SVELTE: Real-Time Intrusion Detection in the Internet of Things

Transcription

“Parent-Aware Routing for IoT
Networks”
NECIP GOZUACIK AND PROF. DR. SEMA F. OKTUG
g ozu a ci k@ netas.com.tr / o k t u g @ it u.edu .tr
I S TA N B U L T E C H N I C A L U N I V E R S I T Y, D E PA R T M E N T O F C O M P U T E R E N G I N E E R I N G
N E TA S , I N T E R N AT I O N A L V O I P R & D
8/26/2015
15TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION WIRED/WIRELESS NETWORKING
1
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 ROUTING in IoT NETWORKS
 PAOF (PARENT-AWARE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION)
 PERFORMANCE RESULTS
 CONCLUSION
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MOTIVATION
 6LoWPAN is an important technology standard used within wireless sensor networks in IoT
platforms. For 6LoWPAN, RPL is mostly preferred routing protocol at the network layer.
 RPL is a very popular/hot protocol and still needs investigation and enhancement.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
 RPL determines the path routes based on OF. MRHOF is mostly used which decides to select
paths based on the ETX value.
 Increasing in the number of sensor nodes in a network makes difficult to utilize all of the
nodes through network lifetime.
 In order to achieve load balancing, we propose a new OF called PAOF for RPL.
MRHOF
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Objective
Function
Preferred
Parent
Nodes
MRHOF
4
PAOF
6
PAOF
4
AGENDA
 MOTIVATION
ROUTING in IoT NETWORKS
PAOF (PARENT-AWARE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION)
PERFORMANCE RESULTS
CONCLUSION
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PROTOCOL OVERVIEW
 RPL is a distance–vector (DV) and a source routing protocol that is designed to operate on top
of several link layer mechanisms including IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC layers.
 RPL is based on the topological concept of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs). The DAG defines a
tree-like structure that specifies the default routes between nodes in the LLN.
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ROUTING IN RPL
 The root node triggers the DODAG formation by broadcasting a DIO message to its neighbors.
 The root node’s rank is set to 0. Each neighbor receiving the DIO calculates its rank according
to the OF by computing its hop count distance to the root node and sets its rank to 1.
 Each node selects a preferred parent, updates the DIO and broadcasts it to its neighbors.
 DAO messages are sent by each node, other than the DODAG root, to populate the routing
tables with prefixes of their children and to advertise their addresses and prefixes to their
parents.
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ROUTING METRICS AND CONSTRAINTS
 A routing metric is a quantitative value used to find the cost of a path and helps in making
the routing decision in case there are different routes available.
 A constraint is used to either include or exclude links from the routing path that do not meet
the criteria specified in the objective function.
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OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
 An objective function (OF) defines how an RPL node selects and optimizes routes within an
RPL instance based on the information objects available.
 The creation of a DODAG’s topology is guided so that the selected OF is minimized without
violating any of its constraints.
 Variables for OFs are defined and they consist of different link and node metrics such as hopcount (OF 0), ETX (MRHOF – OF 1), throughput, latency, energy.
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AGENDA
 MOTIVATION
CONCLUSION
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GENERAL OVERVIEW
 RPL identifies the best paths to route the data through the network according to the OF and a
set of metrics as described in the previous section.
 Any existing OF does not consider parent count as a node metric.
 One of the important critical aspects in IoT network is load balancing.
 In order to achieve load balancing, in this thesis we propose a new method called Parent
Aware Objective Function (PAOF) for RPL.
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ALGORITHM
 The proposed technique PAOF combines the ETX value as link metric and parent count as
node metric (the number of candidate parents) and then compute the most efficient path to
the sink. Proposed technique considers the parent count metric only if delta between two
candidate preferred parents ETX is smaller than MinHopRankIncrease value.
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IMPLEMENTATION
 The algorithm is implemented over ContikiRPL via extending source code files designed for
MRHOF.
 Pseudo code snippet belonging to MRHOF and PAOF can be seen below.
MRHOF
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PAOF
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AGENDA
 MOTIVATION
CONCLUSION
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SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT: CONTIKI
 Contiki is a wireless sensor network operating system and consists of the kernel, libraries, the
program loader, and a set of processes.
 ContikiRPL implements the RPL protocol, as specified in version 18 of the RPL specification.
 Cooja is a Java-based simulator designed for simulating sensor networks running the Contiki.
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PERFORMANCE METRICS
 Average Parent Load Density: In this metric the aim is to compute the average load density on all
selected preferred parents.
Number of Delivered Successful Packets / Number of Preferred Parents
 Average Packet Delay: To measure the delay between time the packet generated and reached to
the sink node.
Number of Total ((Packet Arrival Time) − (Packet Generation Time)) / Number of Total
Packets
 Number of DIO Messages: it is useful to compare the number of generated DIO messages to have
an idea from the point of introduced overhead.
 Number of DAO Messages: the number of these control messages shows us if there is an
overhead in the total messaging.
 Parent Diversity: This metric shows us how many different nodes can be selected as preferred
parent in a network topology.
Number of Preferred Parents / Number of Sensor Nodes
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SIMULATION AND NETWORK SETUP
 Below figure gives a detailed description of the network and the simulation in term of the
parameters employed in Cooja and Contiki.
 Each node generated a payload data having the length of 30 bytes at the time intervals
determined by Negative Exponential (Lambda 0.2) distribution.
 Data traffic started out after 60 seconds. The first minute is left for the RPL control messages
(DIO, DAO and DIS). After than each node generated 20 packets for each traffic scenario.
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SIMULATION AND NETWORK SETUP
 In this work, we employed mainly on three network topologies which are given in following
figures in order to study the performance of the introduced method.
 Selected network topologies can be seen below
Topology 2
Topology 1
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Topology 3
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MEASUREMENTS
 Preferred parent selection results can be seen in the following figures.
Top. 1
Top. 2
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Top. 3
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MEASUREMENTS
 Performance results for Negative Exponential with Lambda 0.2.
 Average parent load density is lower
in OF 2 than OF 1 for all of the
topologies.
 Average packet delay is better in OF
2 for Topology 1 and 2.
 Number of DIO and DAO messages
count is lower in OF 1 than OF 2.
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RESULTS
 Number of preferred parent count is higher in OF 2 than OF 1.
 Observed lower parent load density and higher parent diversity in OF 2.
 Average packet delay shows better result for OF 2.
 Number of DIO and DAO messages is higher in OF 2 than OF 1.
 The main drawback of our proposed routing technique is that it leads more DIO and
especially DAO message generation.
 PAOF performs better in such an IoT network where
 sink node is located at the corner
 intermediate nodes are distributed in mid-level sparse manner
 topology is equivalent to tree
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AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 ROUTING in IoT NETWORKS
 PAOF (PARENT-AWARE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION)
 PERFORMANCE RESULTS
 CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
 In this thesis, we introduce a new OF, calling PAOF for RPL to be used in IoT networks. This
new OF works based on link metric ETX and node metric parent count.
 We compare this new proposed technique with MRHOF in Cooja simulation environment
with Contiki OS running ContikiRPL implementation.
 Obtained results show that the PAOF makes significant improvements in parent load density,
parent diversity and end-to-end delay as compared to the MRHOF with ETX.
 PAOF ensures that the network will become load balanced, have longer network lifetime and
behave tolerantly in case of congestion.
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FUTURE WORK
 The future work on the proposed technique will be to focus on the effectiveness of different
type of IoT applications generating hybrid traffic.
 In this work, as a new approach, parent count is considered as a Layer 3 metric. Similarly,
child count can also be considered as a new candidate node metric. This may need to define a
cross layer algorithm including Layer 2 and Layer 3.
 As another future work, a hybrid PAOF-MRHOF approach can be studied as an Adaptive
Objective Function. This new mechanism will behave proactively and manage routing
according to the network topology dynamically.
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THANK YOU
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BACK UP
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MOTIVATION
 With the rising of IoT platforms, wireless sensor nodes are started to be used frequently in
the field for different application types like transport, manufacturing, building, agriculture,
biomedical etc.
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SVELTE: Real-Time Intrusion Detection in the Internet of Things

Transcription

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