Water Scrubbing of Biogas Produced from Kitchen Wastes for

IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 5, May 2015.
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ISSN 2348 – 7968
Water Scrubbing of Biogas Produced from Kitchen Wastes for
Enrichment and Bottling in LPG Cylinder for Cooking
Applications
N.H.S.Ray1, M.K.Mohanty2, R.C.Mohanty3
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1. Dept.of Mech.Engg, College of Engineering Bhubaneswar, Biju Pattanaik University of Technology, Odisha, India
2. Dept.of FMP,
CAET, Odisha University of Agriculture Technology, BBSR, Odisha, India 3. Dept.of Mech.Engg. Centurion University of Technology
and Management, BBSR, Odisha, India
Abstract
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1. Introduction
In developing countries like India, biogas is mainly used
as a low-cost fuel for cooking and as a source of fuel in
gas engines to generate electricity in rural areas. Biogas is
produced by anaerobic digestion of biological wastes such
as kitchen wastes, cattle dung, vegetable wastes,
municipal solid waste, industrial wastewater, landfill, etc.
Production of biogas involves a complex physiochemical
and biological processes involving different factors and
stages of change. Main products of the anaerobic
digestion are biogas and slurry. Biogas is constituted of
different component gases the majority of them being
Methane (CH 4 ) and Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with traces of
Sulphur dioxide (H 2 S) and Hydrogen (H 2 ) gas. The
biogas burns very well when the CH 4 content is more
than 50% and therefore biogas can be used as a substitute
for petroleum products for I.C.Engines, cooking and
lighting.
For the commercialization of the biogas, it is important to
make it portable and compatible for various commercial
purposes. For that, the energy content for a particular
volume must also be increased. This requires compression
of the gas to as higher pressures as possible and storage of
the gas in the cylinder. The project presents development
of biogas production, purification and bottling system to
substitute petroleum products used in cooking
applications.
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A CO 2 scrubbing technology has been designed and
developed based on physical absorption of CO 2 in water
at elevated pressure. The developed scrubbing system is
able to remove 98% of CO 2 from raw biogas when
pressurized raw biogas is fed into the perforated bed
scrubbing column and pressurized water is sprayed from
top in counter-current action. After the scrubbing clean
pressurized gas leaves the column and stored. The amount
of used water also depends on the temperature and
pressure of the process as water absorbs more CO 2 at
lower temperatures and elevated pressures. After
upgrading the biogas has to be dried by using a container
filled with silica gel to remove moisture. After moisture
removal the enriched biogas is compressed up to 8 bar
pressure using a compressor and filled in LPG cylinder
for cooking applications. Biogas enrichment and
compression system can be recommended for large size
biogas plants to make it an economical venture for
lighting and cooking applications in rural areas using
cattle dung and kitchen wastes.
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Biogas from kitchen wastes has become a potential renewable
energy source for both domestic and commercial usage. But its’
wide spread use is hampered by the presence of carbon dioxide
(CO 2 ) and hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S).Thus the need emerges for
purification, compression and subsequent storage for wider
applications. In this context, this work intends to design and
establish a facility at College of Engineering Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India for biogas production from kitchen wastes in the
campus hostel for purification, compression and bottling.
Key words: Biogas, Water scrubbing, Purification, Storage,
Anaerobic digestion, Biomethane, Bottling
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2. Biogas Production from Kitchen Wastes
The microbial decomposition of organic materials like
kitchen wastes into methane, carbon dioxide and
inorganic nutrients in oxygen depleted environment is
called Anaerobic Digestion (AD). This process is also
known as bio-methanogenesis which helps rapid and
controlled decomposition of kitchen wastes feedstock to
methane, carbon dioxide and stabilized residue. In the
generalized scheme of the anaerobic digestion, the
feedstock is placed into a reactor with active inoculums of
methanogenic microorganisms. Since the methane is a
significant greenhouse gas, anaerobic digestion has higher
control over the methane production and contributes to
lower the carbon foot print of the kitchen waste
management in the way that the fugitive emissions are
lower than then the emissions in the cases of the land
filling and aerobic composting (Levis et al. 2010)[9].
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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 5, May 2015.
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ISSN 2348 – 7968
acid. These reactions can only proceed if the
concentration of H₂ is very low (Ralph & Dong 2010) [1].
2.3 Methanogenesis
Fig. 1. Anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes
Biogas is produced from the kitchen wastes by a floating
drum type biogas plant. The raw gas is collected from the
biogas plant by an elastic balloon (Fig. 1)
Generally three main reactions occur during the entire
process of the anaerobic digestion to methane: hydrolysis,
acid forming and methanogenesis.
Methanogenesis is a reaction facilitated by the
methanogenic microorganisms that convert soluble mater
into methane. Two thirds of the total methane produced is
derived converting the acetic acid or by fermentation of
alcohol formed in the second stage such as methanol. The
other one third of the produced methane is a result of the
reduction of the carbon dioxide by hydrogen. Considering
that the methane has high climate change potential the
goal is to find an alternative in order to lower the
environmental foot print of the organic waste treatment.
Therefore this stage is avoided and instead of methane the
production of volatile fatty acids is targeted.
The reactions that occur during this stage are as follows
(Ostrem & Themelis 2004) [25].
- Acetate conversion:
2CH₃CH₂OH + CO₂ ↔ 2CH₃COOH + CH₄
Followed by: CH₃COOH ↔ CH₄ + CO 2
- Methanol conversion:
CH₃OH + H₂ ↔ CH₄ + H₂O
- Carbon dioxide reduction by hydrogen
CO₂ + 4H₂ ↔ CH₄ + H₂O
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2.1 Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a reaction that breaks down the complex
organic molecules into soluble monomers (constituents).
This reaction is catalyzed by enzymes excreted from the
hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria. End products of this
reaction are soluble sugars, amino acids; glycerol and
long- chain carboxylic acids (Ralph & Dong 2010)[1].
The approximate chemical formula for organic waste is
C 6 H 10 O 4 (Shefali & Themelis 2002) [24].
Hydrolysis reaction of organic fraction is
represented by following reaction:
C 6 H 10 O 4 + 2H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2H 2
(Ostrem & Themelis 2004) [25].
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2.2 Acid-forming
This stage is facilitated by microorganisms known as acid
formers that transform the products of the hydrolysis into
simple organic acids such as acetic, propionic and
butyricacid as well as ethanol, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen. Acid forming stage comprises two reactions,
fermentation and the acetogenesis reactions. During the
fermentation the soluble organic products of the
hydrolysis are transformed into simple organic
compounds. The acetogenesis is completed through
carbohydrate fermentation and results in acetate, CO₂ and
H₂ compounds that can be utilized by the methanogens.
The presence of hydrogen is critical importance in
acetogenesis of compounds such as propionic & butyric
3. Water Scrubbing Method
A Perforated bed Water Scrubber was designed for 98 %
removal of carbon dioxide from biogas. Thus, initially 40
% carbon dioxide present in raw biogas would be reduced
to 2 % by volume in enriched biogas. To increase
solubility of carbon dioxide in water, raw biogas was
compressed up to 8-10 bar pressure and pressurized water
was used as an absorbent liquid.
A packed bed scrubbing column with 3000 mm packed
bed height was designed (Fig. 2) for absorption of CO 2 at
operating pressure of 3 bar of biogas inlet. Perforated
plates were used as packing material.
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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 5, May 2015.
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ISSN 2348 – 7968
nozzle for fine atomized spray of pressurized water inside
the absorption column. A safety valve is provided at the
upper portion to release the excess pressure as it is a
pressurized column.
Middle section – In this section perforated plates of 16
mm diameter have been filled as packing material (Fig.
4). Sieves are fitted at the top and bottom of the section
to hold the packing height of column.
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Fig. 2. Perforated bed Water Scrubber
The details of various components involved in the system
are described below:
3.1 Biogas Enrichment Unit
The unit comprise of a scrubber, a water supply system, a
gas supply system, a low capacity compressor, pressure
vessel, pipe fittings and various accessories. The complete
biogas enrichment and its bottling unit are shown in Fig.
3.
Fig. 4. Perforated plates
Fig. 5. Bottom section of the scrubber
Bottom section – This section has provision for inlet gas
feeding pipe with pressure gauge and valve. Lower side
has been fitted with 30 mm diameter pipe for water outlet.
It is fitted with a ball valve to control the outlet water
flow (Fig. 5).
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Fig. 3. Biogas enrichment unit at CEB, BBSR, Odisha, India
3.2 Scrubbing Column
The diameter of the scrubber and packed bed height are
150 mm and 3000 mm respectively. The scrubber consists
of a packed bed absorption column and a supporting
frame as described in following sub-sections:
The column was fabricated in three sections.
Top section – It has provision for water inlet pipe, water
spraying system, gas outlet pipe and a safety valve. Water
spraying system was connected with water inlet pipe to a
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3.3 Water supply system
Reciprocating pump is used to pump water from water
storage tank into the scrubber. The pump is selected to
provide pressurize water at low discharge. 25 mm
diameter GI pipe fitting have been used for water supply.
The water flow rate is controlled through a flow
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ISSN 2348 – 7968
regulating valve. A pressure gauge is mounted to measure
the pressure of water (Fig. 6)
scrubber. The biogas is collected by an elastic balloon
from the plant site and fitted to the compressor. Then the
gas is stored in the compressor vessel (Fig.8).
Fig. 6. Reciprocating pump
Fig. 8. Raw Biogas Compression and storage
3.4 Gas supply system
The gas supply system consists of a biogas plant, a two
stage compressor, a pressure vessel, pipe fittings and
accessories.
3.5 Biogas plant
Raw biogas is produced from the kitchen wastes by a
floating drum type biogas plant. The raw gas is collected
from the biogas plant through an elastic balloon (Fig. 7)
3.7 Pipe fittings and accessories
15mm diameter pipe line is used to supply gas from the
pressure vessel to the scrubber. Between the pressure
vessel and the scrubber, a dry type pressure gauge is
installed to measure the pressure of the raw biogas. The
gas flow rate is controlled through a valve provided near
inlet point of the scrubber.
3.8 Enriched biogas compression unit
It comprises of a single stage compressor for compression
of enriched biogas up to 8 bar pressure, a container with
silica gel (Fig. 9) for removal of water vapour, storage
cylinders for storing highly pressurized biogas and pipe
fittings (Fig. 10).
Fig. 7. Raw Biogas collection by elastic balloon.
3.6 Two stage compressor
A two stage compressor having 1 kW power rating and 15
m3/h suction capacity is utilized for initial compression of
raw biogas up to 10 bar pressure before sending it to the
Fig. 9. Container with silica gel for removal of water vapour from
enriched Biogas
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observed at 1. 5 m3/h gas flow rate at 2 bar inlet gas
pressure. The best performance of the scrubber was found
at 1.5 m3/h gas flow for maximum CO 2 absorption at 1.8
m3/h wash water flow rate. The scrubber works perfectly
well around 1.8 m3/h wash water flow rate, above this
flow rate, flooding starts.
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4.2 Biogas composition monitoring
Fig. 10. Enriched biogas compression and storage in LPG cylinder
3.9 storage cylinder
A LPG cylinder is used for final storage of enriched and
compressed biogas for cooking application (Fig. 11).
The results of the biogas composition monitoring to date
are provided in Table 1. These results were obtained using
a Biogas Check Gas Analyzer (Fig. 12 & 13). The
average methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide
concentrations were found 69.7%, 30.1% and 1236 ppm
respectively before water scrubbing. The average
methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide
concentrations were found 96.3%, 3.6% and 967 ppm
respectively after purification.
Table 1. Biogas analysis results obtained using the Biogas Gas Analyzer.
Date
18/10/14
20/10/14
Sample
Location
Raw Biogas
Pure Biogas
CH 4 %
CO 2 %
O2%
69.7
96.3
30.1
3.6
0.0
0.0
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Fig. 11. Burning of bottled Biogas
4. Results and Discussions
4.1 Performance of water scrubbing system on
removal of CO 2 from biogas
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Percentage absorption of carbon dioxide in water was
determined in terms of variation in inlet gas flow rates
and inlet water & gas pressures. The scrubber was
designed for 98 % CO 2 absorption from raw biogas in
pressurized water for 2 m3/h inlet gas flow rate at 1- 3 bar
gas pressure. The values of CO 2 absorption observed
were 87.66, 96.00, 83.96 % at 1.0, 1.5, 2 m3/h gas flow
rates respectively.
It was found that the percentage CO 2 absorption from raw
biogas has initially increased when gas flow rate vary
from 1.0 to 1.5 m3/h and afterwards it decreased
continuously. The highest CO 2 absorption (96 %) was
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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 5, May 2015.
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Figure 12 Initial biogas analyses using an analyzer
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4.4 Stove Test
After storing the gas in the LPG cylinder, it is then
connected to the biogas stove for compatibility test. It
requires air to be mixed to make a combustible air-fuel
ratio or less flow-rate of the gas. Here, the combustion
was smooth (Fig. 14) Again a boiling test was conducted
to see how much cooking can be done by the purified gas
to boil 1 litre of water. The result shows 1.5 litres of gas is
used to boil 1 litre of water in 1.5 minutes.
Figure 13 final biogas analyses using an analyzer
Figure 14 Burning of Compressed Biogas
The gas analyzer provides satisfactory results, as shown
in Fig. 12 and 13, was enable convenient, regular
monitoring of the biogas quality and scrubber
performance. The analyzer measures methane and carbon
dioxide contained in the gas. This instrument can be used
to measure gaseous concentrations at any of the several
tapping points installed along the biogas train, including
at the scrubber entry and discharge points. These
measurements will be carried out on a regular basis to
assess the ongoing performance of the scrubber.
4.3 Power consumption in the upgrading & bottling
system
Power requirement in upgrading 2m3/hr capacity plant is
Raw Biogas Compressor: 0.3 KW
Water Pump: 0.2 KW
Compression and Bottling: 0.3 kW
Total: 0.8 KW
Total power consumption is 0.4 KWhr/m3 of raw biogas.
Power tariff for 1KWhr is Rs.2.40/Total cost per m3 of biogas enrichment and bottling is
Rs.1.00/-
5. Conclusions
The study revealed that biogas production, enrichment,
compression and bottling system is a profitable venture
for the areas where large quantity kitchen wastes are
available. The enrichment unit has simple technique, low
capital investment, high purity and good yield. The
designed and fabricated biogas scrubber is able to remove
98 % of carbon dioxide present in raw biogas. It is proved
that biogas can be compressed, stored in LPG cylinder
and made transportable. To make biogas suitable for
cooking application, the enriched biogas is compressed up
to 8 bar after moisture removal and filled in LPG
cylinders. Total cost per m3 of biogas enrichment and
bottling is only Rs.1.00/-. There is a vast potential for the
production of biogas in urban, industrial and rural areas.
In addition to the energy production, biogas plants also
provide bio-manure and are helpful in dealing with the
problems of waste management, providing clean
environment and mitigating pollution. Hence further
study must be continued to develop commercial
purification and compression units.
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6. Recommendations
[6] Stewart D J. “Anaerobic Digestion in New Zealand.
Invermay Agriculture Research Centre”, Mosgiel, New Zealand,
1981.
[7] Mittal K. M. (1996) “Biogas systems: Principles and
Applications”. New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi.
[8] Andrews, Biomethane from Dairy Waste: “A Sourcebook for
the Production and Use of Renewable Natural Gas in
California”, Chapter 3, pp 47-69
[9] Levis, J.W. et al., 2010. "Assessment of the state of food
waste treatment in the United States and Canada". Waste
management (New York, N.Y.), 30(8-9), pp.1486-94.
[10] Petersson A., Wellinger A., 2009, “Biogas upgrading
technologies - Developments and innovations”, Task
37 - Energy from biogas and landfill gas, IEA Bioenergy.
[11] Nand, K, Sumithra Devi, S. & Viswanath, P., 1991.
"Anaerobic Digestion of Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes
for Biogas Production”. Bioresource Technology, 40, pp.43- 48.
[12] Bjorkqvist S. et al. (1998), “Hydrocarbons in biogas from
household solid waste”, Environmental Technology 19 (6), 639642
[13] Mata-Alvarez J., Mace S., Llabres P., (2000), “Anaerobic
digestion of organic solid wastes. An overview of research
achievements and perspectives”, Bioresource Technology, 74
(2000) 3-16
[14] Tanaka, Y., 2002. “A dual purpose packed-bed reactor for
biogas scrubbing and methane-dependent water quality
improvement applying to a wastewater treatment system
consisting of UASB reactor and trickling filter”, Bioresource
Technology 84 (2002) 21–28
[15] S.S. Kapdi, V.K. Vijay, S.K. Rajesh, Rajendra Prasad,
Posted 8 May 2003; accepted 23 September 2004, “Biogas
scrubbing, compression and storage: perspective and prospectus
in Indian context”.
[16] Demirbas, M.F. Balat, M. (2006). ”Recent advances on the
production and utilization trends of biogas fuels: a global
perspective”, Science direct.
[17] Lim, S.-J. et al., 2008. "Anaerobic organic acid production
of food waste in once-a-day feeding and drawing-off
bioreactor".Bioresource Technology, 99, pp.7866- 7874.
[18] Abatzoglou, N. and Boivin, S., 2009. “A review of biogas
purification processes”, Society of Chemical Industry and John
Wiley and Sons Ltd, Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
3:42-71 (2009).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bbb.117/pdf
[19] Dubey A. K. (2000) “Wet scrubbing for carbon dioxide
removal from biogas”. Annual report of Central Institute of
Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India.
[20] MNES Report (2001) “Renewable Energy in India and
business opportunities”. MNES (Ministry of Non-conventional
Energy Sources), Government of India, New Delhi.
[21] Khapre, UL. (1989). “Studies on biogas utilization for
domestic cooking”. Paper presented at XXV annual convention
of ISAE, held at CTAE, Udaipur.
[22] Bui Van Ga, Tran Van Nam, Nguyen Thi Thanh Xuan,
“Utilization of biogas engines in rural area: A contribution to
climate change mitigation”, Colloque International RUNSUD
2010 University’ Nice Antipolos. [23] Tran Minh Tien, Nguyen
Dinh Hung, Pham Xuan Mai, Huynh Thanh Cong,
“Characteristics of Biogas-fueled Power Generation System”,
The 3rd ASEAN Environmental Engineering Conference,
University of Philipine, Metro Manila, November 11–12, 2010.
1. The system is recommended to establish rural
entrepreneurship for the effective utilization of local
organic wastes for production of biogas in decentralized
manner and sustainable rural development.
2. Biogas produced in large size biogas plants should be
upgraded before bottling for storage and is also a
prominent alternative to petroleum fuel like LPG, CNG
and diesel. Hence research and proper interest must be
given towards advanced use of biogas.
3. A detailed economic analysis including the cost of
biogas plant installation and production of biogas must be
carried out with the consideration of water scrubbing
system for the removal of CO 2 gas.
4. The slurry which comes out of the biogas plant is
directly or after drying used as bio/organic manure for
improving soil-fertility and reducing use of chemical
fertilizers. It is also non-pollutant because it is free from
weed-seeds, foul smell and pathogens. The slurry is rich
in main nutrients such as Nitrogen, Potassium and
Sodium (NPK) along with micronutrients - Iron & Zinc
etc. As such there is no pollution from biogas plant. The
slurry/manure of biogas plant is being sold to the farmers
and used in liquid/solid form by them in agricultural
crops. The field trials have indicated the excellent growth
in agro-production and substantial improvements in the
quality.
5. This biogas bottling project will be able to partially
fulfill the requirement of fuel & manure for our college.
The full cost of the project would be recovered within two
to three years. The biogas bottling project provide threein-one solution of gaseous fuel generation, bio /organic
manure
production
and
wet
biomass
waste
disposal/management.
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References
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[24] Shefali, V. & Themelis, Nickolas J., 2002. "ANAEROBIC
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Third Author
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Prof. R.C.Mohanty passed M.Tech. from B.P.U.T Rourkela and PhD
from N.I.T Rourkela. He has 15 years of teaching experience in different
engineering colleges of Odisha and now working as Head of the
Department, Mechanical Engineering at Centurion University of
Technology and Management, Odisha. He has many research
publications in national and international journals guided many research
scholars.
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First Author
Prof. N.H.S.Ray passed M.Tech. from N.I.T. Rourkela and pursuing
PhD in the area of biogas utilisation in I.C.Engines under Centurion
University of Technology and Management, Odisha. He has 25 years
of teaching experience in different
engineering colleges and now
working as Head of the
Department, Mechanical Engineering at
College of Engineering Bhubaneswar, Odisha. He has many research
publications in national and international journals.
Second Author
Prof. Mahendra Kumar Mohanty passed B.Tech. in Agricultural
Engineering, M.Tech. in Farm Power Machinery and PhD in Renewable
Energy. He has many years of teaching experience and now working as
Asso. Professor, Department of FMP, CAET.OUAT, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha. He has many research publications in national and international
journals and guided many research scholars.
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