subclade). The Varangian prince Rurik (c.
830-c. 879) established the Kievan Rus. See: http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_N1c_Y-DNA.shtml
According to the theory of PTL Y-DNA N-tribes were the patriarch Jacob's sons:
Reuben, Simeon, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph=Ephraim and
Manasseh.
The patriarch Jacob, as well as his sons Benjamin, Levi, Judah would have haplogroup J in their
paternal line.9
WANDERING/MIGRATION_ROUTES
PTL's theory claims that some tribes of the ancient Northern Kingdom of Israel and their descendants
wandered/migrated from ancient Assyria and (Babylonia) to the Caucasus area. Then they came to
Volga river area, where the Finno-Ugric people lived (today’s Russia). Some of them
wandered/migrated from there onwards, and some of them to Baltic and today’s Finland.
9
See: Table 3 of the Article 2: The paternal lines of the Finno-Ugric Ephraim with markers, according to the theory of PTL, web page: jarmo10.org
7
1) STARTING FROM ANCIENT ASSYRIA
Geneticist, Dr. Eran Elhaik10 with his research team was able to use GPS (the Geographic Population
Structure) that allowed translate the DNA data of ancient ancestors to coordinates and locate the
North Turkey's ancient Israelite villages. The villages, which are located on the Silk Road
intersections surrounding these areas, are Iskenaz, Eskenazi, Ashanaz and Ashkuz. In other words, he
was able to verify that the Israelis have lived in Assyria. According to the Bible this is the truth.
Elhaik has also studied language in the “land of Ashkenaz” in Turkey.11 He points out that language
is an “atom”, a molecule that binds together the history, people's identity, behavior, geography and
genetics. Together with Dr. Paul Wexler (a professor of Tel Aviv University) Elhaik is using the GPS
method and showed that the Yiddish language is created by Slavic-Iranian Jewish traders, who
traveled on the Silk Road between Germany, North Africa and China. As a matter of fact, the Silk
Road (c. 300 BC) is a real genetic road along which many genes of the Jews were spread widely.
Now, new genetic studies by Elhaik et al confirm that PTL's theory’s wandering/migrating route
would be ok. The results of the genetic studies indicate that Jewish settlements were located on the
wandering/migrating routes starting from ancient Assyria, where the population of Israel (the Ten
Lost Tribes) were in captivity. The Lost Tribes of Israel did not return home, but they wandered to
the_North.
The “Land of Ashkenaz” in Turkey: Iskenaz, Eskenazi, Ashanaz and Ashkuz12
2) MOVING FORWARD ON THE ROUTE TOWARDS CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS, THE
BLACK SEA AND THE CASPIAN SEA AREA
So, wandering/migrating routes of the ancient ten lost tribes of Israel passed the Caucasus Mountains,
the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea region. It is known that the ancient Silk Road and the current
Caucasus Mountains region was/is a host country to many Jews during many centuries. They have
10
Eran Elhaik, The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses
http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/1/61
Ranajit Das, Paul Wexler, Mehdi Pirooznia, Eran Elhaik, Localizing Ashkenazic Jews to Primeval Villages in the Ancient Iranian Lands of Ashkenaz
http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/4/1132.full.pdf+html
11
See: Eran Elhaik studies, google: eran elhaik lab
12
http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/4/1132.full.pdf+html
8
oral history and some other evidence according to these, they were descendants of the Jews of the
ancient Northern Kingdom of Israel, of those Jews, who were expelled from Israel to ancient Assyria
and Babylon.
It is known that Bukhara Jews have lived there since 6th century BC. They claim to be descendants
of the Israeli tribes of Issachar and Naphtali, that is, descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes.
In 2002, geneticist Dror Rosengarten made a discovery that the Mountain Jews share paternal line
with other Jewish communities, and it corresponds to the paternal line of the Mediterranean Jews.
Geneticist Doron M. Behar and the team revealed (2008) that 58.6% of the surveyed Mountain Jews
have maternal line traced to the Levant13 region’s one woman.
As Behar et al highlight the roots of Diaspora Jews can be traced back to the conquest, which the
ancient Assyria and Babylonia made. Generally, the results suggest that, the Caucasus Jewish
community, that is, the community of the Mountain Jews - founded in 8th century BC in the region of
the current Dagestan and Azerbaijan- originates from those Jews/Israelis, who escape from Assyria.
3) THE TRANSITION TO THE CAUCASUS, THE CENTRAL ASIA AND THE “BEND OF THE
VOLGA”
Wandering/migrating continues from the Caucasus to Central Asia and the “Bend of the Volga”. In
Central Asia have been “home” for different people such as the Scythians (800 BC - 1000 AD),
Khazars (700 - 900 AD), Ashkenazis, as well as a number of Finno-Ugric peoples; some of these
groups and their descendants have lived there since the 9th BC, even before, until today. PTL does
not deny that it would have been also other wandering/migrating routes out from Assyria.
The core of the PTL's theory: The Finno-Ugric people of haplogroup Y-DNA N - like the Finns (male)
and their Finno-Ugric genetic relatives (male) - belong genetically to descendants of the Ten Lost
Tribes of ancient Israel.
4) FINNO-UGRIC PEOPLE TRANSFER TO FINLAND
Some groups of ancient genetic descendants of Finno-Ugric people in today’s Russia moved to Baltic
and Finland, and later some of them to today’s Sweden and Norway (Kvens).
Presentation of PTL's theory ends here. See: Article 1, 2 and 3 in web page jarmo10.org, they
include more important results and details. See also: http://jarmo10.org/articone.pdf
http://jarmo10.org/artictwo.pdf and http://jarmo10.org/artictree.pdf PTL’s Maternal line of the
Jews is presented in the Article 3.
13
Levant is a geographical and historical term that refers to the area in the Middle East, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean. Levant includes the
current states of Jordan, Israel and Lebanon and Syria with the exception of its eastern parts.
9
DISCUSSION REGARDING THE FINNISH GENES
Tuula-Hannele and Ossi Ikonen
FINNISH FASCINATING GENES - PATERNAL LINE
Current genetic studies (2016) show that the Finns have in paternal haplogroup N (N-M232) truly
fascinating genes14. Some genetic links can be linked to the Lithuanian Grand Duchy, Royal
Dynasty of Gediminid, and to Royal Dynasty of Jagiellonian, as well as to Royal Dynasty of Rurik.
For example: A Finnish man “Heikki”15 has Y-DNA genetic links (12 marker, exact matches) to 31
Finns, 8 Poland, 3 Belarus, 2 Lithuania, 1 Ireland, 1 England, 1 Sweden, 1 the USA and 1 Russia.
Thus, Heikki is N –haplogroup man. (Family Tree DNA, 2016)
The picture below presents results of another typical N –man “Matti” with Y-DNA – Standard YSTR Values. His haplogroup is N-M232 (Family Tree DNA, 2016). Matti’s like Heikki’s DNA
results are quite common in Finland. Thus, according to PTL’s theory Matti and Heikki would have
genetic links to ancient Israelites.
Picture: Matti’s genetic analysis
Leena Peltonen (Palotie) “The genetic homogeneity, or sameness, of the Finns makes them easier to study than
Californians…”http://discovermagazine.com/2005/apr/29-finlands-fascinating-genes
15
Heikki is a cover name; on the other hand, it is a very common male name in Finland.
14
10
FINNISH A FASCINATING GENES – HAPLOGROUP N –MEN’S MATERNAL LINE
But what is also interesting these typical Finnish men have extremely fascinating maternal line.
Matti’s16 maternal line is linked inter alia to the Spanish Jewish Sephardic genus, rabbinical
Ashkenazi genus, Sephardic Anusim in Spain and Sicily, Russian Cohen genus and American
Indians.
The next table below presents maternal line of a Finnish lady “Johanna”17 with 114 her Jewish
genetic cousins (HRV1). Johanna is a typical Finnish woman, whose father was a typical Finnish
man/father. And Johanna’s mother was also a typical Finnish woman/mother. Johanna’s Haplogroup
is H. Family Tree DNA's migration map shows that the migration route goes from Biblical Palestine
(Levant) directly via central Europe towards today's Finland, as well as to Spain via Southern
Europe.18
Table: Johanna’s genetic Jewish cousins 20.6.2016
JOHANNA’S
GENETIC
COUSINS
ASHKENAZI
JEWS
SEPHARDIC
JEWS
ALGERIA
AZERBAIJAN
BELARUS
BULGARIA
GEORGIA
GERMANY
GREECE
INDIA
IRAN
IRAQ
1
3
ISRAEL
1
LATVIA
LIBYA
LITHUANIA
4
PORTUGAL
RUSSIA
OTHER
6
9
9
1
1
1
1 SALONIKA
2 RHODES
2 BNEI ISRAEL
3
1KURDISTAN (M) +
1 MITZRACHI
1 BEDOUIN
6 DRUZE
7 PALESTINIAN
1 SOLOTHURN (MIGRATED TO
SWITZERLAND
11+
2 VILNA
1
25
I CHERKES, FROM THE NORTH
CAUCASUS
1
1
SWITZERLAND
TUNISIA
TURKEY
4
19
UZBEKISTAN
1
2 BASQUE
GALICIA 1
3 CANARY ISLAND
5
1 ARMENIAN
1 GREEK
Matti is a cover name; on the other hand, it is a very common male name in Finland.
Johanna is a cover name; on the other hand, it is a very common female name in Finland.
18
https://www.familytreedna.com/my/mtdna-migration-map.aspx
17
TOGETHER
114 genetic
cousins
4
6
9
9
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
4
5
13
5
SAUDI ARABIA
SPAIN
16
MITZRACHI
JEWS
1
25
1
1
4
19
1
11
The situation is fascinating. Who are the Finns –originally? According to PTL’s theory, many Finns
descend from ancient Israelites.
Picture: Johanna in her home in Finland.
Who is Johanna originally with her
114 Jewish genetic cousins?
She knows for sure that she is a Finn.
DNA results of Johanna imply for
her, that she belongs to the
descendants of ancient Israel - more
or less.
SOME EFFORTS TO UNDERSTAND FINNO-UGRIC PEOPLE
Anne Hart
Because Finno-Ugric people lived in same residential areas than Jews, they had contacts with Jewish
communities. DNA and gene journalist Anne Hart asks, whether northern European early Jewish
communities’ men marry Finno-Ugric speaking women?19
Gini
The Chuvash people is seen to be Finno-Ugric people and some say, that they were originally
Crimean Karaites-Jews. The Jewish historian Mikhail Kizilov has referred to an Italian sociologist
and demographer Corrado Gini with his findings. According to studies, the Central Volga FinnoUgric Chuvash people would be similar to the anthropological essence as the Crimean KaraitesJews. It's a common thought that the Karaites belong to the Turkish-Tartar and Turkish-speaking
group, and were mixed with Finno-Ugric peoples 600 - 700 centuries AD. Karaites Judaism is a
Jewish trend. Karaites Jews use a blue and white tassels in their prayer shawls, etc. According to
Gini, the Karaites Jews, who would thus be Finno-Ugric, had the ancestors, who were also the Ugric
19
Anne Hart, Tracing Your Jewish DNA For Family History & Ancestry, 2003.
12
tribes, Tauro-Kimmerians, who lived in the Crimea. Eventually, they mingled there for the Khazars.
Moreover, it is still observed that the Karaites Jews were also close to Votjaks, that is, Udmurts; they
are also Finno-Ugric.20
Green21
Scholar Warren Paul Green has analyzed the Karaites Jews. According to him the Crimean Karaites
know their history and they think that they have lived in the Crimea since 500 BC. They even declare
that they did not live in Palestine when Jesus was crucified. Many Jews, scientists have made
statements that the Karaites are not real ethnic Jews, even if they have Jewish customs and its own
kind of Jewish religion. Because of this, part of the Karaites, estimates up to 70 000 people, retained
their lives from the Nazis during World War II.
In fact, Green has found other so-called Jewish groups in southern Russia, which has not been
regarded as Jews in some respect: Judeo-Tat/Juhuris, Georgian Jews, Jugutim –Jews, Subbotnik –
Jews, Judeo-Celts (Judeo-Celts) and Nahomine-Jews. On the other hand, the current DNA and
genetic research shows that there are in these groups people, who are ethnically and genetically
"true Jews". Many groups have an own oral or written history with traditions, which indicate that
they are "real Jews". Some of them argue that they are from Assyria or Babylon expelled Jews,
descended from the ancient Kingdom of Northern Israel, the Ten Lost Tribes.
The sociologist Gini considered also as an alternative theory, that the Central Volga Khazars were
Finno-Ugric.
ERAN ELHAIK AND OTHERS
In 2013 the Israeli Prime Minister's office announced that it would use DNA tests among the Russianspeaking immigrant groups in some cases. In same year a 33 years old Jew, DNA and genetic
researcher, Eran Elhaik became big-name. This young Jewish scientist, born from an Iranian mother
and Italian father, publish his Doctoral Dissertation. It was a sensation22. However, he is not the first
scientist in the world, who questioned genetic Ashkenazi-Jewish linkage to Middle Eastern region or
Palestine. Various scientists suppose that ancient Israelis mixed with Khazars in ancient Central Asia
of the ancient Khazar-state. Thus, they were people, who converted to Judaism, and originally they
were descendants of Turkic tribe - more or less. Elhaik brought out this new results of his genetic
studies. Elhaik claims that Ashkenazi-Jews are not inherited in a straight line from the Middle East.
According to him Azhkenazi-Jewish population is a mosaic. It is no wonder that Elhaik’s results have
20
Mikhail Kizilov, The Sons of Scripture, The Karaites in Poland and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century, 2015.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501677808577287?journalCode=feej19
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1uvassia
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaiitit
22
Eran Elhaik http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/12/14/gbe.evs119.full.pdf
21
13
shocked the Jewish world in depth. Most of the United States (70-80%) and Israeli Jews (nearly 50%)
are just Ashkenazi-Jews.23
In the scientific world "nothing has yet been solved". Some famous scientists are aligned with Elhaik.
His supervisor, professor of Genetics at the University of Houston, Dan Graur, describes Elhaik as a
man of challenges. Professor Shlomo Sand is concerned that, although many of the Arabs have some
genetic links to some Israeli Jews, they are considered as "on the other side of the fence".24
Also Professor Paul Wexler, professor of linguistics, has something to say. He presents according to
his studies that the Sephardic Jews consist of mainly converts (Converted into Judaism), who have
lived in the Middle East, Arabia, and North Africa. Only some proportion of them would have ethnic
or genetic links to Jewish/Israelite descendants.25
PTL brings out in the article 3 "The House of Israel and the house of Judah come together", that in
the present-day Israel (2010 - 2011) only a little more than 30% of Jews were genetic descendants of
Israeli patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. BN! Many things have changed in Israel since 2011,
also population figures. From the point of this perspective, we need more independent, geneticcand
other_multidisciplinary_studies.
RABBI FRED KLETT
The evangelist-rabbi, Fred Klett, points out that “the Jews are not a race.” De facto, the Jewish people
are a “community of descent,” which according to him differs from a “race.” He points out that
today's Jewish people are, by and large, the community of physical descent from Abraham and the
patriarchs.
“Let me illustrate this point. If I were to marry
an Asian woman and father children who then
married other Asians, these children would be
my descendants. If that woman were to die
and I were to marry an African woman and
have children, and they were to marry others
of African descent, they would also be my
descendants. One set of descendants would be
racially Asian and the other racially African, but
they would both be my descendants! Today's
Jewish people are, by and large, the
community of physical descent from Abraham
23
and the patriarchs, whatever their race. Race
is not the issue. The issue is descent. Black
Ethiopian Jews, blonde Jews from Scandinavia,
and Cochin Jews from India are racially
different but are all Jewish. Sure there has
been intermarriage, rape, and conversion of
Gentiles. Some non-Jews have entered into
ethnic Jewry, and no doubt, many Khazars, but
at the core, the Jewish community remains
descended from patriarchal Israel. There is still
a Jewish “community of descent.” Am Israel
Chai!”26
http://www.eranelhaiklab.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Sand
25
Paul Wexler, The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sefardic Jews, State University of New York Press, 1996.
26 http://www.chaim.org/khazars.htm
Eran Elhaik http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/12/14/gbe.evs119.full.pdf
24
14
Perhaps this is hard to understand, but the Holy Bible encourages us in Dan 12: 4. But thou, O Daniel,
shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and
knowledge shall be increased.27
See: APPENDIX - THE TEN LOST TRIBES OF ANCIENT KINGDOM OF ISRAEL
27
A Finnish Scientist (Mathematician, Statistician), Dr. Antti Lange, PhD, has own theory of the tribes of Ancient Israel.
http://www.fkf.net/kadonneet/ It is interesting to know that Lange’s theory’s conclusions are parallel with PTL’s theory’s
conclusions. Thus, both academic scientists, who have been working independently, have come to the same conclusions.
15
APPENDIX TO “FINNO-UGRIC EPHRAIM” –THEORY BY PEKKA T. LYYRÄNEN
Published 24.6.2016 in web: jarmo10.org
Contact address of the Authors:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Tuula-Hannele and Ossi Ikonen28
THE TEN LOST TRIBES OF ANCIENT KINGDOM OF
ISRAEL
Many Israelites think the same way as a blogger in
Jerusalem: “It’s a gift to be alive in this amazing time in
the history of the world, when Biblical prophecies have
been fulfilled before our very eyes and continue to be
fulfilled! ”29 True, many strange and mysterious things
happen today. One Big Mystery concerns the ‘Ten Lost
Tribes of Ancient Israel’.
THE BIG MYSTERY OF THE TEN LOST TRIBES
The concept of the ‘Ten lost tribes’ is heard often
in meetings amongst evangelical revival Christians
and Messianic Jews today e.g. in the Great Britain,
the USA, Finland and Israel. There are Orthodox
Jewish rabbis like Rabbi Elyahu Kin (in
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRpsY20QVx
8) in Israel and academic Jewish scholars like
historian Zvi Ben-Dor Benite in the USA, who are
waiting for emerging the ‘phenomenon of
Ephraim’, that is: the emerge of the descendants of
the Ten lost tribes of Ancient Israel. According to
them ‘Ephraim’ will return back to Israel at last to their Biblical homeland. The name Ephraim
refers to the ten tribes of the ancient Northern
28
Kingdom of Israel, and because the tribe Ephraim
became a leading tribe there (do you remember
patriarch Jacob’s blessing when he put his right
hand on Ephraim’s, the younger son’s head) the
whole Northern Kingdom was becoming to be
named Ephraim. Professor Zvi Ben-Dor Benite
declares in his book ‘The Ten Lost Tribes. A World
History” that he himself belongs to the ‘Ten lost
tribes’ of Ancient Israel according his personal
historical evidence. - Such fascinating and exciting
'Ephraim' -rumors are circulating in the world at
least since late 1990s/2000s. What are these rumors
based on?
Dr. Tuula-Hannele Ikonen, PhD, Independent researcher, Member of European Association for Jewish Studies, http://eurojewishstudies.org/
Mr. Ossi Ikonen, BA, Bible teacher, especially in the field of “Israel and the Jews at the end of times”.
29
Esther Korson in ‘News from Jerusalem’ http://www.thejerusalemgiftshop.com/israelnews/god-in-the-news-part-iii/
16
HISTORY OF THE TEN LOST TRIBES IN A NUTSHELL
Firstly, these rumors concerning the ‘Ten lost tribes’ of Israel are not nonsense. Professor at the Hebrew
University Sergio Della-Pergola, PhD, tells about a Committee, which is established in Israel in order to found
out and clarify immigration rules for those, who identify themselves as “lost tribes” also the “ten lost tribes”
and want to move to Israel. His interview in English is seen in Finnish TV7
http://www.tv7.fi/vod/player/48416/
They base on the Biblical fact. According to the Hebrew Bible the Israelites themselves are defined to be
descendants of the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham, who was renamed Israel after wrestling all night
with God/an angel. Jacob's twelve sons (in order of birth) are Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali,
Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph and Benjamin. These sons became the ancestors of twelve tribes with
Joseph’s two sons Manasseh and Ephraim (Genesis 35:22-26, 48).
The next maps present the twelve tribe portions in the land Canaan, firstly when the tribes came to the land of
Canaan, and secondly at the end times when the tribes will return to Israel from the Exile and the Diaspora,
according to Ezekiel.
Map 1: Twelve Tribe Portions
in the land of Canaan
Address of the map:
http://candeefick.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/10/MapCanaan-Twelve-Tribes.jpg
Map 2: Twelve Tribe Portions and the area for Priests/Levites
when the tribes will settle (down) in Israel.
Address of the map: http://www.templemount.org/ezek1e.jpg
Secondly, the king David united the tribes into a single kingdom. About 1000 BCE David conquered the
Jebusites and made Jerusalem his capital. His son Solomon built the Temple on the Temple Mount in
Jerusalem. The people of Israel adored, served and praised God of Israel (JHWH)30 there. However despite of
30
God of Israel = JHWH = Jehovah
17
having the Holy Temple Israelites were not obedient to God and they served other gods, idols. King Solomon’s
life did not please God and therefore God punished Solomon and the people of Israel.
1 Kings 11:9-13 tells: “And Jehovah was angry with Solomon, because his heart was turned away from
Jehovah, the God of Israel, who had appeared unto him twice, and had commanded him concerning this thing,
that he should not go after other gods: but he kept not that which Jehovah commanded. Wherefore Jehovah
said unto Solomon, Forasmuch as this is done of thee, and thou hast not kept my covenant and my statutes,
which I have commanded thee, I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant.
Notwithstanding in thy days I will not do it, for David thy father’s sake: but I will rend it out of the hand of
thy son. Howbeit I will not rend away all the kingdom; but I will give one tribe to thy son, for David my
servant’s sake, and for Jerusalem’s sake which I have chosen” (American Standard Version)31.
The kingdom of Israel was to be divided in half. 1 Kings 11:31: “And he said to Jeroboam, Take you ten
pieces: for thus said the LORD, the God of Israel, Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon,
and will give ten tribes to you” (American King James Version).
Rehoboam, the son of Solomon got only one piece32. So, he started reigning only over the Southern Kingdom
of Israel called Judah. Jeroboam who fought against Rehoboam became the king of the Northern Kingdom
named Israel (Israel = Ephraim = the house of Joseph = the ten tribes).
Thirdly, history of Israel after dividing (about 931 BCE) was dramatic and catastrophic. The Northern
Kingdom consisted of the ten tribes of Israel, but it was fragmented and spiritually weak, although somehow
socially and militarily strong. This might be the main physical reason, why Assyrians were able to capture
Israelites and transferred them away to Assyria especially from the area of Samaria (Hebr. Shomron) in many
waves between the years 734-718 BCE. Assyrians took non-Jewish people from other parts of the Assyrian
Empire and brought them to Samaria. The main spiritual reason for captivity and exile was that God punished
Israel, because it practiced idolatry and was disobedient to God.
THE NORTHERN TRIBES OF ANCIENT ISRAEL DISAPPEARED
The Bible tells us that the Ten lost tribes of Israel did not return to their home land Israel after the collapse of
the Assyrian Empire (612 BCE) although they were allowed to do it. Maybe a few came back, but mostly
descendants of the Ten lost tribes did take another directions. Why? It is assumed that they had lost their
Israeli/Hebrew identity or perhaps there were war or enemies in their real home land, Israel.
Some Jewish and Christian scholars claim that the Northern Kingdom of Israel would be lost forever and
the Southern Kingdom of Judah has taken spiritual blessings of it. They use to rationalize their opinion
referring to Genesis 49: 10, which says: “The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, Nor the ruler’s staff from
between his feet, Until Shiloh come; And unto him shall the obedience of the peoples be.” (American Standard
Version). Shiloh is a prophetic name for the Messiah. Another argument may be that today’s Israel (the
State of Israel) consists mostly of descendants of Judah and only a few Ephraim people. However, this is not
the whole truth. Historian, professor Zvi Ben-Dor Benite refers to a view that centuries after their
disappearance, the Ten lost tribes sent an indirect but vital sign... In 2 Esdras, we read about the ten tribes and
“their long journey through that region, which is called Arzareth”33.
31
See also: 1 Kings 11:29-43.
As a matter of fact, the tribe Benjamin was small and mostly mixed with the tribe Judah and the same thing with those members of the tribe
Simeon, who lived in the area of Judah.
33
It is known that the book of the “Vision of Ezra,” or Esdras, was written in Hebrew or Aramaic by a Palestinian Jew sometime before the end of the
first century CE, shortly after the destruction of the temple by the Romans (Apocrypha—pseudoepigraphal books attached to but not included in the
Hebrew biblical canon).
32
18
PENALTY TIMES
God of Israel established a specific time for Israel's punishment (for idolatry and Sabbath breaking). The
Northern Kingdom’s penalty time/punishment time was 2730 (390 x 7, see: Ezek 4:5) years and for Judah’s
280 (40 x 7, Ezek 4:6) years. Although Judah went into captivity by Babylonians one hundred and twenty
years after Israel, its penalty time was expired already before the birth of Yeshua HaMashiach. It is estimated
that the Northern Kingdom’s penalty time were going to the end about in 2011, before the year of jubilee of
Israel. The end of the penalty time means that the Ten lost tribes are then free to return to Israel from all corners
of the world. (Ezekiel).
WHERE ARE THE TEN LOST TRIBES TODAY?
It’s said in the text above: All descendants of Judah are not yet in today’s Israel. However, the most
interesting thing is where the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel are, that is, Ephraim.
We have to note that God of Israel is handling the twelve tribes and their descendants genetically, that is,
according to their ethnic roots (according to their ancestry, genetic heritage of the patriarchs Abraham-IsaacJacob). This fact may be often forgotten among the most secular scientific researchers and they may see Israel
and its heritage more or less from the point of view of religion or only of one people (nation) among others. If
so, in these cases Israel does to be understood physically, not spiritually, that is, without its Biblical
destination/history (to be the Chosen people of God). True, it’s very important - the key question - to define
the concept of the ‘whole Israel’ = the genetic/ethnic descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Biblically
and correctly.
The House of Judah has been visible during its history, but the house of Ephraim disappeared and it is not
visible - yet. Of course, from the point of view of God of Israel none of descendants of ancient Israel is lost;
God knows everyone and He knows who and where they have been and are today (Jer 31.8).
From the point of view of human-beings it is fascinating that many scientific and non-scientific methods have
been developed in order to solve the problem of the Ten lost tribes. God has given to people wisdom,
intelligence, and different tools, which help to handle this mysterious thing. E.g. Biblical archeology,
linguistics, anthropology, social-history, Biblical history, nomenclature of people and places, genealogy like
DNA –studies and studying the Bible itself include keys to discover, who and where descendants of ancient
Israelites really are. Some ethnic groups from Africa and Asia have already announced that they belong to
the tribes of Ancient Israel. This is however like a drop in the ocean: the multitude is still hidden.
GOD CALLS HOME TWICE
Of course the most important basis to study destination of the Ten lost tribes is the Bible. We can read from it
that God called His people to return home twice.
19
The first time is it mentioned in Jer 3: 18. “In those days the house of Judah shall walk with the house of
Israel, and they shall come together out of the land of the north to the land that I have given for an inheritance
to your fathers” (American King James Version).
The second time it is mentioned in Isaiah 11: 11 says: “And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord
will set his hand again the second time to recover the remnant of his people, that shall remain, from Assyria,
and from Egypt, and from Pathros, and from Cush, and from Elam, and from Shinar, and from Hamath, and
from the islands of the sea”. (American Standard Version).
It is interesting to notice that the ‘northern land’ is not mentioned any more in this text (Isaiah 11:11).
Therefore we can conclude that in this situation His people have already returned from the land of the
North together with Judah to Israel.
The text above in Isaiah indicates that descendants of ancient Israelites have lived not only in the North but
also in Assyria (today’s Irak), Egypt, Pathros (Egypt), Cush (ancient Aithiopia), Elam (Iran), Shinar (ancient
Babylon) and Hamath (Syria). Their descendants have spread all over the world. There are born multitude
descendants from mothers and fathers of ancient Israelites/Hebrew people in the world.34
GOD OF ISRAEL KNOWS: WHO AND WHERE?
The theories of the lost Tribes of today (2015) do not base only on genealogical DNA –results, but there are
much evidences in the field of linguistics, anthropology, ethnology, social-history, nomenclature of people and
places. According to many Biblical observers the joint return would be in the near future: God knows!
Yet, Isaiah 49:12 says: “Behold, these shall come from far: and, see, these from the north and from the west;
and these from the land of Sinim.” Presumably Sinim would refer to China. The migration has been awesome
and amazing.
The Finno-Ugric Ephraim -Theory by Pekka T. Lyyränen (PTL) claims that the Finns and other FinnoUgric people, who have haplogroup N in paternal line belong to the ten lost tribes of Israel.
THE PROMISES OF GOD
Two Sticks. God promises to reunite two Kingdoms of ancient Israel at the end times. In this meaning Ezekiel
37 is important chapter by describing clearly God’s will towards the future of Israel.
Ezek 37:22: “And I will make them one nation in the land on the mountains of Israel; and one king shall be
king to them all: and they shall be no more two nations, neither shall they be divided into two kingdoms any
more at all” (American King James Version).
It’s human to admire Jewishness. Therefore apostle Paul wants to put press to the fact that ethnicity/nationality (to be born as Israelite/Hebrew, His
people) doesn’t save anyone. After Yeshua haMashiah the rules are the same for every human-being, also for Jews. Rom 9: 27. says: “And Isaiah crieth
concerning Israel, If the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, it is the remnant that shall be saved” (American Standard Version).
We have to pray that descendants of ancient Israel (the whole Israel = descendants of the twelve tribes) would return to Israel and would become to
know Yeshua as their Savior.
34
20
Presumably after the return of the descendants of the twelve tribes of ancient Israel, God will reunite them into
one Kingdom. Ezek. 37 speaks about the same thing using the parallel of two sticks: God will join them into
one stick.
According to Ezek 37: 19.: “Say to them, Thus said the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take the stick of Joseph,
which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel his fellows, and will put them with him, even with the
stick of Judah, and make them one stick, and they shall be one in my hand…23. Neither shall they defile
themselves any more with their idols…so shall they be my people, and I will be their God (American King
James Version).
Dry Bones. We can also see from the Bible that it is totally clear that God has forgiven Israel, He will bring
Israel back to home and give His Spirit to them.
God will resurrect descendants of ancient twelve tribes and they will become to know their God and are able
to renew their covenant with Him.
Ezek 37: 5.: “Thus said the Lord GOD to these bones; Behold, I will cause breath to enter into you, and you
shall live…11…. these bones are the whole house of Israel: behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our
hope is lost: we are cut off for our parts…14. And shall put my spirit in you, and you shall live, and I shall
place you in your own land…”.
IN FRONT OF RESOLVING THE MYSTERY OF THE TEN LOST TRIBES
Daniel 12:4 says that “But you, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end:
many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased” (American King James Version).
True, today many Biblical observes and scholars, who can benefit modern research methods and are able to be
in contact with each other by internet, are sure that there is only one step before the mystery of Israel is
resolved. The house of Ephraim will recognize its ancient roots and get back its Israelite, Biblical identity.
The house of Judah (‘visible’ Israelites in today’s Israel35), who according to the Bible envies the house of
Ephraim, will see their ‘lost brothers’ in different way. Ephesians 2:14 says: “For he is our peace, who has
made both one, and has broken down the middle wall of partition between us” (American King James Version).
Both houses of Israel become to be reunited in Yeshua.
Really, we are living the End of Times. God will restore: 1) His Scripture (the Holy Bible),
2) Congregation (ecclesia) and 3) Israel. We’ll see how all this happen, and when.36 "When the time
is reached" refers to the concept of time according to God.
That is genetic/ethnic population of today’s Israel.
See: Ossi Ikonen, Kimmo Juutilainen, Pekka T. Lyyränen and Tuula-Hannele Ikonen, The End Times. Multidisciplinary Approach to Study the End
Times - The Frame for Studies, 2011. http://jarmo10.org/originfinns.htm
35
36