Policy-Making Process Program

T h e S c i R E X C e n t e r, a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e S c i e n c e f o r
The entire world is confronted by numerous complex issues including energy shortfalls, insufficient food and water, global
RE-designing Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Program
environmental problems, infectious diseases and terrorism, etc. In light of this, expectations are now growing that science,
(the SciREX Program) funded by the Ministry of Education,
technology and innovation (STI) will play an important role in resolving such issues. Accordingly, STI promotion has
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology(MEXT), is working
become an important policy issue throughout the world.
towards the formulation of evidence-based science, technology
At the same time, however, in that focused upon the developed nations, the intensity of the fiscal constraints placed upon
and innovation policy (STI policy).
policy initiatives continues to increase; there exist demands that the limited resources on hand to address such issues be
used both effectively and efficiently.
The center has already undertaken a number of foundation
Set against this set of circumstances, what is demanded is that effective and efficient policies be created and implemented
activities. In 2014, the inaugural year, research groups and
through rational processes that are themselves based upon scientific evidence. In turn, what is required to support such
deliberative committees were established to identify important
constructs is a "Science of STI Policy" that is in accordance with scientific theories, knowledge and methodologies.
issues related to STI policy. Since then the SciREX Center has
created forums where a wide range of stakeholders, including
researchers, politicians, government officials, and practitioners
from related institutions, can engage in policy dialogue.
Co-evolution of the “Policy Formulation Mechanism”
and the “Science of STI Policy”
Reflecting on the center’ s achievements to date, we are now
aiming to strengthen cooperation with related institutions, including
the National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP),
Policy
Empirical knowledge
Needs
Science
Co-evolution of
"Policy-Formulation
Mechanisms" and
"Science of STI Policy"
Development
of Science
of STI Policy
the Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society
(RISTEX), and the Center for Research and Development Strategy
(CRDS). We also intend to work more closely with the universities
that are acting as centers of SciREX research and education.
We are disseminating the results of this work to the Council for
Science, Technology and Innovation and to government ministries
and agencies through SciREX seminars and workshops as well as
through working papers and quarterly publications. Furthermore,
endeavoring to involve an even broader range of stakeholders, the
SciREX Center plans to promote the creation of Science of STI
Policy communities to bridge the worlds of policy research and
Evolution of
Policy
Formulation
Mechanism
policy formulation.
August, 2015
Evidence
Policy options
Normative
Establishment of codes of conduct
Objective
Takashi Shiraishi,
Director, SciREX Center
President, National Graduate Institute
for Policy Studies
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※Based upon a diagram appearing on page 2 of "Towards Realization of Evidence-Based Policy Formation: Development of Science of
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy" (Published by the Center for Research and Development Strategy(CRDS) in 2011).
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Overseas as well, in recent years there has been a heightened necessity vis-à-vis the ability to formulate and implement
Concerning measures undertaken to link together STI policy making and Science of STI Policy, in FY2011, MEXT initiated
evidence-based STI policy.
the SciREX Program. So that the outcomes of these programs could be leveraged in actual policy formulation, in August
of 2014, the SciREX Center was established within the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
US
○ Chief Scientific Advisors at respective ministries help policy
makers’ decision making based on scientific knowledge and
evidence.
○ Multiple supporting system such as Science Advisor to the
President, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and
Technology and the National Academy of Sciences, etc.
○ Numerous independent entities such as the Royal Society,
the Research Councils and the National Endowment for
Science Technology and the Arts (NESTA) independently
engage in innovation policy research, conduct support of
research, draft policy proposals, and undertake policy
evaluations.
○ In 2005, Professor John Marburger (the then Science Advisor
to the President), advocated the importance of policy
formulation that was based upon scientific evidence.
○ Innovation measurement indices are created with NESTA
playing a key role in the process. They are used to evaluate
the effectiveness of the scale of investments made in
innovation and any economic growth that result.
○ The National Science Foundation initiated a program of open
competition for research opportunities (the SciSIP Program). By
2014, this program had made more than 200 grants.
Relationship between Various SciREX Programs and Central Hub Functions
Research
Infrastructure
Analysis
Methods/
Tools
Policy
Design
Related fields
MEXT
Contact,
Personnel Collaboration
Academic Societies,
!
Research Councils,
and etc.
Research Funding
(JST-RISTEX)
Central Hub Functions
SciREX Center
○ In 2008, the STAR METRICS database was developed in
order to measure Federal Government investment in scientific
research and any socioeconomic impact that resulted from it.
Mission-oriented Research
(NISTEP)
Grants‐in‐aid
for Scientific
Development of Data/
Information Infrastructure
(NISTEP)
s
se
r
ou
s
an
s
Re
Working
Papers
Policy Issues
Policy
Recommendations
ce
a
ab
D
Problem
Awareness
Parliament
Research
at
Related
Ministries
So c i e t y ,
Government,
Administration,and etc.
UK
Human Resource Development
um
H
※Derived from information found in materials published by the Center for Research and Development Strategy (CRDS), etc.
EU
OECD
○ In 2008, the European Commission summarized EU policy
in a report entitled “Scientific evidence for policy-making.”
○ The Horizon 2020 Program initiated in 2014 sets out what
directions the EU is to take with respect to investment
practices in both the R&D and innovation fields by 2020.
○ Furthermore, deliberations are occurring as to the
establishment of high-level groups of scientists capable of
giving scientific advice to both the EU President and the
European Commission.
○ The OECD publishes “Science, technology and industry
scoreboard” biannually, which introduces international
comparable data and analysis on science, technology and
innovation, globalization, and industries.
○ The Global Science Forum of the OECD holds examine how
scientific advice should be incorporated in the formulation of
policy, and delivered the results in the report ‘Scientific Advice
for Policy Making: The Role and Responsibility of Expert Bodies
and Individual Scientists’ in 2015.
○ The “OECD Innovation Strategy” was revised in 2015 and
published as “The Innovation Imperative: Contributing to
Productivity, Growth and Well-Being.”
Development of Data/
Information
Infrastructure
(NISTEP)
Human Resource
Development
(Various Hub
Universities)
Research
Funding
(JST-RISTEX)
Mission-oriented
Research
(NISTEP)
Engages in the accumulation
of data for policy formulation.
Also engaged in the building
of information infrastructure.
Engages in the building of
research infrastructure and
hubs of human resources
that are in accordance with
international standards.
Engages in the promotion
of a variety of R&D projects
related to methodologies
and indices, etc.
Engaged in the promotion
of research analysis based
upon policy needs
(until FY2014).
Central Hub Functions (SciREX Center/Various Hub Universities)
Considering the measures accumulated by the four programs, in addition to leveraging and
implementing their outcomes in actual policy formulation, there exists a demand that
“Science of STI Policy” be further developed.
※Derived from information found in materials published by the Center for Research and Development Strategy (CRDS), etc.
04
05
Mission Statement
At the SciREX Center, in order to undertake policy research of complex-type issues, in addition to adopting the three
approaches of policy design, policy analysis and impact assessment and policy-making processes. By summarizing the
1.To contribute to the realization of evidence-based policy formulation.
To make effective STI policy, we develop methodologies and summarize evidence pertaining to STI policy.
2.To promote the co-evolution of policy formulation and policy research.
To resolve issues related to science, technology and innovation, we bridge the worlds of policy formulation and research.
knowledge and ideas that are forthcoming from such diversified perspectives, we make proposals in order to resolve such
issues.
Concerning the outcomes born of such processes, our findings are reported to both policy-formulation bodies and
deliberative institutions. Through working papers and dissemination via public seminars, we are endeavoring to develop
direct links with the frontlines of policy formulation.
3.To provide opportunities for the discussion of STI policy.
To understand policy issues from diversified perspectives, we provide opportunities for researchers, policy makers,
and stakeholders to interact.
Image of SciREX Center Action Plans
Principles
So that the three mission statements cited above are achieved, the following types of action have been established and are
managed by the SciREX Center.
Original research
(development of
new methodologies)
● Policy-oriented research
● Discussion and debate based upon mutual respect and equal opportunity among stakeholders
● Multidisciplinary initiatives
Consciousness of
Policy Needs/ Problems
Policy Liaison
Reviewing/
Structuring
Policy Design
● Collaboration with relevant institutions globally
Identifying Issues
● Independence and neutrality
● Evidence-based approaches
Policy Analysis and
Impact Assessment
Policy-Making
Process
Based upon the flow to the right,
independent research is conducted
in all of the various programs
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Research
Project Plan
Implementation
Various Hub
Universities
Related
Organizations
Universities,
Research Institutions
institutions
Adoption/ Demonstration of Outcomes
①New knowledge
②Development of new methodologies, techniques.
③ Policy Proposals
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Director: Takashi Shiraishi
President, GRIPS
Deputy Director: Tateo Arimoto
Professor, GRIPS
Policy Design Program
Conducts intensive invest igation into p ressing STI policy issues, and designs
policy-scenario and policy-option frame works.
Program Manager: Atsushi Sunami
Professor, GRIPS
Pro
Program Manager:
Masahiro Kuroda
Adjunct Professor, GRIPS
Professor Emeritus of Keio University
Planning and Mana gement Departmentt
・ Supports the activities of the various pr ograms, plans and manages to building
networks with relevant institutions.
・ Plans and implements projects across multiple programs.
・ Provides round table discussions and workshops, etc., in order to unearth
new policy issues and deliberate new methodologies, etc.
・ Outreaches programs with respect to b oth the activities and related measures
undertaken by the SciREX Center.
Policy Analysis and
Impact Assessment Program
Develops methods to evaluate the social and economic impact of
science and technology and creates policy options with quantitative
assessment.
Deputy Program Manager:
Kazuhito Oyamada
Professional Staff, GRIPS
Policy-Making Process Program
Program Manager: Akira Morita
Adjunct Professor, GRIPS
Director-General, National Institute of Population and
Social Security Research
Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo
Identifies issues in implementing evidenced-based discussion and
policy proposals in the policy-making process for science,
technology, and innovation, and develops a methodology for the
resolution of these issues.
Deputy
y Program Manager:
Masahiro
sahiro Matsuura
Visiting
iting Scholar, GRIPS
Deputy Program Manager:
ssociate Professor,
Associate
So Morikawa
Deputy Program Manager: Kenta Ikeuchi
Visiting Scholar, GRIPS
Research Fellow, NISTEP
e University of Tokyo
the
Visiting Scholar, GRIPS
Assistant Professor,
the University of Tokyo
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09
【Mission】
【Mission】
Concerning the emerging issues brought about by scientific and technological developments, and those that arise due to
Concerning those issues that STI policy should seek to resolve through evidence-based approaches, policy analysis and
socioeconomic and environmental change, this program clarifies the issues to be responded to, and it also establishes both
impact assessment to be contributed to effective proposals for socioeconomic impact assessment and policy implementation.
which policy scenarios should be adopted as well as policy options.
● To quantitatively assess the socioeconomic impact brought by STI, we undertook the development of innovative
process measurement methodologies by using macro-level simulation models and micro-level data analysis such as
patents, scientific papers and press-release database.
【Activities】
In order to clarify the issues which should be addressed, and to discuss policy directions, scenarios and detailed options, this
program create forums where scientists, engineers, policy researchers, government officials and other stakeholders can
● To serve a venue for organizing forums where researchers and policy makers can engage in discussions so that research
results generated within programs can be utilized on the policy frontlines.
engage in intense deliberations in an environment of flat relationships. In addition to holding intensive study meetings, we
also implement related research as is required. Through such actions, policy scenarios and options are designed and
proposed.
【Activities】
● Formulation of policy proposals and analysis for promoting innovation enhanced via Internet of Things (IoT)
We constructed a multi-sector economic interdependent general equilibrium model to analyze socioeconomic impact
of those IoT related technologies where policy options were presented as potential choices with respect to promoting
【Project Examples】
● Developing Japan’s comprehensive strategy for dealing with the issues of the Arctic Circle
social and economic change.
● Promoting a strategic approach to science diplomacy
● Developing policies concerning the research and development of dual-use technologies
● Comparative analysis of macro-level economic models for undertaking quantitative assessments of STI policy
We undertook several research surveys and examined the outcomes with respect to various economic models
(dynamic general equilibrium models and applied general equilibrium models, etc.).
＜Methodology Example＞
Economic Effect
Inputs
BIG DATA
Traditional
Approach
Parliament
Government
R&D
Investments
Inputs
Ministries/ Administrative
Agencies
CO2
2
2
CO Environmental and
social change
10
Meetings among sp
specialists,
government officials,
stakeholders, etc.,
conducted in an environment
of flat relationships
Compile policy
scenarios and
options as
policy proposals
Approach
Media
CO
2
CO
2
Outcomes
Our
2
CO
CO
Economic and social
globalization
Citizens
Ci
itizens
ti
Government
R&D
Investments
GDP and other
economic
indices
Macroeconomic
Models
The economic impact of
investment (technology)
represents a black box.
Scientific and technological
development
Policy
proposals
Outputs
Technology
A
Knowledge
Stock
Outcomes
Technology
B
Knowledge
Stock
Estimate the (macro) economic
effect on the overall sectors of
the economy
Multi-Sector
Economic
Interdependent
General
Equilibrium
Model
(Considers
expressly
reciprocal
transactions
between
industries)
Visualize/Quantify the economic
impact of investment
(technology).
Outputs
Economic Effect
Change of GDP
Production values
by industry
Other economic
indice
Change of GDP
Production values
by industry
Other economic
indice
Industries impacted by developed
technologies Economic effects
analyzed for each industry
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【Mission】
【Mission】
Following the processes of policy design, policy analysis and impact assessments being completed, most those
In addition to supporting the research activities taking place in the three research program, we implement independent
evidence-based policy proposals are tested in the procedural context of social decision making. Our program's mission is to
research so as to respond to policy issues that straddle the existing programs. Furthermore, concerning policy issues
identify obstacles inherent therein and solutions to overcome such barriers.
considered to be important, joint-research projects are undertaken via cooperation with both related institutions and the other
universities acting as SciREX hubs. What is more, in addition to our outreach program that ensures the center's research
findings reach the frontlines of policy formulation, we also conduct workshops and seminars to help us further with the
【Activities】
Policy formulation and implementation involves a number of people and procedures. Thus, even if policy proposals are
discovery of new policy issues, etc.
developed by drawing on appropriate issue-setting and policy-making tools, policy processes will be faced with numerous
difficulties during their "implementation" stages.
【Activities】
● Projects Implemented by Planning and Management Department
The Policy-Making Process Program organizes a wide range number of case studies,
through which difficulties in
decision-making are identified. Those difficulties include disputes among stakeholders and failures in communication and
Policy management system for the establishment of
evidence-based STI policies
appropriate explanations targeted audience. By undertaking such case studies, procedural challenges and characteristics in
In order to carry out effective and evidence-based STI policy planning ,
policy-making are revealed. Currently, we are focusing on the distinctive features of Japanese government's consultative
implementations, assessments and revisions, we are
committees and the impact of information disclosure on policy awareness among citizens.
engaged in deliberations that are aimed towards the building of
a comprehensive policy management system.
Measuring the linkage of science and society
The SciREX center collaborates with the OECD on the
Image of the Policy-Formulation Process
Social issues
Causal analysis
Value decisions, Response to uncertainty
Discovery of response
(policy) measures
Evidence-based policy
formulation
Keywords
Policy decision
(Systemization)
and implementation
This project collects and analyses surveys and indices on
science and society, to understand and measure the link
Policy-formulation process inputs
① Evidence (data)
- Objective, Reliable, Representative
② Analysis methodology
- Objective, Reliable
③ Resolution methodology
-- Objective, Reliable
Decision procedure
Majority-formation politics
from various perspectives.
Policy-formulation process constraints
and response measures
①Uncertainty
Data ⇒ Strengthening information
collection
Method ⇒ Research and development
②Time constraints
⇒ Streamlining of procedures
③Interested parties
⇒ Consensus building techniques
Analysis methodology
①Grasping social issues; data, social awareness
Issue resolution
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A SciREX seminar
project of “Measuring the linkage of science and society”.
● SciREX Seminars
Concerning the results of the SciREX Program and reporting on the advances made thus far,
seminars are held where researchers and policymakers can exchange views and opinions.
● Public Relations/Outreach Activities
Through our website, pamphlets, working papers and the quarterly reports, we are disseminating information about the
activities of our center and the results of our research.
● Student Internships
By proactively accepting students and giving them an opportunity to experience policy oriented research, we aim to
secure and train core human resources who will become responsible for “Science of STI Policy” in the future.
②Analyzing the records of policy-formulation processes ;
the records of ministries and related industries, the records of deliberation meetings,
materials, the content of parliamentary councils, media reports, theses, etc.
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In the future as well, the SciREX Center will endeavor to continue to strengthen its cooperation with various stakeholders, it thus aiming to function in a manner that is fitting of being a bridge between
"policy formulation" and "policy research."
Educational &
Research Institutions
Human Resource Development
ent
Politicians
HP:http://scirex.grips.ac.jp/center/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/scirex.gist
Twitter: https://twitter.com/scirex
GRIPS
*1
Ministry
M
in
Ministry
M
ini
B
Various
A
Government
Ministries
The University
of Tokyo
Hitotsubashi
University
Contact:
National Graduate Ins titute for Policy Studies
SciREX Center
Osaka University
Kyoto University
NISTEP*2
Internship
RISTEX*3
CRDS*4
Dissem ination
Disse
The provision of
practical experience
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Related Government
Ministries
7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato- ku, Tokyo 106-8677
Tel: +81-(0)3-6349-6318 (Direct)
Fax: +81-(0)3-6439-6260
Email: scirex-center@grip s.ac.jp
Kyushu
University
Other
Universities
Policy Liaison
Policy
Proposals
Working Papers
Symposiums
SciREX Seminars
Research Institutions &
Universities
Related
Organizations
*1 Science for RE-designing Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Center
*2 National Institute of Science and Technology Policy
*3 Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society
*4 Center for Research and Development Strategy
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