Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal level

Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal level

Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal level
Class MAMMALIA
Subclass - PROTOTHERIA
Order - Monotremata - echidnas and platypus; 3 species
Subclass - THERIA
Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupials)
Order Didelphimorphia - opossums; 63 species
Order Paucituberculata - rat oppossums; 5 species
Order Microbiotheria - Monito del Monte, Ilaca; 1 species
Order Dasyuromorphia - extinct Tasmanian wolf, numbat, dasyures etc.; 63 sp.
Order Peramelemorphia - bandicoots; 21 species
Order Notoryctemorphia - marsupial "mole"; 2 species
Order Diprotodontia - koala, wombats, kangaroos; possums; 117 species
Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia)
Order Xenarthra – sloths, armadillos, anteaters; 29 species
Order Pholidota - pangolins; 7 species
Order Insectivora - shrews, tenrecs, moles, hedgehogs; 428 species
Order Scandentia - tree shrews; 19 species
Order Dermoptera - Colugos; 2 species
Order Chiroptera - Bats; 925 species
Order Primates - lemurs, monkeys and apes; 233 species
Order Carnivora - cats, dogs, bears, seals, raccoons etc.; 271 species
Order Cetacea - whales and dolphins; 78 species
Order Sirenia - dugongs and manatees; 5 species
Order Proboscidea - elephants; 2 species
Order Hyracoidea - hyraxes; 6 species
Order Perissodactyla - horses, tapirs & rhinos; 18 species
Order Tubulidentata - Aardvark; 1 species
Order Artiodactyla - pigs, hippos, camels, bovids, antelopes, deer; 220 sp.
Order Macroscelidea - elephant shrews; 15 species
Order Rodentia - rodents; 2021 species
Order Lagomorpha - hares, rabbits and pikas; 80 species
Total (in 1993)
4629 species of Recent mammals
4360 placentals
Wilson, D. L. & D. M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Press
Molecular phylogeny of placentals
From: Springer et al. 2005. Molecular evidence for major placental clades
Chap. 4, The Rise of Placental Mammals.
DIFFERING PLACENTAL CLASSIFICATIONS
Simpson, G. G. 1945. Principals of classification and a classification of mammals.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85:1-350.
McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level.
Columbia University, New York.
Murphy, W. J., et al. 2001. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation.
Science, 294:2348-2351.
Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal level
Class MAMMALIA
Subclass - PROTOTHERIA
Order - Monotremata - echidnas and platypus; 3 species
Subclass - THERIA
Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupials)
Order Didelphimorphia - opossums; 63 species
Order Paucituberculata - rat oppossums; 5 species
Order Microbiotheria - Monito del Monte, Ilaca; 1 species
Order Dasyuromorphia - extinct Tasmanian wolf, numbat, dasyures etc.; 63 sp.
Order Peramelemorphia - bandicoots; 21 species
Order Notoryctemorphia - marsupial "mole"; 2 species
Order Diprotodontia - koala, wombats, kangaroos; possums; 117 species
Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia)
Order Xenarthra – sloths, armadillos, anteaters; 29 species
Order Pholidota - pangolins; 7 species
Order Insectivora - shrews, tenrecs, moles, hedgehogs; 428 species
Order Scandentia - tree shrews; 19 species
Order Dermoptera - Colugos; 2 species
Order Chiroptera - Bats; 925 species
Order Primates - lemurs, monkeys and apes; 233 species
Order Carnivora - cats, dogs, bears, seals, raccoons etc.; 271 species
Order Cetacea - whales and dolphins; 78 species
Order Sirenia - dugongs and manatees; 5 species
Order Proboscidea - elephants; 2 species
Order Hyracoidea - hyraxes; 6 species
Order Perissodactyla - horses, tapirs & rhinos; 18 species
Order Tubulidentata - Aardvark; 1 species
Order Artiodactyla - pigs, hippos, camels, bovids, antelopes, deer; 220 sp.
Order Macroscelidea - elephant shrews; 15 species
Order Rodentia - rodents; 2021 species
Order Lagomorpha - hares, rabbits and pikas; 80 species
Total (in 1993)
4629 species of Recent mammals
4360 placentals
Wilson, D. L. & D. M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Press
BASAL EUTHERIANS
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Cohort Edentata
Order Xenarthra
‡ Order Palaeodonta
Order Pholidota
Cohort Epitheria
‡ Order Leptictida
‡ Order Pantodonta
‡ Order Dinocerata
‡ Order Taeniodontia
Order Insectivora
(After Carroll 1988)
OLDEST EUTHERIAN ?
Eomaia early Cretaceous (China)
5 1 5 3
_______
4 1 5 3
= 54
LATE CRETACEUS “BASAL” EUTHERIANS
(Asia & North America)
Kennalestes
Cimolestes
Zalmbdalestes
ORDER TAENIODONTA
Paleocene – Eocene; Asia, N. America
Onychodectes
Stylinodon
ORDER PANTODONTA
Paleocene – Eocene; Asia, N. America
Barylambda
Caenolambda
Coryphodon
Pantolambda
ORDER DINOCERATA
(Uintatheres)
Paleocene – Eocene (N. America, Asia)
Prodinoceras
Uintatherium
ORDER LEPTICTIDA
(early “insectivores”)
Leptictis
PRIMITIVE “INSECTIVORA”
INSECTIVORES
(Recent families)
Solenodontidae -- solenodons
‡ Nesophontidae – (recently extinct)
Tenrecidae -- tenrecs
Chrysochloridae – golden moles
Erinaceidaae – hedgehogs & gymnures
Soricidae – shrews
Talpidae – moles & desmans
CLADOGRAM OF LIVING INSECTIVORES
Solenodons
1 genus; 2 species – Greater Antilles
Solenodon
3 1 3 3
3 1 3 3
= 40
ORDER INSECTIVORA
Family Nesophontidae
(extinct island “shrews”) – Greater Antilles
Nesophontes
3 1 3 3
3 1 3 3 = 40
Family Tenrecidae -- Cladogram
AFRICAN
MALAGASY
ORDER INSECTIVORA
Family Tenrecidae
Subfamily Potamogalinae (otter shrews)
2 genera, 3 species (central Africa)
Potamogale
Micropotamogale
Subfamily Geogalinae (large-eared tenrec)
1 genus, 1 species (Madagascar)
Geogale
ORDER INSECTIVORA
Family Tenrecidae
Subfamily Tenrecinae (hedgehog tenrecs)
4 genera 4 species
Madagascar
2-3 1 2-3 2-4
-------------------- = 32-40
2-3 1 2-3 2-3
Echinops
Hemicentetes
Tenrec
Setifer
ORDER INSECTIVORA
Family Tenrecidae
Subfamily Oryzorictinae
(aquatic tenrecs, rice tenrecs, shrew tenrecs)
3 genera 16 species
Madagascar
Microgale
Oryzorictes
7 genera
18 species
S Africa
Eremitalpa
Amblysomus
3 1 3 2-3 = 32-40
3 1 3 2-3
2-3 1 3-4 3
3 1 2-4 3
= 36-44
Hedgehogs, Gymnures, Moonrats
7 genera, 21 species Europe, Asia, Africa
Erinaceus
Echinosorex
Podogymnura
23 genera
312 species
Americas, Africa, Asia
Sorex
Blarina
Suncus
3
1 1-3 3
1-2 0-1 1 3
= 26-32
ORDER INSECTIVORA
Family: Talpidae (moles & desmans)
17 genera; 42 species; N America, Eurasia
Talpa
2-3 1 3-4 3
1-3 0-1 3-4 3
Condylura
= 32-34
Galemys
(Iberian desman)
ORDER EDENTATA
Infraorder Cingulata
Dasypodidae - armadillos
‡ Glyptodontidae - glyptodonts
Infraorder Pilosa
Myrmecophagidae - anteaters
Bradypodidae – 3-toed sloths
Megalonychidae – 2-toed sloths
& extinct sloths
‡ Mylodontidae – extinct ground sloths
ORDER PHOLIDOTA
Manidae -- pangolins
CLASS XENARTHRA
Temporal distribution and phylogenetic relationships
From: Rose & Archibald, 2005
8 genera, 20 species;
N & S America
Dasypus
Chlamyphorus
Priodontes
Tolypeutes
3 genera, 4 species; Central & S America
Myrmecophaga
Cylopes
Tamandua
http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Myrmecophaga_tridactyla/Myrmecophaga_tridactyla_08.html?movietype=wmMed
Three-toed sloths
1 genus; 3 species; Central & S America
Bradypus
ORDER XENARTHRA
Family Megalonychidae (part)
Two-toed sloths
1 genus; 2 species; Central & S America
Choloepus
CLASS PHOLIDOTA
Temporal distribution and phylogenetic relationships
ORDER PHOLIDOTA
Family Manidae (pangolins)
1 genus; 7 species
Africa, Asia
Manis
ORDER PALAEODONTA
Excavatodon
(Paleocene)
N. America
Metacheiromys
(Eocene)
N. America
Ernanodon
(Paleocene)
China
EXTINCT “EDENTATES”
Xenarthra & Pholidota
Stegotherium
(Miocene armadillo)
Hapalops
(Miocene sloth)
Eomanis
(Eocene pangolin)
ORDER XENARTHRA -- suborder Cingulata
armadillos & glyptodonts
Proeutatus
Oligocene – Miocene
S. America
Glyptodon
Pleistocene
N & S America
Glyptotherium
Pliocene-Pleistocene
N. America
ORDER XENARTHRA -- suborder Pilosa
extinct ground sloths
Megatherium
(Megatheriidae)
Pliocene-Pleistocene
N & S America
Megalonyx
(Megalonychidae)
Pliocene-Pleistocene
N. America
Glossotherium
(Mylodontidae)
Pliocene-Pleistocene
N & S America