Guatemala - Roatan Charter

Guatemala
1
Guatemala
Republic of Guatemala
República de Guatemala (Spanish)
Motto: [1]
"Libre Crezca Fecundo"
"El País de la Eterna Primavera"
[2]
"The Land of the Eternal Spring"
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Anthem: Himno Nacional de Guatemala
National anthem of Guatemala
Capital
and largest city
Guatemala City
14°38′N 90°30′W
Official languages
Ethnic groups (2001)
Demonym
Government
Spanish
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59.4% Mestizo / European
9.1% K'iche'
8.4% Kaqchikel
7.9% Mam
6.3% Q'eqchi'
8.6% other Mayan
0.2% indigenous non-Mayan
0.1% others
Guatemalan
Unitary presidential constitutional republic
- President
Otto Pérez Molina
- Vice President
Roxana Baldetti
Legislature
Congress of the Republic
Independence from Spain
Guatemala
2
- Declared
15 September 1821 - Restored
1 July 1823 - Current constitution 31 May 1985 Area
- Total
108,889 km2 (107th)
42,042 sq mi - Water (%)
0.4
Population
- July 2011 estimate
13,824,463 (69th)
- July 2007 census
12,728,111
- Density
129/km2 (85th)
348.6/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
2011 estimate
- Total
$74.709 billion
- Per capita
$5,069
GDP (nominal)
2011 estimate
- Total
$46.897 billion
- Per capita
$3,182
Gini (2007)
55.1 (high
HDI (2011)
0.574
[3]
[3]
[3]
[3]
[4]
(medium / 131st)
Currency
Quetzal (GTQ)
Time zone
CST (UTC−6)
Drives on the
right
Calling code
+502
ISO 3166 code
GT
Internet TLD
.gt
i
Guatemala (US
/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ GWAH-tə-MAH-lə, UK /ˌɡwætɪˈmɑːlə/ GWA-ti-MAH-lə), officially the
Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]), is a
country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to
the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km2
(42,043 mi2) with an estimated population of 13,276,517.
A representative democracy, its capital is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City.
Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contributes to Mesoamerica's designation
as a biodiversity hotspot.[5] The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization, which continued
throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. They had lived in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize,
the southern part of Mexico and eastern parts of El Salvador.
Guatemala became independent from Spain in 1821. After it became an independent country in its own right, it was
ruled by a series of dictators, assisted by the United Fruit Company. The late 20th century saw Guatemala embroiled
in a 36-year-long civil war. Following the war, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful
democratic elections. In the most recent election, held in 2011, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party won the
Guatemala
presidency.
Etymology
The name "Guatemala" comes from Nahuatl Cuauhtēmallān [6], "place of many trees", a translation of K'iche'
Mayan K'iche' , "many trees".[7][8] This was the name the Tlaxcaltecan soldiers who accompanied Pedro de Alvarado
during the Spanish Conquest gave to this territory.
History
Pre-Columbian
The first evidence of human settlers in Guatemala dates back to 12,000 BC. Some evidence suggests human presence
as early as 18,000 BC, such as obsidian arrow heads found in various parts of the country.[9] There is archaeological
proof that early Guatemalan settlers were hunters and gatherers, but pollen samples from Petén and the Pacific coast
indicate that maize cultivation was developed by 3500 BC.[10] Sites dating back to 6500 BC have been found in
Quiché in the Highlands and Sipacate, Escuintla on the central Pacific coast.
Archaeologists divided the Columbian history of South America into the pre-Classic period (2999 BC to 250 BC),
the Classic period (250 to 900 AD), and the Calistic from 900 to 1500 AD.[11] Until recently the Pre-Classic was
regarded as a formative period, with small villages of farmers who lived in huts, and few permanent buildings.
However, this notion has been challenged by recent discoveries of monumental architecture from that period, such as
an altar in La Blanca, San Marcos, from 1000 BC; ceremonial sites at Miraflores and El Naranjo from 801 BC; the
earliest monumental masks; and the Mirador Basin cities of Nakbé, Xulnal, El Tintal, Wakná and El Mirador.
El Mirador was by far the most populated city in pre-Columbian America. Both the El Tigre and Monos pyramids
encompass a volume greater than 250,000 cubic meters,[12] and the city lay at the center of a populous and
well-integrated region.
The Classic period of Mesoamerican civilization
corresponds to the height of the Maya civilization, and
is represented by countless sites throughout Guatemala,
although the largest concentration is in Petén. This
period is characterized by heavy city-building, the
development of independent city-states, and contact
with other Mesoamerican cultures.
This lasted until around 900 AD, when the Classic
Maya civilization collapsed.[13] The Maya abandoned
Tikal Mayan ruins
many of the cities of the central lowlands or were killed
off by a drought-induced famine.[14] Scientists debate
the cause of the Classic Maya Collapse, but gaining currency is the Drought Theory discovered by physical scientists
studying lakebeds, ancient pollen, and other tangible evidence.[15] A series of prolonged droughts, among other
reasons (such as overpopulation), in what is otherwise a seasonal desert is thought to have decimated the Maya, who
were primarily reliant upon regular rainfall.[16]
The Post-Classic period is represented by regional kingdoms, such as the Itzá and Ko'woj in the lakes area in Petén,
and the Mam, Ki'ch'es, Kack'chiquel, Tz'utuh'il, Pokom'chí, Kek'chi and Chortí in the Highlands. These cities
preserved many aspects of Mayan culture, but would never equal the size or power of the Classic cities.
The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations due to the high degree of
interaction and cultural diffusion that characterized the region. Advances such as writing, epigraphy, and the
calendar did not originate with the Maya; however, their civilization fully developed them. Maya influence can be
3
Guatemala
4
detected from Honduras, Guatemala, Northern El Salvador and to as far as central Mexico, more than 1,000 km
(620 mi) from the Maya area. Many outside influences are found in Maya art and architecture, which are thought to
result from trade and cultural exchange rather than direct external conquest.
Colonial (1519-1821)
After arriving in what was named the New World, the
Spanish started several expeditions to Guatemala,
beginning in 1519. Before long, Spanish contact
resulted in an epidemic that devastated native
populations. Hernán Cortés, who had led the Spanish
conquest of Mexico, granted a permit to Captains
Gonzalo de Alvarado and his brother, Pedro de
Alvarado, to conquer this land. Alvarado at first allied
himself with the Kaqchikel nation to fight against their
traditional rivals the K'iche' (Quiché) nation. Alvarado
later turned against the Kaqchikel, and eventually held
the entire region under Spanish domination.[17] Several
Calle del Arco in the city of Antigua Guatemala
families of Spanish descent subsequently rose to
prominence in colonial Guatemala, including the
surnames de Arrivillaga, Arroyave, Alvarez de las Asturias, González de Batres, Coronado, Gálvez Corral, Mencos,
Delgado de Nájera, de la Tovilla, and Varón de Berrieza.[18]
During the colonial period, Guatemala was an Audiencia and a Captaincy General (Capitanía General de
Guatemala) of Spain, and a part of New Spain (Mexico).[19] The first capital was named Tecpan Guatemala, founded
on July 25, 1524 with the name of Villa de Santiago de Guatemala and was located near Iximché, the Kaqchikel
capital city. It was moved to Ciudad Vieja on November 22, 1527, when the Kaqchikel attacked the city. On
September 11, 1541 the city was flooded when the lagoon in the crater of the Agua Volcano collapsed due to heavy
rains and earthquakes, and was moved 4 miles (6 km) to Antigua Guatemala, on the Panchoy Valley, now a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. This city was destroyed by several earthquakes in 1773–1774, and the King of Spain
granted the authorization to move the capital to the Ermita Valley, named after a Catholic church to the Virgen de El
Carmen, in its current location, founded on January 2, 1776.
Independence and the 19th century
On September 15, 1821, the Captaincy-general of
Guatemala (formed by Chiapas, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras)
officially proclaimed its independence from Spain
which was dissolved two years later.[20] This region
had been formally subject to New Spain throughout the
colonial period, but as a practical matter was
administered separately. It was not until 1825 that
Guatemala created its own flag.[21]
Zunil, a regional city
The Guatemalan provinces formed the United
Provinces of Central America, also called the Central American Federation (Federacion de Estados
Centroamericanos), which dissolved in civil war from 1838 to 1840. Guatemala's Rafael Carrera was instrumental in
leading the revolt against the federal government and breaking apart the Union.[22] During this period a region of the
Guatemala
Highlands, Los Altos, declared independence from Guatemala, but was annexed by Carrera, who dominated
Guatemalan politics until 1865, backed by conservatives, large land owners and the church.[23]
Guatemala's "Liberal Revolution" came in 1871 under the leadership of Justo Rufino Barrios, who worked to
modernize the country, improve trade, and introduce new crops and manufacturing. During this era coffee became an
important crop for Guatemala.[24] Barrios had ambitions of reuniting Central America and took the country to war in
an unsuccessful attempt to attain it, losing his life on the battlefield in 1885 against forces in El Salvador.
From 1898 to 1920, Guatemala was ruled by the dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera, whose access to the presidency
was helped by the United Fruit Company. It was during his long presidency that the United Fruit Company became a
major force in Guatemala.[25]
1944 to the end of the civil war
On July 4, 1944, dictator Jorge Ubico Castañeda was
forced to resign his office in response to a wave of
protests and a general strike. His replacement, General
Juan Federico Ponce Vaides, was later also forced out
of office on October 20, 1944 by a coup d'état led by
Major Francisco Javier Arana and Captain Jacobo
Arbenz Guzmán. About 100 people were killed in the
coup. The country was led by a military junta made up
of Arana, Arbenz, and Jorge Toriello Garrido.
The Junta called Guatemala's first free election, which
was won with a majority of 85% by the prominent
A view of Antigua Guatemala from Cerro de la Cruz (Hill of the
Cross), 2009
writer and teacher Juan José Arévalo Bermejo, who had
lived in exile in Argentina for 14 years. Arévalo was
the first democratically elected president of Guatemala to fully complete the term for which he was elected. His
"Christian Socialist" policies, inspired by the U.S. New Deal, were criticized by landowners and the upper class as
"communist."
Arévalo was succeeded by Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán, who was elected in 1951. Árbenz adopted a major land reform
policy called Decree 900, which ordered redistribution of uncultivated lands—thereby increasing production of crops
and providing many peasants with income. His popular program of land reform, credit, and literacy began to
diminish the extreme inequality in Guatemala, although the process of redistributing land created some conflicts.
Árbenz was overthrown in a coup orchestrated by the
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). After his land
reform, the CIA intervened to protect the property of
the United Fruit Company (later Chiquita Brands
International Inc.) and because it feared that a socialist
government would become a Soviet beachhead in the
Western Hemisphere.[26] Carlos Castillo Armas, a
former military officer who lead the CIA-backed
invasion from Honduras, was installed as president in
1954. Castillo reversed Decree 900 and ruled until he
was assassinated by a member of his personal guard in
Guatemala City at night
1957. The Cold War between the U.S. and the USSR
continued to exert influence on Guatemalan
history—including direct effects such as support of Guatemala's army into the 1990s.
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Guatemala
In the election that followed, General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes assumed power. He is most celebrated for
challenging the Mexican president to a gentleman's duel on the bridge on the south border to end a feud on the
subject of illegal fishing by Mexican boats on Guatemala's Pacific coast, two of which were sunk by the Guatemalan
Air Force. Ydigoras authorized the training of 5,000 anti-Castro Cubans in Guatemala. He also provided airstrips in
the region of Petén for what later became the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961. Ydigoras' government was ousted
in 1963 when the Guatemalan Air Force attacked several military bases. The coup was led by his Defense Minister,
Colonel Enrique Peralta Azurdia.
In 1966, Julio César Méndez Montenegro was elected
president of Guatemala under the banner "Democratic
Opening". Mendez Montenegro was the candidate of
the Revolutionary Party, a center-left party which had
its origins in the post-Ubico era. It was during this time
that rightist paramilitary organizations, such as the
"White Hand" (Mano Blanca), and the Anticommunist
Secret Army, (Ejército Secreto Anticomunista), were
formed. Those organizations were the forerunners of
the infamous "Death Squads". Military advisers from
the United States Army Special Forces (Green Berets)
Calle Santander tourist street in Panajachel, 2009
were sent to Guatemala to train troops and help
transform its army into a modern counter-insurgency
force, which eventually made it the most sophisticated in Central America.
In 1970, Colonel Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio was elected president. A new guerrilla movement entered the country
from Mexico, into the Western Highlands in 1972. In the disputed election of 1974, General Kjell Laugerud García
defeated General Efraín Ríos Montt, a candidate of the Christian Democratic Party, who claimed that he had been
cheated out of a victory through fraud. On February 4, 1976, a major earthquake destroyed several cities and caused
more than 25,000 deaths. In 1978, in a fraudulent election, General Romeo Lucas García assumed power.
The 1970s saw the birth of two new guerrilla organizations, The Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) and the
Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), who began and intensified by the end of the seventies, guerrilla attacks
that included urban and rural guerrilla warfare, mainly against the military and some of the civilian supporters of the
army. In 1979, the U.S. president, Jimmy Carter, ordered a ban on all military aid to the Guatemalan Army because
of the widespread and systematic abuse of human rights.
In 1980, a group of indigenous K'iche' took over the Spanish Embassy to protest army massacres in the countryside.
The Guatemalan government launched an assault that killed almost everyone inside as a result of a fire that
consumed the building. The Guatemalan government claimed that the activists set the fire and immolated
themselves.[27] However, the Spanish ambassador, who survived the fire, disputed this claim, claiming that the
Guatemalan police intentionally killed almost everyone inside and set the fire to erase traces of their acts. As a result
of this incident, the government of Spain broke diplomatic relations with Guatemala.
This government was overthrown in 1982. General Ríos Montt was named President of the military junta, continuing
the bloody campaign of torture, forced disappearances, and "scorched earth" warfare. The country became a pariah
state internationally. Ríos Montt was overthrown by General Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores, who called for an
election of a national constitutional assembly to write a new constitution, leading to a free election in 1986, which
was won by Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo, the candidate of the Christian Democracy Party.
In 1982, the four guerrilla groups, EGP, ORPA, FAR and PGT, merged and formed the URNG, influenced by the
Salvadoran guerrilla FMLN, the Nicaraguan FSLN and Cuba's government, in order to become stronger. As a result
of the Army's "scorched earth" tactics in the countryside, more than 45,000 Guatemalans fled across the border to
Mexico. The Mexican government placed the refugees in camps in Chiapas and Tabasco.
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Guatemala
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In 1992, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Rigoberta Menchú for her efforts to bring international attention to
the government-sponsored genocide against the indigenous population.
Since 1996
The Guatemalan Civil War ended in 1996 with a peace
accord between the guerrillas and the government,
negotiated by the United Nations through intense
brokerage by nations such as Norway and Spain. Both
sides made major concessions. The guerrilla fighters
disarmed and received land to work. According to the
U.N.-sponsored truth commission the ("Commission
for Historical Clarification"), government forces and
state-sponsored paramilitaries were responsible for over
93 percent of the human rights violations during the
war.[28]
Outdoor market in Chichicastenango, 2009
Over the last few years, millions of documents related
to crimes committed during the civil war were found abandoned by the former Guatemalan police. Among millions
of documents found, there was evidence that the former police chief of Guatemala, Hector Bol de la Cruz had been
involved in the kidnapping and murder of 27-year-old student Fernando Garcia in 1984. The evidence was used to
prosecute the former police chief. The families of over 45,000 Guatemalan activists are now reviewing the
documents (which have been digitized) and this could lead to further legal actions. Paradoxically, the current
democratically elected president, Otto Pérez Molina, could be a barrier to further legal action as he, a retired general,
was the head of intelligence in Guatemala during the civil war.[29]
During the first ten years, the victims of the state-sponsored terror were primarily students, workers, professionals,
and opposition figures, but in the last years they were thousands of mostly rural Mayan farmers and non-combatants.
More than 450 Mayan villages were destroyed and over 1 million people became displaced within Guatemala or
refugees. Over 200,000 people, mostly Mayan, lost their lives during the civil war.[30][31]
In certain areas, such as Baja Verapaz, the Truth Commission considered that the Guatemalan state engaged in an
intentional policy of genocide against particular ethnic groups in the Civil War.[28] In 1999, U.S. president Bill
Clinton stated that the United States was wrong to have provided support to Guatemalan military forces that took
part in the brutal civilian killings.[32]
Since the peace accords, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successive democratic elections, most
recently in 2011. In the 2011 elections, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, won the presidency. He assumed
office on January 14, 2012. He named Roxana Baldetti as his vice president.
On January 12, 2012, Efrain Rios Montt, former President of Guatemala during the military dictatorship, appeared in
a Guatemalan court on genocide charges. During the hearing, the government presented evidence of over 100
incidents involving at least 1,771 deaths, 1,445 rapes, and the displacement of nearly 30,000 Guatemalans during his
17-month rule from 1982-1983, according to the Washington Post, BBC, Siglo XXI (in Spanish), and the LA Times.
The prosecution wanted him incarcerated because of his potential for flight but the judge ruled that he can remain out
on bail. He has now been placed under house arrest and will be watched by the Guatemalan National Civil Police
(PNC). The trial, now under way, is expected to last at least a year.[33]
The estimated median age in Guatemala is 20 years old, 19.4 for males and 20.7 years for females.[34] This is the
lowest median age of any country in the Western Hemisphere and comparable to most of central Africa and Iraq.
Guatemala
8
Governance
Political system
Guatemala is a constitutional democratic republic whereby the President of Guatemala is both head of state and head
of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is
vested in both the government and the Congress of the Republic. The judiciary is independent of the executive and
the legislature.
Otto Perez Molina is the current President of Guatemala.
Departments and municipalities
Guatemala is divided into 22 departments
(departamentos) and sub-divided into about 334
municipalities (municipios).
The departments are:
Internal departments of Guatemala
Guatemala
9
A map of Guatemala
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Alta Verapaz
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Baja Verapaz
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Chimaltenango
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Chiquimula
Petén
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El Progreso
El Quiché
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Escuintla
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Guatemala
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Huehuetenango
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Izabal
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Jalapa
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Jutiapa
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Quetzaltenango
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Retalhuleu
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Sacatepéquez
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San Marcos
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Santa Rosa
Sololá
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Suchitepéquez
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Totonicapán
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Zacapa
Guatemala is heavily centralized. Transportation, communications, business, politics, and the most relevant urban
activity takes place in Guatemala City. Guatemala City has about 2 million inhabitants within the city limits and
more than 5 million within the urban area. This is a significant percentage of the population (14 million).[34]
Guatemala
Geography
Guatemala lies between latitudes 13° and
18°N, and longitudes 88° and 93°W.
The country is mountainous with small
desert and sand dune patches, hilly valleys,
except for the south coastal area and the vast
northern lowlands of Petén department. Two
mountain chains enter Guatemala from west
to east, dividing the country into three major
The highlands of Quetzaltenango
regions: the highlands, where the mountains
are located; the Pacific coast, south of the
mountains; and the Petén region, north of the mountains. All major cities are located in the highlands and Pacific
coast regions; by comparison, Petén is sparsely populated. These three regions vary in climate, elevation, and
landscape, providing dramatic contrasts between hot, humid tropical lowlands and colder, drier highland peaks.
Volcán Tajumulco, at 4,220 m, is the highest point in the Central American states.
The rivers are short and shallow in the Pacific drainage basin, larger and deeper in the Caribbean and the Gulf of
Mexico drainage basins, which include the Polochic and Dulce Rivers, which drain into Lake Izabal, the Motagua
River, the Sarstún that forms the boundary with Belize, and the Usumacinta River, which forms the boundary
between Petén and Chiapas, Mexico.
Guatemala has long claimed all or part of the territory of neighboring Belize, currently an independent
Commonwealth Realm which recognises Queen Elizabeth II as its Head of State. Due to this territorial dispute,
Guatemala recognized Belize's independence until 1990, but the dispute is not resolved. Negotiations are currently
underway under the auspices of the Organization of American States and the Commonwealth of Nations to conclude
it.[35][36]
Natural disasters
Guatemala's location between the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean makes it a target for hurricanes, such as
Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and Hurricane Stan in October 2005, which killed more than 1,500 people. The damage
was not wind related, but rather due to significant flooding and resulting mudslides. The most recent was Tropical
Storm Agatha in late May 2010 that killed more than 200.
Guatemala's highlands lie along the
Motagua Fault, part of the boundary
between the Caribbean and North American
tectonic plates. This fault has been
responsible for several major earthquakes in
historic times, including a 7.5 magnitude
tremor on February 4, 1976, which killed
more than 25,000 people. In addition, the
Middle America Trench, a major subduction
A town along the Pan-American Highway in close proximity to a volcanic crater
zone lies off the Pacific coast. Here, the
Cocos Plate is sinking beneath the
Caribbean Plate, producing volcanic activity inland of the coast. Guatemala has 37 volcanoes, four of them are
active: Pacaya, Santiaguito, Fuego and Tacaná. Fuego and Pacaya erupted in 2010.
Natural disasters have a long history in this geologically active part of the world. For example, two of the three
moves of the capital of Guatemala have been due to volcanic mudflows in 1541 and earthquakes in 1773.
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Guatemala
11
Pacaya
On Thursday May 27, 2010, the Pacaya volcano started erupting lava and rocks, blanketing Guatemala City with
black sand (and forcing the closure of the international airport). It was declared a "state of calamity." The Pacaya
volcano left about 8 cm (3 in) of ash and sand through all of Guatemala City. Cleaning works are done.
Biodiversity
The country has 14 ecoregions ranging from mangrove
forests to both ocean littorals with 5 different
ecosystems. Guatemala has 252 listed wetlands,
including 5 lakes, 61 lagoons, 100 rivers, and 4
swamps.[37] Tikal National Park was the first mixed
UNESCO World Heritage Site. Guatemala is a country
of distinct fauna. It has some 1246 known species. Of
these, 6.7% are endemic and 8.1% are threatened.
Guatemala is home to at least 8681 species of vascular
plants, of which 13.5% are endemic. 5.4% of
Guatemala is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
Lake Atitlán
In the department of Petén lies the Maya Biosphere
Reserve of 2,112,940 ha,[38] making it the second largest forest in Central America after Bosawas.
Demographics
According to the CIA World Fact Book, Guatemala has
a population of 13,824,463 (2011 est). About 59% of
the population is Ladino, also called Mestizo and
European (mixed Amerindian and Spanish).
Amerindian populations include the K'iche' 9.1%,
Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam 7.9% and Q'eqchi 6.3%. 8.6% of
the population is "other Mayan," 0.4% is indigenous
non-Mayan, making the indigenous community in
Guatemala about 40.5% of the population.[34]
There are smaller communities present. The Garífuna,
Tz'utujil men in Santiago Atitlán
who are descended primarily from Black Africans who
lived with and intermarried with indigenous peoples
from St. Vincent, live mainly in Livingston and Puerto Barrios. Those communities have other blacks and mulattos
descended from banana workers. There are also Asians, mostly of Chinese descent. Other Asian groups include
Arabs of Lebanese and Syrian descent. There is also a growing Korean community in Guatemala City and in nearby
Mixco, currently numbering about 10,000.[39] Guatemala's German population is credited with bringing the tradition
of a Christmas tree to the country.[40]
Guatemala
12
In 1900, Guatemala had a population of 885,000.[41]
Over the course of the twentieth century the population
of the country grew, the fastest growth in the Western
Hemisphere.
The
ever-increasing
pattern
of
immigration to the U.S. has led to the growth of
Guatemalan communities in California, Florida,
Illinois, New York, Texas, Rhode Island and elsewhere
since the 1970s.[42]
Guatemalan women in Antigua Guatemala
Diaspora
The Civil War forced many Guatemalans to start lives outside of their country. The majority of the Guatemalan
diaspora is located in the United States, with estimates ranging from 480,665[43] to 1,489,426.[44] The difficulty in
getting accurate counts for Guatemalans abroad is because many of them are refugee claimants awaiting
determination of their status.[45] Below are estimates for certain countries:
Country
USA
Count
[43]
[44]
480,665
Mexico
– 1,489,426
[44]
23,529
[44]
Belize
Canada
– 190,000
14,693
[44]
14,256
[46]
– 34,665
[44]
Germany
5,989
Honduras
5,172
El Salvador
4,209
Spain
[44]
[44]
[44]
2,491
[47]
– 5,000
Economy
According to the CIA World Factbook, Guatemala's
GDP (PPP) per capita is US$5,200; however, this
developing country still faces many social problems
and is one of the poorest countries in Latin America.
The distribution of income remains highly unequal with
more than half of the population below the national
poverty line and just over 400,000 (3.2%) unemployed.
The CIA World Fact Book considers 56.2% of the
population of Guatemala to be living in poverty.[34][48]
An indoor market in the regional city of Zunil
Guatemala
13
Remittances from Guatemalans who fled to the United States during the civil war now constitute the largest single
source of foreign income (two thirds of exports and one tenth of GDP).[34]
In recent years the exporter sector of nontraditional products has grown dynamically representing more than 53% of
global exports. Some of the main products for export are fruits, vegetables, flowers, handicrafts, cloths and others. In
the face of a rising demand for biofuels, the country is growing and exporting an increasing amount of raw materials
for biofuel production, especially sugar cane and palm oil. Critics say that this development leads to higher prices of
staple foods like corn, a major ingredient in the Guatemalan diet. As a consequence of the subsidization of US
American corn, Guatemala imports nearly half of its corn from the United States that is using 40 percent of its crop
harvest for biofuel production.[49]
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2010 was estimated at $70.15 billion USD. The
service sector is the largest component of GDP at 63%, followed by the industry sector at 23.8% and the agriculture
sector at 13.2% (2010 est.). Mines produce gold, silver, zinc, cobalt and nickel.[50] The agricultural sector accounts
for about two-fifths of exports, and half of the labor force. Organic coffee, sugar, textiles, fresh vegetables, and
bananas are the country's main exports. Inflation was 3.9% in 2010.
The 1996 peace accords that ended the decades-long civil war removed a major obstacle to foreign investment.
Tourism has become an increasing source of revenue for Guatemala.
In March 2006, Guatemala's congress ratified the Dominican Republic – Central American Free Trade Agreement
(DR-CAFTA) between several Central American nations and the United States.[51] Guatemala also has free trade
agreements with Taiwan and Colombia.
Culture
Guatemala City is home to many of the nation's
libraries and museums, including the National
Archives, the National Library, and the Museum of
Archeology and Ethnology, which has an extensive
collection of Maya artifacts. There are private
museums, such as the Ixchel, which focuses on textiles,
and the Popol Vuh, which focuses on Maya
archaeology. Both museums are housed inside the
Universidad Francisco Marroquín campus. Almost each
of the 329 municipalities in the country has a small
museum.
Art
Guatemalan girls in traditional dress, Chichicastenango, 1996
Guatemala has produced many indigenous artists who follow centuries-old Pre-Columbian traditions. However,
reflecting Guatemala's colonial and post-colonial history, encounters with multiple global art movements also have
produced a wealth of artists who have combined the traditional so-called "primitivism" or "naive" aesthetic with
European, North American, and other traditions. The Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas "Rafael Rodríguez Padilla"
is the country's leading art school, and several leading indigenous artists, also graduates of that school, are in the
permanent collection of the Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno in the capital city. Contemporary Guatemalan artists
who have gained reputations outside of Guatemala include Dagoberto Vásquez, Luis Rolando Ixquiac Xicara, Carlos
Mérida,[52] Aníbal López, Roberto González Goyri, and Elmar René Rojas.[53]
Guatemala
14
Literature
The Guatemala National Prize in Literature is a
one-time only award that recognizes an individual
writer's body of work. It has been given annually since
1988 by the Ministry of Culture and Sports.
Miguel Ángel Asturias won the literature Nobel Prize
in 1967. Among his famous books is El Señor
Presidente, a novel based on the government of Manuel
Estrada Cabrera.
Rigoberta Menchu, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for
fighting oppression of indigenous people in Guatemala,
is famous for her books I, Rigoberta Menchu and
Crossing Borders.
The Iglesia de Santo Tomás, a church built around 1545
Music
The music of Guatemala comprises a number of styles and expressions. Guatemalan social change has been
empowered by music scenes such as Nueva cancion, which blend together histories, present day issues, and political
values and struggles of common people. The Maya had an intense musical practice, as is documented by
iconography. Guatemala was also one of the first regions in the New World to be introduced to European music,
from 1524 on. Many composers from the Renaissance, baroque, classical, romantic, and contemporary music styles
have contributed works of all genres. The marimba is the national instrument that has developed a large repertoire of
very attractive pieces that have been popular for more than a century.
The Historia General de Guatemala has published a series of CDs of historical music of Guatemala, in which every
style is represented, from the Maya, colonial period, independent and republican eras to current times. There are
many contemporary music groups in Guatemala from Caribbean music, salsa, punta (Garifuna influenced), Latin
pop, Mexican regional, and mariachi. There is also a vibrant scene for what is known in the Hispanic world as rock
en Español (Rock in Spanish).
Cuisine
Many traditional foods in Guatemalan cuisine are based on Maya cuisine and prominently feature corn, chilies and
beans as key ingredients. There are also foods that are commonly eaten on certain days of the week. For example, it
is a popular custom to eat paches (a kind of tamale made from potatoes) on Thursday. Certain dishes are also
associated with special occasions, such as fiambre for All Saints Day on November 1 and tamales, which are
common around Christmas.
Guatemala
Language
Although Spanish is the official
language, it is not universally spoken
among the indigenous population, nor
is it often spoken as a second language
by the elderly indigenous. Twenty-one
Mayan
languages
are
spoken,
especially in rural areas, as well as two
non-Mayan
Amerindian
dialects,
Xinca, an indigenous dialect, and
Garifuna, an Arawakan dialect spoken
on the Caribbean coast. According to
Decreto
Número
19-2003,
twenty-three dialects are unrecognized
as National Languages.[54]
As a first and second language,
Spanish is spoken by 93% of the
population.
The peace accords signed in December
1996 provide for the translation of
some official documents and voting
A language map of Guatemala, according to the Comisión de Oficialización de los
Dialectos Indígenas de Guatemala. The "Castilian" areas represent Spanish.
materials into several indigenous
languages (see summary of main
substantive accords) and mandate the provision of interpreters in legal cases for non-Spanish speakers. The accord
also sanctioned bilingual education in Spanish and indigenous languages. It is common for indigenous Guatemalans
to learn or speak between two to five of the nation's other languages, and Spanish.
Religion
50–60% of the Guatemalan population is Catholic,
40% Protestant, 3% Eastern Orthodox and 1% follow
the indigenous Mayan faith.[55] Catholicism was the
official religion during the colonial era. However,
Protestantism has increased markedly in recent
decades. More than one third of Guatemalans are
Protestant, chiefly Evangelicals and Pentecostals. It is
common for relevant Mayan practices to be
incorporated into Catholic ceremonies and worship
when they are sympathetic to the meaning of Catholic
belief a phenomenon known as inculturation.[56][57]
The practice of traditional Mayan religion is increasing
Catedral Metropolitana, Guatemala City
as a result of the cultural protections established under
the peace accords. The government has instituted a
policy of providing altars at every Mayan ruin found in the country so that traditional ceremonies may be performed
there.
15
Guatemala
16
There are also small communities of Jews estimated between 1200 and 2000,[58] Muslims (1200), Buddhists at
around 9000 to 12000,[59] and members of other faiths and those who do not profess any faith.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints currently has over 215,000 members in Guatemala, accounting for
approximately 1.65% of the country's estimated population in 2008.[60] The first member of the LDS Church in
Guatemala was baptized in 1948. Membership grew to 10,000 by 1966, and 18 years later, when the Guatemala City
Temple[61][62] was dedicated in 1984, membership had risen to 40,000. By 1998 membership had quadrupled again
to 164,000.[60] The LDS Church continues to grow in Guatemala; it has announced and begun the construction of the
Quetzaltenango Guatemala Temple,[63] the LDS Church's second temple in the country.[64]
Recently, it was announced that 520,000 members of the Orthodox Catholic Church of Guatemala (OCCG) were
received into communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The OCCG has an approximate
membership of 527,000 faithful and catechumens, overwhelmingly indigenous, with 334 churches in Guatemala and
southern Mexico, with 12 (formerly OCCG) clergymen and 14 seminarians, who are assisted in their pastoral
ministry by 250 lay ministers and 380 catechists. The administrative offices of the OCCG are located on 280 acres
(113 ha) of land, with a community college and 2 schools with 12 professors/teachers. Additionally, the OCCG has
an established monastery located on 480 acres (194 ha) of land. Fourteen students from Guatemala, with full
scholarship, are now enrolled in the St. Gregory Nazianzen Orthodox Theological Institute Licentiate degree
program. The seminary is fully accredited by the Holy Metropolis’ Department of Education.
Funeral traditions
When people pass away in Guatemala, they are usually
buried as soon as possible, so as to provide a quick
passage to heaven. Funerals generally include candles
and rum, and despite the local superstition that loud
mourning and crying will slow down the deceased's
journey to the next world; mourners usually cry very
loudly, except at funerals for children. Deceased are
buried with their treasured items to dissuade them from
returning to haunt the people.
Church in San Andrés Xecul
Education
The government runs a number of public elementary and secondary-level schools. These schools are free, though the
cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and transportation makes them less accessible to the poorer segments of society
and significant numbers of poor children do not attend school. Many middle and upper-class children go to private
schools. The country also has one public university (USAC or Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala), and nine
private ones (see List of universities in Guatemala). USAC was one of the first universities in Guatemala. It was
officially declared a university on January 31, 1676 by royal command of King Charles II of Spain. Only 74.5% of
the population aged 15 and over are literate, the lowest literacy rate in Central America. Although it has the lowest
literacy rate, Guatemala is expected to change this within the next 20 years.[65] Organizations such as Child Aid,
which trains teachers in villages throughout the Central Highlands region, are working to improve educational
outcomes for children. Lack of training for rural teachers is one of the key contributors to the country's low literacy
rates.
Guatemala
Health
Medical anthropology and pluralism
In the 1950s, medical anthropologists such as Richard N. Adams, Benjamin D. Paul, and Lois Paul wrote
monographs dedicated to the Maya medical beliefs and practices. Richard N. Adams, albeit secondary to his work,
described the chasm between Maya medical beliefs and practices and Western science, and showed why Mayans
rejected projects applied by the Institute of Nutrition for Central America and Panama (INCAP). His work is seen as
setting the stage for four decades for medical anthropology in Guatemala by diagnosing the communication
breakdown caused by “ignorance of local beliefs and practices.” Many of those once affiliated with INCAP have
since published works on various topics of interest to medical anthropology in Guatemala.
In the 20th century, several things came to undermine the indigenous way of practicing medicine. First, the religious
persecution first administered by Catholic Action, then Protestant evangelical religions, and finally by Catholic
Charismatics resulted in the prohibition of their members from consulting traditional healers. Secondly, certain
elements of Guatemalan society systematically killed the upper rank of the Maya priests. Third, starting in the 1980s,
the Guatemalan national health care system, based heavily on Western medicine, began to suppress traditional
healers by banning them from practicing. While the health care system made efforts to train local midwives, some
persons accused those programs of not giving culturally appropriate, high-quality services.
The disparity between Western biomedicine and traditional care has created tensions, i.e., NGO programs primarily
focus today on those with higher education levels—those who speak Spanish—and rivalries hamper communication
between Western-trained health care providers and traditional practitioners. Additionally, the medical professionals
of Western biomedicine neglect the social experience of the patients, as well as the social construction of disease.
Studies conducted in Mexico, Guatemala, and other rural areas support the position that many Western biomedical
practitioners shun remote areas either because they cannot earn enough money there or because they discriminate
against ethnic minorities.
Today, patients must choose between the two systems based on the complex conditions surrounding the ailment and
decide which medical system most likely will provide a cure for their ailment.[66]
Laureates
Rigoberta Menchú won the Nobel Peace prize in 1992 for her very important work in favor of the Mayan people, and
the Mayan refugees in Mexico and the US. Miguel Ángel Asturias won the Nobel prize in Literature in 1967 for his
entire body of work, including the novel El Señor Presidente, which was controversial during Guatemala's civil war,
since it portrayed the horrors of life under authoritarian rule.
Journalism
There are seven national newspapers in TV, some of them being Noti7, Telecentro Trece and Noticiero Guatevision.
The Guatemala Times is a digital English news magazine.[67]
17
Guatemala
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Guatemala.
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[20] Foster 2000, pp. 134–136.
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[22] Foster 2000, pp. 148-149.
[23] Foster 2000,. pp. 152-160.
[24] Foster 2000, pp. 173-175.
[25] Frederick Douglass Opie, Black Labor Migration in Caribbean Guatemala, 1882–1923,(University of Florida Press, 2009), chapters 2–3.
[26] Nicholas Cullather, Secret History: The CIA’s Classified Account of its Operation in Guatemala, 1952–1954 (Stanford University Press,
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[30] " Gibson film angers Mayan groups (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ entertainment/ 6216414. stm)". BBC News. December 8, 2006.
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[32] Babington, Charles (March 11, 1999). "Clinton: Support for Guatemala Was Wrong". Washington Post: pp. Page A1.
[33] Christian Science Monitor, July 12, 2012
[34] "CIA World Factbook, Guatemala" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ gt. html). July 2011. . Retrieved
22 December 2011.
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Insights. American Society of International Law. . Retrieved April 29, 2007.
18
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org/ en/ news/ archive/ 2001_2005/ press/ guatemalahumedales. pdf). iucn.org
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UNESCO. . Retrieved June 1, 2010.
[39] Luisa Rodríguez Guatemala como residencia (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090330000812/ http:/ / www. prensalibre. com/ pl/ 2004/
agosto/ 29/ 96392. html). prensalibre.com. 29 August 2004
[40] History of the Christmas Tree (http:/ / www. urbanext. uiuc. edu/ trees/ traditions-world. html)
[41] "Population Statistics" (http:/ / www. populstat. info/ Americas/ guatemac. htm). Populstat.info. . Retrieved June 1, 2010.
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[43] The 2000 U.S. Census recorded 480,665 Guatemalan-born respondents; see Smith (2006)
[44] Smith, James (April 2006). DRC Migration, Globalisation and Poverty "Global Labour Mobility" (http:/ / www. migrationdrc. org/ research/
typesofmigration/ global_migrant_origin_database. html). DRC Migration, Globalisation and Poverty.
[45] "Guatemalans" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080420083039/ http:/ / www. multiculturalcanada. ca/ ecp/ content/ guatemalans. html).
multiculturalcanada.ca. November 2009. .
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[47] "Embajada de Guatemala en España" (http:/ / www. embajadaguatemala. es/ ). Embajadaguatemala.es. . Retrieved June 1, 2010.
[48] "Guatemala: An Assessment of Poverty" (http:/ / web. worldbank. org/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ TOPICS/ EXTPOVERTY/ EXTPA/
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[49] As Biofuel Demands Grows, So Do Guatemala's Hunger Pangs (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2013/ 01/ 06/ science/ earth/
in-fields-and-markets-guatemalans-feels-squeeze-of-biofuel-demand. html?pagewanted=all& _r=1& ). The New York Times. January 5, 2013
[50] Dan Oancea Mining In Central America (http:/ / magazine. mining. com/ Issues/ 0901/ MiningCentralAmerica. pdf). Mining Magazine.
January 2009
[51] "Guatemala Report 2006: Summary Review" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070208022731/ http:/ / web. amnesty. org/ report2006/
gtm-summary-eng) Amnesty International, 2006. Retrieved January 26, 2007.
[52] "retrieved September 28, 2009" (http:/ / www. latinartmuseum. com/ merida. htm). Latinartmuseum.com. October 1, 2009. . Retrieved June
1, 2010.
[53] "Elmar Rojas y la utopia pictorica latinoamercana" (http:/ / www. latinartmuseum. com/ elmar_rojas. htm). Latinartmuseum.com. .
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[54] "Ley de Idiomas Nacionales, Decreto Número 19-2003" (http:/ / www. oj. gob. gt/ es/ QueEsOJ/ EstructuraOJ/ UnidadesAdministrativas/
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dal-guatemala-il-focolare-scuola-d’inculturazione/ ). Focolare. July 28, 2011. Retrieved on 2012-01-02.
[57] Duffey, Michael K Guatemalan Catholics and Mayas: The Future of Dialogue (http:/ / www. docstoc. com/ docs/ 56028436/
Guatemalan-Catholics-and-Mayas-the-future-of-dialogue(Report))
[58] "Guatemala" (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ irf/ 2007/ 90255. htm). State.gov. April 3, 2007. . Retrieved June 1, 2010.
[59] Country Profile: Guatemala (Republic of Guatemala) (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20091023130901/ http:/ / www. religiousintelligence.
co. uk/ country/ ?CountryID=64). religiousintelligence.co.uk
[60] (http:/ / www. dccalendar. lds. org/ ldsnewsroom/ eng/ contact-us/ guatemala)
[61] "Guatemala City Guatemala Temple Main" (http:/ / lds. org/ church/ temples/ guatemala-city-guatemala?lang=eng). Lds.org. . Retrieved
June 1, 2010.
[62] "Temples – LDS Newsroom" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20101222131747/ http:/ / beta-newsroom. lds. org/ topic/ temples).
Newsroom.lds.org. December 22, 2010. . Retrieved June 1, 2010.
[63] "Quetzaltenango Guatemala Temple – Mormonism, The Mormon Church, Beliefs, & Religion" (http:/ / www. mormonwiki. com/
Quetzaltenango_Guatemala_Temple). MormonWiki. . Retrieved June 1, 2010.
[64] "Templo Quetzaltenango" (http:/ / www. mormones. org. gt/ TemploQetzgo. htm). Mormones.org.gt. . Retrieved June 1, 2010.
[65] Education (all levels) profile – Guatemala (http:/ / stats. uis. unesco. org/ unesco/ TableViewer/ document. aspx?ReportId=121&
IF_Language=eng& BR_Country=3200& BR_Region=40520). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved on 2012-01-02.
[66] Walter Randolph Adams and John P. Hawkins, Health Care in Maya Guatemala: Confronting Medical Pluralism in a Developing Country
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007), 4–10.
[67] The Guatemala Times (http:/ / www. guatemala-times. com/ )
19
Guatemala
Further reading
• Harry E. Vanden; Gary Prevost, ed. (2002). "Chapter Ten: Guatemala". Politics of Latin America: The Power
Game. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512317-4.
External links
• Guatemala After the War 1996-2000, Photographs by Jorge Uzon (http://uzonreport.com/?page_id=124)
• Guatemala Memory of Silence Tx'inil Na'tab'al Report of the (United Nations) Commission for Historical
Clarification: Conclusions and Recommendations (http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/report/english/toc.
html)
• Guatemala Map Search with Longitude and Latitude (http://www.latitudylongitud.com)
• (Spanish) Government of Guatemala (http://www.guatemala.gob.gt)
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/
world-leaders-g/guatemala.html)
• Guatemala (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html) entry at The World
Factbook
• Guatemala (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/guatemala.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
• Guatemala (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Central_America/Guatemala/) at the Open Directory Project
• Guatemala profile (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1215758.stm) from the BBC
News.
• Wikimedia Atlas of Guatemala
• Key Development Forecasts for Guatemala (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.
aspx?Country=GT) from International Futures.
20
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
21
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:K21edgo
File:Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:K21edgo
File:GTM orthographic.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GTM_orthographic.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Addicted04
File:Steady2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steady2.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Tomchen1989
file:speakerlink-new.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink-new.svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: User:Kelvinsong
File:Tikal mayan ruins 2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors:
chensiyuan
File:Calle del Arco, Antigua Guatemala.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Calle_del_Arco,_Antigua_Guatemala.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Rigostar
File:Zunil guatemala panorama.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zunil_guatemala_panorama.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: chensiyuan
File:Antigua guatemala 2009.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antigua_guatemala_2009.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors:
chensiyuan
File:guatemala city aerial night b.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guatemala_city_aerial_night_b.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: chensiyuan
File:panajachel calle santandar guat.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panajachel_calle_santandar_guat.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: chensiyuan
File:Chichicastenango market 2009.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chichicastenango_market_2009.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: chensiyuan
File:GuatemalaProvs.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GuatemalaProvs.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors:
Danny, 2 anonymous edits
File:Guatemala-CIA WFB Map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guatemala-CIA_WFB_Map.png License: unknown Contributors: Wolfman, 1 anonymous edits
File:Coat of arms of Alta Verapaz.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Alta_Verapaz.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:
Jaume Olle
File:Coat of arms of Baja Verapaz.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Baja_Verapaz.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:
Jaume Olle
File:Coat of arms of Chimaltenango Department.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chimaltenango_Department.gif License: GNU Free
Documentation License Contributors: Jaume Olle
File:Coat of arms of Chiquimula.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chiquimula.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Jaume
Olle
File:Flag of Petén.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Petén.svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Yusukenosf
File:Coat of arms of Progreso.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Progreso.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Jaume Olle
File:..El Quiché Flag(GUATEMALA).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:..El_Quiché_Flag(GUATEMALA).png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0 Contributors: AlexR.L.
File:..Escuintla Flag(GUATEMALA).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:..Escuintla_Flag(GUATEMALA).png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: AlexR.L.
File:Coat of arms of Guatemala Department.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala_Department.gif License: GNU Free Documentation
License Contributors: Jaume Olle
File:Huehuetenango Flag with Coat.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Huehuetenango_Flag_with_Coat.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: José Osberto Makepeace Palacios
File:..Izabal Flag(GUATEMALA).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:..Izabal_Flag(GUATEMALA).png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: AlexR.L.
File:Flag of Jalapa Department.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Jalapa_Department.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Jaume
Olle
File:Vlagjutiapa.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vlagjutiapa.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Ninane at
nl.wikipedia
File:Vlagquetzaltenango.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vlagquetzaltenango.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was
Ninane at nl.wikipedia
File:Vlagretalhuleu.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vlagretalhuleu.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Ninane at
nl.wikipedia
File:Bandera de Sacatepéquez.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bandera_de_Sacatepéquez.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:K21edgo
File:Vlagsanmarcos.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vlagsanmarcos.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Ninane at
nl.wikipedia
File:Coat of arms of Santa Rosa.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Santa_Rosa.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Jaume
Olle
File:Vlagsolola.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vlagsolola.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Ninane at
nl.wikipedia
File:..Suchitepéquez Flag(GUATEMALA).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:..Suchitepéquez_Flag(GUATEMALA).png License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: AlexR.L.
File:Vlagtotonicapan.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vlagtotonicapan.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Ninane at
nl.wikipedia
File:..Zacapa Flag(GUATEMALA).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:..Zacapa_Flag(GUATEMALA).png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: AlexR.L.
File:Quetzaltenango farm highlands 2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quetzaltenango_farm_highlands_2009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share
Alike Contributors: chensiyuan
File:guatemala town volcanic crater.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guatemala_town_volcanic_crater.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: Cayambe, Chensiyuan, Jeangagnon, Mateo Rankin
File:Lago de Atitlán 2009.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lago_de_Atitlán_2009.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors:
chensiyuan
File:santiago de atitlan natives 2009.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Santiago_de_atitlan_natives_2009.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: chensiyuan
File:antigua guatemala women 2009.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antigua_guatemala_women_2009.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: chensiyuan
File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the arms
by Juan Gabino.
22
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Flag of Belize.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belize.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Caleb Moore
File:Flag of Canada.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie
File:Flag of Germany.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie
File:Flag of Honduras.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: D1990, Denelson83, ECanalla, Feydey, Fred J,
Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Matthew hk, Neq00, Oak27, Pumbaa80, Rocket000, RubiksMaster110, SKopp, ThomasPusch, Tocino, Vzb83, Yuval Madar, ZooFari, Zscout370, 10
anonymous edits
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: user:Nightstallion
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Ignacio Icke, STyx, Visite fortuitement prolongée, 1 anonymous edits
File:Catedral Metropolitana, Guatemala City.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Catedral_Metropolitana,_Guatemala_City.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
Original uploader was Axcordion at en.wikipedia
File:San andres xecul church 2009.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:San_andres_xecul_church_2009.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: chensiyuan
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