Appendix I - Socio-Economic Report

Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Appendix I Socio‐Economic Report (Prepared by Ecoconsult under sub‐contract to Coyne et Bellier) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Purpose of the Report Organisation of the Report Methodological Approach Limitations Study Team Study Area Overview 1 1 2 3 4 4 2. Summary of Scheme Purpose and Components 5 2.1 2.2 2.3 Purpose of the RSDSC Project Components Construction Methods 3. Baseline Conditions in Jordan 23 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Study Area in Jordan Jordan’s Administrative Structure and Institutions Other Government Institutions Non‐Government Institutions Property Rights under Jordanian Legislation Population and Demographics Economic Activity and Poverty Infrastructure Education and Health Land Use Cultural heritage Possible changes to the baseline Major Points Raised During Consultations 23 23 26 29 30 32 51 63 67 69 74 76 78 4. Israel 79 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Study Area in Israel Israel’s Administrative Structure and Institutions Population and Demographics Economic activity and poverty Infrastructure Education and Health Land Use Cultural Heritage Possible changes to the baseline 79 79 85 92 97 100 102 103 104 5. Palestinian Authority 108 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA 5 8 17 Appendix I – Page i Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Study Area in the Palestinian Authority Local Administrative Structure and Institutions Population and demographics Economic activity and poverty Infrastructure Education and Health Land Use Cultural Heritage – Palestinian Authority Possible changes to the baseline 108 108 109 116 122 126 131 138 141 142 6. Assessment & Mitigation of Impacts 146 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.6.1 6.6.2 Impact Assessment Impacts at the Component Level Impacts of Various Project Configurations Comparison of Alternatives Other Impacts on Communities Mitigation Measures Mitigation of construction – related impacts Mitigation of operation – related impacts 146 148 205 208 213 215 216 218 The Palestinian Authority’s Administrative Structure and Institutions Annex I. Community Consultations Summary Annex II. Data Sources and References 214 217 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page ii Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report List of Figures Figure 2.1 Overview of Proposed Scheme Figure 2.2 Possible Alignments of Potable Water Transmission System in Jordan Figure 3.1 Governorates in Jordan Figure 3.2 Aerial Photograph of Aqaba Figure 3.3 Communities Identified in Wadi Araba Area Figure 3.4 Communities in the Southern Dead Sea Basin Figure 3.5 Communities along the freshwater route (southern part) Figure 3.6 Communities along the freshwater route (northern part) Figure 3.7 Economic Growth at Constant Prices Figure 3.8 Land Use in Aqaba Figure 3.9 Location of Al Haq Farming Projects Figure 3.10 Cultural Heritage Sites Figure 3.11 Tourist Village at Bir Mathkoor Figure 4.1 Israel Districts and Regions Figure 4.2 Flowchart illustrating Israeli Governmental Structure Figure 4.3 Study Area Population Distribution Figure 4.4 Eilat and Communities in the Arava Valley Figure 4.5 Israeli Communities along the Freshwater Route Figure 4.6 Demographic Breakdown in Arad Figure 4.7 Tourism at Ein Bokek Figure 4.8 Land use in Southern Arava region Figure 5.1 Governorates in the Palestinian Authority Figure 5.2 Land Classification According to the Oslo Agreement Figure 5.3 Map of Jericho Area (Source: OCHA, 2009) Figure 5.4 Population Increase in Palestinian Authority Figure 5.5 Map showing villages in Jericho Area Figure 5.6 Unemployment in West Bank Governorates (PCBS, 2008) Figure 5.7 Poverty Rates in Jericho Gov. 1998‐2007 Figure 5.8 Land Use in the West Bank. List of Tables Table 2.1 Plant and Equipment Table 2.2 Estimated Worker Numbers Table 3.1 Summary of Administrative Divisions Table 3.2 Jordan: Population Size in Thousands Table 3.3 Village Sizes in Wadi Araba Table 3.4 Economic Participation Indicators Table 3.5 Structure of the Mineral Industry at Aqaba, 2007 Table 3.6 Tourism Infrastructure Projections for Aqaba Table 3.7 Existing rooms and projected expansions at the Dead Sea Table 3.8 Poverty Pockets in Tafileh and Karak Table 3.9 Housing and Infrastructure Table 3.10 Education Indicators Table 3.11 Health Indicators COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA 7 14 25 39 41 44 49 50 51 71 72 74 77 80 82 85 87 90 92 97 103 110 111 112 116 120 125 126 140 18 19 24 33 42 52 53 54 58 60 63 67 67 Appendix I – Page iii Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 4.1 Population breakdown Table 4.2 Population Growth Table 4.3 Migration trends Table 4.4 Ethnicity in Regions Relevant to this Study Table 4.5 Profiles of villages in Arava Valley Table 4.6 Information on villages in Dead Sea Basin Area (Tamar Regional Council) Table 4.7 Information on villages in Freshwater Pipeline Area Table 4.8 Economic indicators within the study area Table 4.9 Education in study area Table 5.1 NGOs in Palestinian Authority Table 5.2 Age Division in the Population Table 5.3 Communities in the Jericho Governorate Table 5.4 Demographic characteristics of study area Table 5.5 Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status in the study area Table 5.6 Demographics of Jericho City Table 5.7 Economic Indicators in the Palestinian Territory Table 5.8 GDP by Activity in the Palestinian Authority Table 5.9 Distribution of Jobs in Jericho City (According to Gender) Table 5.10 Buildings by Locality and Type in the Study Area Table 5.11 Water data for Jericho Table 5.12 Education levels in the Palestinian Authority Table 5.13 Health Indicators in the Palestinian Authority Table 5.14 Health insurance coverage in the Palestinian Authority Table 5.15 Education levels in the study area Table 5.16 Schools in the study area Table 5.17 Health Facilities in the study area Table 5.18 Distribution of the Health Sector Manpower in Study Area Table 5.19 Comparing Reported Cases of Communicable Diseases in Jericho to WB Table 5.20 Education in Jericho city Table 5.21 Data on Jericho Hospital Table 5.22 Land Use in Jericho (Source PCBS, 2008) Table 5.23 Crops Cultivated in Jericho Governorate Table 5.24 Contribution of sectors to GDP Tables 6.1 – 6.12 Construction Phase Impacts Tables 6.13 – 6.24 Operation Phase Impacts Table 6.25 Impacts for each Scheme configuration – construction phase Table 6.26 Impacts for each Scheme configuration – construction phase Table 6.27 Impacts of intake location alternatives – construction phase Table 6.28 Impacts of conveyance type alternatives – construction phase Table 6.29 Impacts of conveyance type alternatives – operation phase Table 6.30 Impacts of desalination plant location alternatives – construction phase Table 6.31 Impacts of alternative freshwater pipeline alignments – construction phase COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA 85 86 86 86 88 89 91 93 101 113 117 117 118 118 119 122 124 126 128 130 132 132 133 134 135 136 136 137 138 138 141 141 143 149 190 201 203 204 204 206 207 207 Appendix I – Page iv Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Acknowledgements Thanks go to the RSDSC Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Team for access to their analysis and draft reports on which much of this report is based. Thanks also go to the community representatives and local government officials for their cooperation in assembling the data in the study area and to those who participated in structured interviews and focus groups. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page v Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PCBS
ACT
ADC
APA
APC
ASEZ
ASEZA
CBOs
DZC
EPP
FOEME
GID
GSI
GUVS
IBRCE
IOLR
IUED
JICA
JMA
JOHUD
JREDS
JRF
JVA LAL
MoE
MoMA
MoPIC
MoSD
NAF
NHF
PA PAP
PHG
RSCN
RSDSC
SIZ
SPNI
UNDP
UNRWA
Central Bureau of Statistics
Aqaba Container Terminal
Aqaba Development Corporation
Aqaba Ports Authority
Aqaba Ports Corporation
Aqaba Special Economic Zone
Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority
community based organizations
Development Zones Commission
Enhanced Productivity Program
Friends of the Earth Middle East
General Intelligence Department
Geological Survey of Israel
General Unions of Voluntary Services
International Birding & Research Center in Eilat
Institute of Oceanographic & Limnological Research
Israeli Union for Environmental Defense
Japanese International Cooperation Agency
Jordan Maritime Authority
Jordan Hashemite Fund for Human Development
Royal Marine Conservation Society
Jordan River Foundation
Jordan Valley Authority Land Acquisition Law
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Municipal Affairs
Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation
Ministry of Social Development
National Aid Fund
Noor Al Hussein Foundation
Palestinian Authority Project Affected Parties
Palestinian Hydrology Group
Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature
Red Sea Dead Sea Conveyance
Southern Industrial Zone
Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Relief and Works Agency
COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page vi Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1
Purpose of the Report This Report presents an assessment of the social and socioeconomic impacts with respect to the proposed Red Sea Dead Sea Water Conveyance Scheme (henceforth known as the Scheme), as outlined in the Options Screening and Assessment Report produced by Coyne & Bellier in January 2009. The study area for the assessment relates broadly to the three beneficiary party jurisdictions: Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The aim of the report is to present information on the proposed Scheme, along with information on the baseline conditions before the Scheme in each of the beneficiary parties, including consideration of how that baseline may change in the absence of the Scheme. The report then identifies the likely potential impacts on the social and socio‐economic conditions from implementation of the proposed Scheme and suggests appropriate mitigation. 1.2 Organisation of the Report This report is organised as follows: Introduction • Section 1 • Section 2 Scheme description • Section 3 Baseline conditions in Jordan • Section 4 Baseline conditions in Israel • Section 5 Baseline conditions in the Palestinian Authority • Section 6 Impacts and mitigation Each discussion around the baseline conditions in the beneficiary parties (Sections 3 to 5) is broadly structured into the following sub‐sections: • Local administrative structure and institutions: This section includes information about the national and local government structure in the particular beneficiary party and an overview of other key actors such as NGOs. • Population and demographics: This section provides information on population and population trends and demographic statistics, first at a high overview level and then for the more specific areas of interest. This section also provides an overview and map of the specific communities present in particular parts of the area that may be impacted by the Scheme. • Economic activity: This section provides information about the key livelihoods which contribute to the economy both at a national level and also in more focused areas of the area that are relevant to the Scheme. • Poverty: This section presents national poverty statistics and information on more detailed areas of poverty occurrence as appropriate. • Infrastructure: This section provides data on housing, water supply, transport and waste facilities in the various areas potentially affected by the Scheme. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 1 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report •
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Education and health: This section presents national level statistics on education and health as well as detailed information about education and health facilities present in the various areas potentially affected by the Scheme. Land use: In this section land use patterns across the areas of interest are identified and more information presented on the nature of agricultural practices in the areas of interest. Cultural heritage: This section introduces at a high level some of the key sites of cultural interest in each of the beneficiary parties that may be relevant to the Scheme. Possible changes to the baseline: This section considers how the baseline may change in the future, in the absence of the Scheme; this includes a discussion on current development trends as well as providing an overview of development plans that are likely to take place in the future in the various areas of the Scheme such as tourism expansion. The impact assessment and mitigation section is presented as a series of three tables, one for each of the beneficiary parties. 1.3 Methodological Approach This social baseline analysis is based on: • Primary data, i.e. from systematic social surveys targeting the regions of interest; and • Secondary data, from previous studies related to the proposed development, as well as national and regional data. Data collection in Israel was carried out over a period of three months by a team of social assessment specialists from the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies. Data collection in the Palestinian Authority was carried out over a period of two months by a team of social assessment specialists from the Palestinian Hydrology Group (PHG). The data collection in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, and along the freshwater route in Jordan, was desk‐based only and did not involve social surveys, because at the time of the assessment, Coyne & Bellier had not yet identified proposed alignments for the freshwater pipelines, and it was felt that community consultations on a yet‐to‐defined alignment would be misleading and could lead to unwarranted concern or land speculation on the part of local residents. In contrast, as part of the three month data collection period in Jordan, social surveys along the proposed seawater conveyance route were carried out by a team of social assessment specialists from ECO Consult. More detail on the methodology for primary data collection in Jordan is provided in Box 1.1. Potential impacts were identified using an assessment approach that considers the sensitivity of the receptor and the magnitude of the impact to define impacts of potential significance. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 2 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 1.4
Limitations The political context in the West Bank is difficult, with data on Palestinian controlled areas and populations held by Palestinian sources, while data on Israeli controlled areas and populations is held by Israeli sources. In this document data gathered relating to Israeli controlled areas is discussed in section 4, even where those areas are in the Palestinian Authority territory. In several sections of the baseline, it is difficult to describe longer term trends due to the absence of a detailed social baseline for any time before this study. Previous studies in the area have tended to focus on environmental rather than on social issues. The methodology employed to collect primary data in Jordan consisted of focus group discussions and semi‐structured interviews to provide detailed qualitative social data. Focus group discussions and semi‐structured interviews were chosen as the methodology in order to: provide detailed information rapidly; to provide information on the many qualitative, non‐
measurable issues (for example, access to natural resources or the structure of social institutions); and to ensure a more inclusive, participatory approach than would have been possible from individual questionnaires. Focus Group Discussions Focus group discussions were carried out with a variety of local groups in the study area. These groups included farmers, fishermen, livestock herders, traders, women, and village chiefs and elders. The number and type of focus groups varied from village to village, according to the major livelihood groups in each. Through these discussions, information was collected on: • demographic profile; • social institutions and networks; • local employment, livelihoods and natural resource use; • public services and infrastructure (waste, water, energy etc); • health and education facilities; • community development issues; • attitudes to the proposed project. Semi Structured Interviews These were conducted with teachers, health workers, and unit committee members in all villages where they are present. Secondary data was drawn chiefly from documents, statistics reports and studies collected from Government agencies, and other sources, and from meetings held with various groups working in the study area. A full list of sources is provided in Annex I. Throughout the data collection process, the 5 dimensions of enquiry, as suggested in the World Bank’s Social Analysis Sourcebook 2003, were used as entry points in the discussions; Social diversity and gender; Institutions, rules and behavior; Stakeholders; Participation; and Social risks. Refer to the Public Communications and Consultations Plan (PCCP) for a discussion of the methodology and approach. Box 1.1 Data Collection Methodology in Jordan COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 3 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 1.5
Study Team The study was managed by ECO Consult, with input from the following technical personnel; Jordan Huda Hakki – social and community development specialist Tamam Mango ‐ economic and development specialist Maher Abu‐Hujleh – community development practitioner Israel Dr Clive Lipchin & Ms Shira Kronich (The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies) Palestinian Authority Dr Ayman Rabi & or Omar Jibreel (Palestinian Hydrology Group) Guidance on the approach and methodology was given by Andrew Morakinyio from Environmental Resources Management (Ltd). Sarah Murfitt and Laura Street from ERM were also involved in the analysis and reporting. 1.6 Study Area Overview The broad study area for the baseline is the three beneficiary parties of Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority. For the purposes of this social assessment, the focused study area includes any areas or communities which might be impacted by the construction of the Scheme or its operation. The focused study area therefore includes; • the communities close to which the alignment of the Scheme passes, • communities close to which there will be permanent or temporary infrastructure including temporary access needs, • communities where there could be employment opportunities or other project benefits, • communities which could be impacted by any other activities related to the Scheme. • Since the Scheme is largely linear, the study area therefore includes the Red Sea coastline and the Wadi Araba/Arava Valley, the Dead Sea Basin especially the Ghor Fifa area, the route of the freshwater line in Jordan through the Tafila Governorate and along the Desert Highway towards Amman, the possible route of the freshwater line in Israel and the Palestinian Authority including the northern Arava, the Dead Sea Basin, and the Jericho area. A stakeholder mapping exercise was carried out in 2008 and updated in 2009. This is discussed in the Public Consultations and Communications Plan (PCCP) produced jointly by the Feasibility Study and the ESA, and submitted to the World Bank in December 2008 with an update in March 2010. The PCCP includes stakeholder mapping charts and a list of the Scheme’s stakeholders and Scheme affected persons. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 4 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 2. SUMMARY OF SCHEME PURPOSE AND COMPONENTS 2.1
Purpose of the RSDSC The overall purpose of the RSDSC is to take seawater from the Red Sea and carry it north to the Dead Sea basin so it can be used to alleviate the declining water level in the Dead Sea and, after desalination, to supply potable water to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority (the beneficiary parties). The configuration recommended by the Feasibility Study is described below. An intake will be established in the Gulf of Aqaba from which 2,000 MCM per year of seawater will be pumped into a tunnel underlaying the town of Aqaba. North of Aqaba, the water will enter an underground pipline through which it will be pumped to a balancing reservoir near Rishe. From here, the water will descend by gravity to a desalination plant (DSP) and hydropower plant (HPP) situated in the Wadi Araba near the Finan checkpoint. The DSP will use the reverse osmosis process to produce freshwater and an amount of waste brine, in approximately equal quantities. Initially, the freshwater demand is not sufficient for all the seawater to pass through the DSP, so the capacity of the plant will be expanded in phases until eventually all the water will be desalinated. Pipelines will descend from here towards the Dead Sea, carrying the brine from the desalination process, any seawater which bypassed the desalination process, and the produced freshwater. These conveyance pipelines will be buried along the valley floor, lying entirely within Jordanian territory. The conveyance will carry the seawater for around 200 km northwards where it will terminate just south of the evaporation ponds which now constitute the southern basin of the Dead Sea. The seawater and brine streams will then be directed through a second hydropower plant (HPP) located in to the west of the village of Ghor Fifa. Any bypass seawater, and all the brine from the desalination process will be discharged into a pipeline which will run for approximately 12 km along the west side of the agricultural areas of Fifa, before entering the flood channel which lies within the truce canal, along the border between the evaporation ponds of the Israeli and Jordanian extraction industries. The discharge will follow this canal, before emerging into a XX km length of pipe which will cross the Lissan Peninsula and discharge into the Gulf of Molyneaux in the northern basin of the Dead Sea. The two HPPs are included to make use of the difference in level (currently 423 m) between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea to provide energy for the desalination process. However, over the lifetime of the project there will be no net production of power ‐ the energy required (mainly for pumping) will exceed that which is generated. A freshwater pipeline will take the potable water up the escarpment from just north of Ghor Fifa, to the highlands, passing south of Tafila before crossing the Wadi Hasa to the Desert Highway. From here, it will approximately follow the highway, past Qatraneh and Zumayla, passing east of Quen Alia International Airport, towards the Water Authority’s reservoir at Abu Alanda. A pipeline will also cross to Israel from where it is likely to supply tourism facilities and residential communities around Hatseva in the northern Arava. A pipeline will also convey water northwards along the Dead Sea shoreline into the Palestinian Authority and probably serve low lying areas around Jericho. The Israeli and Palestinian legs of the potable water supply are not yet defined in detail. During the outline design process, some alternative siting and layouts were considered, but then ruled out on various grounds. In particular, a tunnel conveyance was considered, whereby the seawater would be conveyed between Aqaba and Fifa in a tunnel, situated inside the mountains. Two COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 5 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report alternative alignments for the freshwater line between Fifa and the Desert Highway were also examined and ruled out. Figure 2.1 gives an overview of the location of the main components of the proposed Scheme.
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Figure 2.1 Overview of Proposed Scheme COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 7 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 2.2
Project Components The main elements of permanent infrastructure will include the following; ƒ An intake on the Gulf of Aqaba including a pumping station (except in the case of a gravity tunnel). Two sites were considered, and one selected on technical grounds; ƒ A sea water conveyance to carry Red Sea water to the Dead Sea Basin. A pipeline along the Wadi Araba/Arava Valley was selected as the recommended configuration, although a tunnel through the eastern mountains was also considered; ƒ A desalination plant in the northern part of the Wadi Araba, close to the Dead Sea Highway. Two other potential sites – one in the hills above Ghweiba and close to the agricultural areas in Fifa, were considered, but not recommended; ƒ Two hydroelectricity power plants, one at the same site as the desalination plant in Wadi Araba, and one near Ghor Fifa, which will use both sea water from the conveyance and/or brine from the desalination plant; ƒ A conveyance and outfall to carry the sea water and brine from the desalination and hydro power plants to the Dead Sea; ƒ A freshwater transmission pipeline in Jordan, with associated pumping and energy supply infrastructure, to carry water from the desalination plant to the Water Authority’s facility in Abu Alanda in southern Amman; and, ƒ A freshwater transmission pipeline crossing to Israel near Ghor Fifa, and taking the freshwater to demand centres yet to be identified in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. There will also be temporary infrastructure at sites associated with the permanent installations and at several other locations along the conveyance route including workers’ camps, construction sites and access roads. Some of these may be maintained by third parties after the construction phase is complete. The following sections describe the project as a series of components, with each section including any variations in component design or alignment that were considered in the Feasibility Study. The tunnel and pipeline options have been treated as separate components because the types of impact and the areas affected by these alternatives are so different. Further details of the project components and the desicision making process on which alternatives are preferred, are found in the main report. 2.2.1 Seawater Intake A number of sites were initially considered for an intake from which water can be extracted from the Gulf of Aqaba/Eilat and delivered into the water conveyance. The FS then considered two alternatives. ƒ The Eastern Intake refers to the permanent infrastructure which would be established at a site along the eastern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba. ƒ The Northern Intake refers to the permanent infrastructure which would be established at a site on Aqaba’s northern coastline. The Eastern Intake site was selected as the preferred option. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 8 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Location of Intake The site for the intake (the Eastern Intake) is located at the site of the old Aqaba Thermal Power Plant, around 5 km south of Aqaba. The identified site is around a hectare in area which will be ample for the site facilities. The Northern Intake site is located in the confined stretch between the Ayla Tourism development, and the Jordanian border. Description of the Intake Station The purpose of the intake station is to receive sea water, carry out some pre‐treatment (to prevent deposition in the conveyance), and control its introduction into the conveyance. There will be a permanent station for monitoring and control of the operation and some office and storage facilities. The elements of the station are therefore as follows. ƒ A offshore seawater inlet with pipes through which the sea water will flow by gravity along the sea bed and to the mouth of the conveyance; ƒ Facilities for pre‐treatment and control of water entering the conveyance, including a system for dosing the sea water with anti‐fouling agents, mesh screens to prevent large solid objects from entering the conveyance and control gate(s) to allow the flow to the conveyance to be reduced and/or shut off; ƒ Other infrastructure including administration and office facilities (likely be housed in a low‐
level single story building), facilities for receiving and storage of anti‐fouling chemicals and fuel, a backup‐generator for low‐level power (eg mixing, control gates, emergency failsafe lighting, etc. but not sufficiently large to supply power for water pumping), parking and vehicle access areas. ƒ A pumping station to raise the water to the level of the conveyance (not needed for the zero‐level tunnel). ƒ A road access into the site. The Eastern Intake inlet structure will be a submerged vertical cylindrical structure with a cover to permit water to enter from the sides. The inlet structure itself will likely be concrete, with a velocity cap and a radial inlet. A screen with likely mesh size 100 mm, will be installed to prevent floating material from entering the intake. The positioning of the inlet, depth and distance from the shore, will be determined after the results of the Additional Study on the Red Sea become available. Unless environmental concerns dictate otherwise, the depth of the inlet will be between 3.3 and 4.0 m from the low water level. It will be raised from the sea bed by at least 1 m. The horizontal component of the inlet velocity will be around 0.45 m/s. The minimum height of the intake structure, including the intake, the shaft and the bend, will be around 13 m. The conveyance from the inlet to the shoreline will be via 3 pipelines laid on the seabed and protected by rip‐rap (confined rock boulders in a cage) to prevent erosion. The diameters of these pipes will range from 2.5 – 3.3 m depending on the final flow rates. In order to reach the necessary depth of intake, the inlet at the Eastern Intake could be as little as 50 m from the shore, unless additional depth is required to improve the quality of water taken in, or to avoid effects on the marine environment. Water will flow by gravity through the intake pipeline to the entrance of the conveyance. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 9 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Pre‐Treatment and Control Facilities The conveyance will need some form of protection against the growth of organisms in the sea water leading to the formation of deposits on the inside of the conveyance structure. Macro‐fouling occurs when crustaceans such as barnacles and mussels are allowed to grow unchecked. They may restrict the flow through the conveyance and even, eventually, cause blockages. Micro‐fouling is the deposition of micro organisms – mainly algae – in the form of slime on surfaces, potentially accelerating corrosion. For protection against bio‐fouling chemical biocides or growth retardants may be added to the water before it enters the conveyance. Alternatively, application of a coating to the inside of the conveyance may be an option. The method of anti‐fouling has not yet been determined. If a chemical such as chlorine is used (in the form of sodium hypochlorite solution) an arrangement could be made to feed a regulated flow of hypochlorite from a tank into the sea water before it enters the conveyance. Using the case of hypochlorite as an example, it is known that the effective dose is around 1 – 2 mg per litre. This implies a requirement for up to 4,000 tonnes of hypochlorite per year. Assuming 1 month’s supply is kept on site, storage facilities are required for 35 tonnes. Alternatively, chlorine gas could be generated on site from the electrolysis of sea water. In addition there will be steel mesh screens to prevent solid objects larger than can pass through around 50 – 100 mm mesh from entering the conveyance. Control gate(s) at the entrance of the conveyance (typically steel, backed up by concrete slabs), will allow the flow to the conveyance to be reduced and/or shut off. Pumping Station Unless the low level tunnel is chosen, a pumping station will be needed to lift the water from sea level to the maximum height of the conveyance. A pumping station will be established at the shoreline, close to the Eastern Intake, on the site of the disused Aqaba Thermal Power station. If the Northern Intake had been chosen, a Pumping Station would have been required at a point north west of King Hussein International Airport, around 12 km from the Aqaba shoreline, with a ground level of around 25 m above sea level. 2.2.2 Tunnel/Pipeline From the Eastern Intake, water would initially be conveyed in a 25 km long pressure tunnel of diameter 5.5 m, around the east and northeastn edge of Aqaba, terminating at a point about 12 km north of Aqaba, and 2 km north of Aqaba airport. From this point, a series of 6 parallel pipelines would deliver the water a distance of 66.5 km to a balancing tank near Gharandal, at an elevation of 220 m above sea level. The tank will be a cylindrical steel construction with dimensions of around 5m high and diameter 10m. It will be covered, and may be buried or on the surface depending on the nature of the soil. From here, the conveyance continues as a gravity pipeline consisting of 3 parallel pipes each of 2.9 m diameter, and 50 km long, terminating at the desalination plant at an elevation of 75 m below sea leve. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 10 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report The pipeline alignment is shown in yellow on Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable. It is on the Jordanian side and substantially follows the Dead Sea Highway. Structure and Appearance The gravity conveyance will consist of 3 steel pipes, each around 2.9 m in diameter, laid in parallel in an excavated trench around 10 m apart. The trench will be backfilled with the excavated material. The width of land needed for the operation, including some working room, will therefore be up to 60 m. A road will be established alongside the pipes for the whole length of the conveyance. This will be used by construction vehicles but may be retained during operation to facilitate maintenance and inspection. The maximum water velocity will be around 2 m/s. The pressurized section of the conveyance will be equipped with air release valves every 4 – 5 km. These will take the form of vertical pipes of perhaps 1 m diameter, sealed with a manhole cover. They will be housed within secure concrete structures with a footprint of around 8 m2 and a total height of around 2 m, so that 0.5 – 1 m will protrude above ground. The visual appearance of the above group portion will be that of a concrete cube. 2.2.3 Water Conveyance Component: Tunnel Options Two tunnel options following a similar alignment along the rock hills to the east of the Wadi Araba/Arava Valley were also considered but do not form part of the final recommended Scheme configuration. High Level Tunnel Conveyance Alignment For the High Level Tunnel conveyance, water would be pumped from the intake site in Aqaba, through a rising tunnel, to an elevation of +220 m at a point around 80 m from the intake. The tunnel would be around 8 m in diameter. From there, the tunnel would gradually descend with a slope of 1:5,000 (ie 20 cm per km). Where the local topography and geology is suitable (ie where there are long stretches of fairly flat open land, at the right elevation underlain by stable ground) the conveyance could take the form of an open canal. This is a potential advantage of the High Level tunnel option because a canal is cheaper to construct than an equivalent length of tunnel. When the tunnel starts at 220 m elevation, there will be two sections of the conveyance where canals can be integrated into the conveyance. The first section of canal will begin around 58 km from Aqaba, and will be 29 km long. The second section will begin around 112 km from Aqaba, and be 28 km long. At these points water will exit from the tunnel via a portal in the rock face, and flow through an open canal before entering the tunnel again through a second portal. The open sections will be concrete lined trapezoidal channels, around 20 m wide and 3‐4 m deep. Flow through the canals will be around 1.5 m/s. Screens will be placed where the open channels enter and exit the rock to prevent entry of people or animals. The tunnel sections will generally be situated above the ground water table and will include precautions to control the leakage of salt water. These may include secondary containment in areas of COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 11 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report weak ground; drains below the main tunnel; and, a monitoring system. The gravity tunnel sections will be approximately circular in section, with a free flowing surface. At maximum design operating capacity, the tunnel will run at around 80% full. Low Level Tunnel Conveyance Alignment A Low Level Tunnel conveyance would deliver water from the Red Sea intake to the desalination plant and the HPP via an underground tunnel, excavated in the rock hills to the east of the Wadi Araba/Arava Valley, following almost the same alignment as the High Level Tunnel, but at a lower elevation. The tunnel would begin at the intake location at sea level, and fall gradually until it terminates at the desalination plant at around 45 m below sea level. There will be no pumping, and no rising tunnel. All water flow will be by gravity. The tunnel diameter would be around 8 m. Because of the lower elevation, this entire tunnel lies below ground level, and there is no opportunity for economizing by using open canal sections. The tunnel will be generally situated below the ground water table. Water exchange between the tunnel and the surrounding ground will be more likely to flow from the groundwater into the tunnel. The total length of tunnel is around 161.5 km. The lining of the tunnel will depend on the rock formation at the point. A simplified lining will be used for crystalline rock formation, in order to avoid rock bolting (ie the need to reinforce the rock with bolts) in the blocky conditions likely to be encountered. 2.2.4 Desalination Plant The desalination plant (DSP) will remove salt from the Red Sea water to produce potable water. Desalinated water will then be pumped via a pipeline to the beneficiaries’ demand centres. Brine effluent, produced as a waste product, will be discharged to the Dead Sea. The Feasibility Study has confirmed that it will always be preferable, in terms of energy efficiency, to use the pressure head of the sea water to drive the desalination process rather than for electricity generation. It may be, however, that if the DSP is at a high level, the reject brine could still be used to generate hydro electricity. In addition, the higher the level at which potable water is produced, the lower the energy needed to pump it to the principle end users (ie Amman at elevation +765 m MSL). There options for locating the DSP were considered. On the tunnel alignments, the DSP could be located at a high level close to the final tunnel portal at an elevation around or slightly higher than MSL. A location was identified in the hills above Tilah Castle, at an elevation of MSL +180 m (for the high level tunnel) or MSL ‐45 m (for the low level tunnel). Alternatively a low level DSP could be located on low ground on the same site as the HPP, at around 350 below sea level, near Fifa, a site which could serve either the pipeline or the tunnel configuration. The 3rd location considered, which forms part of the recommended route, is at a point along the pipeline route in the Wadi Araba floor, located around 130 km from Aqaba and 3 km east of the Jordanian – Israeli border. A hydropower plant will also be established here to utilize the 130 m of hydrostatic head available. All locations are shown on Figure 3.1. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 12 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Desalination Plant Details The footprint of the DSP site will be around 1 km2. The plant will include a pre‐treatment plant, the desalination area itself, a post treatment area, and storage, maintenance and administration areas. The plant itself will be modular, enabling its capacity to be increased with additional treatment modules when necessary. It is likely that the design output capacity will begin around 400 ‐ 450 MCM/year, and increase to 850 MCM/year during the life of the project. The facility will be fenced with the facilities in a number of ordinary warehouse type buildings. To restrict the space needed the building housing the desalination equipment may rise to two storeys. A pre‐treatment process will be employed to reduce the silt density of the water in advance of the desalination stage. For the main desalination process, the Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) method is the most likely technological option. SWRO separates water from dissolved salts by passing the feedwater through a semi‐permeable membrane at a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure caused by dissolved salts. Around 100,000 membranes will be required at maximum capacity. 2.2.5 Hydropower Facility Hydropower Plant Location As noted, a high level HPP will be located at the DSP on the pipeline route. A second HPP will also be established, located in the Fifa area, around 3 km east of the Jordanian – Israel border, and 6 km south of the southern tip of the evaporation ponds at the Dead Sea, at an elevation of around MSL ‐355 m where the side‐slopes of the Dead Sea basin flatten out close to the lake. The lowest suitable site was chosen so as to obtain the greatest head available for generation. The location is shown in Figure 3.1, near the village of Fifa. The site is adjacent to the farm units on the west side of the main Highway. The site is sandy with tamarisk trees scattered throughout. Main Characteristics The HPP facilities will consist of a head‐pond at the end of the water conveyor, which will feed a headrace structure consisting of aerial penstocks. These will likely consist of a group of 3 steel pipes, of diameter between 2.0 m and 2.8 m and thickness between 15 and 40 mm, depending on the flow and detailed design. Each plant will be a facility with a footprint of around 250,000 m2, including administration, maintenance and storage buildings, and a sub‐station. Overhead power lines will connect the plants to the grid and other facilities. The facilities will be fenced and secured. 2.2.6 Potable Water Transmission – Jordan This freshwater transmission line will deliver potable water from the desalination plant to Amman, likely terminating in the vicinity of Abu Alanda on the southern outskirts. The amounts of water to be conveyed could range between 220 and 560 MCM/year. Conveyance Alignment COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 13 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Three routes were examined by the Feasibility Study. These are illustrated in Figure 3.2. Each alignment stretches eastwards from the desalination plant location, up the escarpment into the eastern highlands and onto the flat plan, stretching eastwards to the Desert Highway. All 3 routes follow the same alignment running northwards to a terminal point at Abu Alanda in the southern suburbs of Amman. Alternative 3 was selected as the most suitable alignment, based on a consideration of the results of a topographic, social and environmental survey of the routes. Figure 2.2. Possible Alignments of Potable Water Transmission System in Jordan Alternative 1 begins at the desalination plant and runs in a south‐easterly direction, bypassing the populated areas and villages south of Tafila, before heading east to cross the Desert Highway. At 150 km length, this is the longest alignment option but runs along relatively easier terrain compared with the other two alternatives, avoiding populated areas. Alternative 2 runs in a northerly direction from the desalination plant along the east side of the Dead Sea, then turns east and continues east passing to the north of Mu’tah village, until it reaches the Desert Highway. This is the shortest alignment option, with a length of 122.5 km, but traverses more difficult terrain, and passes closer to the scattered population near Mu’tah. Alternative 3 crosses some difficult terrain before crossing Wadi Khanuzereh, before rising up the escarpment and passing the villages to the south of Tafila, close to Ayn Baida, before heading east through sparsely populated country towards Wadi Hasa and the Desert Highway. Its length is also around 150 km. Alternative 3 was selected as the preferred alignment. Once the pipeline reaches the Desert Highway, it will travel northwards in the road corridor. No further details are available on the route or the final destination. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 14 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Conveyance Details The pumped riser main will consist of twin pipes of around 2.0 m diameter, and may be constructed in stages to meet rising demand. Maximum velocity in the pipe will be 1.5 m/s. The pipes will be steel, and will be pressurized throughout their length. There will be 4 pumping stages, with 4 pumping units at locations shown, each ultimately consisting of 4 duty and 1 standby pump. The final gravity section of the line will commence at a balancing tank at the highest point and consist of a 144 km length of twein pipelines, diameters varying from 1.5 – 2.3 m. The pipes will be laid in excavated channels, and backfilled. Significant energy for the pumping will be required – in excess of 1,000 MW, and will be supplied via the electricity supply grid. This will be supplied through a new 90 km long 400 kV line to be developed between the sub‐station at Qatraneh on the Desert Highway, and following approximately the line of the freshwater pipe between the Desert Highway and the lowest level pumping station. 2.2.7 Potable Water Transmission – Israel The current proposal is to supply Israel with up to around 60 MCM/year of water for low elevation domestic, tourism and industrial demand centres in Israel between Ein Gedi and Hatseva, although it is possible that the Israeli authorities will wish to concentrate supply to the areas in the north Arava, in the Hatseva area. Such a transmission line would comprise a single off take from the desalination plant running northwards across the border to a node south‐west of the Dead Sea Works evaporation ponds. From this node, a spur will run northwards for 63 km approximately paralleling the road along the western shore of the Dead Sea, to a terminal point at Ein Gedi. A branch line 20 km long running westwards from a second node on this spur will supply water as far as the municipality of Arad, at an elevation of 520 m. A second spur line will run from the node southwards for approximately 35 km to Hatseva, again paralleling the main road. These alignments have yet to be confirmed by the Beneficiary Parties. 2.2.8 Potable Water Transmission – Palestinian Authority The current proposal for the freshwater conveyance in the Palestinian Authority to supply up to around 30 MCM/year of water to low elevation demand centres in the West Bank, in the Jericho area, although other possible destinations are being considered. This conveyance alignment route stretches westwards from the desalination plant, and cross the border, before following the west coast of the Dead Sea running northwards towards Jericho and beyond. One option is to combine the water for Israel and the Palestinian Authority into the same conveyance as far as Ein Gedi, with flow monitoring and controls as required. An alternative, more expensive option, is to transmit the water destined for Israel and Palestine in two separate pipes, but following the same corridor where relevant. However, these details have yet to be confirmed by the Beneficiary Parties. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 15 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 2.2.9 Dead Sea Discharge Works The discharge works will allow water to be discharged from the conveyance into the Dead Sea. Depending on project configurations, up to 3 discrete streams of water may be discharged, as follows; ƒ Reject brine from the desalination plant ƒ Discharge from the hydropower plant tail racees – could be either Red Sea water, or a combination of Red Sea water and reject brine ƒ Red Sea water which has by‐passed the desalination plant These streams would be combined into a single conveyance. Alignment of Discharge Conveyance and Location of Discharge Works The proposed location of the discharge to the Dead Sea is at the head of the bay to the east of the Lissan Peninsula, as shown on Figure 3.1, unless the results of the Additional Study on the Dead Sea indicate otherwise. In this case, the discharge conveyance will include the following; ƒ an 18 km long open canal running northwards from the hydropower plant, linking with the Truce Canal. ƒ a 21 km long open canal running within the alignment of the Truce Canal ƒ a 7 km long open canal running due east across the neck of the Lissan Peninsula towards the discharge location. The canal sections will likely take the form of concrete lined trapezoidal channels, with dimensions of the order of 20 m wide and 3 ‐ 4 m deep. Discharge Works Details The discharge facility could take a number of forms. These include; i) an open channel discharging to the Dead Sea at the shoreline, ii) discharge into an enclosed lagoon to enable pre‐mixing, iii) discharge through a bellmouth on a submerged offshore pipeline below the surface, or iv) discharge through an array of submerged diffusers along a length of submerged pipe. The final form of discharge infrastructure, including dimensions, will be confirmed later in the study, using the results and recommendations from the Additional Study on the Dead Sea. 2.2.10 Possible Combinations/Configurations The following table sets out the combinations of the above components which were considered in this assessment. Note that as the Feasibilty Study progressed, various options and combinations were ruled out, until one configuration was recommended – shown in red. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 16 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Scheme Eastern Configuration Intake 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2.3
Pipeline Conveyance Low Level Tunnel High Level Tunnel √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Low Level DSP √ √ √ High Level DSP √ √ √ HPP & Discharge Works & FW Jordan (alt 1) & FW Israel & Palestinian Authority √ √ √ √ √ √ Construction Methods An initial description of the construction processes and methods that are implied by the preliminary project design is provided here. Construction activities associated with each component have been indicated. Although these are still highly provisional (dependent upon the final design decisions), there is sufficient information to identify areas of potentially significant environmental or social impact. 2.3.1 Introduction At the current stage of project development, there is uncertainty about construction arrangements and methods. The uncertainty is of two kinds: firstly the exact equipment needs, sites, and physical characteristics of the work areas cannot be known until detailed design is completed; and secondly, the successful bidders for construction contracts will have some leeway to select the working methods and equipment that they will use; based on their own preferences as well as price and availability at the time the contract is let. Some general principles and approaches that will guide the construction of the project can however, be set out. These, together with descriptions of plant and equipment that might typically be used in such circumstances are sufficient to indicate the likely nature and extent of the main environmental and social effects associated with construction of the RSDSC. This ESA will then be able to indicate the methods, procedures and codes of practice that contractors should be required to use to avoid, reduce or compensate for such impacts. These measures can be incorporated into the bidding documents and the contractual conditions for construction. The following sections describe elements of the construction of RSDSC in general terms and how each element is likely to be addressed, focusing on those aspects of most relevance to the ESA. Special variations from this general background, which may be needed for specific components of the scheme or at particular construction sites, are addressed in the relevant sections of the project description. 2.3.2 Duration and Timing The time from the beginning of construction until commissioning of the RSDSC and restitution of the temporary sites will be seven to ten years. Duration of construction depends largely on the conveyance type selected, since this is the project component that will take longest to construct ‐ around six years for a pipe and nine years for a tunnel. Construction of other components and provision of services can be phased in such that the total duration, including testing, should not far exceed the time needed for the conveyance. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 17 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 2.3.3 Plant & Equipment Whichever variant is eventually selected, the RSDSC will be a conventional civil engineering project, that will not require unusual equipment or construction techniques. The major items of plant needed include: Table 2.1 Plant and Equipment Item Temporary Production Facilities Floating plant (barge) Batch plant for concrete manufacture Pipeline manufacturing plant Aggregate production plant Concrete segmenting plants Major Pieces of Equipment Bulldozer Heavy Excavator Spoil removal trucks Cranes Standby generators Tunnel Boring Machine Excavator Rockbreakers Estimated Number Notes 1 2 Water intake (all variants) 1 6 1 Conveyance (pipeline) Conveyance (tunnel options) 20 10 250 2 8 11 40 6 2.3.4 Permanent and temporary land take Permanent Land Take Land will be acquired to site permanent project structures and to allow for operations, maintenance and emergency access throughout the operational life of the project. Areas above underground installations (for example, a buried pipe) may also be purchased or rights acquired so as to prevent incompatible development on the land surface. A major criterion of the preliminary project design has been that, as far as practicable, permanent infrastructure should be sited on unused land of no particular ecological or cultural value. Where this has not been achievable, effort has still been made to avoid land on which there are dwellings or public infrastructure or which is of high value for agriculture. Temporary Land take During construction land will be needed for: ‚ workers’ accommodation ‚ access roads and site access ‚ construction sites including storage and parking COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 18 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report ‚
temporary infrastructure (eg tunnel portal worksites, pipeline manufacturing plant, administration buildings, wells, aggregate production plants, concrete segment factories) The location of construction sites can usually be adjusted to accommodate any environmental or social constraints there may be in the surrounding area. In general, locations will be preferred that comprise undeveloped and unused land, mainly desert or mountainous terrain, and are owned by the government. There are certain to be some areas, however, where land will be needed that is currently in use. In such cases arrangements will be made to preserve essential access and rights of way during the construction period and to compensate owners and users for any economic losses they may suffer. After use for construction, most sites will be restored to their original condition. Exceptions may be accepted where, after consultation with the relevant authorities and stakeholders, a decision is made to hand over the facility (for example a road, well, or building) to be maintained for the use of the local population. 2.3.5 Employment and Management of Workers It is likely that some or all of the components of the RSDSC will be constructed by different contractors, working to different timescales independently of each other; or that a single component will be constructed by two or more contractors working in collaboration. Each contracting company may have its own pools of professional employees and preferred sources of workers. Numbers of workers required will not be known until detailed design is completed and contractors have developed methodologies. Approximate indications of numbers of workers needed on each component and the duration of employment are as follows. Tabl e2.2 Estimated Worker Numbers Duration of Construction Number of Workers (years) Intake 0.5 30 Conveyance (tunnel) 6.0 1,500 Conveyance (pipe) 6.0 500 Desalination Plant* 2.0 200 Hydropower Plant 2.0 200 Outfall 0.5 50 Jordan Freshwater Conveyance 1.0 200 Israel Freshwater Conveyance 0.5 50 PA Freshwater Conveyance 0.5 50 *First phase. It is likely that the DSP will be constructed in several phases depending on growth in water demand Component Where desired, the project proponent can require, or indicate a preference for, approaches to employment to be adopted by contractors. At this stage it is likely that such requirements and preferences would include the following. Local Preferences in Hiring: Criteria for hiring should include the local and national origin of workers with preference being given to employees from the local area and then to nationals of beneficiary parties. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 19 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Worker Health and Safety Standards: Internationally recognised procedures to assure the health and safety of the workforce will be adopted along with the necessary equipment and training to make these effective. Workers’ Accommodation: Where the work force cannot be lodged in a major city (ie Amman or Aqaba) worker camps will be established near the work sites. Camps will be self contained facilities that provide a complete living environment (lodging, food plus essential domestic and recreational facilities) for workers. They will purchase services (electricity, water, telecommunications, solid and liquid waste disposal) from local authorities where available or supply their own. Each camp will be securely fenced and provided with 24‐hour security. Construction Activities’ Interaction with the Environment: The contractors will provide all equipment and materials from designated off‐site sources. They will also provide for all their workers’ needs. Work will only take place within demarcated and fenced areas. Vehicles will move only within sites, on site roads or following agreed routes on the public road network. Social and Economic Interactions: Contractors will be responsible for providing work sites with all the materials that they require. There may be, however, be some scope for local service providers and small‐scale merchants or vendors to do business around the sites. The sites may also be able to allow local residents to access to some facilities that they maintain but are not readily available in the local area (on‐site health care, for example). Access to all sites will be strictly controlled, but allowances will be made for such interactions in accordance with contractual obligations and agreements to be negotiated with local stakeholders. 2.3.6 Management and Use of Natural Resources and Materials No construction materials will be gained from work sites or the surrounding environment other than where specifically approved in advance by the responsible authority. Water for construction will be obtained from specially established wells, where sufficient water of adequate quality is available from local aquifer. A licence will be obtained from the Water Authority of Jordan. Otherwise water will be purchased from the local water company. Sand and aggregate will be obtained from local designated quarries. If a tunnel option is adopted tunnel spoil will be used to produce aggregate wherever practicable. Where excavation disturbs topsoil, the first metre or so of excavated material will be stored separately so that it can be replaced on the surface when the excavated area is restored. 2.3.7 Services and Utilities Where sites are established close enough, and there is sufficient capacity, services and utilities (ie water supply, wastewater and sanitation services, electricity supply, potable water supply, and solid waste management) will be purchased from local suppliers. Local utilities will be commissioned to extend transmission lines or water pipes to worksites. Where local capacity is insufficient, contractors will establish their own site facilities. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 20 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 2.3.8 Transportation and Traffic Construction of RSDSC will generate a great deal of traffic for a number of years at the port of Aqaba; on public roads along the sea water conveyance alignment; and, close to the worksites. A lesser volume of traffic for a shorter time period will be generated around the freshwater conveyances. An analysis of equipment that will needed for construction and operation of the RSDSC, most of which will be brought through the port, is being conducted as part of the feasibility study. This will analyse the capacity of the port, including its unloading and storage capacities, and the capacity of the road network to accommodate heavy and bulky loads. The findings will be used to phase the delivery of equipment and to optimise the size of equipment load: balancing the cost of breaking down loads against the costs of road network upgrading (widening, upgrading junctions, strengthening bridges, culverts, etc). In general, site access will be via roads specially constructed for the project. Construction vehicles will only be allowed to use local roads that are paved, have sufficient capacity and where it has been shown that local users will not be unduly inconvenienced. 2.3.9 Waste Handling and Disposal Waste generated during construction will be classified into four categories for disposal as follows. Inert construction wastes: These include the earth (not including excavated material which is destined to be backfilled when the area is restored), building rubble, unused construction material etc generated during preparing and restoring worksites. These wastes poses no risk of pollution, but may be unsightly and need to be disposed of at a controlled disposal site. Dredged material from the area of the Gulf of Aqaba selected for the seawater intake may be inert sand or gravel or may be contaminated due to past pollution. Such waste will be classified when it is generated as either inert construction waste of special waste (see below) Tunnel spoil: The tunnel options will generate large volumes of spoil in the form of lumps of granitic rock ranging from around 20 cm in diameter to pieces the size of gravel. Some of this can be converted into aggregate for use in construction. The remainder can be discarded into the environment provided sensitive sites are avoided. Some tunnel spoil may be radioactive and will need special arrangements for handling and disposal. Domestic waste: The offices and administration buildings associated with the worksites (as well as the workers’ camps) will generate small amounts of “domestic” type of waste (ie food waste, paper and packaging etc). This will be transported to a controlled municipal waste disposal site. Oily and special wastes: There will inevitably be wastes generated during construction that need special handling and treatment. These will include the oily wastes associated with vehicle maintenance (waste oil, material collected from waste water interceptors etc); unused or waste chemicals, paints and solvents; materials excavated from contaminated sites (if any); and, any other wastes, sludges or debris that is unsuitable for disposal in a municipal type landfill. Such wastes will be segregated for collection and disposal by specialist contractors at sites that are equipped and approved for such wastes. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 21 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Pipeline Construction Sequence The works to construct the 180 km seawater conveyance will be carried out by three separate teams, possibly in 3 separate contracts. Each team will cover a section of approximately 60 km. The seawater conveyance will take between 3 and 4 years to complete utilising around 450 personnel in total. Each 60 km section will be constructed on a 20 km rolling work front that will employ 150 personnel and take approximately 12‐16 months to move along and complete each 20 km. Each team will undertake a rolling sequence of operations as follows: 1. Surveying and ground preparation. Surveyors will set out markers, while bulldozers and graders will clear away the sand and top cover and stockpile in windrows at the edge of the working width. 2. Excavation. Excavators will create a 25 m wide trench to take all the 3 m diameter pipes. The trench will be 4‐5 m deep, allowing a 2 m burial depth from the top of pipe. The excavated material will be laid in windrows (linear piles approximately 5 m high x 20 m wide). The pipes will be delivered to the excavation in 15 m long sections. Pipes will be laid and welding teams will join the sections alongside the pipe trench before lowering into the trench and also weld sections together in the trench. 3. Pipe laying and installation. Side booms and cranes will lower the pipe sections into place. The pipe sections will be welded together in the bottom of trench. Hydro test crew will carryout integrity tests using water abstracted from boreholes on 20 km long sections of the line. Approximately 5‐6 boreholes will be constructed along whole length for hydro testing. 4. Back filling. Small backhoes and conveyors will reinstate excavated material back into the trench. Handheld whacker plates will compact material under and around the pipe. Vibrating rollers will compact the material above the pipeline. 5. Ground restoration. The reinstated material will be spread above the pipeline and landscaped. In this approach, only 3 sections of separate 20 km lengths of ground will be ‘closed’ at any one time by the works. The remaining 3* 40 km lengths will be undisturbed by the contractor. This will minimize the severance effect of the linear work site. This will be discussed in more detail in the ESA report. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 22 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3. BASELINE CONDITIONS IN JORDAN 3.1
Study Area in Jordan For the purposes of this study, the baseline situation in Jordan will be discussed first for the national level, then at the overall Scheme level, and then in four groupings according to the different sections of the Scheme. In Jordan, these four groupings are: • Aqaba: The port city of Aqaba is a key strategic asset for Jordan. Along a coastline of only 27 km lie the nation’s sea ports, an industrial zone geared largely to the export of fertilizers and related industries, and a growing tourist industry centred around the attractive environment. The estimated population of the city of Aqaba for 2008 was approximately 100,900 (DoS, 2008). • Wadi Araba: The Wadi Araba, with a total population of only 6,775 (MoPIC, 2008), runs between the Dead Sea Basin and the Gulf of Aqaba, is divided by the border between Israel and Jordan. It is sparsely populated, and comprises primarily an extensive area of desert sand‐dunes, gravel outwash plains and mudflats. • The Dead Sea Basin: The Dead Sea Basin lies at an elevation of around 350 to 400 m below sea level. It encompasses the Dead Sea and its related industry and tourism activities. The Basin also encompasses the agricultural communities surrounding the Dead Sea including Ghor Haditha, Ghor Mazra'a, Ghor Assal, Ghor Thra'a, Ghor Safi and Ghor Fifa, with around 40,000 people. • Along the freshwater route: Two alignments for the freshwater route are still under consideration, and have been examined in this study. Alignment ‘1’ will pass through the Karak Governorate. With the exception of the town of Karak, this Governorate is primarily agricultural with the predominant livelihoods being farming and shepherding (agriculturists and pastoralists). The town of Karak itself has a population of 23,000 people. Alignment ‘2’ will pass through the Tafilah Governorate. Both routes pass through Jordan’s southern highlands where the terrain rises steeply from the Dead Sea Basin, and flattens out over plateaus where the population lives in small villages and hamlets. 3.2 Jordan’s Administrative Structure and Institutions This section discusses the legislative structure at the national and local level and provides an overview of other stakeholders in the Scheme area. 3.2.1 Overall Governance Framework Jordan is a constitutional monarchy, ruled by H.M. King Abdullah II. Executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers, which is appointed by the King. The Council of Ministers is answerable to a two‐
house parliament, comprising an upper house (the Senate) with 55 appointed senators, and a lower house of 110 deputies elected by popular vote. Since 1999, there have been a series of developments in support of economic reform and liberalization, education, social development, national consensus‐
building and democracy. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 23 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.2.2 Governorates The country is divided into 12 administrative Governorates (see figure 3.1), each headed by an appointed Governor. Governorates are further divided into districts and sub districts. Table 3.1 below lists the districts and sub districts of each Governorate Table 3.1 Summary of Administrative Divisions Governorate Amman Balqa Zarqa Madaba Irbid Mafraq Jarash Ajlun Karak Tafiela Ma'an Aqaba No of Districts 9 5 3 2 9 4 1 2 7 3 4 2 No of Sub districts 13 8 6 7 9 14 3 4 10 3 8 4 (Source: DoS, 2008) Key Government services (Health, Education, Security, etc) are organized within Governorate divisions. Governors are also responsible for maintaining law and order, but since 2001, have a new mandate to include coordination of economic development in their regions. The Governors now chair two governorate‐level bodies. An Executive Council (comprising the Governor, representatives of line Ministries in the Governorate and local mayors) is tasked with the general coordination of socio‐
economic planning in the Governorate, and a Consultative Council (comprising local notables, private sector representatives, NGOs and community leaders) acts as a link with the local community. Governorates report to the central Ministry of the Interior. There are currently proposals for further decentralization of Government services, and for the development of special investment zones (see Section 0) which may alter the economic development role of the Governors in the future. The water conveyance passes through the Governorates of Aqaba, Tafilah, and Karak, while the freshwater line passes through the Governorates of Karak, Tafilah and Amman (see Figure 3.1). COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 24 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 3.1 Administrative Divisions in Jordan COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 25 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.2.3 Municipalities Jordan has 93 local municipalities, providing local government services such as waste collection, street cleaning, street and road maintenance, public lighting, culture and sports. Municipalities are run by a mayor who answers to a locally elected municipal council. Municipalities vary greatly in size from populations of less than 5,000 people, to greater then 100,000 people, and also vary greatly in capacity. Municipalities relate to the central Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MoMA). Social and economic statistics in Jordan are compiled in relation to the administrative divisions (governorate and districts), rather than the municipal jurisdictions. The discussion in the remainder of this report therefore relates mainly to the administrative divisions. 3.2.4 Aqaba Special Economic Zone Area (ASEZA) The Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is s separate governance entity, sitting within the Aqaba Governorate. It was established in 2001 over a 375 km2 (37,500 hectares) area around the port city of Aqaba. The zone includes Jordan’s entire marine coastline of 27km. Its purpose is to attract and facilitate investment in Aqaba in the areas of industry, port development, tourism, infrastructure, utilities and services. The population of the ASEZ was 127,500 in 2008, and the Master Plan foresees this growing to 250,000 by 2020. The ASEZ is administered by the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA). Within the Zone, ASEZA has the authority of a municipality, as well as being the regulator for investment permitting. Economic entities wishing to operate in the Zone register with ASEZA, rather than the Ministry of Trade and Industry. As a result, the Zone offers a low tax environment to stimulate economic activity, attract inward investment, promote exports and deliver social, economic and environmental benefits to the people of the region and the country. ASEZA has sole jurisdiction over environmental regulation within the ASEZ, which includes the entire coastline. ASEZA has also reportedly been given some authority over development in parts of the Wadi Araba. This is said to include environmental regulation and development planning, but the extent to which this is in force is not clear, and has not yet been formalized in law. This may change with the establishment of the DZC). 3.3 Other Government Institutions 3.3.1 Aqaba Development Cooperation (ADC) In 2004, ASEZA and the Jordanian Government launched the Aqaba Development Corporation (ADC) as the development agency for the Aqaba Special Economic Zone. ADC is a Government and ASEZA owned company which was given ownership of all Government held assets in the Zone (including the ports and the airport), and mandated to develop the Zone, through infrastructure development, and business enablers, and through managing the key assets. One of ADC’s main roles is the attraction of private sector developers and operators in the Zone. ADC also has the responsibility of implementing the ASEZ Master Plan. The role of ASEZA as local authority and regulator for investments and the environment is unchanged. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 26 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.3.2 Jordan Maritime Authority (JMA) Shipping in Jordan is regulated by the Maritime Authority. The purpose of the JMA is to regulate, control and develop the maritime sector in Jordan including all maritime transportation modes and the related labour forces. The Authority is responsible for the inspection and regulation of shipping, ship movements, ship safety, and records. While the Authority has a role in the regulation of on board equipment, the role of the environmental regulator with regard to pollution in marine environment and coastline lies with ASEZA. 3.3.3 Aqaba Ports Authority (APA) The Port of Aqaba is owned by ADC. However, the Aqaba Ports Corporation (APC), established in 1952, now operates most of the Ports of Aqaba under a management contract with ADC. APC operates the Main Port, the Mo’tah and Mushtarak Ports, and some berths at the Industrial Port. The Aqaba Container Terminal (ACT), marine services, and the Industrial Terminal are operated by the private sector under agreement with APC. A project to significantly upgrade the port facilities and their management is currently underway. 3.3.4 Royal Jordanian Navy The Royal Navy conducts daily patrols of port areas and keeps a patrol boat on 24‐hour watch in the ship anchorage area next to the Main Port. The Navy, in collaboration with the Ports Corporation, assists in preventing polluting discharge from ships and helps bring the polluters before the courts. The Naval Base is located between the Marine Park and the Southern Port area. 3.3.5 Development Zones Commission (DZC) Established in 2009, the DZC was created to replicate the successes of the ASEZA model in other strategic areas of the country. Currently, the only Development Zone in the study area is the Dead Sea Zone). However, there are discussions about the establishment of additional development zones in the Wadi Araba area. No details are available on this at present, but it is possible that these may include an agriculture zone in the area of the Southern Ghors, and/or a zone related to tourism development in the Wadi Araba. 3.3.6 Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) Role The Jordan Valley Authority is a governmental organization responsible to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, with over 1,800 staff responsible for the social and economic development of the Jordan Rift Valley, including the development, utilization, protection and conservation of water resources. Its role is mostly focused in the Jordan River valley, (north of the Dead Sea, and outside the immediate project area), where it operates the extensive irrigation systems in the Jordan Valley, and is responsible for regulating the extensive irrigated agriculture. JVA is also responsible for all lands in the Wadi Araba stretch of the rift valley which lie below 500 m above sea level. This includes the Dead Sea Basin, the Southern Ghors and much of the Wadi Araba. Within this area, JVA is responsible for land use planning and investment regulation, although this is likely to change with the expanding jurisdiction of ASEZA and the DZC. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 27 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.3.7 Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities is responsible for the development and regulation of the tourism sector as well as enhancement of archaeological sites in Jordan. Historically, the Ministry developed tourism infrastructure, but now cooperates with the private sector on new provision and the upgrade of existing services. It is also responsible for the development of tourism and archaeology awareness, and strengthening of the institutional setup of the sector. The Ministry operates some tourist sites and parks, conducts tourist and tourism investment studies, conducts quality control and monitoring in the sector, and gathers statistics and information. Under the Ministry lies the Department of Antiquities, which is responsible for research and protection of Jordan’s archaeoigical resources, and acts as the Government regulator for any archaeological issues. The Department must approve any project which may impact on archaeological sites. 3.3.8 Ministry of Health The Ministry of Health is responsible for the health sector in Jordan. Its role is; to maintain public health through the provision of preventive, treatment and control services; the organization and supervision of health care services; health care insurance provision; establishment and control of the health education and training institutes in accordance with the legislation. The Ministry also works to raise the level of public health by fighting diseases, encouraging natural child nursing, providing services for mother and child, providing preventive health services in some schools, as well as control the environment and health conditions in work places. The Ministry therefore acts as the provider of health care though the hospitals, clinics and health centres, and also as the regulator for the private health care sector. 3.3.9 Ministry of Social Development The Ministry of Social Development provides a leadership role in social development as well as assisting institutions and agencies that play a critical role in the fields of social services. The Ministry undertakes programs and services in the areas of: family, childhood, social defence, and special education. Projects and interventions on local society development, and poverty monitoring and social security are also performed by the Ministry. 3.3.10Ministry of Education The Ministry of Education is the provider and regulator for primary and secondary education in Jordan. It funds and provides the schools system, including the physical infrastructure, teachers, curriculum, materials, etc and also oversees the examination and certification system. 3.3.11Ministry of Awqaf, Islamic Affairs and Holy Places The Ministry of Awaqaf is the provider and regulator of public Islamic religion in Jordan. It provides training and registration of the imams and mosque preachers, oversees mosques, Islamic schools and institutes, Islamic orphanages and colleges in Jordan. It also deals with endowments (both from the ministry and other institutions) these various institutes. The ministry also oversees Islamic burial in graveyards and has an advisory role for Haj pilgrims. It also has the responsibility to develop religious tourism and to identify suitable. It also operates the Islamic Zakat (alms) system. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 28 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Non‐Government Institutions 3.3.12Royal Marine Conservation Society (JREDS) JREDS is a non‐governmental organization, formed in 1995, to contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of the marine environment in Jordan through advocacy, education, outreach and empowerment. JREDS carries out regular beach and underwater cleanup programs, organizes community awareness and public education programs. In coordination with other NGOs and programs, JREDS has taken part in coral reef monitoring, turtle surveys, water conservation and other environmental campaigns in Aqaba such as litter reduction. JRED’s particular interest is likely to be in the Scheme’s impacts on the marine environment. 3.3.13Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) The RSCN is an independent non‐profit non‐government organization devoted to the conservation of Jordan's natural resources. Established in 1966 it has semi‐statutory authority to protect the Kingdom’s natural heritage. Its aims are to conserve the biodiversity of Jordan and integrate its conservation programs with socio‐economic development, while promoting wider public support and action for the protection of the natural environment within Jordan and neighbouring countries. RSCN is also responsible for setting up and managing protected areas to safeguard Jordan’s natural environment and biodiversity, running captive breeding programs to save endangered species from extinction, enforcing governmental laws to protect wildlife and control illegal hunting, ensuring the socio‐economic development of rural communities by creating job opportunities through eco‐tourism, craft production, and other nature‐based businesses. In the study area, RSCN manages the Dana Biosphere Reserve, and is currently implementing a World Bank funded project to develop several more protected areas in the Wadi Araba. RSCN’s particular interest is likely to be on protection of the environment along the conveyance and freshwater lines in Jordan, and on migratory birds. 3.3.14Friends of the Earth (Middle East) Friends of the Earth Middle East (FOEME) was formed after the Peace Treaty with Israel as a tri‐partite body to bring together Israeli, Palestinian, and Jordanian environmentalists and cooperatively advocate environmental issues in the region. Its main interests lie in protecting the shared ecosystems of the Jordan River Valley and the Dead Sea basin, as well as the Wadi Araba. It is also interested in climate change issues, green building, sustainable development, water use and access, and alternative energy projects. FOEME has produced several short studies relating to the Scheme and its possible impacts. 3.3.15Dive Centres & Dive Clubs There are two dive centres on the Aqaba Coastline ‐ the Royal Diving Club (catering for a maximum of 60 divers per day, and also offering snorkelling access), and Club Murjan (a club affiliated with the Al‐
Cazar Hotel). There are also a number of dive clubs and/organizations in Aqaba. USAID has recently assisted the dive clubs to form an umbrella organization – the Aqaba Diving Association ‐ to assist with representing the dive industry in Aqaba. The concern of the dive clubs is likely to be particularly related to impacts on the marine environment, especially the corals, and the effect on tourism and diving. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 29 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.3.16Al Haq Farms Al Haq Farms are a state owned farms cooperative run by the investment unit at the General Intelligence Department (GID). Within the study area, there are four agricultural projects; Bir Mathkour ‐ around 550 dunums are cultivated including date palms and grapes and different types of vegetables, Rishe ‐ an area of land has been considered for cultivating plants, Rahma and Qatar, and Ma'amoura & Ghor Safi, where around 500 dunums are cultivated. These projects use abstracted groundwater to cultivate produce for both the local and domestic markets. (See Section 3.10.4 for a more detailed discussion on these farms including their locations). 3.3.17Other Groups There are many community based organizations (CBOs) in Jordan, which are concerned with improving the social welfare of local communities. Most of these CBOs are relatively small organizations and they are often weak, lack resources and are highly dependent on the central government for small grants via the Ministry of Social Development. At the national and governorate level, NGOs/CBOs are grouped into loose confederations called General Unions of Voluntary Services (GUVS). The role of GUVS is mainly a supervisory and coordination one for CBOs registered under the Ministry of Social Development (MoSD). All NGOs have to register with their functionally equivalent ministry (Agriculture, Sports, Trade and Industry, etc), and there is currently much debate about a new draft law regulating these entities. The Government and foreign donors often partner with local CBOs and NGOs to deliver on development projects. One such initiative was the Enhanced Productivity Program (EPP), operated by the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC), which implemented a ‘Village Cluster Program’, a ‘Pockets of Poverty Program’ and other local development programs for less privileged areas. These were large programmes mostly related to infrastructure development, and implemented through well established Royal NGOs such as the Jordan River Foundation (JRF), Jordan Hashemite Fund for Human Development (JOHUD), and the Noor Al Hussein Foundation (NAF). These projects implemented income‐generating activities in less privileged areas such as Wadi Araba, and Ghor Safi. 3.4 Property Rights under Jordanian Legislation 3.4.1 Land Acquisition Law Land acquisition in Jordan is governed by Law No 12 of 1987, commonly referred to as the LAL, and its amendments. The LAL applies in all cases of land acquisition and to all concerned institutions. The LAL lists the two main conditions for acquisition/confiscation as being i) no land can be confiscated unless it is for public benefit and ii) there is fair and just compensation for any project affected parties (PAPs). Land confiscation is dependent on the approval of the Council of Ministers, which requires public benefits and fair compensation results for the works to be undertaken, as well as requiring evidence that the client has the capability to pay any necessary compensation. The Council of Ministers’ approval will not be provided until agreement with land owners on proper compensation is reached. Articles 11‐26 of the LAL state the legal basis for compensation and set out the following key principles and stages for the process: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 30 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 1‐ Land value is essentially dependent on the amount of land confiscated, the purpose of confiscation, the percentage of land confiscated, and status and size of the leftover land. Such details will be taken into account in setting the proper amount of compensation. 2‐ The land owner is responsible for paying any previous taxes on the property concerned prior to compensation. 3‐ Upon final agreement upon compensation, approval and authentication by the Directorate of Land followed by an authentication of the Council of Ministers is required. 4‐ The relevant party is required to pay the compensation to the land owner directly or deposited in the Treasury under their names within three months. Non‐payment results in a 9% annual interest being added to the compensation starting the day after the three months period. The implications of the LAL on specific groups is summarised below. Land Owners. The LAL specifies in Article 7 that the owner of the property is the person in whose name the property is registered at the Land Registry. If the property is not registered, the person seizing the land on the day of issuance of the Council of Ministers’ Resolution to acquire the land shall, for the purposes of compensation, be considered the owner. This stipulation does not preclude anyone else from claiming ownership through the courts. The entitlements of legally‐established renters and renters are also confirmed. In the case of multiple ownership, it is the general practice of the government that the client deals with the owners as a body and to ask them to select a representative to act and negotiate on their behalf. Nonetheless, all owners (shareholders) will be entitled to property compensation according to their shares. Compensation for Improvements and Water Rights. Compensation for farmland may include separately itemized compensations for features such as walls, greenhouses, wells, water rights, etc. The LAL in Article 10 states clearly that compensation should be fair to all PAPs both owners and tenants. Owners should be compensated for their properties including (buildings, improvements, trees. etc) at full replacement cost. In principle, any damage or injury may be compensated. Judgements on the LAL in 1996 confirm this position: “The property appropriated is the land and the buildings, trees and other fixtures on it including the water tank built in the land. Claiming for equitable compensation includes all that is in the property”. The loss of water rights also attracts compensation: “That the appropriation of the land which includes water spring by the Water Authority does not include the waters of that spring. The owners, if the land was irrigated from the spring, shall have the right to claim for compensation due to harm accrued to their land as a result of depriving it from the right of irrigation.” Crops and Trees. Under the LAL, tree and annual crops are subject to compensation but no guidelines are defined expect that the expropriation shall be in consideration of a suitable level of compensation. Under past practice in Jordan, confiscation of tree crops has been compensated on the basis of a flat rate single payment defined according to a schedule developed for this purpose based on the type and age of tree. There are no identified impacts to this group from the project or associated infrastructure at this time. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 31 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Amount of Compensation Payable to Renters. The following compensation will be awarded (as required by the LAL) to tenants proportionately as a percentage of the compensation for the plot. The maxima are: • 15% if the compensation is for occupation for industrial or commercial purposes, and, • 5% if the property is occupied for any other purpose. The LAL does not preclude private agreements between tenants and owners. In conjunction with other laws, a settlement without the agreement of the renter is extremely unlikely. 3.4.2 Land Designation and Categorization The Department of Lands and Survey (DLS) is responsible for designation of land ownership. There are generally 4 categories of land ownership used in Jordan; government, military, Awqaf, private. in addition, some lands are regarded locally as wajihat ashiriyyeh, or lands which were designated to certain tribes in the past, although these may not always be registered with DLS as private lands. In addition, some lands have been zoned by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MOMA) for specific activities,eg agricultural, residential, industrial, other development, etc. In the study area, several Government agencies have some jurisdiction over land use planning, and distribution. These include JVA (in the rift valley below elevations of 300 m), the Development Zones Commission (DZC) in areas designated as Development Zones (eg the Dead Sea Development Zone), ASEZA (inside the Aqaba Special Economnic Zone), the Greater Amman Municipality (inside the municipal boundary of Amman), and MOMA (in all other areas). Land ownership and land use zoning data has been requested from the relevant authorities but release of this data is still pending. At the present time, it is thought that most land which will be taken for the project is owned by the Government. Exceptions to this include lands around Aqaba, Fifa, and coming into South Amman, from Jiza northwards. Once the data is available, the lands to be impacted by the project will be examined in regard to land use, ownership, zoning, market price, etc. The cost of land acquisition and any compensation/resettlement required will be factored into the project costs, and a Resettlment Policy Framework will be developed in the ESA. 3.5 Population and Demographics 3.5.1 Population and Demographics at the National Level Jordan is a lower‐middle income country which had a total population of 5.8 million in 2008 (DoS, 2009). The population is distributed unevenly with 70% of the population being concentrated in Amman, Zarqa and Irbid (see Table 3.2). COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 32 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 3.2 Jordan: Population Size in Thousands Governorate 2003 2004 2005 2006 Amman 2029.2 2074.0 2125.4 2172.8 Balqa 350.4 356.0 367.2 345.2 Zarqa 779.3 799.0 810.5 834.4 Madaba 130.8 135.0 137.1 140.0 Irbid 930.9 952.0 257.2 263.2 Mafraq 245.8 250.0 257.2 263.2 Jerash 156.9 161.0 164.3 168.0 Ajloun 120.3 123.0 126.1 128.8 Karak 204.0 211.0 214.1 218.4 Tafiela 73.2 77.0 77.1 78.4 Ma’an 99.4 102.0 104.1 106.4 Aqaba 109.8 110.0 115.1 117.6 Kingdom 5230.0 5350.0 5473.0 5600.0 Source: Adapted from DoS special report on indicators at the governorate level, 2007 Jordan’s fertility rate is around 3.7% and its annual population growth is around 2.3% (DoS, 2008). The country’s population increase has also recently been fuelled by influxes of Iraqis. UNHCR estimates that500,000 Iraqis remain in Jordan in 2010, with 66,480 being assisted by UNHCR1. They do not forsee a change in the number of Iraqis in the short term. At any rate, few have located within the areas through which the Scheme will pass. There are also around 300,000 male guest workers in Jordan, most of whom work as labourers in the construction and agriculture industries, as Jordanians tend to be reluctant to take on such jobs. The population growth has created imbalances between the demand and the supply of social services, which has impacted the quality of service provision. In addition, Jordan's scarcity of natural resources, particularly its chronic shortage of water, has worsened the situation and is expected to get worse with further population increases. This applies in particular to the governorates with the highest population concentrations (as discussed above), which are consequently considered water deficit areas and depend on water importation from other areas. Jordan’s demographic profile is characterised by a young population, high literacy rate and increasing life expectancy. More than 90 percent of the population is educated and the life expectancy at birth is 72.3 years (DoS, 2007). The majority of Jordan’s population are Arabs descending from various tribes, who have migrated to the area over the years. Section 3.6.2 contains a short discussion on the tribal context of the country. In addition to the Arab population, around 1% of the population is Armenian and 1% is Circassian. There are also small Kurd, Druze, and Chechen minorities, but none are relevant to the study area. More than 92% of Jordanians are Sunni Muslims, and about 6% are Christians, living mainly in Amman, Madaba, Karak and Salt. Several small Shi’a and Druze populations are also found. However, the past 1
Source: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e486566
COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 33 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report decades have seen a constant influx of migrants from Iraq and Palestine. All inhabitants of the Scheme area speak Arabic as their first language. 3.5.2 Jordan as a Tribal Society Jordan can be characterized as a tribal society. For the purposes of this study, a tribe may be defined as ‘a group of people distinguished from other groups by notions of shared descent’ (Alon p 8). Almost all Jordanian Arabs of Transjordanian origin (ie from east of the modern border), and many of Palestinian origin, belong to a tribe (bin Mohammad 1999), although some families which settled a longer time ago or feel ‘urbanised’ will no longer regard themselves as tribal. Many tribes were historically nomadic, moving around the Arabian deserts and herding camels, sheep and goats. During the 20th century, many tribes gradually settled into urban areas or villages and took up sedentary employment, such as farming. Others continue a nomadic or semi‐nomadic life. Common in the south of Jordan is a semi‐nomadic lifestyle, whereby families live in settled dwellings for part of the year and then move with their herds to better pasture for certain months. Most tribes are also split into branches, or clans, The term Bedouin is often used in connection with a tribal community. It is often not used consistently, but generally refers to the historically nomadic Arabic tribes who inhabit the Arabian desert (the badia). Bedouin are Arabs, and even though their traditions are associated with a nomadic, desert lifestyle, they are not a separate linguistic or ethnic grouping. Many Jordanian tribes associate themselves with being Bedouin, but for this study, the Bedouin‐non Bedouin distinction is not particularly relevant, whereas an understanding of the tribal nature of society (Bedouin or not) is crucial. Main tribes in the Scheme Area The main tribes and confederations of tribes in the study area include; • the Bani Sakher, found in central Jordan along the northern part of the freshwater route between Qatraneh and Amman • the Nuaymat, Hamayda and Hajaya, found along the southern part of the freshwater route and the Tafila area, • the Huwaytat who dominate southern Jordan, • and the Sayideen and Ammareen, who also inhabit the Wadi Araba. • There are also Sab’awi tribes in the area which originate in the Palestinian desert, and who crossed to Jordan after 1948. In some areas, there are groups of families, who are from the non‐Arabic, nomadic, Bani Murra tribe. Note that these tribal groupings are comprised of many clans or larger family groups, and are not themselves usually found as surnames. Individual clans and families in the study area are discussed during the assessment. Tribal influence in modern Jordan Historically, tribes governed themselves according to complex and developed traditions. During the Ottoman period, much of the tribal areas of Arabia were beyond the reach of Ottoman civil governance. When the new administrations of Transjordan and then Jordan were created, the new state began gradually to increase influence over tribal life and tribal areas. However, as many COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 34 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report commentators point out, this was not so much a case of the state conflicting and eventually winning over tribal influence and tradition, as much as a compromise between the new state and tribal traditions. In fact, the shape of governance in modern Jordan derives largely from its tribal heritage, characterised by the representation of the larger tribal groupings at senior levels in Government, the military, academia, etc. Alon notes that the ‘entire Jordanian system is built on the interplay between families – many of them shaykhly families representing tribes’, and also observes that ‘the system of state resource allocation takes place according to tribal or familial lines (Alon p 155). One of the important aspects of this was the co‐opting of the tribes into the Jordanian security forces, particularly the military. Military employment is an important means for the state to provide assistance to the rural tribes. Tribal values also influence much of modern Jordanian culture and law. The modern administrative boundaries follow, to some extent, older tribal boundaries. The Tribal Control Laws and Courts were abolished in 1976, in an attempt to apply one law consistently to all citizens, but tribal practices still operate in relation to social interactions. According to Alon, ‘tribal customary law remains an integral part of the Jordanian legal system’ (155). Tribal conventions govern most social relations, including engagement and marriage. Crimes that deal with murder, rape, or honour killings are dealt with tribally. Often, an offender, and his family are required to leave the district (tribal) boundaries. Occasionally, conflicts between tribes occur as a result of accidents or murders, which require mediation and usually end in compensation being paid. Many tribes hold internal elections for various reasons, as seen in the 2010 parliamentary elections where many tribes held a series of primaries to determine who will stand to represent the tribe. Having said this, tribal influence is lesser in urban areas, among the middle classes and amongst the urban young, whose priorities are education and employment, and as noted, many families in urban areas, particularly the better off, will no longer consider themselves as tribal. Implications of Tribal Heritage on Land Rights This tribal heritage has many practical implications in modern Jordan, not least in relation to the society and communities along the route of the Scheme. For example, there is often an attachment to tribal land in a particular area. In previous decades, the state often designated large expanses of land as wajhat ashairiyeh or tribal land, belonging to a specific tribe. From these lands, families were granted plots on which to live or farm, and these plots became registered formally with the Department of Lands and Survey (DLS), and can be traded in the normal manner. However, those lands still designated as wajhat ashairiyeh have an unclear standing today, since although they are recognized by the tribes, the designation falls short of formal registration by DLS, and may be regarded by ministries as ‘government land’. In practical terms, this means that much land is owned tribally, and regardless of how it is registered, it is regarded as a common asset, and the rental or sale of such lands must be approved by the tribal leadership. In the Wadi Araba, wajhat ashairiyeh appears to have been used less, with the Government granting small plots (1 – 1.5 dunum) for the use of the families who live in the area. It seems that this granting does not always give full ‘ownership’, and the lands are not able to be sold by the family. Because of the tendency for land to be inherited by multiple descendents, it is common for individual plots of land to have multiple owners, all from the same family. These owners must agree unanimously for the land to be sold, whereas land can by rented by a majority decision. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 35 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Other Practical Implications in Modern Jordan Since kin ties are often the dominant factor in governing how society works, individual families and even communities are more likely to subsume their interests into the wider interest of the tribe, or perhaps more practically, to respond to problems or issues as a member of a larger tribal family, rather than a household or smaller community. There is a strong expectation that senior figures in government, academia, military, and even the private sector will use their influence to serve their tribe or family, whether by distributing jobs, or allocating services, licenses, concessions, etc or solving problems. This has historically been one of the dominant features of modern Jordanian life, and although it is increasingly being challenged by modernisers, it may influence various aspects of the Scheme’s implementation and operation. Communication and decision making are often carried out along tribal lines. Accessing local communities, eg for data collection or consultation, must take into account the tribal distinctions and leadership structure. Throughout the PCCP process, we have endeavoured to take this into account. As noted earlier, the kinship structure of society means that access to the benefits of any large Scheme project may be expected to follow tribal patterns, eg if a certain area of tribal land is disturbed, there will be the expectation that the tribe is compensated, regardless of how the land is formally registered. Conversely, where the Scheme is likely to bring benefits (eg employment or increased level of health or social services), then there will be an expectation that the tribes associated with the land through which the Scheme passes will receive some of the spoils, and perhaps even determine to whom and how the spoils are distributed. Implications for the Vulnerable Having established that communities which belong to a particular tribe can access decision makers through the tribal route, the corollary is that those who are from less important tribes or family groups, or those from outside the tribal system at all, may have difficulty in either having their concerns heard, or in accessing project benefits. In general terms, those outside the tribal community system include foreigners (eg Egyptian or Syrian agricultural or construction workers), communities of Palestinian origin, and Gypsies. Especially where these groups are in a low income bracket, they would be considered vulnerable, and are discussed in the social analysis. 3.5.3 Gender Issues in the Study Area For some time, Jordan has been attempting to promote gender equality at all levels, and formal women’s rights are among the most well developed in the Arab World. Women were given the right to vote nationally in 1974 and municipally in 1982. Female candidates were first allowed in 1993, although women are still under represented in most roles. A quota guarantees 6 seats in the lower house of Parliament, out of 110. There are now some female judges, and some female appointees in the upper house of parliament. There are usually 1 or 2 women in the Cabinet, and there are increasing numbers of women at senior levels in the public sector. Women serve in the police and the army. Women are more common in senior positions in NGOs. However, despite this, Jordanian society still tends to be very male dominated, particularly outside of Amman. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 36 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Female participation in the educational system is high. In 2007, the ratio of girls to boys in school enrollment at all levels was 0.987. However, the ratio literate females to males (aged between 15 and 24) was only 0.904 in 2007. Men dominate the employment figures. The Department of Statistics records that only 15% of the workforce is women, whereas the average for the MENA region is 28%. Therefore, while Jordan’s health and education indicators are high, the employment figures are significantly lower than the MENA average. Almost half (45.5%) of employed women are in the public sector. The average age of marriage for women is 27, and the tendency for women to stop working following marriage is common and is cited as a disincentive for employers to hire and train women. Only 7% of married women in Jordan are in paid employment outside the home. Jordan’s Gender Development Index (GDI) – which captures the inequalities in achievement between men and women is 0.742 (2009), compared with its HDI of 0.770. The ratio of 0.965 is a key indicator of the inequality of achievement. For Jordan, this ratio is 145th out of 155 countries measured, indicating that there is a significantly greater difference between male and female development in Jordan than in most other countries. This mostly explained by the traditional and conservative culture in Jordan. The average household side is large (5.7 persons) in spite of the decline in fertility levels in recent years, and the traditional role of women is in the house. In rural areas, families are unwilling to allow women to travel eg to school or work, and in many communities, it is not acceptable for women to work outside the home. In the rural area parts of the study area, and particularly in the tribal areas where Bedouin traditions dominate, the situation is even more conservative and gender‐segregated than in the towns and cities. There are clearly defined gender roles, and women generally don’t work outside the house. Their main role is in care of the household and the children. In general, in the rural areas along the route of the Scheme, the community consultees mentioned that its is ‘against their traditions’ for women to work outside the house. Education of girls is often limited to whatever is available nearby, since most rural families are unhappy to allow girls to travel for work or education. This was observed along the Desert Highway, Tafila area and the Wadi Araba. The villages in the Wadi Araba appeared to be the most restrictive on women working, travelling and taking part in the public sphere. The Southern Ghors are an exception to this, where a tradition of women working in agriculture is accepted, which gives the women a stronger position with regard to decision making. In the areas of south Amman, women are not allowed (by their families) to work in factories despite their presence in the area. Only in rare cases of extreme poverty do women work in the factories, but not in indoor secluded areas. Some women work in the local NGOs and women in these areas do sometimes own and inherit land in their own name. Once out of Amman, men in the communities along the Desert Highway are more polygamous. Female education levels are lower, probably due to the absence of schools close to the residential neighbourhoods. In the villages around Tafila and Ayn Baida, the women generally don’t work outside the home. Some are employed in the local Princess Basma Centre in Ayn Baida. Some women work at home making handicrafts and/or jameed – the sour yoghurt prized as a key ingredient to Jordan’s national dish, mansa). There are instances of polygamy but it not thought to be common in this area. Women in this area don’t inherit or own land unless they have been widowed. Interest from women in education is COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 37 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report becoming more important in the area, although education for them is limited to whatever levels are available within their communities, because of the unacceptability of travelling. Job opportunities for women are very limited. In Ghor Safi/Fifa, women have a stronger role, as they work in the fields, and are the main source of household income. Even where the younger generation is better educated, young women often work in the farms located nearby. Despite this, they also are responsible for the household tasks (taking care of children, cleaning, etc). Men in this area also tend to be polygamous, and girls here marry at a younger age (17/18). In the Wadi Araba, women are much more conservative (religiously and culturally). There are hardly any that work in most villages across the Wadi Araba. In Rishe women work as teachers and in the NGOs. In Finan, 5 women work in the Ecolodge. Otherwise, some women work in Al Haq farms for very low wages and without social insurance or health insurance. Some (few) women herd livestock. The women of Qatar are isolated from everything. Education is limited to whatever level is available within the village the women reside in (they can’t take buses to neighboring villages) thus the women of Rishe are the most educated ones. One issue for the women of Finan is the number of instances where women have lost children during childbirth, attributed to the difficulty of local access (many local roads are bumpy, unpaved tracks), and getting to the distant hospitals in either Ghor Safi or Aqaba. 3.5.4 Overview of Population and Demographics in the Scheme Area The Scheme will be constructed in relatively unpopulated and remote areas of Jordan. Outside the main centres of population – Aqaba, Ghor Safi, Karak and Tafilah – most of the Scheme passes through areas where the population is very low. 3.5.5 Population and Demographics in Aqaba Town Aqaba is an a‐typical town in Jordan, with a fast growing economy and population. In 2001 the Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) was created as a separate governance entity, sitting within the Aqaba Governorate. The zone includes Jordan’s entire marine coastline of 27km. Its purpose was to attract and facilitate investment in Aqaba in the areas of industry, port development, tourism, infrastructure, utilities and services. In 2008, the population of Aqaba Governorate was estimated at 130,300 persons, with the ASEZ making up 79% of this population number. Aqaba’s population totals about 2.1% of the Kingdom’s total population. The population has about a 5.6% annual growth rate, with a breakdown of male 57% and female 44%. Currently, 50% of the Aqaba population is below the age of 20 and 27% is non‐
Jordanian. It is expected that the population will reach 250,000 by 2020. The Governorate of Aqaba has four sub‐districts, the two most prominent being Qasabet Aqaba and Quirah which together house 92% of its population. Outside of the ASEZ the population is almost entirely Arab with few exception. The main religious faith in Aqaba is Islam. About 97.8% of the population is Muslim and 2.1% Christian. There are about 30 people of other religious faiths in Aqaba. All speak Arabic as a primary language. Within the Aqaba town, land and real estate prices have increased substantially. Immigration into the ASEZ is the highest within Jordan, both internally by Jordanians and externally from foreign workers. This situation has caused some frictions within the Aqaba society. In addition, plans to relocate some of the lower income inhabitants have increased the local community’s suspicion of the Aqaba Special COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 38 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Economic Zone Authority (especially within the low income Shallalah Area). Illiteracy rates in the governorate amongst females are 16.5% compared to 7.3% amongst males, according to the Department and Statistics, Population and Housing Census, 2004. The population influx into the governorate of Aqaba has been partly influenced by the launch of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ), which encouraged migration from other parts of Jordan to profit from new opportunities in Aqaba. It has also been fuelled by an inflow of foreign workers, mainly Egyptians and Palestinians, which constitute around 21.7% of the population (Kardoush, 2005 & DoS, 2008). Palestinian refugees and returnees after the Gulf war have also added to the population of the area. Aqaba residents, particularly from lower income neighbourhoods complain that many of the new jobs in the area go to ‘incomers’, whether non Jordanian or non‐Aqaba residents, and that the benefits of the Zone’s success are not being passed to them. If any groups in the town could be regarded as vulnerable, it would be residents of the lower income areas such as Old Town and Shallalah, to the extent that a USAID programme – the Aqaba Community and Economic Development Programme (ACED) ‐ was set up to focus on developing economic opportunities for Aqaba’s residents. The average family size in Aqaba city is around 5.3 compared to 5.6 at the regional level and 5.7 in the Kingdom with an annual population growth rate at 4.6% between the period of 2004 to 2007 (DoS, 2008, MoPIC, ASEZA et al, 2007). Figure 3.2 is an aerial photograph of the town of Aqaba. Figure 3.2 Aerial Photograph of Aqaba COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 39 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.5.6 Population and Demographics in the Wadi Araba The Wadi Araba administrative sub‐district extends along the route from Aqaba to the Southern Ghors along the Amman‐ Aqaba road. Excluding the villages in the Dead Sea basin and Aqaba, the Wadi Araba has a recorded population of only 6,775 divided into 1,086 families (PEC, 2006 & MoPIC 2007). It is sparsely populated by nomadic tribes who settled mostly for reasons of education. The communities identified within Wadi Araba Sub‐District as relevant to the Scheme are indicated on Figure 3.3 and their population sizes listed in Table 3.3. These villages are mostly settled nomadic Bedouin from tribes such as the Hajaya, Saideen, Abu Khusheiba and Saba’wi. They state that one of the main resons for settling was to allow the children to attend school. The villages of Rahma and Qatar are particularly conservative and insular. Qatar was formed from a family split in Rahma, where a leader and several family groups moved to form a new community. Rishe is the main village in the area and is looked to for services, such as health. The villages in the Finan valley – Finan and Greigera have more involvement in agriculture, and in the small but developing tourism industry in the area. The villages all appear to be very poor, with a Bedouin, desert feel. There is little agriculture or other vegetation, very few public amenities the vehicles tend to be old. Few activities occur outside the houses. Women tend to be very conservatively dressed, in black robes, and are reluctant to come to the meetings and express their views. Women tend to work inside the home, with the men being responsible for the animals. In the Wadi Araba, women are more conservative (religiously and culturally) than in Aqaba. In most villages, hardly any women work. However, in Rishe some women work as teachers and in the NGOs, and in Finan, 5 women work in the Ecolodge. Otherwise, some women work in Al Haq farms with really low wages and no rights (no social insurance or health insurance) and some women herd livestock. The women of Qatar are particularly isolated from life outside the village. Education for women in the area is generally limited to whatever is available within the village, since they aren’t willing to take buses to neigbouring villages. Thus, the women of Rishe are the most educated ones. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 40 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 3.3 Communities Identified in Wadi Araba Area Family sizes in Wadi Araba are generally larger than in Aqaba with an average of 6.46 compared to 5.7 at the kingdom level. They typically have a high dependency rate as more than 40% of the population are either under the age of 15 or above the age of 64 (MoPIC, 2008). Each community cluster in Wadi Araba is mainly from one tribe, and most of them are considered settled Bedouins. However, Bedou Abu Khushibeh settle either in Rahma or Rishe during the winter (September till May), as most of their children go to school and only in summer do they move to the mountains. The tribes of the village clusters in the Wadi Araba area are also listed in Table 3.3. Impacts or benefits to one cluster/tribe may not necessarily have an effect on others. Moving north from Aqaba, the main communities are as follows; COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 41 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Qatar; A small settled insular Bedouin village of 225 people from the Al Kbaish family. Very conservative, with the men mostly involved in herding, and the women working inside the homes. Rahma; A small village of settled Bedouin, with around 1,200 people from the Huwaytat tribe. Very conservative, with the men mostly involved in herding, and the women working inside the homes. Rishe; The main village in the area, mostly populated by the Sa’ideen tribe. Acts as a local service centre and has some NGO presence, including a Princess Basma Centre. Abu Khushaibe; a small village of 350 settled Bedouin from various families. Bir Mathkour; a small village of 650 people from the Sa’ideen tribe. Finan; two villages of around 700 people from the Rashaydeh and Azazmeh families. Gregeira (and Rashayda); A larger village of 2,200 people situated in the Finan Valley, mostly fro the Sa’ideen and Amareen tribes. One issue for the women of Finan is the number of instances where women have lost children during childbirth, attributed to the difficulty of local access (many local roads are bumpy, unpaved tracks), and getting to the distant hospitals in either Ghor Safi or Aqaba. Table 3.3 Village Sizes in Wadi Araba Community Rishe Qreigera (incl Rashayda) Rahma Bir Mathkour Qatar Finan; Abu Khsaibeh Population 1450 2200 1200 650 225 700 350 Tribe Al Se'adieen Al Se'adieen & Al A'mareen Al Ahyawat Al Se'adieen Al Kbaish Al Rashaydeh & Al Azaymeh Bedouins of the tribes found in the area (1) (Source: MoPIC, 2008 & PEC, 2006) 3.5.7 Population and Demographics in the Dead Sea Basin The Jordanian portion of the Dead Sea Basin includes the area from the River Jordan, north of the Dead Sea, along the east coast of the Sea, as far south as the village of Ghor Fifa. The main communities in the area are shown on Figure 3.4. The Dead Sea Basin includes the agricultural communities of (from north to south) Ghor Haditha, Ghor Mazra’a, Ghor Assal, Ghor Safi and Ghor Fifa. These are collectively known as the ‘southern Ghors’. They are divided into the two sub‐districts ‐ Ghor Safi and Ghor Mazra’a. In this section of the report, the focus is on the Ghor Safi area, as the (1) Note that although Gharandal contains some military facilities, there is no settled community there. Each tribe considers itself as a separate entity. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 42 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report freshwater route only passes through this area. The village of Gweibeh is also included in this section even though it lies just outside the topographic Dead Sea Basin, since it is part of the same ‘Ghor Safi’ administrative Sub‐District as the rest of the southern part of the basin. Ghor Safi falls under the Southern Ghors District; it extends from Mujib in the north until it reaches Gweibeh in the south. The population of Ghor Safi sub district is 26,644 divided into 4,648 families (MoPIC, 2008 & PEC, 2006) of which 21,936 are concentrated in the main centre of Ghor Safi which is about 9.6% of the total population of the Karak Governorate. The communities within the Ghor Safi sub‐district include: • Ghor Safi; • Ghor Fifa; • Ma'amoura; • Gweibeh; • Numeira; • Salmani and • Khnaizeer The majority of inhabitants in Ghor Safi are settled Bedouins, and they include the family groups of al‐
Ashoush, al‐Bawat, al‐Sha'ar and al‐Khutabah. The tribes of the village clusters in Ghor Safi area are distributed as follows: Community Ghor Safi Ghor Fifa Ma'amoura Population 21936 2978 1150 Tribes Al Ashoush, Al Bawat & Al Sha'ar Al Khutaba & Al Bawat Al Se'adieen Gweibeh & Numeira Salmani & Khnaizeer 580 None Al Azazmeh & Al Se'adieen The Ghor Mazra'a Sub District is around 26 km from the west of Karak. It extends from Ghor Haditheh in the north to Ghor Asal in the south. The population of Ghor Mazra'a sub district is 13,630 divided into 1,763 family groups (MoPIC, 2008 & PEC, 2006). The communities within this sub district include: • Ghor Mazra'a; • Ghor Haditheh; • Ghor Thra'a; • Ghor Asal; • Ghor Hanawa and • Blaydeh Family sizes in the Southern Ghors are, like in Wadi Araba, characterized by larger family sizes than in Aqaba, with an average size of 7.4 people compared to 5.8 at the regional level and 5.7 in the kingdom (MoPIC, 2008 & MoPIC, ASEZA, et al, 2007).They also have a high dependency rate with more than 40% of the population either under the age of 15 or above the age of 64 (MoPIC, 2008 &DoS, 2007), although the national dependency levels are also high, at 39.7%. (DoS, Statistical year book, 2007) Now that the freshwater alignment has been selected, it is known that only the village of Ghor Fifa will be close to the Scheme infrastructure. Additional detail on this village is given below; COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 43 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ghor Fifa; Fifa is a small village of around 2,000 people be.onging mostly to the Khutaba, Bawwat, Mahasneh, Khlaifat, Mahafzeh and Sha’ar families. There are also some Sab’awi families in the area that migrate in and out of Ghor Fifa. Arouind 5000 Egyptians live in Fifa and work in agriculture. Irrigated agriculture is the dominant employment. JVA supplies piped water to farms and agricultural installations to the west of the village. Tomatoes, eggplant, peppers and chickpeas are grown between September and May. Bananas are also grown. Most residents do not own the land on which they farm, although JVA has begun allocating land for use by the households. Many villagers move north to work on farms, eg in the Madaba area during the summer, when there is little agricultural work. Safi and Tafila are the main centres for services and shopping. The locations of these communities, in these two sub districts, are indicated on Figure 3.4. Figure 3.4 Communities in the Southern Dead Sea Basin In Ghor Safi and Ghor Fifa, the position of women is very different from in the Wadi Araba. They work in the fields so are the main source of income. This strengthens their role in the community and decision making. The younger generations are better educated but often work in the farms located COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 44 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report nearby. Despite working in the fields, women also are responsible for the household tasks (taking care of children, cleaning, etc). Men in this area tend to be polygamous, and it appears that girls marry at a younger age (17/18). 3.5.8 Population and Demographics along the Freshwater Route The communities within a 3 km buffer of the proposed route are listed below. The locations of these communities are shown on figure 3.5 and 3.6. In Karak Governorate: Based on historic trends and average fertility rates within the governorate, the Department of Statistics estimates that the Karak population growth rate is on average 2.3% annually with an average family size of 5.7 in the governorate. • Kathrubbah: Village with a population of about 3,100 as measured in the 2004 census. • Al Iraq: Village with a population of about 3,167 as measured in the 2004 census. • Muatah: Town with a population of about 12,204 as measured in the 2004 census. • Madin: Village with a population of about 1,301 as measured in the 2004 census. The Majali and Bayadah Tribes are known to live in the village. Madin is home to two primary and secondary schools (male and female) and the village has a small health center (branch of the Mirwid Health Center). The Madin Charity Foundation and the Protection of the Holy Quran Foundation are present in the village. Olive tree farming and rain‐water dependent agriculture are prevalent in the area, with about 20% of the village residents farming as an occupation. Residents predict that approximately 80% of the employed villagers work for the government. • Mirwid: Village with a population of about 1,557 as measured in the 2004 census. The Majali and Bayadah Tribes are known to live in the village. Mirwid is home to two primary and secondary schools (male and female) and the village has a large health center that serves surrounding villages as well. Olive tree farming is prevalent in the area, with about a quarter of the village residents farming. Residents predict that approximately three‐quarters of the employed villagers work for the government. There is a high rate of land ownership by residents. In Tafileh Governorate: Based on historic trends and average fertility rates within the governorate, the Department of Statistics estimates that the Tafileh population rural growth rate is 1.0% annually with an average family size of 5.7 in the governorate. The low growth rate may be due to higher levels of emigration from the rural areas of the governorate to more developed regions. • Sinfaha: Village with a population of about 602 as measured in the 2004 census. Alternative 3 passes by the Sinfaha Environmental Project which is an Environmental Farm that belongs to the Hashemite Fund for Human Development and is about 15‐20 dunums in size. The farm has been COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 45 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report operational for about 10 years; though is in a dilapidated condition due to limited funding and water for irrigation. The Sinfaha village is the first residential agglomeration on the route that is part of the Greater Tafileh Municipality, Hussein District. The village was formed in 1980, and consists of two schools; one for males until the 10th grade, and one for females until the 9th grade; a Health Center and two mosques. The Sinfaha Charity Center is the main institution in the village, and acts as a focal point for grant applications and assistance from the Ministry of Social Development and other funds. The people of the area specialize in vegetables and grain crops. Drinking Water is available from Ain Baida. Ain Baida; In Ayn Baida, the women generally don’t work outside the home. Some are employed in the local Princess Basma Centre, since the proposed local women’s CBO was unsuccessful. Some women work at home making handicrafts and/or jameed – the sour yoghurt prized as a key ingredient to Jordan’s national dish, mansaf). There are instances of polygamy in the area but it not thought to be common in this area. Women in this area don’t inherit or own land unless they have been widowed. Interest from women in education is becoming more important in the area, although education for them is limited to whatever levels are available within their communities, because of the unacceptability of travelling. Job opportunities for women are very limited. • An Namatah: Settlement with a population of about 65 as measured in the 2004 census. The village of An Namatah overlooks the Southern Ghors and lies in a hilly area about 750m above sea level, and is part of the Ain Baida District. During the 1940s the village was residence to a population of about 500. By 2004 its population had dropped to about 65, with an exodus of young people in search of upgraded housing and better access to infrastructure at nearby towns. Agriculture, hunting and herding are the most common livelihoods due to the proximity to a water source (Ain al‐Mour); especially amongst the older generation. Agricultural produce is concentrated in olive, fig and citrus fruit production. There are also a few remaining chicken farms. The village has one primary school and one mosque. The Village Council has been dissolved since the city’s annexation to the Ain Baida district. There is also a Health Center that is not currently in operation. • Arafa: Village with a population of about 1,096 as measured in the 2004 census. The village lies within the Arweem District of Karak. The entire population of this district is about 3,000 individuals. Unemployment rates within the district run at over 30%. The average family consists of 6.5 individuals, with average income levels running between 150 – 250 JDs. The district has a post office and three schools: males from the 4th to 12th grade; two mixed schools until the 4th grade; and one female school until the 11th grade. The district is also home to the Jordan Hashemite Fund for Human Development’s center for development, and the Arweem Charity Organization and the Hamaydah Village Society Cooperative. • Rwaym: Village with a population of about 1,768 as measured in the 2004 census. • Abil: Village with a population of about 684 as measured in the 2004 census. • Al Harriri: Settlement with a population of about 2 as measured in the 2004 census. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 46 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report • Al Hessa: A mining town with a population of about 8,011 as measured in the 2004 census. • Abour: Settlement with a population of about 16 as measured in the 2004 census. In Amman Governorate (Central Badia) Based on historic trends and average fertility rates within the governorate, The Department of Statistics estimates that the Amman population growth rate is 3.0% annually with an average family size of 5.1 in the governorate. The higher growth rate reflects the higher levels of in‐migration to the capital city. • Ad Damikhi: Village in Umm Rassass District with a population of about 861 as measured in the 2004 census. The Salaytah, Haqeesh, Bani Ateeya, and Sabaywah tribes exist in the area. The village has one school, and currently faces a problem with regards to teacher accommodations. There is a health center staffed with a nurse in the village, as well as three mosques. Field visits revealed that there are a couple of mines in the surrounding area, the Manasir Cement Factory, as well as the National Chicken Farms and a Brick factory. The Swaqa prison lies 2km away. The gas line runs through Ad Damikhi for a distance of about 2km. About 20‐25 independent landowners were affected by the gas line and currently have cases in court due to residents’ dissatisfaction with the compensation amounts given for expropriation of their land. Prices of land fluctuate between 10,000 JDs/dunum along the main road to 5‐6,000 JDs/dunum further in. • As Siwaqa: Prison community with a population of about 344 (with only 18 females) as measured in the 2004 census. • Khan Az Zabayeb: Settlement with a population of about 221 as measured in the 2004 census. The area has very few residents and is mostly empty land plots with scattered olive and melon farms belonging to investors living outside the area, in addition to several factors. Khan Az Zabayeb is in close proximity to the Ad Damikhi area. • Az Zmeyla: Village with a population of about 1,714 as measured in the 2004 census. The village has many small scattered houses with dispersed olive and cattle farms. There are four mosques, a health center and one primary and secondary school, though the residents complain about a lack of teachers. Most of the residents belong to the Bani Sakhr tribe. • Umm Ruqayba: Village with a population of about 851 as measured in the 2004 census. • Dubaai: Village in the Jiza District with a population of about 558 as measured in the 2004 census. • As Shammout: Village with a population of about 970 as measured in the 2004 census. • Al Hamam: Village with a population of about 458 as measured in the 2004 census. • Al Qunaytira: Village in the Jiza District with a population of about 538 as measured in the 2004 census. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 47 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report • Al Falej: Settlement in the Muwaqqar District with a population of about 42 as measured in the 2004 census. • Al Mushatta: Village with a population of about 285 as measured in the 2004 census. Qasr al‐Mushatta • Al Kuteifa: Village in the Muwaqqar District with a population of about 349 as measured in the 2004 census. • Az Zumaylat: Village in the Muwaqqar District with a population of about 664 as measured in the 2004 census. • Rujm As Shami As Sharqi: Village in the Muwaqqar District with a population of about 1,016 as measured in the 2004 census. There are several quarries in the area, as well as factories. The King Abdullah II Industrial City is in close proximity, and the village is relatively built up as a result. • Salim: Village in the Muwaqqar District with a population of about 2,280 as measured in the 2004 census. Most of the buildings are 4‐storey apartments, with schools and several mosques in the center. Light industries and car repair workshops can be seen between residences. In this part of the study area, the tribal identity among the Bani Sakher tribe is very strong. Within the Muwaqqar District the average family size is about 6.3 due to tribal traditions in the area of multiple wives and early marriage age. Within the Jiza district the average family size is 7. Along the Desert Highway (ie in the villages of Hasa, Qatraneh, etc), women don’t generally work outside the homes. Men are polygamous in this area. Women’s education levels are limited to specific grades attributed to the absence of schools close to specific neighbourhoods providing further education. The issues is that girls are not allowed to take buses to school while boys are. In the semi‐urban areas of South Amman (Jiza and Muwaggar), women are generally not allowed by their families to work in te nearby factories. In rare cases (ie where there is extreme poverty and and sometimes for the Sab’awi families), women do work in the factories but mostly in open spaces where they are visible, rather than indoors. Some women work in the local NGOs, and these tend to be better educated and strong in character. The women in these areas appear to be allowed to exercise more of their more rights than elsewhere in the study area ‐ some own land in their own names. Education is becoming very important, although the lack of a scientific stream in nearby schools limites women’s education to the non‐scientific stream. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 48 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 3.5 Communities along the freshwater route (southern part) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 49 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 3.6 Communities along the freshwater route (northern part) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 50 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.6
Economic Activity and Poverty 3.6.1 Economic Activity and Poverty at the National Level Since 1999 Jordan has witnessed consolidated reform efforts and several initiatives have been launched to promote economic development including the establishment of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) (see Section 3.2.4). These reform initiatives contributed to a better economic performance as shown in Figure 3.7, where real GDP growth averaged around 7.6 between 2004 and 2007. However, as the figure shows, a gradual slowdown in GDP occurred after 2004, which was the result of slowdowns in the agriculture, manufacturing and construction sectors (DoS, 2007 and MoPIC, 2008 & MoPIC, ASEZA, et al 2007) Figure 3.7 Economic Growth at Constant Prices The rapidly rising fuel and food prices worldwide put pressure on the fiscal and external accounts, eventually leading to a rapid growth in the rate of inflation from 4.7 percent in 2007 to 14.8 percent in 2008. Jordan relies heavily on foreign aid and, due to its political and strategic importance, receives large flows of aid mainly from the United States and the European Union. Despite the high and sustained economic growth which occurred between 2002 and 2008, the impact has been minimal on the poor segments of society. Furthermore, the increase in prices, particularly in petrol products over the past few years and the further erosion of the purchasing power of these segments, has adversely impacted the poor, and therefore vulnerable, groups in the country. Thus, a large segment of society is economically unproductive and as such, each year the state has to create around 60,000 jobs for new entrants to the labour market. Official unemployment therefore persists at 13.1% at the national level. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 51 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 3.4 Economic Participation Indicators Wadi Araba Aqaba Sub‐District City Crude economic participation 20.8 rate Revised economic participation 30 rate Unemployment rate 28.6 Aqaba Governorate 25.8 Ghor Safi Karak Sub‐
Governorate District 25.2 26.6 Jordan 49.7 43.7 43.7 41.6 39.8 11.6 11.7 14 15.8 13.1 25 Source: DoS, Aqaba City Population & Housing Census, 2007 and MoPIC, 2008 According to the Jordan Human Development Report 2004, the overall Human Development Index (HDI) for Jordan was 0.743, ranking 90th in the world and classifying the kingdom as a developing country in the year 2003. A Household Income Survey conducted by DoS in 2006 indicated that Jordan had succeeded in lowering poverty rates from 21.3% in 1997 to 14.2% in 2002 and to 13% in 2006. Jordan ranks significantly higher than other non‐oil producing neighbours in the Arab region on its Human Development Index. This can be seen as a considerably significant achievement; especially within the existing context of regional insecurity. Nevertheless, there remains a wide gap between the rich and the poor. This is clearly reflected in the pockets of intense poverty in Jordan. The following table compares household income and expenditure in the various parts of the study area, and shows that the Wadi Araba and Ghor Safi Sub‐Districts have poverty rates of 62.% and 52.8% and against a national average of only 13%. Poverty rates in the city of Aqaba are around one fifth of that in the rurals areas – at only 9% ‐ lower even than the national average – illustrating difference of between Aqaba and the rural areas to the north. Table 3.5 Key Indicators of Income and Expenditure in Study Area Wadi Araba Aqaba Sub‐District City annual JD 4351.52 per Average income household Average annual JD 3290.43 expenditure per household Poverty rate in 2006 62.5% Aqaba Governorate JD6519.4 Ghor Safi Sub‐ Karak District Governorate JD 5316.14 JD 5861.8 Jordan JD 6219.7 JD6415.6 JD 5061.14 JD 5867.4 JD 7521.3 9%1 12.7% 52.8% 21.7% 13% Source: Income and Expenditure survey, 2006 3.6.2 Economic Activity and Poverty in Aqaba The Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) (see Section 3.2.4) was established in 2001 with the aim of injecting economic growth into the Aqaba area. The main economic activities in Aqaba are the ports, the tourism industry and the industrial sector. The ASEZ is set to attract USD 9 billion worth of investments by 2020. The ASEZ will also create over 75,000 new job opportunities over a 20 year period (78,416 jobs to be created by 2020 as outlined in ASEZA's Strategic Plan). These figures are (1) 1
Based on the MDG report for Aqaba, 2007 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 52 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report projected to increase annual exports by USD 600 million in 20 years. ASEZ’s advantages include a liberalized business environment, allowing free capital repatriation and share transfers, full ownership and management rights, and an international dispute resolution framework. This is in addition to the investment incentives, limited customs duties, no sales tax, 5% flat income tax for enterprises, and no income tax on dividends transfers. The ports of Aqaba are a major component of the local economy. The Main Port is located close to the town of Aqaba, and is used for handling general cargo, grain, phosphate and light traffic. The Aqaba Container Terminal (ACT) handles container traffic and a Ferry Terminal serves passenger traffic to Egypt. In the south, there is an Industrial Terminal which serves the Southern Industrial Zone. The Oil Terminal serves as the main import facility for petroleum products. The Southern Industrial Zone (SIZ) is situated in Jordan’s southernmost coastal stretch and consists of a conglomeration of chemical industries related to the production of fertilizer products based around the supply of phosphate and potash, export from the nearby industrial port. There several large national and multi‐national companies manufacturing and exporting fertilizer in Aqaba, using the phosphate and potash extracted elsewhere in Jordan. These include the Jordan Phosphate Mining Company (JPMC), Jordan Fertilizer Industry Company (JFIC) and the Nippon Jordan Fertilizer Company (NJFC). Annual production is shown in the table below. According to the ASEZ's master plan 2001‐
2020,the zone targets 13% of investments in heavy industry and 7% in light industry. There are plans to develop this zone further by the development of existing industries and the development of new industries, linked to an expanded industrial port. Table 3.5 Structure of the Mineral Industry at Aqaba, 2007 Commodity Major operating companies Jordan Phosphate p.l.c. (JPMC) Mines Phosphatic Jordan Phosphate fertilizers p.l.c. (JPMC) Jordan Phosphate Phosphoric acid p.l.c. (JPMC) Arab Fertilizers Potassium nitrate Industries Ltd. APC Jordan Phosphate Sulphuric acid p.l.c. (JPMC) Aluminium fluoride Mines Company Mines Company Mines Company and Chemicals Mines Company Location facilities of main Annual (tons) Aqaba 14,000 Aqaba 650,000 Aqaba 350,000 Aqaba 150,000 Aqaba 1,100,000 Capacity Source: USGS, 2007 Mineral Year Book, The Jordan mineral industry Tourism is also one of the dominant contributers to the Aqaba economy, with Aqaba known for its beaches and diving. There are 23 coral dive sites along the coastline. The Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA), is developing the zone as a low tax multi‐sectoral development zon, with tourism expected to contribute 50% to the growth. Major investments made in Aqaba since 2001 include the ongoing tourism developments of Tala Bay, Ayla and Saraya, as well as several major hotel facilities. Aqaba has seen the establishment of several educational centres including a campus for the University of Jordan, an international school, an air academy, and 4 major shopping mall retail outlets. People in Aqaba town are typically employed in the ports or service sectors. The following table shows existing and projected tourist beds, taken from ASEZA’s Tourism Strategy. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 53 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 3.6 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Tourism Infrastructure Projections for Aqaba Cumulative number of rooms 5* 4* 3* 2* 947 764 544 535 1,735 893 544 535 3,290 893 544 535 3,908 893 544 535 3,908 1,463 544 535 3,908 1,463 544 535 3,908 1,463 544 535 5,148 1,463 544 535 1* 148 148 148 148 148 148 148 148 Total 3,010 4,253 5,808 6,426 6,996 6,996 6,996 8,236 Cumulative number of hotels 5* 4* 3* 2* 3 5 9 8 6 6 9 8 11 6 9 8 13 6 9 8 13 8 9 8 13 8 9 8 13 8 9 8 17 8 9 8 1* 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Total 49 54 59 61 63 63 63 67 Source: RSDSC team on a meeting with ASEZA, 2009 Aqaba Governorate’s HDI value for the year 2002 was 0.763, second only to Amman. Between 1997 and 2002, Aqaba experienced an overall increase in all three indicators used in the HDI measurement. Life expectancy index increased by 3.2 percent, educational attainment index increased by 6.0 percent and GDP index increased by percent. However, there is a division between the old and new parts of Aqaba. The new part of the town, influenced by people coming in recently to work in the ports, and all it associated developments is far better off that the old part of the town which is still characterised by poverty. Within Aqaba, as stated by the 2009 Department of Statistics Employment and Unemployment Survey, the economic activity rate for males above 15‐years of age is 69.1% compared to the economic activity rate amongst females of 15.3%, at an average of 43.3%. The unemployment rate is the lowest in Jordan, at 12.4%, with the exception of Amman. The female unemployment rate is 22.2% in the governorate. Employment Breakdown, by Sector, for those above 15 years of age, Aqaba, 2009 Employed Population, Aqaba % Economic Activity
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 1.7 Mining and Quarrying 5.3 Manufacturing 5.4 Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 2.9 Construction 6.5 Wholesale and Retail Trade, Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles and Personal and Household Goods 8 Hotels and Restaurants 5.9 Transport, Storage and Communications 28.3 Financial Intermediation 1.2 Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities
3.6 Public Administration and Defense, 15.9 Compulsory Social Security COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 54 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Education 9.1 Health and Social Work 2 Other Community, Social and Personal Service Activities 3.1 Private Households With Employed Persons
1.1 Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies 0.1 Source: Department of Statistics Employment and Unemployment Survey, 2009 The average annual current income per individual annually in Amman was estimated at JD 1,295. Poverty rates overall in the governorate are over the Jordanian average at 15.4%. These poverty pockets are often located outside of the Aqaba town limits, however within it, one specific neighborhood stands out in terms of poverty levels which is the Shallallah area. This area is also known for its squatters, where most homes are built on land that is not owned. The ASEZA has tried to undertake a relocation program for these squatters to newly built public housing but has been unsuccessful. Economic Activity Related to the Marine Environment The ports and tourism industries has been discussed above. In addition, livelihoods are provided by diving and to a much lesser extent, fishing. Dive Centres & Dive Clubs The Gulf of Aqaba is known for diving. The area is especially rich in coral and other marine biodiversity and contains a number of underwater wrecks. There are several dive centres on the Aqaba Coastline ‐ the Royal Diving Club (catering for a maximum of 60 divers per day, and also offering snorkelling access), and Club Murjan (a club affiliated with the Al‐Cazar Hotel). There are also a number of dive clubs and/organizations in Aqaba. USAID has recently assisted the dive clubs to form an umbrella organization to assist with representing the dive industry in Aqaba. • Royal Diving Club / Aqaba • Extra Divers Aqaba / Aqaba • Jordan Frogman Diving Center / Aqaba • Internatioanl Arab Dive Village / Aqaba • Seastar Watersports / Aqaba • Barracuda Diving Club / Aqaba • Aqaba International Dive Center / Aqaba
• Aqaba Adventure Divers / Aqaba • Aquamarina / Aqaba • Dive Aqaba / Aqaba • Aqaba Gulf Dive Center / Aqaba • Red Sea Dive Centre / Aqaba COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 55 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Fishing There is fishing in Aqaba but it is a marginal activity. There is no commercial shoreline fishing. Some fishing using traditional methods is still carried out from boats in the deeper waters of the northern Gulf, although this is very seasonal. Fish are sold for consumption in the local market. The industry is not regulated and ASEZA has no records on the numbers of people involved, or the catches. However, ASEZA officials informally estimate that no more than 20 – 30 local families are engaged in fishing in local waters. Fishing is prohibited in the Marine Park (for conservation reasons), and all areas south of it (for security reasons). 3.6.3 Economic Activity and Poverty in Wadi Araba Wadi Araba (along with Ghor Safi) is one of the pockets of poverty in the country with a poverty rate of 52.8%. In order to address this, the Government of Jordan, through the Enhanced Productivity Program ‐ initiated by the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC), is implementing a poverty alleviation program in the Wadi Araba and Ghor Safi. Both the Jordan River Foundation and Jordan Hashemite Fund for Human Development were commissioned by MoPIC to implement in these two sub‐districts initiatives aimed at establishing income‐generating activities, as well as establishing a microfinance portfolio targeting the poor, enhancing the infrastructure and building the capacity of the local community and organizations. Both areas are also major recipients of the National Aid Fund (NAF) (1) , More than one third of both Wadi Araba and Ghor Safi families depend on the national Aid Fund as reported by NAF in 2008 and with a total cash assistance of JD25,468 and JD91,669 per month in Wadi Araba and Ghor Safi respectively. The economic participation of the workforce is relatively low in Wadi Araba, as the rate of crude economic participation (the ratio of workforce to the total population) is only 20.8% and the revised economic participation rate (the ratio of workforce to the population aged 15 years and over) is 30%. This is considerably lower than Aqaba city which has relatively a high crude economic participation rate reaching 25.8% and a revised economic participation ratio of 43.7%; in comparison to the 25.0% ratio of the kingdom’s crude economic participation and its 39.8% revised economic participation rate (DoS, 2007) Most of the people in Wadi Araba work in agriculture, animal rearing and in the public sector (MoPIC, 2008 & PEC, 2006). There are some locally owned cooperatives (see Section 3.9.4) and the Al Haq Farms. Job opportunities in Wadi Araba are low, as there are no major investments and most people do not have the necessary skills to enable them to enter the labour market in adjacent areas. Furthermore, there are vast arable areas that are not utilized due to the unavailability of water. There are the beginnings of informal desert‐based tourism in the area, but this is not yet developed. The communities of Rishe, Qreigera, Rahma, Qatar and Finan tend to have permanent housing. These comprise one storey buildings, which are usually built on land allocated by the Jordan Valley Authority (JJVA). These houses tend to have access to piped water and electricity, however none has access to a (1) The National Aid Fund is the government’s main poverty alleviation cash transfer program. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 56 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report sewage system and most use septic tanks in their houses. The majority of the people in these villages depend on government jobs and agriculture. In contrast, the communities of Bir Mathkour and Abu Khsaibeh in the same area tend to have a Bedouin (nomadic) lifestyle. Dwellings are scattered and are predominantly tents (57% in Bir Mathkour for example). The majority of the people in these largely nomadic communities rely on livestock grazing for a living. 3.6.4 Economic Activity and Poverty in the Dead Sea Basin The Ghor Safi sub‐district is one of the pockets of poverty in the country with a poverty rate of 62.5%. In Ghor Safi, most of the people here are either employed in the public sector, the armed forces or agriculture. As explained above, the majority of inhabitants in Ghor Safi are settled Bedouins. In both Momorah and Ghweiba, most of the settled Bedouin population mainly depend on animal rearing. In addition, there are many local farmers who cultivate their lands with seasonal crops including tomatoes, watermelon, cantaloupe, beans and other vegetables (MoPIC, 2008 & PEC, 2006). Most cultivated land is allocated by the Jordan Valley Authority (ZENID, 2008). Rain‐fed agriculture is the basis of production in the area, and depends on farming returns based purely on what grows due to rainfall. This sort of agriculture has proven to be difficult for the area’s residents, whereby there is only one good year out of every four to five years due to dryness and drought seasonally. Typically in the small agricultural holdings of Southern Ghors, both men and women work on the family farms. In the agricultural area of the Southern Ghors area, most local farmers do not own the land, although JVA has allocated around 25‐40 dunums for use by each household. Some land was been squatted upon, up to the time when JVA allocated plots. The main produce grown is tomatoes, eggplants, green peppers and chickpeas between September and May. Most of the lands are irrigated from piped water provided by JVA. Local people estimate that 70% of the lands in Ghor Safi are owned by landowners from Amman. It is worth mentioning in this context that the price of 1,000 squared meter rose from JD 5,000 to JD10,000 in 2006 (MoPIC, 2008). According to the local communities, JVA has announced a second round of land allocation to local farmers in Ghor Fifa. The Dead Sea extraction industries lie within the Dead Sea Basin. There are three major factories in the area that process potash, magnesium and bromine. Arab Potash Company Ltd. (APC employed more than 2,000 people in 2007, and employs around 430 people from Southern Ghor District out of its 2,305 employees (18.6%). The magnesium and bromine factories employ 60 local employees out of their 326 employees – a percentage of only 18%. The low economic participation rate of the locals in these enterprises is attributed to the lack of skills and experience (ZENID, 2008). APC and its subsidiaries1 produced 2 million tons of potash in 2008. The company’s revenues increased from JD 368.3 million in 2007 to JD 692.6 million in 2008. The company's consolidated net income was JD 311.4 million after tax. APC has plans to expand in the near future, which may increase employment opportunities in the area. This will be discussed further in the economic section of the Feasibility Study Final Report, although no employment projections are available. The Dead Sea tourism developments are concentrated in Sweimeh, at the northern end of the DS. It is a stop‐off for 75% of tourists on a classical cultural heritage tour including Madaba, Mount Nebo, 1
The seven APC subsidiaries are : the Arab Fertilizers and Chemical Industries – Kemapco; Jordan Bromine Company; Jordan Dead Sea Industries
Company – JODICO; Jordan Magnesia Company; Numeria Mixed Salts & Mud Company; Nippon Fertilizers Company and Jordan Safi Salt
Company
COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 57 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Karak and Petra. The typical length of stay is less than 2 nights with 100$ daily expenditure. The area suffers from a lack of visitor activities because no efforts are made to develop markets, activities and other services (restaurants, shopping, entertainment, handicrafts and recreational equipments) to retain tourists. Currently, about 1,020 four and five star rooms are available to tourists in this area. Developments plan1 shows that the number of rooms is expected to increase to 5,500 by 2017, all of these committed to high end international users, that is, to tourists who can afford the expensive five stars hotels and their restaurants. Table 3.7: Existing rooms and projected expansions at the Dead Sea Existing hotels (2008) Number of rooms Number of employees 5 stars 901 1,663 4 stars 120 175 Expansion within the next 12 months 775 ‐‐‐ Projected (2017) 5 stars 3,303 5,615 4 stars 1,160 1,740 Source: “Land Use Plan for the North East Dead Sea Basin: report”, Jordan Valley Master Plan Project ‐ Phase 1, USAID Jordan Economic Development Program (SABEQ), 2008 Several major quality hotels now exist in the area, and developments are still ongoing. However, most overnight visitors to the Dead Sea region (200,000/year2) come for only one or two nights, as a stop‐
off and extension of a Jordan tour. Other sites lie above the Dead Sea basin, but rely on the viewscape as their attraction. The heritage site at Mukawwir is known for its spectacular views over the Sea. Iin 2006, a Dead Sea Panoramic Complex and Museum has been opened in the hills above the Sea, with a restaurant, interpretation center and museum, which looks out over the Sea. 3.6.5 Economic Activity and Poverty Along the Freshwater Route Along the freshwater line within Karak the agricultural economy is based mainly on herding sheep and goats, and on wheat and barley production. While none of the villages directly along the route are classified within Jordan’s poverty pockets, Kathrubbah and Al‐Iraq directly border one of these pockets. Most women of the Al‐Iraq and Kathrubbah villages can be seen to produce ghee and jameed at home, primarily for domestic consumption. Homes can also be seen to have apples and grapes within home gardens as well as a healthy stock of poultry. The Muatah, Madin and Mirwid villages along the route concentrate on olive tree farming for commercial consumption. Many homes do however have home gardens for fruit and vegetable for domestic use. In the surrounding areas of these villages there are also fields of wheat and barley for commercial production. Muatah is also home to a number of small handicrafts, furniture and apparel stores. There is also a population of immigrant workers within the village. 1
2
Jordan Valley Master, Plan Project, Phase 1, North East Dead Sea Basin, 2008. Baseline Assessment SABEQ 2008
COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 58 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Within the Tafileh section of the route, the Sinfaha village depends mainly on rain‐fed agriculture for vegetable and grain crops. Most of the farms along the route are under 50 dunums and are planted closely with a variety of products but no fruit trees. Livestock can be seen in most villages. Larger farms can be seen between villages, but not in close proximity to any built‐up area. Within the An Namatah village agriculture, hunting and herding are the most common livelihoods due to the proximity to a water source (Ain al‐Mour), especially amongst the older generation. Agricultural produce is concentrated in olive, fig and citrus fruit production. There are also a few remaining chicken farms. The area surrounding the village is home to many larger farms with figs, grapes and pomegranate. Within the remaining villages, with the exception of Al Hessa, agriculture is commonly seen as the major source of economic activity as well. The most common form is grain, wheat, beans and lentils, along with livestock. Tree farms are also commons – specifically olive, grape and citrus fruits; with the highest proportion of trees being olive trees. While most of the villages along the route concentrate in agriculture, the Al Hessa village is a mining town and home to one of the Jordan Phosphate Mines Company sites – established in 1962. The JPMC is the largest employer in Tafileh, with the mining sector employing 7.5% of the workforce. For the JPMC, Al Hassa and Al Abiad mines are located approximately 20 km apart, some 130 km south of Amman. Each of the mines has a railway terminal linking it to the port in Aqaba, 200 km to the south. The mines at Al‐Hassa and Al‐Abiad each cover an area of approximately 25 square km and were, until the development of Eshidiya in 1988, the main mining and production sites of JPMC. JPMC employs approximately 1254 people in the mines at Al‐Hassa and Al‐Abiad The South of Amman is home to most agricultural production in the capital. Investors rather than residents own most of the farms. Along the freshwater route scattered olive tree farms, orchards (citrus and apple trees mainly) and greenhouses can be seen. The Khan Az Zabayeb area is purely agricultural with scattered olive and melon farms. The Az Zmeyla village is home to several olive and cattle farms, with goat and sheep herds, as well as chicken farms. Other villages are home to green houses and home gardens are common, with about 15% of homes having home gardens for herbs, vegetables and chickens. Smaller villages such as Al Kuteifa, As Shammout, Al Hamam, and Al Ruqayba are surrounded by larger farms with olive trees and greenhouses. The south of Amman is also known for its industrial nature. Small workshops, car repair shops, and other light industrial factories can be seen scattered around the Jiza and Muwaqqar districts; especially within the Al Qunaytira, Mushatta, Dubaai, Salim, Al Kuteifa, and Zumaylat areas In the Ad Damikhi village in Umm Rassass for instance, there are a couple of mines in the surrounding area, the Manasir Cement Factory, as well as the National Chicken Farms and a brick factory. In Rujm As Shami As Sharqi in the Muwaqqar District there are several quarries in the area, as well as factories. The King Abdullah II Industrial City is in close proximity, and the village is relatively built up as a result. Throughout the project area, there are ad‐hoc industrial clusters that have emerged; and with additional industrial land zoned, and infrastructure upgrades designated, these clusters will grow in importance. Within Karak and Tafileh lie some of the Kingdom’s identified “poverty pockets”. Amman, as the capital, has the lowest poverty rates in Jordan at 9.4%, increasing slightly in 2006 over 2002 levels. Karak and Tafileh have both witnessed an incredible jump in their poverty levels, increasing by 9% of the population in each case from 2002 – 2006 to reach 21.7% and 19.1% respectively; with Karak ranking as the second poorest governorate in Jordan. Within the governorates of Karak and Tafileh there are four defined poverty pockets. These are summarised in table 3.6: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 59 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 3.8 Poverty Pockets in Tafileh and Karak Karak Tafileh Southern Ghors Bsaira Al‐Qetraneh Al‐Mojab The average annual current income of a household and a household member in Karak was estimated at JD5,633 and JD877 respectively. The average household in Karak spends 41% of its income on food; 23% on the house itself including rent, maintenance, water and electricity; and 13% on transportation and communications. The poverty line for Karak was set at JD364 in 2002/2003, up from JD349 in 1997. Subsequently, it was estimated that 12.2% of the population of Karak lived below the poverty line. The situation worsened significantly and by 2006, 21.7% of its population was estimated to be below the poverty line. Within Karak about 10% of the governorate’s families receive aid from the central government. The most generally vulnerable groups are the poor and the unemployed, and their various sub‐groups. In Karak this relates to: • The Unemployed: Karak has quite a high official unemployment rate, estimated by the Department of Statistics to be 17%. The unofficial rate is estimated to be around 24% • The Poor: Karak suffers from a poverty rate that has been persistent since 1997. It has one of the highest poverty rates at 22%. Three of its seven districts are classified as being amongst Jordan’s poverty pockets. • The Young: The population of Karak is predominantly young (48% under the age of 15), an especially vulnerable group for the governorate when considering the growing number of people entering the labor market every year and the limited job opportunities offered in return. • Rural Residents: The water network is deteriorated and in need of immediate change. Moreover, rural residents suffer from occasional interruptions in electric supply. • The Self‐Employed: The private sector in Karak is in its nascent stages of development. There is a high level of bureaucracy and inefficiency in the local government. Cultural restraints play a major role in shaping entrepreneurship and choice of employment. The self‐employed are the first to be affected by any major economic changes. • Immigrant Workers: Immigrant workers have been growing vastly in number within the Governorate (estimated at about 8,000 in 2004 or 6% of the total population in Karak) and in larger cities have become more predominant. These workers are mostly Egyptian males and are often on the lower wage‐end and live in dilapidated housing. • Manufacturing Workers: The Qualified Industrial Zone – a special agreement between Jordan and the US to produce goods with certain value‐added percentages that enter the US markets COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 60 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report duty free ‐ is in danger of failure not only in Karak, but in Jordan as a whole. The QIZ is one of the major employers within the Karak area. These workers would be especially vulnerable to any change in the economic structure. The average annual current income of a household and a household member in Tafileh was estimated at JD 5,189.6. The average expenditure of a household was JD 5678.4 showing that most households are in debt. 19.1% of Tafileh’s total population are estimated to be living below the poverty line. The most generally vulnerable groups are the poor and the unemployed, and their various sub‐groups. In Karak this relates to: • Poor: The Tafileh governorate has one of the largest poverty pockets in Jordan. These families often struggle with day‐to‐day survival. The characteristics of this widespread rural poverty are as follows: - Limited income generating activities outside of farming and limited knowledge of economic opportunities outside of immediate geographic proximity. - Limited potential of agricultural activities due to natural resource limitations such as water, soil and topography, so income is unsustainable with little growth. - Limited funding availability for agricultural activities, so investment potential for expansion is low. • Unemployed: At 14%, the unemployed as a subcategory of the poor are hard pressed to find options to help them escape their joblessness: - Low educational levels prevent higher paying employment opportunities - Low employment opportunities outside of agricultural sector - Low employment opportunities within governorate • Farmers: Within the Tafileh governorate, 50% of families depend – to varying extents ‐ on agriculture for income. On average, within the governorate; not more than 45% of family income on average is generated through wage employment; 20% from agriculture; 12% from animal wealth; 12% from national aid; and 11% from other sources. Given the instability of rain‐fed agricultural production, the pervasive type in the governorate, a large portion of the population lives under the potential threat of interruptions in income. Smaller farmers depending on the cultivation of rain‐fed crops are an especially vulnerable group. With lower rainfall, their family’s income security has fallen. In addition, smaller farmers with limited resources do not have the investment strength necessary to upgrade their farms in order to be able to better handle the agricultural challenges purely rain‐fed agriculture hold. Olive farmers as a specific subset of farmers are amongst the more vulnerable groups with the fluctuating prices of olive oil which have fallen this past year from 3.5 JD/kg to 2.5 JD/kg today. • Female‐Headed‐Households: 9% of families are female‐headed with no land ownership. They are dominated by poverty and are an especially vulnerable group in the area. The average annual current income of a household and a household member in Amman was estimated at JD 7,411.9 – the highest rate in Jordan. The average expenditure of a household was JD COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 61 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 8,966.5– with most households being in debt. Poverty rates are the lowest in Jordan at 9.4%, with lower‐income communities concentrated in the South and East of the governorate. The most generally vulnerable groups are the poor and the unemployed, and their various sub‐groups. In Karak this relates to: • Low‐income Renters: The South of Amman has historically been the more rural and agricultural annex to Amman. Lower rent homes have traditionally been attracted to the area, where lower land prices have allowed for lower‐cost housing on the periphery of the capital’s more urban areas. However, 2010 ‐2013 marks the end of a long era of rent control laws protecting tenants that prohibited building owners from raising rents more than 10% annually. These will be revoked making housing less affordable, especially amongst lower‐income communities – who already pay on average 34% of total income in rent in Southern Amman. New development projects which might increase land prices make this group even more vulnerable. • Affordable Housing Tenants: Within Southern Amman a new affordable housing settlement, in the Jiza District, with approximately 15 thousand housing units is being built to accommodate approximately 80,000 people. Those housed in the complex form an under‐privileged and low‐income community, and as such are a vulnerable group. • The Young: Approximately 35% of Amman’s population is under 15 years of age and 61.4% between the ages of 15 and 64. This places significant strain on the governorate not only to provide health care and education for this predominantly young population, but also to provide employment in order to contribute to economic growth. • Immigrant Workers: The increase in immigrant workers has become a widespread phenomenon in the South of Amman. Housing conditions for these workers remain extremely poor. 95,789 officially registered non‐Jordanians currently work in Amman. Unofficial estimates place this number at approximately 150,000. Within the Muwaqqar district, there are approximately 1,585 foreign workers (96% of whom are Egyptian). Within the Jiza district there are 5,605 foreign workers in total. In all major cities across Jordan formal lending institutions (banks) are available and present. In smaller villages and settlements, there is also access to non‐private lending institutions such as the Noor Al‐Hussein Foundation, the Agricultural Credit Cooperative and the Development and Employment Fund, all of whom have a presence as well. Limited markets in the smaller villages, especially for agricultural products mean that goods must be sent – oftentimes as far as Amman – to be sold. Residents through villages in Tafileh and Karak band together, especially through cooperatives, to rent trucks and send goods, collectively, to main marketplaces. Purchasing power is highest in the capital. Other problems with access to markets through business registration include the fact that businesses with more than one partner must register in Amman. In Karak and Tafileh, residents complain there is a lack of coordination amongst the various entities responsible for business operations because they are not connected via intranet. Investors are overwhelmed by the number and complexity of registration procedures that they need to undertake, which in most instances drives them away from the formal economy. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 62 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.7
Infrastructure 3.7.1 Infrastructure at the National Level In general terms, utility infrastructure in Jordan is good. 99.9 % of the population has a mains electricity supply (NEPCO, 2009), although in summer 2010, there were a number of power outages across the country as the national demand rise close to the distribution capacity due to the hot summer weather. A number of new power sources are being developed, in accordance with the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources’ Energy Master Plan. The service level of water supply is considered fairly high with 97% of the urban areas and around 83% in the rural areas served with a piped supply (Jordan Water Strategy, 2009), although the entire country is subject to an intermittent water supply, with most areas receiving water only 1 day per week. Roof tanks provide the storage required to meet demand for the rest of the week. The richer the family, the larger the roof tank or underground tanks, and the less they feel the water supply restrictions. Also, in summer of 2010, there were significant water supply problems in many areas, due to equipment failure and power cuts. Jordan nationally has a significant water deficit‐ see Appendix B of the Main Report – and is currently constructing a 100 MCM pipeline project to supply water to Amman from Disi in the south. Additionally, Jordan is investigating a project to desalinate water in Aqaba and use it to supply Aqaba and the southern Wadi Araba, and also transport it to Amman to supply the deficit – this is known as the Jordan Red Sea Project. 62% of Jordan's population are served by sewerage systems (ibid). Areas not connected to a sewerage network generally have septic tanks which are periodically pumped out by tanker. Landline telecommunications facilities are supplied in most built up areas, and the mobile phone usage in the country is now at around 105% total population. 3.7.2 Overview of Infrastructure in the Scheme Area In terms of utility infrastructure, the stretch of Jordan where the sea water conveyance will pass through is one of the least served areas of the country. 3.7.3 In Aqaba Aqaba real estate is expanding enormously, as the construction in the city has increased by 21% between 2004 and 2007 and reached around 12,109 buildings. Table 3.7 summarizes the key statistics relating to housing infrastructure in the study area. All houses in Aqaba city have access to piped water, electricity and the sewage system except parts of south Shalaleh and the old city. ASEZA plans to relocate some of the population from Shallala to newly constructed, modern housing to the north of the city. Table 3.9 Housing and Infrastructure Aqaba City Wadi Araba Ghor Safi % of Houses Owned by the Household 37.7% 93.7% 83.2% % of Households Connected to Piped Potable Water 100 100 100 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Jordan 68.3% 79.8 Appendix I – Page 63 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report % Households connected to sewage system 90% 0 0 60 Source: MoPIC, 2008 and DoS special report, 2007, Aqaba socio‐economic profile, 2008 Water in Aqaba governorate is pumped from groundwater in the Disi area – around 50 km to the north east of Aqaba. The Disi aquifer is part of a large non‐renewable aquifer system which underlies a large part of southern Jordan and Saudi Arabia. 99% of the population of the town of Aqaba is connected to this source through a network of piped water. There are discussions about building a desalination plant in Aqaba to supply water in the future. Aqaba city has a sewage collection network that reaches around 90 percent of the city's population. The remaining 10 percent of the population, primarily resides in the city's older, densely settled "Old Aqaba" and "Shalala" neighbourhoods, which are required by the local building code to have operable septic tanks. Many households in the Shalala area lack such systems, and according to ASEZA, some untreated sewage still percolates into underlying groundwater. Sewage entering Aqaba's sewage collection network is piped to the Aqaba Wastewater Treatment Plant. This plant was upgraded in 2002 and has capacity to treat 24,000 m3/day – serving around 200,000 people and providing tertiary treated wastewater for landscape irrigation in Aqaba. Because of the ports and the southern industrial zone, road transportation routes to Aqaba are good, and there is some public transportation from Amman and other towns, via both the Dead Sea and Desert Highways. Regarding navigation in the northern Gulf of Aqaba, once the Main Port is cleared from its ports operations (due to occur in 2013), the only commercial shipping that will come as far north as the Main Port will be the phosphate tankers which will continue to moor offshore in the shallow water off from the Main Port, while waiting for the new phosphate berth at the South Port to become free. No docking, bunkering, loading or unloading of any industrial shipping will occur at the Main Port after 2013. The only shipping in the Jordanian waters of the northern Gulf will be i) the cruise ships which will moor at the quays of the new Marsa Zayed facility which will be developed at the Main Port site, ii) small private pleasure craft to and from the marinas of Marsa Zayed, the Royal Yacht Club, Saraya, Ayla, and the Royal Court, and iii) glass boats who will continue to operate in the area. The Jordan Maritime Authority (JMA) has responsibility to regulate navigation and shipping, and once port operations are cleared from the Main Port site, and the Additional Study on the Red Sea has considered the impacts of the project on currents, JMA should be consulted regarding the new rules on navigation, and the impacts of the Scheme on navigation. 3.7.4 Infrastructure in the Wadi Araba Most houses in the area are one storey buildings, which are usually built on the allocated land from JVA. JVA has allocated a dunum and a half for 1 each household, in order to settle the Bedouins in Wadi Araba and Ghweiba. Although most of the houses have access to piped water supplied by the Water Authority, and electricity, none have access to the sewage system and most of them use septic tanks in their houses (MoPIC, 2008). Many families still live in tents on the desert floor and also up into the foothills, and many move up and down the hillsides from season to season, depending on weather, feeding and also the school season. 1
a dunum is 1,000 m3 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 64 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Waste management is operated by the local municipalities. There are large formal landfill sites in Aqaba and Ghor Safi are designated for waste dumping, and a smaller one at Abu Khsheibeh which is used by the surrounding areas. None of the landfill sites in the area are lined, or well managed, and the one at Aqaba is situated over the Wadi Yutum aquifer. None have capacity to accept hazardous or liquid wastes. Jordan’s only hazardous waste facility is at Swaqa on the Desert Highway, around 100 km south of Amman. Most of the community clusters in the study area have access roads to their houses and means of transportation to other communities/ schools; however transportation is unavailable on a regular basis which was highlighted in the field consultations. 3.7.5 In the Dead Sea Basin The villages in the Dead Sea basin are much more densly populated than the Wadi Araba, and life is centered around the villages, rather than rural communities. The villages have roads and services, as well as means of transportation to other villages. However public transportation is unavailable on a regular basis which was highlighted in the field consultations. The main village of interest for this study is Ghor Fifa. Farther north – in the areas of Ghor Assal lies ‘Potash City’ which is the workers’ community for the extraction industries. This is a privately funded and operated community with all services provided for by the companies. However, the focus on the study is on Ghor Fifa, since none of the Scheme infrastructure will pass farther north than the Fifa area. Water Supply Although most of the houses have access to piped water (and electricity), none have access to a sewage system, thus most houses use septic tanks (MoPIC, 2008). Distribution of Housing Units by Main Source of Water, 2008 Public Network (%) Well (%) 86.9 Tanker (%) 0.5 Mineral Water (%) 2.2 Other (%) 10.4 0 73.5 4.7 2.3 19.2 0.2 Source: DOS Household Expenditures and Income Survey, 2008 Waste Management/Wastewater Systems Waste management is controlled by the municipalities as certain areas in Wadi Araba and Ghor Safi are designated for waste dumping. Distribution of Housing Units by Main Method of Sewage Disposal, 2008 Public Network (%) Cesspool (%) 48.6 51.4 Other (%) 0 59.9 40.1 0 Source: Department of Statistics Housing/Accommodation Most houses in the area are one storey buildings, which are usually built on the allocated land from JVA. JVA has allocated a dunum and a half for each household, in order to settle the nomadic groups in Wadi Araba and Ghweiba. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 65 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Distribution of Housing Units by Type of Housing Unit, 2008 Apartment (%) Dar (%) Villa (%) 52.1 47.6 Source: Department of Statistics 0.2 3.7.6 Along the Freshwater Route In Karak and Tafileh, most of the community clusters the study area have access roads to their houses and means of transportation to other communities and schools; however transportation is unavailable on a regular basis, which was highlighted in the field consultations. Most homes in villages along the route through Karak and Tafileh are characterized by one‐storey buildings, which are usually owned by the residents and built on small plots with attached gardens. Most of these homes have access to the public network for drinking water. However, field consultations revealed that while connections may be high, the quality of the water network is often low and considered to be in obsolete condition and in grave need of renovation. Most homes also have septic tanks to dispose of their sewage, as they are not connected to the public network. All the villages have access to electricity and phone lines, although frequent disruptions in both are common complaints by the residents. Within the larger agricultural villages that produce for commercial purposes in Karak (Madin, Mirwid, Muatah) and Tafileh (Al‐Namatah, Sinfaha), farmers are forced to rely more heavily on water alternatives outside of the public network especially for agricultural purposes. While most villages are connected by road access, rural residents complain about the quality of these roads outside of the major settlements and the difficulty of access to major roads. Within Amman, 3 to 4‐storey apartment buildings are common along the route, especially in more industrial villages (Al Qunaytira, Mushatta, Ad Damikhi, Rujm As Shami As Sharqi, Dubaai, Salim, Al Kuteifa, Zumaylat). One‐storey homes can be more commonly seen in agricultural areas like Al Kuteifa, As Shammout, Al Hamam, and Al Ruqayba. The villages along the route are not connected to the public sewage system and most operate on a septic tank system. Roads are available; however the major complaint among residents is low availability of public transportation. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 66 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.8
Education and Health 3.8.1 Education and Health at the National Level The state provides primary and secondary education to all citizens. Some key statistics are presented in Table 3.8 also presents information on the health services available in the study area. Diseases such as HIV and AIDS are usually underestimated at the national level, and accurate data at governorate level is not available. Table 3.10 Education Indicators Number of schools Number of students Number of teachers Student per teacher Aqaba** city 87
*Wadi Araba 12 Aqaba Governorate 109 *Ghor Safi Karak Jordan 15 303 5517 35.898 1795 34761 6663 63682 1567856 2240 171 1948 372 474 88256 16 10.4 17.8 17.9 13.4 17.8 Source: DoS, 2006, *MoPIC, 2008 , **Aqaba socio‐economic profile, 2008 Table 3.11 Health Indicators Life Expectancy Jordan Karak *Ghor Safi **Aqaba *Wadi Araba 72.3 74.7 83.2 No. Hospitals 101 6 2 3 0 of No. of health Centres 428 44 3 10 3 No. of Village Centres 428 44 2 10 3 Population per Hospital Bed 508.7 507.9 570.9 Source: DoS, 2006 & ** DoS, 2007 & *MoPIC, 2008 3.8.2 Overview of Education and Health in the Scheme Area Both education and health provision in the area of the Scheme is below the national average. Aqaba is the exception, where new schools and new health facilities are being developed to meet the needs of the growing town, and the illiteracy rate is below the national average. However, in the Wadi Araba, Ghor Safi and rural Karak and Tafilah areas, both education levels (eg in terms of teacher‐pupil ration) and health provision are weak. These are weakest in the rural stretch of the Wadi Araba. People in the southern Wadi travel to Aqaba for hospital services, and those in the north use the hospital in Ghor Safi. In the Karak and Tafila areas (along the freshwater route) most of the larger villages have a health center within the village itself, and smaller villages are designated health centres in villages close by. Access to education is good with many of the villages having schools. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 67 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.8.3 Education and Health in Aqaba With the development of the ASEZ, and the need to attract investors and professionals to the area, the authorities are aware of the need for better schooling provision. There are a small number of private schools, and the Aqaba International School has recently been expanded to serve more pupils. In Aqaba the illiteracy rate is lower than the national average (9.3%) and has reached 6.7% (ZENID, 2008; DoS, 2007). In terms of health facilities Aqaba is well advanced, with the Princess Haya Military Hospital and the recently developed New Islamic Hospital. Public and private health care centres are also available, and Aqaba is the main healthcare base for most of the Wadi Araba. 3.8.4 Education and health In Wadi Araba According to MoPIC the total number of student registered in schools 1,568 whereas 540 are not registered in any school. The unwillingness of teachers to go and work in Wadi Araba has contributed more to the quality of received education and to the illiteracy rate which is relatively high of 35% compared to 9.3% at the national level (MoPIC, 2008). There are 11 schools in the area; 6 high schools are distributed along Qweireh, Rahma, and Rishe, 2 of the schools in Rishe and Rahma are for military education. 3 mixed schools are distributed in Qatar, Finan and the remaining 2 are located in Bir Mathkour. There are no hospitals in the area between Aqaba and Ghor Safi. However, there is one comprehensive health centre, two primary health centres and one sub‐health, although these are rarely staffed by doctors. The Wadi Araba area also has six pharmacies, two maternity clinics, one dental clinic and six ambulances. The health services in Wadi Araba are considered to be of low quality. Local communities have complained about the unavailability of medicine and health practitioners, as they are only available in the clinic once a week. Hospital provision is made in Aqaba and Ghor Safi. 3.8.5 Education and health In the Dead Sea Basin In Ghor Safi, the illiteracy rate is 21.4%, which is lower than in Wadi Araba, but much higher than the national average of 9.3% %. There are currently 35 schools in the area, or 307 students per school, far above the national average of 266 students per school, implying that educational facilities are stressed, both in terms of teachers and physical facilities. It should be noted that, in addition to crowded schools, the condition of buildings, equipment and other facilities are frequently worn down, and the quality of the teachers and curriculum is perceived to be low, often based on memorization rather than analytical thinking. The area also contains a branch of the Vocational Training Corporation, which aims to provide occupational preparation programs, training and counseling services There is one public and one private hospital in Ghor Safi, along with 8 health centers in the Southern Ghors area, (three in Ghor Safi itself, and one each in Naqa, Mamoura, Fifa, Al‐Mazra’a and Hadith). The health service in Ghor Al Safi is considered of a low quality for the same reasons as described for Wadi Araba; communities have complained about the unavailability of medicine and health practitioners, as they are only available in the clinic once a week. In addition there are three primary health centers and two sub‐health centre. Ghawr Safi includes also three pharmacies, two maternity clinics, one dental clinic and one ambulance (Ministry of Health, 2008). COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 68 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.8.6 Education and Health along the Freshwater Conveyance In Tafileh, most villages along the route reflect conditions typical of the governorate in terms of education with lower educational levels for women, with almost 20% of females illiterate, compared to about 8% of males. Children of settlements along the route do have access to schools. Within smaller villages access to educational facilities is available – for example, An Namatah, with a population of 65, has a primary school. The Sinfaha village (population 602) has two schools for instance; one for males until the 10th grade and one for females until the 9th grade. The village of Arafa has three schools (population 1,096), one for males from 4th‐12th grade; two mixed schools up until the 4th grade; and one school for females until the 11th grade. Most of the larger villages have a health center within the village itself, and smaller villages are designated health centers in villages close by. Residents along the route do complain of access to more sophisticated medical care, which can only be found in hospitals in the major cities. In Karak, in terms of education, the settlements along the route reflect conditions similar to the overall governorate. Illiteracy rates in the governorate amongst females are 19.0% compared to 9.6% amongst males. Access to educational facilities is widespread. Even the smaller villages along the route such as Madin (population 1,301), have access to educational facilities with two primary and secondary schools (male and female) as well as a small health center (branch of the Mirwid Health Center). Mirwid (population 1,557) has two primary and secondary schools (male and female), as well as a large health center that serves surrounding villages as well. The settlements in Amman have the highest educational rates, with most settlements within easy access of schools and health facilities. Illiteracy rates in the governorate amongst females are 10.1% compared to 5.1% amongst males. In the village of Ad Damikihi (population 861) in the Umm Rassass district there is one school. There is also a health center staffed with one nurse in the village. The village of Az Zmeyla (1,741) has a health center, a primary school and a secondary school. While access is not the issue, residents consulted do complain about the quality of these facilities, specifically due to a lack of teachers and problems regarding teacher accommodations. 3.9 Land Use 3.9.1 Land use at the National Level The vast majority of Jordan is desert or badia (wilderness), where in the past, nomadic pastoralists used the scarce rain‐fed vegetation and various water sources for sheep and goat herding. Most of the settled population has historically been located in the highland strip which runs from north to south separating the low lying rift valley from the desert plans which sweep eastwards towards Iraq and Saudi Arabia. These highlands are where the main urban areas are located. Several industrial zones have also been established, mostly close to urban centres in the highlands, The Jordan Valley – north of the Dead Sea – is predominantly used for rain‐fed agriculture. 3.9.2 Land Use in the Scheme Area The extraction industries at the Dead Sea, and agriculture in the Southern Ghors and in parts of the Wadi Araba, are the main land use categories outside the urban conglomeration of Aqaba and the COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 69 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report villages along the Wadi. The vast bulk of the Wadi Araba is not formally used, apart from for sheep herding. Land in Aqaba is parcelized and owned by a variety of owners including public, institutional and privately held. The majority of land in the Wadi Araba and the Southern Ghors area is reportedly owned by government entities, including the Military and the JVA. There was a recent land distribution programme (whereby government held land is distributed to the local residents) but this has been reportedly suspended by the Government pending finalization of the routing and land requirements for the RSDSC. The 320 km2 of the Dana Biosphere Reserve was established as a protected area in 1989. This is Jordan’s largest nature reserve, opened in 1989, and operated by the RSCN. It extends from the highlands at 1,500 m near Qadasiyyeh, down into the Wadi Araba near Finan and Greigera. The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) has proposals to establish a number of other protected areas including at Qatar, Jabal Mas’uda, and Fifa in the Wadi Araba – see Biophysical Sub‐Study Report for more details. These will be established with local staff teams, along eco‐tourism principles and will have a local community involvement in socio‐economic enterprises developed around the protected area concept. The proposed site at Fifa is a 27 km2 site with a saline soil wadi system and a very important area for migratory birds. The Jabal Mas’uda site covers 295 km2 and is of great diversity, with viable populations of threatened large mammals. The Qatar area is a 50 km2 and contains an acacia woodland, sand dunes and mud flats. A World Bank funded project is currently being implemented to establish these, with protected status, management criteria and plans, and management teams. (World Bank 2007) Once these are established, there will be a raised awareness of the importance of landscapes in the Wadi Araba, and some more opportunities for local employment. As noted earlier, there are plans to establish one or two development zones in the study area. These would encourage investment in agriculture and tourism, and may change land use patterns and local livelihoods. The Royal Court has also produced a report on potential development of the Wadi Araba. Real estate development would represent a major change to the area, and since it will require significant amounts of potable water, the linkage between these plans and the RSDSC Scheme need to be explored. No details on these proposals have been published, and the status of them is unknown. Further data is being requested. 3.9.3 Land Use in Aqaba A Land Use Plan was developed for Aqaba in 2001 to guide the development of the Zone. See Figure 3.8. Urban and commercial uses are concentrated in the urban centre. From south to north, the coastline has been divided into the industrial zone (to the very south), the tourism area (containing Tala Bay and most of the Marine Park), and the ports area (containing the Container Terminal and the main Port). The northern strip of coastline is a beach area and is allocated for urban tourism. As noted earlier, the area of the main Port will be converted to a mixture of urban commercial, residential and tourism use by 2013, thus removing the industrial entity from the urban area, which has been a constraint to the further development of the town. North Aqaba is designed to allow growth of urban residential use, once the urban areas are upgraded and developed. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 70 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 3.8 Land Use in Aqaba 3.9.4 Land Use in the Wadi Araba Most of the residents in Wadi Araba do not own agricultural land. The JVA has allocated land for agriculture to a number of households, but only 5,444 dunums (544.4 hectares) are cultivated. 25,000 of allocated land lies unutilized due to the unavailability of water (MoPIC, 2008). However, there are three large scale farms in Wadi Araba that are owned by cooperatives. • The Seil Finan Society. JVA has allocated a 670 dunums land (67 hectares) with symbolic yearly fee of USD 0.2 per dunum per year, as support for the local community in Finan. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 71 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report •
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Amareen Society. In 1976, the late King Hussein granted 55,000 dunums (5500 hectares) to the society. The society operates a well in that area. The Kaa’ Al‐Saedine Cooperative. An Integrated Livelihood Farm was established in 2004 in cooperation between Kaa' Al Saedine cooperative and Jordan River Foundation (JRF) and funded by MoPIC. The farms cover a total area of 200 dunums. This cooperative depends on water from Abu‐Barga Dam which was constructed between Rishe and Gharandal by JRF through MoPIC’s Enhanced Productivity Programme (EPP). The construction of Abu‐Barga Dam was completed in May 2004. The dam stands at five meters high in both the upstream and downstream components and today secures 250,000m3 of rainwater. It is the only dam in Jordan not operated by the JVA. Al‐Haq Farms operates agricultural facilities near Qatar and Rahma, Bir Mathkour, Rishe and Ma’amoura, which produce dates and other vegetables. The locations of the al Haq farms are shown on Figure 3.9. Figure 3.9 Location of Al Haq Farming Projects As noted earlier, there are discussions on creating future development zones in the area. No details are available, but it is possible that one zone will be created around agriculture, and possible another one at a later date based on tourism. If these are established, they will become the responsibility of the Development Zones Corporation, and will attempt to attract investment into the area. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 72 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report The extent of high level government plans for the Wadi Araba area remains unclear. A report into development of the area was produced by the Urban Workshop, but has not been published. There has also been speculation in Israel and in the international media about plans to develop the Valley, based on a series of lakes, around which large scale tourism facilities would be developed. A private investor (Horizon) developed outline proposals in the mid 2000s for a multi‐building high rise development at the southern most part of the Wadi Araba, close to Aqaba, but no further steps have been made. In recent years, an Israeli investment company has floated propsals for a cross border ‘Peace Valley Project’ involving significant residential and tourism and recreational developments, proposals which were repeated in public in 2010. Most recently, there have been announcements from the Jordanian Government regarding major real estate projects in the Wadi Araba just north of Aqaba, to be linked to financing of a possible Jordan Red Sea Water Project (JRSWP), although no firm details are yet available. Such developments would require a significant freshwater supply, even if the lakes could be created from sea water. It is unclear to what extent these various proposals represent a Government‐initiated strategic decision to develop the Wadi Araba, or are purely private investment proposals. It is also unclear to what degree these are dependant on a possible RSDSC or JRWSP Scheme going ahead, or are unrelated. If any were to be realized, even to a minimal degree, this would constitute a major alteration in the social and development fabric of the Wadi Araba. Significant concern has been raised in Israel over these ideas, given that some of them are explicitly cross‐border projects. 3.9.5 Land Use in the Dead Sea basin In the agricultural area of the Southern Ghors, most local farmers do not own the land, although JVA has allocated around 25‐40 dunums for use by each household. Some land has been squatted upon, up to the time when JVA allocated plots. The main produce grown is tomatoes, eggplants, green peppers and chickpeas between September and May. Most of the lands are irrigated from piped water provided by JVA. Local people estimate that 70% of the lands in Ghor Safi are owned by landowners from Amman. It is worth mentioning in this context that the price of 1,000 squared meter rose from JD 5,000 to JD10,000 in 2006 (MoPIC, 2008). According to the local communities, JVA has announced a second round of land allocation to local farmers in Ghor Fifa. There are no plans for significant development of the industrial facilities outside the land already allocated to them. 3.9.6 Land Use Along the freshwater route In Karak and Tafileh, most of the rural land along the route remains unzoned and is used for agricultural purposes, or left vacant. Land is almost entirely owned by private owners with about 80% of farmers owning their own farms, with residents noting that there has been a gradual trend towards smaller farms. As is the case over the entire governorate, tribal boundaries are especially important for determining water use from wells; and often tribe members have sole access to these water sources in agricultural areas. Residents of settlements along the route in both Karak and Tafileh noted that land sale transactions are relatively low and, especially in Tafileh, are almost completely inactive. In Amman, the areas along the freshwater route were annexed to the City of Amman late 2006. The Metropolitan Growth Plan restricts urban growth in these areas and specifically prohibits expansion in rural and agricultural land outside of designated “Rural Growth Areas”. There is one designated growth area in proximity to the freshwater route, but is not directly along it. While most of the land is COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 73 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report agricultural along the route there are pockets of industrial land and clusters of factories specifically within settlements within the sub‐districts of Umm Rassass and Muwaqqar. Land plots along the route are about 90% privately owned, and are relatively large tracts of land often divided into long narrow strips reflecting the agricultural nature of the area. There is much tribal land also owned in the area. Land speculation is high along the route. 3.10 Cultural heritage Cultural sites which are important to the local communities in each area (eg burial grounds, monuments etc) will be identified during the archaeological survey which is being carried out by the ESA team. However, some sites in the project area are important to the national identity (and also the tourism industry) of the Beneficiary Parties. Important sites in Jordan are listed below. Locations are identified in Figure 3.10. Figure 3.10 Cultural Heritage Sites COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 74 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.10.1 Finan Within Wadi Finan lies the site of Khirbet Finan, remains which provide evidence of human habitation as far back as the Bronze Age and Copper Age. The area was important for the extraction of copper, clearly seen from the patches of dark metal and slag covering the site. There are also remains of Byzantine churches, a Roman tower, and remains of many buildings including large multi‐systems, networks of streets, industrial water channels and reservoirs, as well as evidence of sophisticated agricultural systems. Today, the area is one of Jordan’s well known eco‐tourism sites, with RSCN’s Finan Lodge catering for visitors wishing to explore both the Dana nature reserve, and also take the Copper Mine Tour of Finan. Finan lies in the Wadi Araba close to both the pipeline and tunnel alignments of the sea water conveyance line. 3.10.2 Bir Mathkour Bir Mathkour was the westernmost caravan suburb of Petra and today contains many important Nabatean ruins. There is also a Roman Fort and bath complex, and 25 water springs of which 8 are considered quite old that were drilled for drinking and agriculture purposes. A project is currently underway to excavate and conserve those aspects of the site which are threatened, and to rehabilitate the area. The Bir Mathkour Project – a cooperation between the Department of Antiquities, George Washington University, and the Hashemite Fund for Human Development ‐ will include an Archaeological and Nature Park, and will include a museum. Local communities will be encouraged to become involved in providing services to tourists coming to the area. Bir Mathkour lies in the Wadi Araba close to both the pipeline and tunnel alignments of the sea water conveyance line. 3.10.3 Bethany Baptism Site The recently opened Baptism site is thought to be the site of the baptism of Jesus on the River Jordan, and is an important pilgrimage site for Christians. Several Byzantine churches, Roman and Byzantine baptismal pools, caves for monks and hermits and pilgrim’s lodges have been discovered. The site has been developed with tourism facilities, and had received international recognition, including from Pope John Paul II. It is now an important stop in Jordan’s tourism itinerary. Bethany lies in Wadi Kharrar, just a few miles north of where the Jordan flows into the Dead Sea. 3.10.4 Lot’s Cave Lots cave was discovered in 1988 and a rich archaeological site containing evidence of Early and Middle Bronze Age habitation, as well as Nabataen pottery, Byzantine Mosaics. A Byzantine Church and surrounding monastery mark the location of the cave where the Biblical account has Lot living with his daughters following the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. The cave was used as a burial place in the second millennium BC and was absorbed into the church because of the connection with Lot. Today, it is a beautiful hike up a steep slope at the southern end of the Dead Sea, just above Ghor Safi. A museum and tourist facilities were opened here in recent years, and the site is new on the list of Christian pilgrimage sites in Jordan. Lot’s Cave lies above alignment 1 of the freshwater route, in the Dead Sea basin. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 75 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3.11 Possible changes to the baseline 3.11.1 Economic Baseline Trends forecast to 2020 According to an overview of the economy of Jordan, being carried out as part of the RSDSC Regional Assessment, Jordan’s economy is not expected to develop dramatically (ie move to being a high‐
income country) in the near future. The country will continue to rely on external resources such as foreign aid, remittances from nationals working abroad and loans, albeit perhaps less heavily than at present. In recent years, the growth of the Jordanian economy has been coming from services (67%), industry (29%) and agriculture for about (3%). For next 10 years (i.e. until 2020), the contribution of the agriculture to the economy is expected to decrease with the growing stress on agricultural water availability. The services sector, especially tourism, is expected to be developed in the Dead Sea area and in Aqaba. The government’s National Tourism Strategy (NTS), established in 2004 to handle the sector through 2010, aimed to double tourism revenues during the period and to increase tourism‐
related jobs. But this development plan would need more investment in public infrastructure. The industrial sector is expected to grow at the same rate as the last decade ‐ ie at a rate of growth between 2% and 3% per year. In the project area, Aqaba will continue to develop at a fast pace, with several new tourism and commercial developments coming on line, and the development of the new port encouraging new investments in port‐related industries. Continued investments in the Dead Sea area will also change the character of the north eastern coast, and the development of 3 new protected areas with the associate eco‐tourism and socio‐economic development activities will also open up the Wadi Araba area. Changes along the freshwater line will include significant open cast oil shale development south and east of Karak, and the establishment of a new power station at Qatraneh. 3.11.2 Planned Economic Development As the baseline shows, much of Jordan’s development efforts are focused in rural areas and in the south, as these have historically contained the most marginalized groups. The Aqaba Special Economic Zone is regarded as a major success and its model is now being followed by the Development Zones Corporation. The Royal Court’s report on Wadi Araba, although not formally adopted, indicates high level interest in development of the area. Government officials have made recent statements about the importance of retaining agriculture in the Southern Ghors area, despite the water scarcity in the area. This section gives a brief description of the major development projects in the project area starting from Sweimeh (at the northern part of the Dead Sea) to Aqaba. Water availability is particularly low in the study area, and if the study area is to grow as planned, water demand will be an issue of priority that will become critical as demand increases. In addition, communities along the study area depend mainly on agriculture that will further increase the demand for water. Therefore, the communities need to diversify their livelihoods and explore new sectors other than agriculture, and that would not be possible without the support of the private sector in investing in the local communities' development. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 76 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Dead Sea Development Zone The Dead Sea Development Zone was created in 2009, stretching over an area of 40 km2 from the Jordan River to the Wadi Mujib. This Zone aims at stimulating the economy through providing incentives and exemptions to lure investment. It will focus on entertainment and tourism projects and several development Schemes. As part of this development, a Comprehensive Land Use Plan was prepared, covering 133,000 dunums, the majority of which is owned by the Government of Jordan. In recent years, the Government offered for concession 6,810 dunums to private tourism developers and investors, nearly all on the Dead Sea shore. A major goal of the Master Plan is to deliver integrated community development benefits from tourism industry to local residents. Bir Mathkoor ‐ Rehabilitation of the Old City (1) Wadi Araba is rich with historical, archaeological, and tourism sites that form an attraction factor for the tourists coming through the historic mountain trails to Petra and Dana Reserve. In this context, the area of Bir Mathkoor is uniquely important. This area has archaeological remains lying along an ancient incense route. A project to support the development of an archaeological and nature park at Bir Mathkoor is planned. Figure 3.11 Tourist Village at Bir Mathkoor (1) All information about Bir Mathkoor project is obtained from The (HFDJB) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 77 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Development of Wadi Araba The Arab fund for Economic and Social Development is currently funding the project on integrated development of Wadi Araba. The project is being overseen by ASEZA with the vision of expanding ASEZ to Wadi Araba. This is a new project and further data is not available at present. It is possible that with the establishment of the Development Zones Corporation, and plans for a development zone in Wadi Araba, that these plans and projects will be combined. Aqaba Several major projects are underway in Aqaba: Ayla is located along the border to west of the main city of Aqaba. This is a major tourism development covering approximately 430 hectares, with a 235 m sea frontage onto the Gulf of Aqaba. The project will comprise of 1,540 hotel rooms, 2,884 residential units, 100,000 m2 of commercial and retail facilities, 2 golf courses (24 holes), and associated infrastructure and recreational amenities. Construction of the infrastructure and earthworks has begun, but the total construction period – which is phased ‐ is of the order of 10 years. The northern intake of RSDSC will be between the western border of Ayla project and the Israeli Jordanian border. Saraya Aqaba covers approximately 61 hectares of land. This will be developed into a high end resort consisting of hotels and residential accommodations set around a lagoon area opening out to the Gulf of Aqaba. This is currently under construction and is due to be completed in 2012. Marsa Zayed will occupy 320 hectares of land at the Main Port site, for the development and establishment of a mixed‐use residential, tourism and commercial project. It will include 2 km of waterfront, high‐rise residential towers, retail, recreational, entertainment, business and financial districts and several branded hotels. The expected total resident population is 51,900 and the daily population of the project is 106,151. The construction of the project might coincide with the RSDSC construction, which could create pressure on infrastructure and social services in Aqaba as well as on the capacity of the port due to huge imported quantities of material for both projects. The Aqaba Ports Development Project will see the development of the industrial ports to the south of Aqaba. New industrial berths for bulk liquid and bulk solid material will be developed, as well as a general cargo berth, RoRo facilities and a new ferry terminal. This is planned to be online by 2013, and may encourage new port‐related developments in the southern industrial zone. The government has also made statements about the development of a nuclear power station along Jordan’s southern border. A site to the east of the southern industrial zone has been proposed, and is being investigated. No firm details on the plans are known at this time. 3.12 Major Points Raised During Consultations The forthcoming Consultations Report will contain details of the local community meetings, focus groups consultations COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 78 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 4. ISRAEL 4.1
Study Area in Israel For the purposes of this study, the baseline situation in Israel in each of the subsections below will be discussed first for Israel generally and then in four groupings according to the different sections of the project. In Israel, these four groupings are: • Eilat: the largest city in the study area (48,600 residents), Eilat is a tourism‐centred city with an abundance of hotels and an airport to facilitate travel to and from the area. The city is strategically important to Israel since it provides access to a southern shipping lane via the Red Sea. • Arava Valley: The Arava valley is a sparsely populated area characterised by small collective agricultural settlements (kibbutzim and moshavim). In spite of the hyper‐arid climate, agriculture remains viable in this area due to use of desalinized brackish groundwater and advanced farming techniques. • The Dead Sea Basin: Industry and tourism are the largest economic contributors for the communities in this area. The Dead Sea Works extracts minerals from Dead Sea water through use of large evaporation ponds in what used to be the southern basin of the sea. Hotels are present in some of the communities bordering the Dead Sea, and the important tourist site of Massada is also located in the area. • Along the freshwater route: the city of Arad to which the freshwater will be provided lies east of the Dead Sea between the Judea desert and the Negev. It was founded in 1962 and was recognized as a city in 1995. In the villages along the freshwater pipeline route (within Megiollot regional council area), population sizes tend to be modest (one to several hundred), with many communities relying on a mixture of agriculture and rural tourism to bring in revenues. An analysis of stakeholders was carried out in 2008 and updated in 2009, and is reported in the PCCP submitted in March 2010. This stakeholder analysis informed this social assessment. 4.2 Israel’s Administrative Structure and Institutions 4.2.1 Overall Governance Framework The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known as mehozot (singular: mahoz) – Center, Haifa, Jerusalem, North, Southern, and Tel Aviv Districts. Districts are further divided into fifteen sub‐districts known as nafot (singular: nafa), which are themselves partitioned into fifty regions. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 79 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 4.1 Israel Districts and Regions (Note that this map reflects that East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights are currently administered by Israel). 4.2.2 Local Government Almost all local governments in Israel take one of three forms: city councils, which govern a large municipality, local councils, which govern a small municipality, and regional councils, which govern a group of communities, often, but not necessarily, of a rural nature (1) . Each provides municipal services to their constituent populations and is differentiated by the pattern of settlements they cover. (1) A municipality generally defined in Israel as a geographical unit with a population of 20,000 or more residents, while each community within a regional council usually does not exceed 2,000 citizens. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 80 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report City and local councils are united in the framework of the "Centre for Local Government in Israel", founded in 1938, while regional councils are organized in a separate body (1). The general governmental powers of local authorities fall into six basic categories: • legislation • taxation • financial management • joint activities with other bodies • various general powers. While these categories are not completely independent of each other, a local authority may act on them, according to the wishes of the elected representatives of the local constituency. The local authority provides its residents, businesses, and other institutions within its area of jurisdiction with a wide range of services. It develops its physical infrastructure, road system, water supply, refuse collection and disposal system, sewage system, and recreational parks. The local authority is responsible for environmental protection (public health, nuisances, cleanliness, etc.) and, in concert with the Ministry of Education, Culture & Sport, the local educational system. The local authority builds schools and provides for equipment and maintenance. Pre‐kindergarten and secondary education institutions are established and administered by the local authority, though these facilities may be owned by non‐profit organizations supported by aid provided by the local authority. Local authorities also promote and financially assist cultural and sports activities (libraries, museums, youth clubs, etc.). Some even chose to maintain orchestras, choirs, theatres and similar enterprises. The local authority provides social welfare services focused on families in need, the elderly, developmentally disabled children and those addicted to drugs. The local governance system is summarised in Figure 4.2. (1) (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Local Government, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/ Branches%20of%20Government /Executive/Israeli%20Democracy%20‐%20How%20does%20it%20work#local) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 81 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 4.2 Flowchart illustrating Israeli Governmental Structure 4.2.3 Non‐governmental Organizations The registered non‐governmental organizations operating within the Scheme area include: • The International Birding & Research Centre in Eilat (IBRCE); • The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies in Kibbutz Ketura (Southern Arava ); and • Dead Sea Science and Arava Science Centre in Neve Zohar (Tamar). Two active agricultural research and development centres also play a role in the agricultural development of the Scheme area. These are located in Ein Hatzeva (in the Arava Tichona regional authority) and Yotvata (in the Hevel Eilot regional authority), and focuses of research include bedding techniques, fertilization and irrigation optimization, crop selection, greenhouse use, aquaculture, disease prevention and control, and effects of water quality (salinity and chemical composition) on plant growth (1) . Though not primarily based in the region, the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI) runs two field schools located within the study area, with one in Hazeva and another in Eilat. A mixed governmental/non‐governmental agency, the Jewish National Fund, Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, acts as a national and international funding agency assisting with many development projects in the area. Further reaching NGOs and Research Institutions identified as potential stakeholders include: (1) (Central and Northern Arava R&D http://www.arava.co.il/haklaut/English/welcome.htm) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 82 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report NGOs • Friends of the Earth ME (FOEME): This organization has the intent of bringing together Israeli, Palestinian, and Jordanian environmentalists to cooperatively advocate environmental issues in the region. Its interests lie in protecting the ecosystem of the Arava Valley/greater Rift Valley area, from Eilat to the Dead Sea and up to the Sea of Galilee. It is also interested in climate change issues, green building, sustainable development, water use and access, and alternative energy projects. • Life and Environment Organization: This is an umbrella group that represents over 100 organizations in Israel and facilitates cooperation between groups and their members, including environmental specialists, activists, and volunteers. • Zalul Environmental Association: This group is specifically interested in protecting Israel’s water resources, both in rivers and in coastal/marine areas. The Dead Sea is not specifically mentioned on their website, and their focus may be more on the Mediterranean/Red Sea systems. Research Institutions • Geological Survey of Israel (GSI) • Institute of Oceanographic & Limnological Research (IOLR) • Tel Aviv University – Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences • Dead Sea & Arava Science Centre • Arava Institute for Environmental Studies • Israeli Union for Environmental Defence (IUED) • Agricultural R&D Stations in the Southern and Central Arava • Kibbutzim and moshavim (cooperative settlements) in the Southern and Central Arava • The Inter‐University Institute for Marine Science in Eilat • The Hebrew University of Jerusalem – The Institute of Earth Sciences 4.2.4 Israel Land Administration According to the Israel Land Administration, 93% of the land in Israel is in the public domain; that is, either property of the state, the Jewish National Fund (JNF) or the Development Authority. While the law expressly forbids transferring of such land either by sale or other means, it does imply that a long term lease would be permitted (Decker, 2007). Ownership of real estate in Israel actually refers to leasing rights from the ILA for 49 or 98 years. (Israel Land Administration, 2007). The four most significant laws that outline the cornerstones of Israel Land use policy include: 1. Basic Law establishing the Israel Land Administration (1960) 2. Israel Lands Law (1960) 3. Israel Land Administration (1960) 4. Covenant between the State of Israel and the World Zionist Organization (Jewish National Fund) (1960) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 83 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report According to the Jewish Virtual Library, the local council also has an important role in town planning. The Planning and Building Law, 5725‐1960, sets forth the principles according to which town planning is undertaken, as well as delineates the planning institutions that must act at the local, district, and countrywide geographic and administrative levels. The law grants the local planning commission—
composed of local council members‐‐considerable independence. The law gives the local planning commission responsibility for day to day management and onsite compliance with regulations. Functions and objectives of the ILA • Guarantee that the national land is used in accordance with Israeli laws. • Actively protect and supervise state lands. • Make state land available for public use. • Plan, develop and manage state land reserves. • Initiate planning and development (Including relocation of existing occupants). • Regulate and manage registration of state lands. • Authorize contracts and agreements with other parties. • Provide services to the general public. Policy Objectives • Designating land areas for public and state requirements • Assuring land reserves for future needs • Preservation of agricultural lands • Land usage in accordance with the law • Safeguarding the state land Generally, the acquisition of land by the state for development purposes in the public interest requires that: •
The Minister of Treasure or a public authority on his/her behalf – endorses the land acquisition and the public interest; •
The ILA negotiates the acquisition of the land from its owner(s). Compensation or a land offset is offered in exchange for the land required by the state; •
If neither compensation nor a land offset are accepted by the owner(s), the minister can exercise his/her authority to confiscate the land in the public interest and impose compensation as prescribed in the Planning and Construction Law. However, the Planning and Construction Law does not always foresee fair and adequate compensation; •
The land owners have the right to appeal to the Israeli High Court of Justice in case they believe that the ILA/minister’s decision was arbitrary or the process itself was flawed. More details will be set out in the Resettlement discussion of the ESA. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 84 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 4.3
Population and Demographics 4.3.1 Population and Demographics at the National Level The State of Israel is a developed country with a population of 7.2 million. The average life expectancy is 80 years and the country’s literacy rate is 97% (Human Development Reports, 2008). The majority of the population of the State of Israel are Jewish; however there is a non‐Jewish community made up mostly of Christian and Muslim Arabs, which comprises about 40% of the population. Israel has two official languages, Hebrew (spoken by the majority) and Arabic (spoken by the Arab minority). 4.3.2 Population and Demographics in the Overall Scheme Area Within the Scheme area, the comparative distribution of population is shown on Figure 4.4. As this figure shows most of the population in the Scheme area is concentrated in the Eilat region. Further details on the population of each area, on population growth and on migration trends in and out of each area, are provided in Tables 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3. Figure 4.3 Study Area Population Distribution Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. Table 4.1 Population breakdown Total Males Total Females Dependency ratio Eilat 23,600 23,200 58.4% Southern Arava 1,700 1,600 71.9% Arava Tichona 1,400 1,300 60.1% Tamar 1,200 1,100 62.0% Megillot 500 500 62.9% Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. Note: The dependency ratio is the ratio of those not in the labor force to those who currently are; typically, only those not expected to be working (i.e. the young and the elderly) are included in the dependent group. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 85 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 4.2 Population Growth Eilat % Population Growth Births 1.61 928 Deaths 183 Total Natural Growth Immigration Balance 745 ‐334 49 4 45 94 4.6 69 2 67 49 2
20 4 16 ‐33 27 1 26 2 Southern Arava 4.32 Arava Tichona Tamar Megillot 1
‐0.7 1
3 1
: Relative to 2005 2
: Relative to 2006 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. Table 4.3 Migration trends Area Gender Total Male Female Age <14 15‐29 30‐64 65 Eilat: Southern Arava : Arava Tichona: Incoming Outgoing Incoming Outgoing Incoming 4278 4986 387 335 109 2338 2640 194 180 60 1940 2346 193 155 49 2564 2751 98 121 39 1159 1477 158 124 52 68 94 0 0 0 Tamar: Megillot: Outgoing Incoming Outgoing Incoming Outgoing 79 47 78 53 53 36 24 38 24 25 43 23 40 29 28 487 664 136 88 17 17 17 12 17 17 32 10 33 11 16 30 20 32 24 20 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. The ethnic breakdown for the Scheme areas considered in this report is presented in Table 4.4. As this table shows, within the Scheme area the majority of residents are Jewish, and the minorities are primarily Israeli Arab, along with some Bedouins. Israeli Arabs comprise approximately half the population in the Regional Authority of Tamar, and approximately 14% of Eilat. The Arab population in Tamar lives in unrecognized villages outside the immediate area of the Scheme, further to the west of the Dead Sea. None of the Arab population lives in the five communities described above. The Arab population of Eilat is not deemed a vulnerable group, or to be at risk because they are fairly well integrated into the community and the local economy. Table 4.4 Ethnicity in Regions Relevant to this Study Region Eilat Southern Arava Arava Tichona Tamar Megillot Ethnicity 86% Jewish, 14% other 95.9% Jewish, 4.1% other 95.2% Jewish, 4.8% other 47.7% Jewish, 49.4% Arab, 2.9% other 97.8% Jewish, 2.2% other Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 86 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 4.3.3 Population and Demographics In Eilat Figure 4.5 shows the locations of Eilat and the communities of the Arava Valley. The city of Eilat is the largest population centre in the study area with a population of 46,800. It is located at the southernmost point of the country on the shores of the Red Sea. Eilat is a resort city whose economy is largely based on tourism. It would appear from Table 4.3 above that more people are migrating out of Eilat than into it. Figure 4.4 Eilat and Communities in the Arava Valley 4.3.4 Population and Demographics in the Arava Valley The Arava Valley runs along the eastern extent of the Negev Desert along the border between Israel and Jordan from the Red Sea up to the Dead Sea. Much of this area is used for military firing ranges and nature reserves, and it is sparsely populated compared to central and northern parts of the country. The settlements running north through the Arava Valley tend to be small, rural, communal entities, with economies based on agriculture and/or tourism. It would appear from Table 4.3 above that more people are migrating into the Arava Valley area than out of it. The communities in this area are illustrated on Figure 4.5 and information on their characteristics (population, type of community and main livelihoods) presented (from south to north) in Table 4.5. At COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 87 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report this point is useful to provide some definitions on terms that are used throughout the rest of this report (Box). Box 3.1 Definitions of Israeli Communities A kibbutz is a multi‐generational, social and economically autonomous rural settlement, traditionally arranged around a socialist ideal, with communal ownership of property, equality of pay, lack of stratification of labor (i.e. everyone works at required jobs, from agriculture to dining hall service), collective rearing and education of children, and an emphasis on community social interaction and participation. Changes in social outlooks and economic realities over the past few decades have led to increased privatization of property and the means of production, as well as stratification of wages based on occupation. The same trends have increased the emphasis on individualism and elevated the importance of the family unit rather than the kibbutz as a whole. Kibbutzim tend to be small in size, from several hundred to a thousand people. A moshav is a cooperative agricultural settlement, wherein individual families each run their own farm but operate collectively to provide services and get better prices for required materials. Generally, farm plots for each family will be of the same size, and taxes will be equal for all, so those whose operations are more profitable will be better off than those whose are not (in other words, income is not equal, as in a kibbutz). A community settlement is one in which membership must be granted in order for a new family to join. The communities are often based on some kind of social or religious ideology, and new applicants are judged by a committee and may be accepted or rejected based on their projected fit within the community. There is not usually any extensive economic cooperation associated with community settlements, as there is with kibbutzim and moshavim, and inhabitants there may work elsewhere. Community settlements tend to be small, numbering several hundred people. Table 4.5 Profiles of villages in Arava Valley Arava Valley ‐ (Southern Arava – Hevel Eilot Regional Authority) Name Type Population Main Livelihoods Eilot K 259 Be'er Ora Elifaz CS K 99 61 Samar Yotvata Shacharut Grofit Ketura Lotan K K CS K K K 213 580 104 343 454 168 Neve Harif Yahel Neot Smadar Paran Tsofar/Tzofar Sapir Ein Yahav Hatzeva[1] Idan K K K M M CS M M M 121 238 161 399 343 377 612 439 261 agriculture (dates, veggies, fruit, dairy) + tourism + industry (transformer cores) Residential agriculture (Vegetables, dairy, dates, mangoes) and tourism agriculture (organic dates, dairy, onions) and tourism Milk industry (controls 63% of Israeli dairy market?) agriculture, industry (reusable plastic), tourism dairy cowshed, date plantations, ecological tourism, holistic medicine clinic Dairy, poultry, Catering, quarry Field agriculture + tourism Organic agriculture agriculture (flower and peppers for export, dairy), tourism agriculture (mostly for export) , tourism housing for various professions Agriculture, tourism Agriculture Agriculture, tourism COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Regional authority Southern Arava – Hevel Eilot Regional authority Central Arava Arava Tichona Regional Authority Appendix I – Page 88 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report CBS 2007 Data ‘Marginalized groups’ in the area would predominantly relate to Bedouin communities in the northern Negev. Detailed and reliable information regarding this group is currently not available. Most established communities are in the vicinity of Be'ersheva and are probably outside the scope of the study area, but there do exist so‐called "unrecognized settlements" which are unincorporated and not served by government utilities, and which do not appear on official maps. None of these groups are likely to be impacted significantly by the Scheme. 4.3.5 Population and Demographics in the Dead Sea basin The Regional Council of Tamar is populated by 1,300 residents. The communities in this area are illustrated on Figure 4.6 and information on their population and main livelihoods presented in Table 4.6. Table 4.6 Information on villages in Dead Sea Basin Area (Tamar Regional Council) Name The Kikar Sedom Moshavim Ein Gedi Ein Hatzeva Ne'Ot Hakikar Neve Zohar Ein Tamar Kibbutz Har Amsha Maleh Peres Type Approx. Main Livelihoods Population 350 Ain Tamar and Naot Hkikar‐ population of 350 (100 families), 106 privately owned pieces of land out of 200 allocated; agriculture (winter vegetables, melons, peppers, dates, mangos, and figs, and herbs). Local bed and breakfast, local artist, and an event location. As of today the land is made up of 50 dunam (5 hectares) per property; 80 dunam (8 hectares) per property were allocated by the ministry of agriculture, but as of now there is not enough land. K 589 Population of 589 people, 140 families and additional 50‐100 permanent residents; Bed and Breakfast (150 guest rooms), restaurants, sulphur, botanical gardens, tour and hiking centre, gas station and restaurant, historical synagogue, water factory, plastic factory, agriculture (specifically mango, herbs and dates), elementary and middle school (used also by “Megillot” regional council), regional culture centre. M 61 Population 61; agriculture (winter vegetables, grapes, dates, cows for meat, house birds, house fish). M 239 Agriculture, tourism CS 78 Population of 78 people (60 houses); regional education centre and an elementary school, regional council offices, small supermarket, and a location for rent for festivals, hotels and the region to run events. M 163 agriculture and tourism 50 Population 50 (20 families); bed and breakfast, research centre. 1530 A planned settlement above the Arava Cross road. The region strives to absorb 200 families. Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 89 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 4.5 Israeli Communities along the Freshwater Route 4.3.6 Population and Demographics Along the freshwater route The Regional Council of Megillot, often referred to as the Megillot Dead Sea Regional Council, has a population of 1,000 residents. Located near the western shores of the Dead Sea, Megillot encompasses six Israeli settlements in the West Bank. Information on the villages along the freshwater pipeline route (within Megiollot regional council area) is provided in Table 4.7; populations tend to be modest (one to several hundred), with many communities relying on a mixture of agriculture and rural tourism to bring in revenues. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 90 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 4.7 Information on villages in Freshwater Pipeline Area Name Type Beit HaArava K Kfar Vered M Jericho Almog K Kaliya/Kalia K Mitzpe Shalem K Ovnat Total Population Approx. Main Livelihoods / other notes Population 87 Population 87; gas station, cafeteria rest stop, agriculture (field crops, dates, grapes, melons, onions, cucumbers and peppers). 180 Population 180 (52 families); guest rooms (70), agriculture (dates, grapes, figs), spa, free lancers. 192 Population 192; tourist resort (80 guest rooms), a beach, agriculture (dates, filed crops, dairy farm, chicken coops, bananas), archaeological site of Qumran and museum. 274 Population 274; Agriculture, “mineral” beach, Alternative treatments, ostrich farm, Archaeological and tourist sights (komeran‐ about 270,000 visitors a year), guest house (80 guest rooms), restaurant, an elementary school, partnership in AHAVA factory. 171 Population 171; tourist resort (50 guest rooms), “mineral” beach which is threatened by the sinkhole phenomenon, partnership in the AHAVA factory, agriculture (dates, turkeys, and green houses). 100 Population 100, with an educational community including a boarding school for youth with special needs and a religious background. There are expansion plans to reach a population of 300 including families, staff and students. Additionally, there is also a plan for tourism and the building of 1000 guest rooms. 1004 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. Arad is the city to which the freshwater will be routed. It is located mostly on the western and southwestern Kidod Range, and the Arad Plain which marks the southwestern end of the Judean Desert in southern Israel. It is located 23 kilometers west of the southern end of the Dead Sea, and is by road, 45 kilometers east of Beer Sheva, 111 kilometers south of Jerusalem, 138 kilometers south east of Tel Aviv, and 219 kilometers north of the southern‐most city of Eilat. The city spans an area of 93,140 dunams (93.1 km2), one of the largest municipal areas in Israel, even though its urban area is much smaller. In 1993, the city's jurisdiction was 73,934.3 dunams (73.9 km2), still many times larger than the urban area. The historical site of Tel Arad and the Arad Park (also known as Ran Grove) can also be found within its municipal area, west of the urban core. Arad also has a commercial landing strip located slightly to the south of its urban core. It borders the Tamar and Abu Basma Bedouin regional councils, and the closest local municipality to Arad is the Bedouin local council Kuseife. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, of Arad's 23,300 2005 population, 82% were Jews, and another 17.2% were other non‐Arabs. 11,100 (~47.6%) were men and 12,200 were women. 42.9% (the second highest in the country) were immigrants that have entered the town since 1990. Arad's population peaked in 2002 at 24,500. Since then, it has been undergoing a steady decline, with a 23,300 low in 2006. However, CBS estimates that the population has risen to 23,400 in 2007. In 2005, Arad had 10,227 (~43.9%) salaried workers and 476 (~2%) self‐employed. 10,474 were receiving children's benefits, 290 were receiving unemployment benefits, and 2,010 were receiving income COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 91 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report guarantee. The average monthly income for self‐employed workers was NIS 5,694, up 10.2% from 2004's 5,165, with salaried employees earning an average of NIS 5,686 (NIS 7,531 for men and NIS 3,904 for women). The IDF's City of Training Bases, which is located near Beersheba and under construction, hopes to bring thousands of soldiers (mostly officers, senior NCOs and other staff) to live in the Negev, including Arad. Orli Yehezkel, the CEO of the Ministry for the Development of the Negev and Galilee, told in her visit to Arad that NIS 4.5 million will be invested in Arad, including a subsidy of NIS 1,000 per family per month for two years for families of soldiers wishing to move to Arad. Figure 4.6 Demographic Breakdown in Arad Source: Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad_demographics.png) 4.4
Economic activity and poverty 4.4.1 Economic Activity and Poverty at the National Level Israel possesses a technologically advanced, resource‐limited (in water, minerals, and arable land) market economy. Major imports include grain, petroleum, and uncut diamonds, and exports include cut diamonds, technology and related equipment, military hardware, and some fruits and vegetables. 32.5% of its exports reach the US, with 7.5% going to Belgium and 6.7% to Hong Kong (2008) (CIA World Fact Book 2009). Tourism is an important component of the economy, as Israel is home to many religious and archaeological sites that draw many visitors each year from around the world. Economic indicators for the various areas within the Scheme area are presented in Table 4.8. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 92 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Number of Independents Monthly Income of Independents (Shekels) Monthly Income of Independents (US Dollars) Change in Real Income Relative To Previous Year Total USD Male USD Female 50.5 0.3939 2015 6586 1745 5.3 4945 1310 5781 1532 4084 1520 20.3 0.323 35 7028 1862 7.4 5340 1415 5900 1564 4827 790 0.5 0.3874 638 8510 2255 ‐9.3 4878 1293 5842 1548 4138 474 34 0.3482 112 7609 2016 0.051 4816 1276 4960 1314 4693 452 30.3 0.3778 27 4514 1196 25.2 5900 1564 7367 1952 4569 Eilat (2006) Hevel Eilot (2005) Arava Tichona (2006) Tamar (2007) Megillot (2006) 22015 USD Average Monthly Wage For Salaried Employee (in NIS shekels) Gini Coefficient Number of people employed % Employees At Minimum Wage Table 4.8 Economic indicators within the study area 1082 1279 1097 1244 1211 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. 4.4.2 Economic Activity in Eilat Eilat is the only urban area in the region. Its official population count is 46,736 (2007) although there are large seasonal variations due to the tourism cycles. Its economy is based heavily in tourism and services. The workforce in Eilat is estimated at 25,000 people, 52% of which work in tourism and related services. 18% work in public service, with only 3% in industry. The average income in Eilat is comparable to the national annual average of ~$26,300 (World Bank Israel Factsheet 2007). Eilat's 11,000‐hotel rooms account for almost a quarter of the available rooms in Israel. Tourism is Eilat's main source of employment and revenues. In recent years, Eilat has lost many of its foreign visitors to the resorts in nearby Aqaba and Sinai, which enjoy lower labour costs. The ongoing Israeli‐
Palestinian conflict has also made an impact on Eilat's tranquil image. The diminishing numbers of foreign visitors have been partially mitigated in recent years by an increased number of Israelis coming to spend their annual holiday in Eilat(Eilat Master Plan, by Farchi and Tzafrir Architects, pending Ministry of Interior approval, 2005). More than 13,000 (>50% of the workforce) work directly or indirectly with the tourism industry. These may be in the hotels, restaurants, convenience stores, souvenir shops, tourist transportation, cleaning and laundering services, beach services, underwater observatory, Dolphin Reef, diving etc (Eilat Master Plan, by Farchi and Tzafrir Architects, pending Ministry of Interior approval, 2005). There is a niche market for bird‐viewing tourism in the region based on the massive migration route going thorough the greater Rift Valley. The number of tourists coming to see this phenomenon every year accounts for only a few thousands. The tourism sector is served by Eilat’s arport – a small runway strip in the city which serves several flights per day to airports in the north of Israel, including Tel Aviv, and also some international flights COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 93 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report with Israeli airlines. Proposals were put forth after the Peace Treaty with Jordan for a joint airport using the much longer runway in Aqaba, which is suitable for longer haul international flights, but these have yet yo be implemented. Eilat also has an active sea port which is much smaller than its Israeli counterparts of Haifa and Ashdod. A major user of the port is the Eilat‐Ashdod Oil Pipeline which was formed in 1968, and acts as a land bridge to transport crude oil from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. . Another user is the army which operates an independent Military Port within the port's compound. Currently, there are no major passenger or cruise lines coming to/from Eilat's port. Furthermore, in the Gulf of Eilat there used to be several large fish farms that have been removed due to their environmental side effects. A recent example of the innovative approach to agriculture in this region is a burgeoning industry of inland, aquarium fish farms, with an annual turnover of $8 m. In terms of transportation connections, currently most trips in the region are limited to private commuting due to large distances and the small and scattered settlement pattern. There are a few bus routes along road no. 90 with several daily routes going to Tel‐Aviv, Be'er Sheba and Jerusalem. Eilat has a very active airport which supports both the tourism industry as well exports of local produce such as flowers and live fish which depend on fast delivery. 3,000 people are employed in the different infrastructure services throughout the city. These include the port, Eilat Ashkelon Crude Oil Pipeline, construction, communication, academia etc. 33% of the employment services the permanent population; this includes approximately 8,000 workers in the municipality, education, social services, community services, public transportation and urban commercial trade (Eilat Master Plan, by Farchi and Tzafrir Architects, pending Ministry of Interior approval, 2005). 4.4.3 Economic Activity in the Arava Valley The economy of the Arava rural communities is largely based on agriculture, predominantly date plantations and some fruits and vegetables (tomatoes, peppers, melons, water melons, onion, eggplant, mango, and grapes), flowers and animal rearing, mostly for milk. Yotvata Dairies is a large regional dairy with national reach. The Arava communities are organized in a regional co‐op ‐ "Ardom" ‐ that deals with the organization and marketing of agricultural produce and provides different services such as a research station, computer services, transport etc. Most of the agricultural produce is for export. These agricultural activities are dependent on local ground water availability, as no potable surface water is available. Water is pumped from aquifers located at various depths beneath the surface of the Arava Valley; however, the system of aquifers is not well‐understood, and their spatial extent and total volume are not known. The Peace Treaty between Israel and Jordan allow for Israel to continue to operate some wells which lie on the Jordanian side of the border and which are used by Israeli farmers. The wells on the Jordanian side of the valley have the advantage of being easier to access (i.e., are shallower). (Interview with Micha Silver, from Arava Tichona Regional Authority October 2009). COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 94 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Additional agricultural lands are available for development by the agricultural sector, but there is environmentalist opposition to expansion as well as a shortage of approximately 22 MCM of water (Hevel Eilot Development Master Plan, 2008) The agricultural sector in the Arava Valley is heavily dependent on cheap, foreign labour, mostly of Thai nationals. Estimates are that their number is 2,000‐4,000, with some seasonal variations, though the exact number is debated between the Immigration Authority, The Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of the Treasury. The economic foundation of the Arava area hinges upon dates and vegetable agriculture, dairy production, some tourism and a small plastic factory (Southern Arava Regional Council, 2008). In order to diversify the economy of rural communities, the State, NGOs and the local regional councils of the Arava valley have developed locally‐themed tourist attractions such as the Nabatean Trail, Park Timna and other sites which have helped to establish a small but tangible boutique‐style accommodation in the rural area. As of the end of 2007, there were 215 accommodation rooms with more than 1,000 beds, as well as an additional 1,000 organized outdoor sleeping spaces. Annual average occupancy is 30% and the main tourist season is September to May. More than 70 families have a tourism based income. The southern Arava has plans for attracting renewable energy initiatives to the region, especially that of solar energy and biofuels from agricultural products and waste. The hope is that a strong economic base in renewable energy will attract new residents and companies to the region. The Eilat‐Eilot Renewable Energy Authority is the initiator and host of the Eilat‐Eilot International Renewable Energy Conference & Exhibition. Its goal is to act as a model of implementation of regional renewable energy technologies as a comprehensive "solutions for the energy crisis facing Israel and the world at large". This ambitious program in the southern Arava desert whose goal it is to generate100% of its own regional energy within a decade while demonstrating an example of how energy independence can be spurred by forward by commercial and technology opportunities. (Eilat0‐Eilot International Renewable Energy Conference & Exhibition, 2009, http://eilatenergy.org/en‐
us/Default.aspx) 4.4.4 Economic Activity in the Dead Sea Basin The Regional Council of Tamar is populated by 1,300 residents. The southern part of the Dead Sea basin also contains the industrial areas (on both sides), and a significant tourist resort at Ein Bokek on the Israeli side. Industrial areas have been established on the east side of the Dead Sea basin near Sedom in Israel. This site hosts the extractive industry which produces salts from evaporation of the Dead Sea water. The entire southern basin of the Dead Sea consists of evaporation basins controlled by the industries, and is elevated with respect to the natural level of the northern basin. Tamar hosts 14 hotels with 4,011 rooms. There are 5,000 employed in the tourism industry with roughly 4,000 hotel employees, and another 1,000 in the surrounding businesses. Most workers come from Arad, which is outside the scope of the study area (1) . (1) (Tama 13 http://www.tama13.org.il/index2.php?id=7&lang=HEB, pp.268) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 95 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Tamar is home to the Bar Yehuda Landing strip, which provides archaeological tours of the area. With a visitor's centre and hotel, Masada is an archaeological site that also brings 1.5 million guests a year to the Tamar area. The largest industrial complex in the region belongs to Dead Sea Works, Ltd. It is the single largest employer in the Dead Sea basin, and directly employs over 2,000 individuals, with annual revenue of US$ 450 million (http://www.icl‐group.com/). As the Dead Sea levels drop the mineral extraction industry benefits as there is a higher concentration of minerals more easily extracted. The number of employees working in the DSW ‐ Sedom factory is approximately 1,800. This includes the magnesium factory, bromium chloride factory, offices in Beer Sheva and Dead Sea works factory. The number of employees in Israel sustained/supported by the Sedom site (the total influence of the site on employment) is approximately 12,000. The Economic Company serves as an arm of the local council with the goal of increasing the income from of residents from tourism. The Company issues concessions in other areas; one of the significant initiatives currently in process is the building of residences for workers in the hotels area of the Dead Sea. Another project in planning is the building of the elementary school in Neve Zohar, as well as the "build‐it‐yourself" home program, which is rapidly approaching the practical execution stage (Tamar Regional Council, 2006). The Dead Sea Preservation Government Company is a government‐owned entity created to address the problematic effects of rising water levels in the evaporation/precipitation ponds of the Dead Sea Works, Ltd. on tourism facilities in the area. Specifically, the pond known as “Pan 5” is experiencing water level rise of 20 cm a year due to the deposition of salt sediments, and this rise is threatening 14 hotels located along the western shores of the basin in this area. The company is consulting with local stakeholders and investigating means of mitigating the negative impacts of the rising water, including relocating the hotels, dredging salt from the lake, and constructing dikes (Dead Sea Preservation Government Company, Ltd. 2009). 4.4.5 Economic activity Along the freshwater route Of the 1,100 residents in the area of the freshwater route, 650 are currently employed, 300 of which work outside of the region. There are 2,300 workers who commute to the region, including 100 Thai workers and 1,700 Palestinians (Tama 13 http://www.tama13.org.il/index2.php?id=7&lang=HEB, pp.268). Approximately 40% of Megillot residents work in agriculture, 40% work in tourism and 20% work at the AHAVA‐ Essential Dead Sea Treatment factory. (Megillot Regional Authority website, http://www.dead‐sea.org.il/ 2009).
In terms of tourism in this area, more then 100,000 tourists visit Atraktzia Beach, Biyankini Beach, Neve Medbar Beach and Mineral Beach each year. The AHAVA factory attracts 150,000 visitors a year. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 96 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 4.7 Tourism at Ein Bokek There are plans for a small shopping centre. Metzukai Dargot boasts a modest tourism intake with a hotel of 110 rooms and future growth plans for another 50 rooms. Ain Fashcha is a tourist nature resort and archaeological sight with approximately 85,000 visitors a year. The baptism sight of Kasar El Yahod hosts 65,000 visitors a year (Tama 13 http://www.tama13.org.il/index2.php?id=7&lang=HEB, pp.268) Among the companies with manufacturing plants in Arad are Arad Textile Industries, one of Israel's largest producers of towels, Motorola Israel, A.M.S. Electronics who manufacture printed circuit boards and electronic products, El‐Ran Timber Industries, Jordael who manufacture cosmetic products, and a Unilever Shefa Israel cereal plant. Since 1971, Arad has been producing phosphoric acid, made from brine collected from the Dead Sea, and phosphates from the nearby Tzefa region. Rotem Amfert Negev Ltd, a subsidiary of Israel Chemicals Ltd (ICL), has been planning a new phosphate plant in the Sdeh Brir area for several years. In 2008, the Ministry of the Environment decided not to contest the company's bid, despite studies showing it may increase air pollution‐related deaths in the area. Arad has, since its inception in 1962, been under the governance of a regional council and local council, before being designated as a city council in 1995. Democratic elections have been held in Arad since 1966, Arad's yearly budget is over 100 million NIS and over $30 million USD. On 27 December 2007, the 2008 budget was unanimously passed at NIS 123 million by the city council. The city's total income for the year is estimated at approximately NIS 119 million ((Sources: Arad Municipality website, http://www.arad.muni.il/2.html, 2009; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad,_Israel). 4.5
Infrastructure 4.5.1 Infrastructure at the National Level Israel's infrastructure is modern and well developed. To cope with its growing population and to improve the functioning of the economy, Israel is making large investments to upgrade its infrastructure. Israel is well served with a national road network that includes inter and intra city roads. Major highways connect all major urban centres. A North‐South toll road, Road Number 6, connects Beer Sheva in the south to Haifa in the north. The road is being expanded to reach Nahariya in the north and Mashabei Sade in the south. Israel also has a well‐connected inter‐city rail system that serves most of the large urban centres, from Beer Sheva in the south to Nahariya in the north. Plans COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 97 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report for rail service to Eilat have been discussed but due to current economic feasibility assessments the project has been postponed. Israel's electricity comes mostly from coal and natural gas. The two largest power stations are located in Ashkelon in the south and Hadera in the north. There are plans for an additional coal powered plant for the city of Ashdod. Israel has no plans for developing nuclear energy but has set as a target for 2020 that 10% of its energy will be from renewable sources. At present it is less than 3%. Israel imports natural gas from Egypt and has recently discovered an off‐shore gas field in the north. It is unknown yet how much gas is available at this site. Coal is imported mainly from Indonesia and South Africa. An increase in air pollution legislation is causing a shift from coal to natural gas for most power plants and the investment in technologies such as scrubbers for the coal‐powered plants. With growing populations and demand, expansion of Israeli's electricity grid is a critical aim of the government. Peak demand in summer has caused brown outs in some areas. Israel Electric is a government company and is responsible for all electricity services in the country. Telecommunications are very well developed in Israel. The small size of the country has led to an efficient cellular network. Three cellular companies operate in Israel and competition among them means reasonable rates for customers. The national telecommunication company, Bezeq, is undergoing privatization. Bezeq provides phone service and internet service. There is one cable and one satellite company providing television service. Both companies also provide internet service and the cable company, called Hot, also provides phone service and competes with Bezeq for land lines. Israel has three main sources of water: surface water from the Sea of Galilee catchment, groundwater from the mountain and coastal aquifers and desalination from the Mediterranean Sea. Currently natural resources are fully exploited and future supply is expected to come solely from desalination. Total national water supply is around 1.7 bcm, about 10% of this is from desalination. The current drought has reduced supply to around 0.8 bcm. Current desalination capacity is around 250 mcm, from the Ashkelon desalination plant in the south and the Palmachim plant in the centre of the country. Water demand is close to supply i.e.: around 1.7 bcm. Efficient water management and the shift to re‐used wastewater for agriculture has reduced agricultural demand for freshwater to around 50% of the total supply. Demand, however, is growing in the domestic sector where the plan is to provide most drinking water with desalination. Water distribution throughout most of the country is via the National Water Carrier. Water leakage is estimated at 10 to 12 percent. Israel also needs to contend with the fact that most of its water resources are transboundary and shared with the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. Therefore, agreements over regional water supply are essential in order to manage the water scarcity crisis facing the region. 4.5.2 Overview of infrastructure in the Scheme Area Infrastructure in the Scheme area is well developed. The area is supplied by a main north‐south highway, road number 90. All settlements and communities are connected to the electric grid. Power comes from the Ashkelon coal‐powered plant. Cellular reception is well developed in the region. Water resources for the Arava and Dead Sea area are from groundwater. There are two aquifer systems: a shallow re‐chargeable aquifer and a deeper fossil aquifer. The groundwater is naturally brackish. Dates are irrigated with brackish water whereas other crops such as peppers are irrigated with desalinated water. The city of Eilat receives its water from desalination which is a mix of brackish COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 98 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report and sea water. The Eilat desalination plant produces about 30 mcm of water per year and it was the first desalination plant built in the country in the early 1970's. 4.5.3 Infrastructure In Eilat In Eilat there are 14,650 residential units covering an area of 685 hectares. Another 3,800 residential units were planned (as of 2005) (Eilat Master Plan, by Farchi and Tzafrir Architects pending approval Ministry of Interior, 2005). Since 1965, the city of Eilat has been the only city in Israel (and one of a handful in the world) that is 100% dependent on desalinated water. The city water plant is using a Reverse Osmosis technology which uses both sea water and saline groundwater (world‐first) and produces 56,000 m3/day. The system is using 87% of the drilled saline groundwater. The Eilat desalination plant is especially designed to allow large seasonal variations in water demand due to tourism. With the majority of water produced in this region sourced from desalination plants and carried through vast, empty land, the production costs are relatively high in comparison to other parts of Israel. According to the Israeli Water Authority water prices per m3 are – ~90 cents (3.5 NIS) in Eilat. In terms of waste facilities, all wastewater in Eilat is treated by the wastewater treatment which came into operation in 2001. It lies 5km north east of the city on an area of 73 Dunham. It is a tertiary activated sludge plant which delivers the treated effluent for agricultural use and storage reservoirs near the area of Timmna. Although current operations at the wastewater treatment plant are adequate, Eilat’s Master Plan details the following engineering land requirements for development by 2020 (Eilat Master Plan, by Farchi and Tzafrir pending Ministry of Interior approval, 2005): • Emergency overflow pool in the primary pumping station • Alternative site for port pumping station • Alternative site for Neptum pumping station • Alternative site for Queen of Sheba pumping station • A pumping station site for Almog beach pumping station • A water storage site at; Almog beach, Ramat Yotam, • A pumping station for Ramat Yotam • Any development of neighborhoods north of Nachal Roded will require water and wastewater infrastructure independent of current systems • Desalination system at Nachal Shlomo • Expansion of the current Wastewater treatment site by 90 dunam (9 hectares) 4.5.4 Infrastructure In the Arava Valley Water Supply/Water Usage ‐ Currently there are two pipe networks in the Arava Valley – a saline pipeline for general and agricultural uses and a fresh water (from various sources) system which goes only to residential kitchens' taps. In 2009 Mekorot, the National Water Company started working on a new water network which will allow residents to use desalinated water more freely. The water for this network will be sourced mainly from saline groundwater (which requires prudent desalination technologies here due to their high iron content). It is important to note that the largest consumer of water in this region is the agricultural sector which accounts for 54% of the water consumed in the COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 99 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Arava Valley. Despite the water shortages, agriculture in the region it is considered to be a highly efficient and profitable. In total, the Eilat & Arava consumption is 122 million m3/p.a of which 92 million m3/p.a is non‐potable water. In the settlements along the Arava Valley wastewater treatment is in local extensive wastewater treatment ponds. The specific type of treatment varies slightly; however by and large it is a simple secondary system with settlement ponds followed by flocculation ponds (some with added aeration and some newly added constructed wetlands in the southern Arava). Often the effluent is reused on marginal agricultural crops e.g. male date tress. 4.5.5 Infrastructure In the Dead Sea basin Water Supply/Water Usage ‐ The Dead Sea area is served by two water plants – the Ein Bokek Desalination Plant (Reverse Osmosis Method), which serves the Dead Sea Hotels area. It is based on saline groundwater. Its maximum capacity is 13,000 m3/day. In addition, the Jordan Valley Water Supply Plant is a series of small plants and drills along the Rift Valley as far north as Beit She'an. Total Local consumption in the region is approximately 10.4 million m3/p.a. This is also mainly saline water. 4.5.6 Infrastructure Along the Freshwater route Infrastructure is well developed on the western shore of the Dead Sea. The area is serviced by Road Number 90. Most of the infrastructure is hotels at the Ein Bokeq site and the facilities of the Dead Sea Works, both located at the southern evaporation ponds. Along the shoreline of the Dead Sea itself is the tourist site of Masada and a number of kibbutzim devoted to agriculture and tourism. Kibbutz Ein Gedi is the largest kibbutz in the region. The main problem for infrastructure is the sink holes. These sink holes are a result of the declining water levels of the Dead Sea. The problem is such that no future development can take place along the Dead Sea unless the sink hole problem is solved and this can only be done if the sea's water levels are stabilized. Sink holes will be the most severe problem to solve with regards the route of the proposed freshwater pipe line. 4.6 Education and Health 4.6.1 Education and Health at the National Level Israel has 8 public universities, 12 regional colleges (satellite campuses of the main universities), ~30 vocational schools, a small number of private colleges, and foreign university programs that maintain facilities on the campuses of their Israeli counterparts and offer various degree programs(Embassy of Israel, 2009). Israel has a literacy rate of 97% (Human Development Reports, 2008), and a tertiary education rate of 36% (Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development, 2009). The Israeli health care system is based upon universal and compulsory participation in government‐
subsidized and regulated “sick funds”, of which there are 4. Taxes are levied on a progressive basis, and the funds provide a “basket” of legally mandated basic services that include general care, hospitalization, surgeries, medication, geriatric care, and psychiatric services, among others. Optional supplemental coverage is available for those who wish to insure themselves against procedures deemed beyond the scope of the basic basket provided to all citizens. The ratio of doctors to persons in Israel is 4.6/1000. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 100 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 4.6.2 Education and Health in the Overall Scheme Area Statistics relating to education in the various sections of the Scheme area are provided in Table 4.9. Table 4.9 Education in study area 2006/200
7 Schools Class Rooms Students Ave. Students Per Class Primary School Junior School Middle School High School 17 11 11 5 6 3 280 156 124 57 67 33 7317 4139 3178 1691 1487 809 26 27 26 30 22 25 % Entitled to high school diploma of 12 grade students 56.8 71.04 Eilat Southern Arava Arava Tichona Tamar Megillot Primary School Junior School Middle School High School n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 17 16 6 10 22 405 404 175 229 482 24 25 29 23 22 n/a Primary School Junior School Middle School High School Primary School Junior School Middle School High School Primary School Junior School Middle School High School n/a n/a n/a n/a 3 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 11 11 6 5 22 12 10 5 5 9 6 3 n/a 3 267 215 110 105 309 86 223 110 113 160 110 50 n/a 50 24 20 18 21 14 7 22 22 23 18 18 17 n/a 17 n/a n/a Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. 4.6.3 Education and Health in Eilat Yoseftal Hospital, opened in Eilat in 1968 and part of the Yoseftal Medical Center, is Israel’s southernmost hospital. It provides a number of services particularly geared to the Red Sea region, including a hyperbaric chamber for the treatment of diving accidents, and kidney dialysis facilities that are available to vacationing tourists as well as to local residents. The hospital serves 46,000 residents which live in Eilat and the surrounding 11 settlements. It also serves the soldiers in the region. The emergency care unit treats approximately 60,000 people per year. It has three operation rooms, in which approximately 5,000 operations occur per year. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 101 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Wards available are: Emergency care unit, Maternity ward, Premature baby ward, Woman's ward, Orthopedist ward, Internal medicine ward , Pediatrics, Dialysis ward, Hyperbolic chamber. It also includes facilities for C.T scanning, Labs, x‐ray machine, ultra sounds and ergometry. There are nine HMO facilities in Eilat. 4.6.4 Education and Health In the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea basin There is one regional HMO at the regional authority complex in Yotvata and one regional health care centre and HMO nearby. There is one HMO clinic at Ein Bokek. 4.6.5 Education and Health Along the freshwater route In Almog, Kalia and Mitzphe Shalem there is a health care clinic and HMO with a visiting doctor and a nurse. 4.7 Land Use 4.7.1 Land use in the Overall Scheme Area Land use in the overall study area is generally either a) undeveloped, b) residential, c) agricultural, or d) tourism‐related. In general, the study area is sparsely populated, and much of the land area is given over to nature reserves and/or military firing ranges. Along the Arava Valley there are a series of small settlements (averaging several hundred residents), the land use around which will be characterized by living quarters and nearby agricultural operations. In the south, Eilat is a full‐scale city with tourist, industrial, and urban/suburban residential areas. Around the Dead Sea there are also communities with tourism facilities, as well as the substantial industrial operations of the Dead Sea Works. The human footprint tends to be small in comparison to the total amount of desert land present, however. 4.7.2 Land use In Eilat Eilat is an urban area with a mixture of residential, commercial and industrial land use. Much of the city is residential or related to the tourism industry. The northern coast is populated by tourism services – hotels and restaurants. There are various port and storage facilities along the southern coast. A small airstrip exists in the urban area, and there are lagoon areas of entrained seawater towards the eastern edge of the city to the north. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 102 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 4.7.3 Land use in the Arava Valley The following figure summarizes land use categories in the Arava. Figure 4.8 Land use in Southern Arava region Source: Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 profile. The town of Ein Bokek, and the industrial conglomerate of the extraction industries are the main developed land use categories in the Basin. 4.7.4 Land use along the freshwater route The coastal strip contains the main highway 90, which passes above Ein Bokek. The Ein Gedi Kibbutz and Spa are the northernmost areas of population in Israeli territory. The historic site of Masada is a major tourism attraction, lying to the west of the southernmost edge of the Dead Sea’s northern basin. 4.8 Cultural Heritage The locations of these sites are shown on Figure 3.10. 4.8.1 Masada Masada is situated on a dramatic rock plateau on the eastern edge of the Judean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea. It is the site of ancient palaces and fortifications, identified in 1842 and extensively excavated between 1963 and 1965. The site is one of the most important tourism sites in Israel, and is noted for its role in the First Jewish‐
Roman War where a group of Jewish zealots overcame the Roman guards of Masada. After the destruction of the Temple, Jewish rebels and their families fled Jerusalem and settled on the mountain top, using it as a base for raiding Roman settlements. However, in AD 72, the Roman governor marched against Masada laid siege to the fortress by troops of the Roman Empire led to the mass suicide of COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 103 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report the Sicarii rebels. Today, the site is developed with tourist facilities, a cable car access to the plateau and a museum. Masada was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001. Masada overlooks the Dead Sea basin, and the alignment of the freshwater line in Israel. 4.8.2 Qumran The archaeological site at Qumran has Iron Age remains, but is noted particularly as the center of the Jewish sect known as the Essenes, who were active between 100 BC and 100 AD. It is located about a mile inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea in the West Bank, and important today as the site of discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls – between 1947 and 1956. The scrolls are writings from the inter‐testamental period. Archaeological work and extensive excavations of the settlement have yielded of nearly 900 scrolls in various conditions, mostly written on parchment, with others on papyrus. The scrolls were found in a series of eleven caves around the settlement, some accessible only through the settlement. Many of the texts found in the caves appear to represent widely accepted Jewish beliefs and practices. Also at the site, cisterns, Jewish ritual baths, and cemeteries have been found, along with a dining or assembly room and debris from an upper story alleged by some to have been a scriptorium as well as pottery kilns and a tower. Today, the site receives tourists who can visit the Khirbit Qumran settlement, and view the Scriptorium where the scrolls may have been copied and Qumran Dam which supplied water to the community. 4.9 Possible changes to the baseline Possible changes to the baseline conditions were identified by consulting relevant national Master plans, as well as regional and local development plans, and by assessing available demographic and economic data. 4.9.1 Economic Baseline Trends forecast to 2020 Currently, Israel is a small advanced economy with a strong connection to the global economy. The composition of Israel's GDP by sector for 2008 was approximately 2.7% agriculture, 31.7% industry and 65.6% services. The share of exports in GDP, excluding diamonds, grew up from 12.4 % in 1968 to 41.6 % in 2008, reaching $56.64 billion. Most of Israel's exports are destined for the European Union (34.47%) and North America (30.51%) with the rest going to Asia (14.95%), the rest of Europe (6.38%), Africa (3.03%) and others (10.65%)1. This dependency to US and EU trade is, however, becoming problematic with the decline of the global economy in recent years, and as a result Israel is seeking to shift its exports to developing countries including India and China. Trade with the developing‐country markets is forecast to take place slowly, changing partially the composition of Israeli trade. These movements are expected to reflect the global movement, i.e. the declining contribution of developed countries in global GDP and the accelerated growth in the developing countries. The current Israeli agricultural sector represents 2.6% of the GDP (CBS, 2008) and 4% of exports, compared to 30.3 percent of exports during the 1960s. The number of people involved in farming 1
Data from the CBS Israel, 2009. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 104 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report declined from 72,000 in 2000 to 48,000 in 2008, constituting about 2 % of the country's workforce. This trend is expected to continue but at a slower rate than previous years. Despite the decline in its importance relative to other economic sectors (Industry and Services) agriculture still plays an important role, at least a political role, for the 48,000 persons concerned. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) reported for 2008 that there were no signs of a slowdown in the growth of tourism in Israel as in the other countries, but a slowdown in the rate of growth. This slowdown is expected to continue in 2009 and even worsen such that global tourism will grow only negligibly or not at all. But for the near future (2020), with the recovery of the global economy, tourism is expected to recover in Israel reaching the 2.5% of GDP, and more if one expects a peace agreement with Palestinians and Syria. For 2006, the country’s share of the world’s bromine production amounted to 36%; potash, 6%; magnesium metal, 4%; and phosphate rock, 2%1. According to the CBS, total exports for year 2008 were around $US61.3 billion, of which mining and quarrying accounted for $US 1.9 billion; and non‐
metallic mineral products, 0.7%, so that the mining and quarrying and non‐metallic mineral products sectors each accounts for about 0.5% of the GDP. ICL, the Israeli potash company, is planning capacity expansion. For next five to eight years ICL plan to increase its capacity at the Dead Sea2. As a result Israel will continue to play a major role in the world’s production of minerals (bromine, magnesium metal, phosphate rock, and potash). 4.9.2 Planned Economic Development Development Plans for the Eilat Urban & Industrial Area A new master plan is being developed for Eilat. The master plan was nearly approved by the regional Council, but the implementation process is currently in hold, and many different stakeholders are trying to realign the development plan in new directions. The plan is therefore not progressing, and is currently stalled in the statutory process. Inland Marina The Israel Ports Development and Assets Company are currently in a preliminary process of a feasibility assessment regarding moving the Port of Eilat inland to the north, along the Jordanian border (Farchi and Tzaphrir 2009, personal consultation). Development Plans for the Arava Valley – Southern Arava and Central Arava A new settlement development is planned for the Arava River bed along highway number 90. The distribution will be characterized by low density and low building density. Another development is planned in the region to increase and develop the tourism potential of the valley both for economic purposes and as a means of attracting new residents. The aim of the development is in‐migration of a young people in the region of 2,800 to 5,000 in the next decade. The overall goal is to develop non‐
agricultural employment such as rural tourism. 1
Thomas R. Yager, USGS, 2007 Minerals Yearbook, The Mineral Industry of Israel. 2
ICL Annual report, 2008. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 105 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 4.9.3 Other planned development projects •
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Pharan B Settlement ‐ housing which will consist of 150 families' plots in the first stage and be located 3 km west of highway 90. Tzofar Border Crossing ‐ A building Scheme which aims to create a passage point for tourists along the Perfume Route from Jordan (Petra) through Moa to Ovdat and through Gaza to the Mediterranean Sea. Neve Zohar ‐ Within Neve Zohar, there is a proposal for the creation of another 150 houses, as well as the establishment of a regional Culture and Educational Centre. The kikar Sedom Moshavim: Ain Tamar and Naot Hkikar ‐ The regional council plans to link two communities in order to establish a consecutive line of settlements. Ain Hatzva ‐ The settlement plans an increase of 15 families. Kibbutz Har Amsha ‐ Current plans to increase population call for the establishment of a 175 family communal village. Megillot ‐ The development plan of Megillot projects a growth in population of 7,500 residents. •
Dead Sea Factory Development The Dead Sea factories are located within the Tamar region. The law outlines the areas in which the Dead Sea Factories are permitted to use any means necessary to produce from the natural mines. There is a growing need for wadi mud. As a result, there have been a number of approved plans for mining in the Tamar region. Planned Tourism Growth There are 4,800 guest rooms in hotels and smaller guest houses in the area. An additional 11,900 rooms have been approved for future development areas. There are 1,500 proposed guest rooms in the process of being approved in current plans. An additional 5,000 guest rooms are planned in Kibbutz Ein Gedi, and 3,250 more hotel rooms in Maleh Peres. Dead Sea Tourism Development Plans The tourism development plan in the northern Dead Sea (1996) proposes the development of 24 projects along the two main routes parallel to the Dead Sea: route 90 from north to south and the route from the Abdallah Bridge from east to west. The project outlined within the statutory development plan calls for an additional 5,300 guest units. However, due to the political disagreements in the region, as well as concerns over the environmental damages, most of the projects have yet to been fulfilled. • Ovnat ‐ Ovnat's expansion plans call for a population increase of 300 including families, staff and students. A plan to bolster tourism includes the building of 1,000 guest rooms. • Kibbutz Bait Harava ‐ With the plan of becoming an urban settlement consisting of 2,500‐3000 units, there is an immediate proposal to increase by 120 families with the creation of a community neighbourhood built of 400 units. • Moshav Vered Jericho ‐ Overarching plans call for an additional 1,000 guest rooms, with an initial plan for the creation of 35 units and a long term plan for 250 extra units. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 106 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report •
•
•
Kibbutz Kalya ‐ An initial plan calls for the creation of 60 units on half a dunam (.05 hectare), and a further expansion to 280 units and more. Metzukai Dargot ‐ An increase in tourism will be supported by an additional 50 hotel rooms in Metzukai Dargot. Kasar El Yahod ‐ Growth plans exist for the tourism and agriculture industry, which will involve more people commuting to work. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 107 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 5. PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY 5.1
Study Area in the Palestinian Authority One of the effects of the project on the Palestinian Authority is that that Jericho and the surrounding settlements may be supplied by freshwater. For the purposes of this study, the baseline situation in the Palestinian Authority in each of the subsections below will be discussed with a focus on the Jericho area. The discussion will take place at three levels as follows: • Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate (Study Area) The Governorate of Jericho and Alaghwar will be regarded as the Palestinian Authority segment of the general study area for this project. The reason for the selection of this governorate as opposed to that of Bethlehem 1, for instance, is due to a larger Palestinian Authority jurisdiction within its borders as well as the proximity of its communities to the northern shores of the Dead Sea. This governorate contains the smallest population among all the other governorates in the West Bank, however it is considered of elevated cultural, historical, religious, geological, and economic significance. • Jericho City (Ariha): Among the 16 communities/localities identified in the Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate, Jericho city (Ariha in Arabic) is the largest and most populated. Thus, in the scenario where freshwater is provided to the governorate, Jericho city would receive a large proportion of this water and for this reason, this section of the report will contain socio‐economic data about Jericho City. • Along the freshwater route: According to the initial suggested routes for the freshwater pipeline, none of the 16 Jericho localities are directly dissected by the pipeline itself. Deir Hajla may be the closest to any eastern‐northern route delivering water from the northern side of Jericho city, although it takes up a relatively small area space consisting of a monastery and its surrounding land. 5.2
The Palestinian Authority’s Administrative Structure and Institutions 5.2.1 Overall Governance Framework In 1948, following British withdrawal from its League of Nations’ Mandate, the geographical area now known as the West Bank became administered by the Jordanian government. The area became occupied by Israel in 1967, and remains so. Following the signing of the ‘Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip’, ‐ known as the Oslo Accords ‐ the Palestinian Authority was formed. According to the subsequent ‘Basic Law’, the current structure of the Palestinian Authority is based on three separate branches of power ‐ the executive, legislative, and judiciary. The President is directly elected by the people, and the holder of this position is the commander‐in chief of the armed forces. The president appoints a Prime Minister who chooses a cabinet of ministers and runs the government, reporting directly to the president. 1
Theoretically, almost all the property parallel to the shores or the Dead Sea should be under the jurisdiction of the Bethlehem Municipality. However, this area is split into Israeli closed military zones and intended natural reserves (as shown in the OCHA map below) and is currently under Israeli control. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 108 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 5.3
Local Administrative Structure and Institutions 5.3.1 Regional Administration As shown in Figure 5.1, the Palestinian Authority territory on the West Bank is split into the following Governorates: • Jenin. • Tubas. • Tulkarm. • Nablus. • Qalqiliya • Salfit • Ramallah and Al‐Bireh • Jericho • Bethlehem • Hebron. Jerusalem is a special Governorate, since access to and from most of Jerusalem is restricted to Palestinians. Various national ministries and institutions (health, education, etc) have directorates at the governorate level, representing the Ministry and assume functions on regional level in the respective governorate. Municipalities and Village councils are the local authorities in charge of managing and deciding on local issues within their jurisdictions. According to the Local Authorities Law No 1/1997, municipalities were given full authority to manage and decide on all issues related to the provision of services within their areas including the provision of licenses. They receive support from the regional governorates. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 109 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 5.1 Governorates in the Palestinian Authority (West Bank) (note, this map reflects that East Jerusalem is currently under Israeli administration) 5.3.2 The Oslo Accords The Oslo Accords created three territorial zones created in the West Bank area, as follows; •
•
•
Area A where the Palestinian Authority has responsibility for civil affairs and internal security; Area B where the Palestinian Authority assumes responsibility for civil affairs for Palestinians, while Israel controls internal security; and Area C, where Israel maintains exclusive control. In addition, Israel also maintains exclusive control over borders, external security, Jerusalem and settlements. Area (A) is completely under PA control so allows regular communities to develop and move around. In area (B) the control is distributed between the Israeli Authority and Palestinian Authority which means that communities develop under Israeli observation, and travel can be restricted. Area (C) is completely under Israeli control which essentially means that the establishment of new Palestinian COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 110 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report communities, or extending existing ones, is restricted. Movement of Palestinians in areas B and C is often curtailed by the Israeli Military, although the situation has eased somewhat in recent years. Figure 5.2 Land Classification According to the Oslo Agreement As shown in the map below, a large portion of territory around Jericho appears purple, white, or dotted corresponding to settlements, Zone C, and closed military areas. Almost all the area along the Dead Sea shoreline, which lies within the Palestinian Authority is also either a, Israeli military zone or classified as area C. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 111 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 5.3 Map of Jericho Area (Source: OCHA, 2009) However, within the urban area of Jericho (classified as Area A), there is a local administration and municipal government run by the Palestinian Authority. 5.3.3 Non‐Governmental Organizations As noted earlier, Friends of the Earth Middle East (FOEME) has a Palestinian organization which lobbys for transboundary cooperation on environmental issues. There are also a substantial number of non‐
governmental organizations working in the Jericho area. It is however difficult to identify all these COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 112 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report organizations because most of them (especially the international NGOs) are not based in Jericho or are not registered with the Interior Ministry. However, most of the local NGOs situated in Jericho are registered at the Interior Ministry. These local organizations are listed in Table 5.1. Some are associated with social development issues, and depending on the final routing of the freshwater pipeline in the area, and the beneficiaries of the water delivered, may be stakeholders to the Scheme. Table 5.1 NGOs in Palestinian Authority1 Name Reform Association Tourism Development Association Type (Local/ International) Local Local Martyrs’ Children Association Local Al Jahaleen Bedouin Association Local Al‐Quds Charity Association for the Care of Orphans s and the Disabled Livestock Breeders Association Jericho Charity Association The Dispplaced Bedouin Association Ein Gazalah Association Aljiftlik Association Alhuda Association for drug addiction rehabilitation The Arabic Development Project Association Jericho Ladies’ Charity Association Local Local Young Womens’ Christian Association (YWCA) Palestinian Farmers Association Alisra' Association Alnowa'ama Association Gosin Alzyton Association Kalail Alrahman Association Asdika' Almahaba Association Aqbit Japer Camp Association Gaza Association Jericho Friendship and Partnership Association Rashed I'rakat Association for Student Assistance Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Activities/ Area of Interest Student support and poverty alleviation Developing the tourism sector in Jericho District Providing financial assistance to families of martyrs A group established to aid the refugee family of Jahaleen Women Empowerment Social and Financial Support to orphans and disabled individuals in Jericho District Supporting the shepherds of Jericho Aiding economically disadvantaged families Supporting Displaced Bedouin Communities Supporting the refugee family of Ka’abna Organizing youth activities Conducting rehabilitation programs to drug addicts Economic development projects Assistance to disenfranchised families and individuals Different activities for the Youth Aiding farmers of the Jericho District Charitable trust Charitable trust N/A Humanitarian Assistance A kinder garden An association run by women from the camp aiming at initiating small scale economic projects Charitable trust Social projects/ Youth Activities Supporting students in attainment of their degrees 1
Source: Ministry of Interior COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 113 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Jabal Krontol Association The National Commission for Social Justice Al Hoda Charity Association Shaka'k Alnoman Association Assembly of Villages on the Course of the Wall Arisala Association for Society Development The Palestinian Centre for Energy Development Bothor Ala'mal Association Women Activities Center Ein Sultan Women Center The Palestinian Centre for Energy Development Asherat Sokor Association for Revival of Bedouin Traditions AL Auja Women’s Association The Retired Teachers’ Association Anhar Arrahma Association Local National NGO Local Local Local Local Local International NGO Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Charitable Trust Human Rights Organization Charitable trust Children Activities Providing support to the villages that have been affected by the route of the Separation Wall as well as advocating for their rights Social Programs at all scales Conducts projects to develop existing power infrastructure and find alternative resources N/A Programs for Women Elevating the role of women in the camp Maintaining Current power infrastructure and finding alternative sources Reviving Palestinian Bedouin traditions and folklore through cultural events Women Activities Financial support to retired teachers in Jericho Charitable trust 5.3.4 Land Acquisition The valid laws for land acquisition are the Jordanian Land Aqauisition Law; no laws related to land acquisition have been issued by the Palestinian Authority. The land acquisition process can be summarized as follows: Definitions: Condemners: The Government, any municipal or local council, or any private body such as a company, organization, society or individual implementing or that will implement a project including the government in one of the previous positions, each called the condemner. Condemned property: Land including any fixtures, any portion of the sea, coast or river including the right to freely manage and benefit from the property. The Law names all the above mentioned and its uses. Land Acquisition Process: 1. Post a notice in the Official Gazette clearly announcing the clear intent of putting in a request to the Cabinet (Council of Ministers) related to the acquisition of accurately described property strictly for public use, giving a period of 15 days for any appeals to be registered. 2. If the Condemner is a Governmental body or a municipal/local council it has the full right to acquire one‐fourth of the land area without compensating the owner. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 114 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 3. After the announcement period is over, the Condemner files an official request to the Cabinet appending a site map for the condemned property and providing adequate evidence of the ability to implement the project. 4. The Cabinet returns its verdict to the Chairman of the Palestinian Authority which plays the role of the Jordanian King taking the decision of acquisition as mentioned in Law No. 5 Transfer of Power and Authorities of year 1995 5. The Condemner submits copies of the verdict to the Registrar of Titles for the persons to be notified (the land owners) and a list of their names. The Registrar in turn informs the land owners. 6. After the verdict has been distributed the Condemner then submits a copy of the documents with a clear map. The Condemner is to leave a comment on the property’s file and freeze any transactions with any other groups. 7. The Condemner then purposes an offer to purchase or lease the property to the owner or any other concerned parties. Compensation: The Basic Law of the Palestinian National Authority under articles 21, points 3 and 4 and article 32, states that private property ownership is guaranteed by law and can’t be confiscated. In case there is a need for acquisition for the benefit of public, proper compensation must be provided for the owners. If the compensation negotiations are unsuccessful, the Condemner/owner may proceed with filing a formal complaint. The Court must take into consideration the following: 1. Not to influence the leasing fees since the property was condemned without the consent of the owner. 2. Taking into consideration the value of the land parcels adjacent to the condemned land that are of the same type regardless of those of the Condemner’s intentions. 3. Just compensation is to be achieved by determining the fair market value of the property taken measured as the probable value if the land were to be sold as of the date of taking, not the current use disregarding any improvements or developments after the verdict was posted in the Official Gazette. 4. When estimating the leasing fees to be paid to the owner, the Court approximates the yearly rental fees equivalent to that on the official notification date of the Cabinet’s decision. 5. When assessing the losses due to damage the Court estimates the compensation based on the amount of decrease in the property’s value as in the previous points. 6. Reduction in the value of the portion of the property not acquired must be estimated for which the owner is entitled compensation, in no case must the amount exceed half of that entitled by the land owner. 7. Take into consideration the harm done to the owner as a result of portioning the land property or as a result of the practices delegated by this Law. 8. The accrued amount is not to be paid to those concerned before the Registrar of Titles issues a certificate that states property is not subject to any mortgage payments. In that case the amount must be deposited in the State Treasury. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 115 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 9. If the amount is deposited in the State Treasury since the owner did not follow up or any other reason, it must be kept for one year from the date of the final verdict except for cases that the Court sees that the amount be disbursed before such as if the compensated person were to present an official document from the Land Registration Department stating the ownership of the land or infrastructure proving the entitlement to compensation. 10. The compensation or leasing fees paid to the State Treasury or the entitled person(s) frees the Condemner from any claims related to the land. Finally, and after the compensation has been paid to the land owners to the State Treasury regardless of whether or not the amount has been agreed upon or has been estimated in the knowledge of the Court, the title deed to subject property is transferred to the Condemner by the Head of Land and Survey Department. 5.3.5 Resettlement The Palestinian Environmental Assessment Policy considers people displacement as one of the major screening criteria to determine the level of impact assessment required prior to implementing any project. Other than that no any provision that address this issue was found in the Palestinian Laws and Policies apart from the compensation mentioned earlier. 5.4 Population and demographics 5.4.1 Population and Demographics in the Palestinian Authority The population in the Palestinian Authority (West Bank and Gaza Strip) in 2007 reached 3,761,646 inhabitants with 1,908,432 males and 1,853,214 females. The number of families in the Palestinian Authority reaches a total of 646,755 families (Source: PCBS, census 2007). Figure 5.4 below shows the Palestinian population increase from 1997 – 2008. According to the central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the average family size was 5.8 in 2008 and 6 during the last census in 2004. Figure 5.4 Population Increase in Palestinian Authority The Palestinian population has continued to grow at a rate of 3.3% annually for at least the past decade. As illustrated in Figure 5.4 above, the Palestinian population has risen by nearly 1,000,000 people in 11 years. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 116 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 5.2 Age Division in the Population Year Age less than 15 years % 1997 2005 2008 45.7 45.8 47.0 65 years or more% 3.0
3.1
3.5 This reveals a high population growth in the Palestinian Authority, which is contributing to a continuously younger population. Thus, Palestinian society is considered a young society where nearly 47% of the population was below 15 years old in 2008. The main ethnic composition of the population in the Palestinian Authority is Arab. The majority of the population is Muslim followed by Christians with 1.4 – 2.3%. Finally a minor Samaritan Jewish community of around (250 – 300) inhabitants lives in Nablus. These statistics do not include Israeli settlers, who are Jewish. 5.4.2 Population and Demographics in the Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate study area As identified by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate consists of 16 localities/communities, 4 of which are strictly religious sites encompassing insignificant populations. The following Table lists the 16 communities in the governorate: Table 5.3 Communities in the Jericho Governorate Types of Localities in Jericho (As classified by PCBS) No. Locality Name Locality ID Locality Type 1 Jericho City (Ariha) 351920 Urban 2 Al Jiftlik 351140 Rural 3 Az Zubeidat 351110 Rural 4 Al 'Auja 351690 Rural 5 An Nuwei'ma 351840 Rural 6 'Ein ad Duyuk al Foqa 351845 Rural 7 'Ein ad Duyuk al Tahta 351905 Rural 8 Fasayil 351510 Rural 10 Aqbat Jaber Camp 351975 Refugee Camp 11 'Ein as Sultan Camp 351865 Refugee Camp 12 Marj al Ghazal 351116 Rural 13 Deir Quruntul 351962 Religious Site 14 An Nabi Musa 352075 Religious Site 15 Deir Hajla 352021 Religious Site 16 Deir al Qilt 351970 Religious Site COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 117 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report The typical demographic characteristics of the communities in the study area are summarised in table 5.4. Table 5.4 Demographic characteristics of study area No. of communities in the study area Household size Main livelihoods of men and women Ethnic composition (Population Growth) rate: Unemployment rate % (16) Communities 5.7 Men: Agriculture, livestock and construction Women: Agriculture, Arabs 3.2 Male 9 Female 10.5 1600 NIS Income average per family Table 5.5 illustrates the number of refugees who are living in the targeted area. These are Palestinian refugees from elsewhere in the region, mostly from areas now controlled by Israel – and formally registered by UNRWA. They are mostly long‐term displaced persons. A large proportion of the governorate of Jericho is composed of refugee camps, which were established after 1948. Jericho was one of locations in the West Bank that absorbed that large number of displaced people. For this reason, a large segment of the Jericho population today holds an UNRWA card that formally classifies them as refugees and grants them the right to obtain some limited humanitarian aid. Table 5.5 Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status in the study area Refugee Status Locality Refugee Not Refugee Not Stated Total Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Al Jiftlik 1104 34.7% 2048 64.5% 25 0.8% 3177 Az Zubeidat 929 96% 16 1.7% 23 2.4% 968 Al 'Auja 721 24.9% 2119 73.2% 54 1.9% 2894 An Nabi Musa 44 97.8% 1 2.2% ‐ 0% 45 An Nuwei'ma 'Ein ad Duyuk at Tahta 'Ein ad Duyuk al Foqa Fasayil 69 8.2% 771 91.8% ‐ 0% 840 102 14.6% 590 84.5% 6 0.9% 698 164 27.9% 424 72.1% ‐ 0% 588 201 31% 428 66% 19 2.9% 648 Aqbat Jaber Camp 'Ein as Sultan Camp Marj al Ghazal 4096 89.4% 477 10.4% 8 0.2% 4581 1190 81% 279 19% ‐ 0% 1469 261 94.6% 14 5.1% 1 0.4% 276 Marj Na'ja 351 63.4% 196 35.4% 7 1.3% 554 15625 49.7% 15466 49.2% 321 1% 31412 Total COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 118 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report The table reveals that approximately half the population of Jericho is registered as being of refugee descent and hold UNRWA refugee cards. There is also internal migration to these communities from other areas especially inhabitants from the south of the West Bank. However, there are no formal records for the number of emigrants or their percentage either from official bodies or research centres. The reason of this migration is the attraction of Jericho district and north of Jericho in terms of its agricultural work and livestock. 5.4.3 In Jericho city (Ariha) The population in the Jericho Governorate is concentrated in Jericho city and in 14 other communities in the north of Jericho. See Box 4.1 below for the list of these communities. There are currently no communities located towards the south of the city. The locations of these communities, and Jericho city, are presented on Figure 5.5 and further information given on them in Box 4.1. Note that along the proposed freshwater conveyance from En Gedi, along the Dead Sea shoreline, there are no Palestinian communities, so this document only considers the communities located in and around Jericho. Jericho city is located in area (A) and a large part of its land both agricultural and other potential land for other purposes is located in area (C). There are no area (B) zones in the area. Moreover, Israeli settlements and bypass roads encircle the city from north, south and east leaving limited opportunity to grow in these directions at the time being. The majority of the lands between Jericho city (excluding area A) and the north of the Dead Sea are all classified as area C. Thus development for the benefit of Palestinians in this area is somewhat restricted. Demographic statistics relating to Jericho city are provided in Table 5.6. Table 5.6 Demographics of Jericho City Population in Jericho city: No. of families Family size Main occupation 18,346 3,510 5.2 Men agriculture, tourism Ethnic composition (Population Growth) in Jericho area Unemployment rate % Male 9,145 Female 9,201 Women Gov, private employees, agriculture Arabs, Muslims and Christian 3.1 41.5 Male 8.7 Female 9 Refugees percentage Labour Force Participation Rate of Persons Aged 15 Years and Above 47.3 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 119 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 5.5 Map showing villages in Jericho1 Area 1
Source: Palestinian Hydrology Group 2009 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 120 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Box 4.1 Demographic Information on Communities in the study area Community Marj Na'ja Az Zubeidat Marj al Ghazal Al Jiftlik Fasayil Al 'Auja An Nuwei'ma 'Ein ad Duyuk al Foqa 'Ein as Sultan Camp Jericho Aqbat Jaber Camp An Nabi Musa Population Livelihoods
554 968
276 3177 648
2894 840 698 1469 18,346 4581 45 Agriculture & labor at the Israel farms in the Jordan valley
Agriculture & labor at the Israel farms in the Jordan valley Agriculture Agriculture & labor at the Israel farms in the Jordan valley
Agriculture & labor at the Israel farms in the Jordan valley
Trade and agriculture
Agriculture & labor at the Israel farms in the Jordan valley
Trade and Agriculture
Tourist, trade and agriculture Trade and Agriculture
Livestock COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA No. No. Schools clinics Electricity Water network network 1 1
Yes
yes 1 1
Yes
Yes 0 1 1
1
Yes
Yes
Yes yes 1 1
Yes
yes 1 1 1
1
Yes
Yes
1 1 8 3 0 1
2
3
2
0
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Wastewater system No Roads and available transporta
tion Yes
No
Yes
No No Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes Yes No No Yes
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Appendix I – Page 121 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report As shown in the above table, none of the communities in the targeted area are connected to a wastewater network except for Jericho city. The inhabitants in those communities use alternative methods such as cesspits and the septic tanks, but at this point it has not been possible to access data showing which of the two methods are being used in each of the localities.
5.5
Economic activity and poverty 5.5.1 In the Palestinian Authority The table below displays the economic profile of the Palestinian Authority for the years between 1997 and 2007, which includes the gross domestic product (GDP) and the gross national income as well as other indicators on both the national and per capita level. The fluctuation in these values reflects the political situation, for instance the sizeable GDP drops in 2001 and 2006 resulting from the beginning of the second intifada and the election of Hamas into the Legislative Council.1 Table 5.7 Economic Indicators in the Palestinian Territory Economic Indicators in the Palestinian Territory2 (figures in millions USD) Indicator 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GDP 3,701.6 4,147.9 4,511.7 4,118.5 3,765.2 3,264.1 3,749.6 4,198.4 4,559.5 4,322.3 4,535.7 Gross National Income Total Disposable Income Per Capita Gross Domestic Product Per Capita Gross National Product Per Capita Disposable Income of the Total 4,218.6 4,869.5 5,285.6 4,770.6 4,096.7 3,512.0 4,011.6 4,430.4 4,896.9 4,719.9 5,048.2 4,613.7 5,243.2 5,689.0 5,426.5 5,080.6 4,690.7 4,822.3 5,151.1 5,988.8 5,902.5 7,139.1 1,437.7 1,546.2 1,612.3 1,428.3 1,269.5 1,070.0 1,195.0 1,317.0 1,387.2 1,275.4 1,297.9 1,638.5 1,815.2 1,888.9 1,654.5 1,381.3 1,151.3 1,278.5 1,389.8 1,489.9 1,392.7 1,444.6 1,792.0 1,954.5 2,033.0 1,881.9 1,713.0 1,537.6 1,536.9 1,615.9 1,822.1 1,741.7 2,042.9 The table below gives a breakdown of the GDP in the Palestinian Authority according to economic activity and percentages of total GDP. This table indicates how the services sector constitutes the largest portion of the general GDP in the Palestinian areas. Table 5.8 GDP by Activity in the Palestinian Authority 1
Following Hamas’s electoral victory in 2006, many western governments cut off their funding to the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), which had a negative effect on the Palestinian economy which is heavily reliant on donor funds. 2
Source: PCBS (Supplied to us by a finance expert)
COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 122 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the WBGS* According to Economic Activity1 No. 1 2008 (million USD) Percentage Agriculture and fishing Mining, Quarrying, Water and Electricity Mining and Quarrying 212.5 4.6% 632.4 13.6% 15.9 0.3% Manufacturing 455.7 9.8% Water and Electricity Supplies 160.8 3.5% Establishments 226.2 4.9% Wholesale and Retail Trading Transportation, Storage, and Communications Financial Intermediation 501.8 10.8% 412.8 8.9% 249.8 5.4% Services Real Estate, Rental and Commercial 2.8.1 Activities 2.8.2 Social and Personal Services 1171.4 25.2% 419.6 9.0% 74.4 1.6% 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.9 2.10 2.11 Hotels and Restaurants 101.7 2.2% Education 448.2 9.7% 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Economic Activity Health and Social Work 127.5 2.7% Public Administration and Defense 645.8 13.9% 4.0 0.1% Household Services Public Sector Companies Minus: indirectly Measured Financial 2.12 Intermediation 2.13 Plus: Tariffs ** ‐ ‐263.5 ‐5.7% 285.4 6.2% 2.14 Plus: Net value tax on Imports 561.1 12.1% Total GDP 4639.7 100.0% * WBGS refers to the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The portion of Jerusalem currently administered by Israel is excluded from the list of governorates of the West Bank. **” Public Sector Companies” was split amongst the following categories (in the table): 2.5, 2.8.1, 2.8.3, 2.8.4 The Palestinian GDP witnessed an overall decrease of 3% in the fourth quarter of 2008 compared with the third quarter. Consequently, GDP per capita also decreased, by 3.7% for the same period. GDP in 2008 increased by 2.3% once compared to the previous year. Finally, the GDP per capita remained relatively constant during 2008 but formed just 80% of GDP per capita in the year 1999. PCBS advised that attaining a enhanced understanding of the poverty levels in a particular place requires having information concerning income and consumption levels. Here, the rates of absolute and extreme poverty are shown for the different Palestinian governorates in the territory. Source: PCBS COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 123 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Income and Consumption Rates for Palestinian Households in 20071 Jenin Income Absolute Extreme Poverty (%) Poverty (%) 72.9 60 Consumption Absolute Extreme Poverty (%) Poverty (%) 33.8 33.8 Tubas 46 40.3 19.7 19.7 Tulkarem 61.1 52.5 50.6 50.6 Nablus 43.4 32.7 23.8 23.8 Qalqiliya 49.4 31.3 16.2 16.2 Salfit 26.5 23.4 14.8 14.8 39.8 33.8 14.3 14.3 49.6 40.9 20.1 20.1 47.9 38.7 11.5 11.5 Jerusalem (J2) 11.4 6.3 0.9 0.9 Bethlehem 52.2 41.5 24.8 24.8 Hebron 57.5 44.2 33.6 33.6 North Gaza 66.7 60.9 51.2 51.2 Gaza 77.4 69.3 50.5 50.5 Deir Al Balah 85.4 78.1 61.8 61.8 Khan Younis 81 71 60.1 60.1 Rafah 78.1 69 63.6 63.6 West Bank 47.2 37.3 23.6 23.6 Gaza Strip 76.9 69 55.7 55.7 Palestinian territory 57.3 48 34.5 34.5 Governorate Ramallah and Al Bireh Jericho and Al Aghwar Jerusalem (J1) Unemployment rates presented in Figure 5.6 shows that the lowest unemployment rate is in Jericho. This is mainly because most of the people are farmers and work in agriculture. 1
Source: PCBS COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 124 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Figure 5.6 Unemployment in West Bank Governorates (PCBS, 2008) 5.5.2 Economic Activity and Poverty in the Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate study area As shown in Box 4.1, agriculture is one of the main livelihoods of the people in the Jericho governorate. Agricultural production in the Scheme area (Jericho Governorate) faces a number of constraints including water management, feasibility of agricultural production, lack of infrastructure, production inputs and soil salinity. Marketing of farm products and their distribution to local and external markets is also one of the major obstacles facing Palestinian farmers. Selling Palestinian agricultural products within Israel requires permits to be issued by the Israeli authorities. Transporting products from/to north to south in the West Bank has become difficult as well and introduces an additional cost. Also, the movement of agricultural products between the West Bank and Gaza Strip is subject to Israeli control. Competitiveness with Israeli produce in the local markets is a challenge. Drought has also recently forced many farmers in the Jericho governorate to leave their agricultural land in Jericho city and the surrounding area. These factors have contributed to the decline of agricultural production in the area. According to the a PCBS (2008) ‐ the average income level in Jericho governorate is 400 JD per household per month (the average Palestinian household size is around 5.5). Figure 5.7 shows the poverty rates (%) in the governorate. The fact that the rate was the highest during the year 2002 is due to the political situation and the closure where access to markets and areas was extremely restricted. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 125 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 7
6.1
6
5
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3.7
4
3
3
2.7
2
1
0
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2000
2002
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Figure 5.7 Poverty Rates (in &) in Jericho Gov. 1998‐20071 5.5.3 In Jericho city As shown in Table 4.4, most of the population in Jericho city relies upon agriculture and the service sector as their main source of livelihood. Many of the residents in the Jericho Governorate also rely on tourism as an important source of income. Many local and international tourism companies have established five star hotels and other tourist facilities. Table 5.9 Distribution of Jobs in Jericho City (According to Gender) Type of work Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Whole sale and Retail Tourism Public Admin and Security Education, Health and Social work Male Female 2,755 768 619 802 275 1209 333 719 98 4 69 23 277 527 Source of data from PCBS: www.pcbs.org 5.6 Infrastructure 5.6.1 Infrastructure in the Palestinian Authority Much of the infrastructure of the the Palestinian Authority can be described as moderate to poor. Road transportation is difficult with many main roads controlled by Israeli checkpoints and occaisional closure of some roads to Palestinians. Some paved raods between rural areas are not well maintained. The electricity infrastructure is not well developed and the supply is sometimes not reliable. Almost 10% of communities that are not connected yet to electricity and they use standalone diesel run motors to generate electricity for their communities. The water and wastewater infrastructure is also poor. Many communities are not connected to water supply while 1
Source: PCBS Census 2007 (report #11). COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 126 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report only the main cities are connected to wastewater collection system. There areno sea or airports available for Palestinian use so export and import is done through Jordan and Israel. 5.6.2 In the Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate study area The table below lists the percentages of population living in the different types of dwellings in the study area. This includes an illustration of housing conditions through social indicators such as the number of rooms, bathrooms, and kitchens in addition to the number of individuals sharing a single room. Main Indicators for Housing in Jericho & Al Aghwar Governorate (1997, 2007)1 Indicator Type of Locality and Year Camps 1997 Percentage of Households Living in A House Percentage of Households Living in an Apartment Percentage of Households Living in Villa Percentage of Households Living in Owned Housing Units Percentage of Households Living in Rented Housing Units Average Number of Rooms in the Housing Unit Percentage of Households Living in Housing Unit with 1‐2 Room Average Housing Density (Number of Persons Per Room) Percentage of Households Living in Housing Unit with 3 Persons or more per Room Percentage of Households who have A kitchen Percentage of Households who have A Bathroom Percentage of Households Living in Housing Unit Connection to Public Electricity Network Percentage of Households by Availability of Private Car Percentage of Households by Availability of Home Library Percentage of Households by Availability of Computer 1
Rural Urban Total 2007 1997 2007 1997 90.1 69.6 57.4 60.4 51.2 42.7 61.1 53.0 6.8 25.4 7.5 18.1 46.3 48.9 25.8 36.8 0.3 1.9 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.9 90.0 85.9 80.7 69.9 47.7 69.3 67.0 73.6 4.0 6.4 1.7 14.1 28.8 18.4 15.0 14.6 3.0 3.3 2.6 2.7 3.4 3.0 3.2 47.8 24.3 67.8 45.5 36.3 19.3 48.8 25.9 2.2 3.0 2.3 2.0 2.3 1.7 30.9 14.6 56.8 36.3 24.3 12.7 36.1 18.1 91.7 95.7 69.1 92.7 97.1 93.9 86.9 94.1 89.4 96.3 57.3 88.0 96.6 91.5 82.5 92.0 93.6 96.6 54.3 79.0 97.6 92.9 82.9 91.0 19.7 16.8 18.1 23.3 29.4 27.0 23.8 23.7 8.9 17.8 3.1 6.7 14.5 18.2 9.7 15.8 1.3 26.2 0.6 18.4 3.9 2.3 27.3 1.7 2007 1997 2007 2.3 3.4 1.6 31.0 Source: PCBS “Census Final Results, Population Report, Jericho and Al Aghwar), June 2009. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 127 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report It could be claimed that housing conditions in the study area have improved in the past decade in spite of the growing number of population. This is exemplified through the indicator concerning the average number of individuals using a single room, which averages 1.7 in 2007 as opposed to 2.3 in 1997. Another example would be the rise in the percentage of households possessing a bathroom from 82.5% to 92% during the same period. The following table demonstrates the detailed building infrastructure in the different localities of Jericho. Table 5.10 Buildings by Locality and Type in the Study Area1 Locality Type of Building Villa Total House Building Tent Marginal Establishment Al Jiftlik 1 343 ‐ 57 140 14 Under Constr. ‐ Other 7 562 Az Zubeidat ‐ 61 6 1 2 2 1 ‐ 73 Al 'Auja 4 286 6 137 4 39 27 ‐ 503 An Nabi Musa An Nuwei'ma Deir al Qilt ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1 ‐ 109 1 4 ‐ 8 14 ‐ 136 ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1 Deir Hajla ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Deir Quruntul 'Ein ad Duyuk at Tahta 'Ein ad Duyuk al Foqa Fasayil ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ 1 ‐ 123 4 ‐ ‐ 6 14 1 148 ‐ 80 ‐ 6 12 6 6 ‐ 110 ‐ 94 1 2 ‐ 6 8 ‐ 111 Aqbat Jaber Camp 'Ein as Sultan Camp Marj al Ghazal Marj Na'ja 1 701 ‐ 12 3 95 182 1 995 3 287 1 ‐ ‐ 18 135 ‐ 444 ‐ 16 ‐ 1 3 2 ‐ ‐ 22 ‐ 75 ‐ 5 7 3 4 ‐ 94 Total 69 3883 316 245 176 442 511 12 5654 Generally speaking, Palestinian society places greater value in attaining a family house than other material possessions such as cars and electronic devices. The table above supports this statement as most people in the study area own and inhabit concrete houses. The types of housing found in each of the 16 communities are shown in the Table. Most people have concrete houses. All the communities in Jericho area are connected to main asphalt roads. However, the internal roads in each community need maintenance. Table 5.11 presents water related data recently compiled from 1
Source: PCBS “Census Final Results, Population Report, Jericho and Al Aghwar), June 2009 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 128 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Jericho through the WaSH MP program. This table shows that approximately all the communities in Jericho district are connected to the water network. However, water network coverage doesn’t cover all the houses in each community. Moreover, water losses can be as much as 30 % of the total water quantity supplied. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 129 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 5.11 Water data for Jericho (Gathered through the WaSH MP program, which is conducted by PHG and financed by UNICEF)
Indicator PHG Archive No. Community Name Total Water Supply for domestic in summer (m3 / month) Total Water Supply for domestic in winter (m3 / month) Water Losses (%) Domestic Water Consumption in summer (m3 / month) Domestic Water Consumption in winter (m3 / month) Per capita water use in Summer (liter) Per capita water use in Winter (liter) Average per capita water use (liter) W Network Coverage (%) W Network Establishment Year Water Network rehabilitated? Water Network rehabilitation year Water Network extended? Water Network extension year Surveyed Communities 119 120 Al 'Auja Al Jiftlik 121 Fasayil 122 Az Zubeidat 123 Marj al Ghazal 124 Marj Na'ja 48200 21000 13500 12700 1800 4400 42300 21000 9150 12700 1800 4400 55 40 40 40 40 40 21690 12600 8100 7620 1080 3160 19035 12600 5490 7620 1080 3160 168 148 158 70 1982 108 108 108 100 1984 Yes 2005 Yes 2007 240 163 202 100 1996 171 171 171 100 1996 170 170 170 100 2000 Water Network Status Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Water Network Type Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic Water Network Condition Average Price of water from network (NIS/m3) Average of HH pay w bills (%) Households with Cisterns (%) Range of Water Tankers Price (NIS/m3) Average Price of Water Tankers (NIS/m3) Bad 3.5 0 10 5 5 Leaking 3.5 2 0 N/A N/A Leaking 2.6 0 0 N/A N/A Leaking 2.6 0 0 N/A N/A Leaking 2.6 0 0 N/A N/A 141 141 141 69 1995 Agric. is Functioning but domestic is not Domestic & Agriculture Bad 0 0 0 N/A N/A COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 130 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 5.7
Education and Health 5.7.1 In the Palestinian Authority Education statistics for the Palestinian Authority are provided in Table 5.12. Health care services in the Palestinian Authority have developed substantially since the 1990s, yet have intermittently been hampered by the political instability and restrictions. Table 5. below illustrates the development of the health sector as a whole, which has resulted in the increase of its capacity to cover Palestinian citizens with wide ranging types of medical services. It appears that the number of facilities has noticeably increased over the past decade allowing for better access to the different medical needs of the Palestinian people. Alternatively, the core problem with the health sector resides in the quality of services provided through these facilities rather than issues of availability and/or accessibility. Many of these facilities lack possession of many of the crucial equipment and medication needed to provide the proper treatment. This fact explains the constantly occurring scenario of reallocating Palestinian patients to Israeli hospitals in cases when Palestinian hospitals do not have the capacity to handle their illness. Additionally, there exists a deficiency of facilities and competence in specialized treatments of many diseases. See Table 4.10 for Health Indicators in the Palestinian Authority. Health insurance coverage has also extended to cover a larger segment of the Palestinian people in a relatively short period of time. The total coverage of governmental, military UNRWA, Welfare, and private insurance plans reached 60.5% of the general Palestinian population in 2000, 74.7% in 2002, and rising up to nearly 99% in 2004. It is worth mentioning that the development of governmental insurance coverage plans has played a central role in improving the medical conditions of many households. The governmental health insurance coverage appears to have elevated from 27.9% to 51.8% in a mere four year period. Health care was probably was prioritized during this segment due to the events of the second intifada, which left massive numbers of people with an array of injuries. See Table 4.11 for Health Insurance Coverage in the PA. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 131 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 5.12 Education levels in the Palestinian Authority1 Governorate and Gender Educational Attainment Illiterate Can read Elementary and write Preparatory Secondary Associate
Diploma Bachelor Higher Master diploma Ph.D West Bank – Male Study Area (Jericho & Al Aghwar) – Male 22,676 563 239,832 4,132 33,451 377 56,453 646 1,348 17 2,360 17 107,729 2,181 207,308 4,015 132,364 1,649 7,157 73 West Bank – female Jericho & Al Aghwar – female 69,648 1,535 105,753 2,219 185,981 3,529 216,922 3,737 125,671 1,657 33,210 497 49,261 659 648 9 2,463 30 295 3 Table 5.13: Health Indicators in the Palestinian Authority. Item Governmental hospitals Non‐ Governmental hospitals Grand total of discharges Beds for 1,000 population occupancy rate Health Indicators in the Palestinian Territory 1997‐20082 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 14 14 15 17 20 29 40 42 48 50 2002 22 50 234,529 1.2 77 Grand total of mean of duration 3.7 Number of physicians 2,867 2003 23 50 2004 24 50 2005 24 52 2006 24 54 2007 24 53 2008 24 52 270,592 1.3 290,332 1.2 181,272 1.4 221,440* 1.4 335,390 363,967 407,397 1.4 1.4 1.4 431,117 458,650 1.3 1.4 419,793 1.3 401,576** 1.3 63.3 61.8 71.4 73.5* 55.2 57.9 61.3 64.5 61.7 65.2 60.0** 3.2 3,334 3 3,877 3 4,427 3.7* 4,803 3 4,901 2.8 5,425 2.8 5,687 2.7 6,019 2.6 6,246 2.9 6,389 2.6** 7,316 * Represents governmental hospitals data only. ** Does not include NGOs and private hospitals data in Gaza Strip. 1
Source: PCBS COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 132 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 5.14 Health insurance coverage in the Palestinian Authority Health Insurance Coverage in the Palestinian Territory (2000‐2004)1 Governmental (1) 1
Military UNRWA Welfare Private* Indicators Age groups 0‐4 2000 23.7 2002 2004 2000 2002 2004 2000 2002 2004 2000 2002 2004 2000 2002 2004 50 51.5 4.4 2.3 5.8 15.8 11.1 35.6 2.1 1.7 1.2 9.9 10.1 6.7 5‐14 32.2 52.1 55.4 2.6 1.2 4 15 12.1 34.2 3.8 2.1 2.4 10.4 8.7 7.5 15‐29 22 41.9 47.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 15.5 12.7 31.8 2.9 2.3 2.1 10.8 9.2 7.6 30‐39 29.5 49.8 50.5 3.5 2.4 4.5 14.2 11 32.1 2.6 1.5 2.1 12.7 11 9.5 40‐49 32.9 50.5 53.9 2.1 1.1 2.7 13.8 10.2 30.2 4.4 2.9 3 12.4 11.9 10 50+ 35.7 49.8 53.1 3.4 2.2 2.3 10.9 12.8 30 5.2 6.4 27.2 47.4 51.5 3.6 2.5 4.1 15 11.6 33.2 2.9 2 12.8 11.1 5.3 10 8 Males 5.1 2.1 Females 28.6 49.4 52.1 3.2 2.4 4.1 14.6 11.7 32.6 3.6 2.3 2.6 11 9.2 7.7 Total 27.9 48.4 51.8 3.4 2.4 4.1 15 12 33 3.3 2.3 2.3 11 9.6 7.8 7.9 Source: PCBS (http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/health/healtht4.htm) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 133 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 5.7.2 In the Jericho Governorate Table 4.11 compares education levels in the Jericho area with the national figures. As mentioned in the table, the number of men who are illiterate in the study area is 563. The figure for women is almost double this in the Jericho Governorate. There are 2430 schools in the Palestinian Authority area, 1615 of which are primary, 815 are secondary and 972 are kindergartens. Table 4.11 shows the education levels. As can be seen, more than 50% of educated people are located between elementary and preparatory education with higher education counts for only 13% of the educated people in the Jericho governorate. In total, there are 19 schools in the study area serving approximately 35,000 inhabitants. It is worth taking note that most communities in Jericho are considerably small in terms of population and area. The communities that don’t have schools within the locality itself normally use nearby ones in neighbouring localities. On the national level, the number of schools in the OPT is 2430 schools split between the following: 972 kinder gardens, 1615 primary schools, and 815 secondary schools. Table 5.15 Education levels in the study area Community Marj Na'ja Illiterate 11 Az Zubeidat 52 Marj al Ghazal 3 Al Jiftlik 126 Fasayil 59 Al 'Auja 130 An Nuwei'ma 28 'Ein ad Duyuk 34 al Foqa 'Ein as Sultan 45 Camp Jericho 209 Aqbat Jaber 133 Camp An Nabi Musa 35 Can read and write 20 40 8 111 53 80 21 19 55 261 119 10 elementary preparatory secondary Diploma ‐ PA High Master diploma and PHD 22 46 7 133 37 133 46 34 125 596 274 0 8 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 0 0 39 0 0 8 0 1 5 0 0 74 2 0 512 3 14 97 42 57 0 0 0 34 37 11 153 15 193 53 32 159 852 382 0 14 19 6 31 5 55 27 2 72 485 100 0 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 134 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 5.16 Schools in the study area1 Community No. Schools Type of school Marj Na'ja Az Zubeidat Marj al Ghazal Al Jiftlik Fasayil Al 'Auja An Nuwei'ma 'Ein ad Duyuk al Foqa 'Ein as Sultan Camp Jericho 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 governmental governmental governmental governmental governmental governmental governmental governmental 1 8 Aqbat Jaber Camp An Nabi Musa 3 0 UNRWA Governmental, UNRWA and private schools UNRWA No. population community 554 968
276 3177 648
2894 840 698 in 1469 18,346 4581 45 Since Jericho has the lowest population of all Palestinian governorates, the number of health facilities is relatively low. The following table demonstrates the number of health facilities in all forms as well as its provider (governmental, NGO, and UN). These figures were obtained in 2008 by the Palestinian Ministry of Health. Table 5.17 Health Facilities in the study area Health Facilities in the Study Area (2008)2 Provider Level I Ministry of Health (MOH) NGOs UN 2 ‐ ‐ Level II 6 ‐ 4 Level III ‐ ‐ ‐ Level IV 1 ‐ ‐ Total 9 4 4 Family planning Centers 1 ‐ ‐ Specialized Clinics 3 ‐ ‐ X‐ray Centers None ‐ ‐ Oral Clinics 1 ‐ ‐ Labs 2 ‐ ‐ On a larger scale, the general characteristics of health care in Jericho could be shown through a clarification of the numbers of people working in the sector, their different positions and distribution according to the service provider. 1
Source: PCBS (Census 2007) 2
(2) Source: Ministry of Health COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 135 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 5.18 Distribution of the Health Sector Manpower in Study Area Distribution of the Health Sector Manpower in Study Area (2007)1 Jericho Governorate MOH Hospitals Jericho PHC Number of Beds 54 ‐ General 14 9 Physicians Specialist 13 2 Total 27 11 Physicians per MOH bed 0.50 ‐ Dentists ‐ 1 Pharmacist 1 3 Practical 13 4 Aid 1 2 Nurses Staff 30 11 Midwives 4 2 Total 48 19 Paramedics 13 8 Health Workers ‐ ‐ Administration & Services 46 24 TOTAL 135 72 Finally, the rates of reported communicable diseases including STIs are shown in the table below. Due to issues of privacy as well as a general societal inclination towards a more conservative approach concerning sexually transmitted infections, it could be assumed that the values shown below represent an underestimation of people with STIs. Table 5.19 Comparing Reported Cases of Communicable Diseases in Jericho to WB and WBGS Comparing Reported Cases of Communicable Diseases in Jericho to WB and WBGS2 Jericho Disease West Bank Palestine # of Cases Total % total Total % total Acute Flaccid paralysis 0 12 1.14 16 0.93 Poliomyelitis 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Aids Case 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 HIV Infection 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Cholera 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Diphtheria 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Food Poisoning 36 331 14.11 592 15.74 Measles 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Meningitis Meningococcal Meningitis 0 2 0.09 121 3.22 1
Same
2
Source: Ministry of Health 2007 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 136 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Hemophillus Influenza 0 1 0.04 4 0.11 Other Bacterial Diseases 1 165 7.04 352 9.36 Plague 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 H. Fever 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Rabies 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Tetanus Neonatal 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Other 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Yellow Fever 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Brucellosis 0 215 9.17 224 5.95 Chemical Poisoning 22 301 12.84 521 13.85 Encephalitis 0 1 0.04 1 0.03 Viral meningitis 0 217 9.25 1130 30.04 Hepatitis 35 1046 44.60 1887 50.16 Hepatitis B Case 1 34 1.45 34 0.90 Carrier 38 1096 46.74 1508 40.09 Hepatitis A Hepatitis C Case 0 1 0.04 1 0.03 Carrier 6 85 3.62 127 3.38 Leprosy 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Leishmaniasis Cutaneous 62 180 7.68 180 4.79 Visceral (Kalazar) 1 8 0.34 8 0.21 Malaria 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Pertusis 1 10 0.43 10 0.27 Susp. Rickettsial Disease 0 0 0.00 418 11.11 Rubella 0 1 0.04 1 0.03 Mumps 9 134 5.71 190 5.05 S.T.D.s Gonorrhea 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 Syphilis 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 366 23407 998.12 23407 622.25 Other Tuberculosis Pulmonary 1 7 0.30 15 0.40 Extrapulmanary 0 4 0.17 18 0.48 Typhoid & Paratyphoid 0 3 0.13 327 8.69 Other Salmonella 0 49 2.09 69 1.83 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 137 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 5.7.3 In Jericho city Education statistics for Jericho City are provided in Table 5.19. Table 5.20 Education in Jericho city1 Illiterate 209 Can read elementary and write 261 596 preparatory secondary 852 485 Diploma ‐ High PA diploma 512 3 Master and PHD 14 Jericho contains one registered hospital, which is funded and run by the Palestinian Authority. This hospital is small compared to others in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Following is a table showing the capacity and utilization (turnout of people) of this hospital. Table 5.21 Data on Jericho Hospital Capacity/ Utilization of Jericho Governmental Hospital (2007)2 No. of Beds No. of Patients 54 Discharged 4,404 Admitted 4,396 Average Duration of Stay (days) 2.1 Bed Occupancy (%) 46 Hospital Days 9,065 Births 945 Operations Deaths Treatment without Hospitalization 5.8
Major 584 Minor 286 Number 45 % of Discharged 1.0 43,355 Land Use 5.8.1 Land use at the National Level The major land use features in the Palestinian Authority (West Bank portion) can be summarized as follows: • Artificial surfaces represent 7.4% of the area; • agricultural areas represent 36.1%; • forests and semi natural bodies represent 53.3% • water bodies (Dead Sea) represent 3.1%. 1
Source: PCBS (Census 2007) (3) 2
Source: Ministry of Health 2007 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 138 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report The division of the West Bank into areas A, B and C has changed some realities where the new division can be summarized as follows: area of A land is 722 km2 (12%); B land is about 1318 km2 (22.6%). Also, there is about 3% of the land assigned as a nature reserve. Figure 5.8 shows the main features of the land use in the West Bank. Figure 5.8 Land Use in the West Bank. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 139 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 5.8.2 Land Use In the Overall Scheme Area The portion of the Scheme in the Palestinian Authority starts from Ein Gedi in the south and extends towards the city of Jericho in the north. This area is split amongst three Palestinian governorates (Jericho, Jerusalem and Bethlehem). However, the majority of this area is held by Israel and is designated as either of the following: closed military areas, Israeli military bases, settlements, natural reserve areas, or simply zone C lands. The relevant Zone A & B lands (which fall under Palestinian jurisdiction) only begin on the outskirts of Jericho. 5.8.3 Land Use In Jericho With special emphasis on agriculture, the general use of land in Jericho and the Jordan Valley is illustrated as follows: Table 5.22 Land Use in Jericho (Source PCBS, 2008)1 Jericho and Al‐Aghwar Total Area (Km2) Total Cultivated Area (Km2) Percentage of Cultivated Land (%) Temporarily Irrigated Agric. Lands (Km2) Permanently Irrigated Agric. Lands (Km2) Area of Permanently Cultivated Land Per Capita (m2) Total Agricultural Production (tons) Yield of Cultivated Land (ton/ km2) Total Value of Plant Production (U.S Dollars) Area of Roads (km2) Total Length of Roads (Km) Total Area of Forests and Wooded Land (Km2) Total Area of Natural Reserves (Km2) 2006 593 25.5 4.3 19.7 5.8 N/A 93,939 3,684 43,301 13 519.6 N/A N/A 2007 593 25.7 4.3 20 5.7 134.7 95,514 3,716.50 54,157 N/A N/A 3.5 37 Concerning the agriculture land in Jericho Governorate, the total cultivated land is 36749 distributed between different kinds of crops while the area taken up by vegetables is 65% of the total area of cultivated land. The table below specified the types of crops and the land area it takes up. (4) 1 “Land Use Statistics in the Palestinian Territory, 2007”, (Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics: December, 2008). COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 140 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table5.23 Crops Cultivated in Jericho Governorate1 Irrigation System Type of crops Irrigated Not irrigated 9193 Dunums 22 Dunums Fruits Vegetables Open fields Total (919.3 hectares) 23977 Dunums (2 397.7 hectares) 3557 Dunums (355.7 hectares) 36727 Dunums (3 672.7 hectares) (2.2 hectares) 0 0 22 Dunums (2.2 hectares) Total 9215 Dunums (921.5 hectare) 23977 Dunums (2 397.7 hectares) 3557 Dunums (355.7 hectares) 36749 Dunums (3 674.9 hectares) Source: Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture (http://www.moa.gov.ps/modules/mohafazat/areha.htm 5.9 Cultural Heritage – Palestinian Authority The locations of these sites are shown on Figure 3.10. 5.9.1 Jericho Jericho is a Palestinian city lying in the southern Jordan Valley, around 10 km north of the Dead Sea, at an elevation of 250 m below sea level. As well as being the lowest city in the world, it may also be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. The ruins of the oldest civilization discovered in Jericho are 10,000 years old, and it contains Canaanite archaeological remains which include statues and pictorial sculptures. Jericho is referred to in the Old Testament as the city destroyed by Joshua en route to the conquest of the land, and is also mentioned in the New Testament, and is therefore important for Christians and Jews. Today, it lies within the Palestinian Authority and the city is an Area ‘A’ area under the Oslo Accords – ie having Palestinian control. Its tourism sector is significantly detrimentally inhibited by the political situation, and also by the fact that Israeli tour operators do not effectively promote Jericho as a destination to pilgrims. The town is the likely beneficiary of freshwater supplied to the Palestinian Authority. 5.9.2 Baptism Site A Christian baptism site on the western side of the Jordan River was established in 1981, following the closure of a previous site. The site commemorates the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist, recorded in the New Testament, and is an important stop on the Christian pilgrimage route for pilgrims travelling to Israel. The site lies within the Palestinian Authority but is in Area ‘C’C and is operated by Israel. Tour buses are taken to this site, and facilities have been developed at the site. The site lies on the river, approximately opposite the site developed by Jordan. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 141 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 5.10 Possible changes to the baseline 5.10.1 Economic Baseline Trends forecast to 2020 The Palestinian Authority began a program of reform and institution building following its creation in 1994. At the beginning, its revenues came from customs revenue (collected by the Israeli authorities on its behalf) and from donor support. Considerable progress was made until the outbreak of the second intifada in 2000. After having experienced a modest recovery in 2003–05, the Palestinian economy suffered another decline in 2006, as a result of the domestic and international political difficulties. Political stability plays a major factor in developing and implementing various development activities in the WBG. GDP has significant fluctuation growth and decline caused by the political and economic situation as shown in the following figure. Currently, the economic development in West Bank and Gaza ‐WBG‐ is heavily influenced by political events. GDP(million $ Constant prices )
4700,00
4600,00
4500,00
4400,00
4300,00
4200,00
4100,00
4000,00
3900,00
1999
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Source: PCBS, 2009 Between 2006 and 2008, real GDP per capita fell by an average of about 4 percent per year. The rate of unemployment remains very high (about one fifth of the labor force in the West Bank and over one third in Gaza). Table 5.24 Contribution of sectors to GDP Economic Activity 2004 2005 2006 2007 Agriculture and fishing 296.7 236.2 240.3 252.2 Mining, Manufacturing, Electricity and Water Supply 719.0 774.9 648.6 626.4 Construction 238.4 310.2 312.3 279.1 Wholesale and retail trade 412.4 427.5 415.0 417.2 Transport 256.4 265.2 285.5 341.1 Financial intermediation 150.2 200.5 184.8 235.2 Services 957.2 1,047.5 849.3 1,007.9 Public administration and defense 598.7 641.5 679.1 632.4 Other** 569.4 656.0 707.4 744.2 4,198.4 4,559.5 4,322.3 4,535.7 Gross domestic produce Source: Palestine in Figures – 2008, PCBS, 2009‐11‐17 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 142 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report In 2007, sectors that contributed to GDP were Services (22.22%), Public administration and defence (13.94%), Mining‐Manufacturing‐Electricity and Water Supply (13.81%). The importance of the contribution of the agriculture sector to GDP has fallen from 10% in 2000 to 5.56%. But, in times of difficulty, the agricultural sector act as a buffer that absorbs large scores of unemployed people who lost their jobs in Israel or other local sectors of the economy. As mentioned earlier, the political environment plays a major role in all activities in the Palestinian Authority. Contributions of sector to GDP will continue to be cyclically related to political issues. Because of this, it is not easy to analyse the Palestinian Authority’s economy in terms of trend. Under a baseline scenario with optimistic assumptions and policy expectations, real GDP growth is projected to increase from about 2 percent in 2008 to 5 percent in 2009, 6.5 percent in 2010, and 7.5 percent in 2011. Although trade with Israel could be affected by the global slowdown, Palestinian growth prospects are much more strongly influenced by the easing of restrictions. The tourism sector could witness important development. During the early nineties, the Palestinian National Authority proposed several ambitious touristic plans around the north and north western shores of the Dead Sea which could be implemented very quickly, if the political circumstances were more favourable. 5.10.2 Planned Economic Development Political stability plays a major determining factor in developing and implementing various development activities in the area. For example Jericho city witnessed a huge development in tourism following the Oslo interim agreement in 1993. The total investment reached 180 Million US$ during the mid – late nineties. Furthermore, the Palestinian National Authority has proposed several ambitious touristic plans around the Dead Sea Shores, proposing to construct 10,000 new hotel rooms in the areas as per the development plans submitted to both the Casablanca and Amman World Economic Forums. However, due to the deterioration in the political situation since 2001, such plans never materialized and not introduced anymore for investment. Such plans are still valid, and once political settlement is reached they may be revived. Furthermore, there are several smaller scale development plans already under consideration in Jericho. They can be summarized as follows: Agro‐Industrial Estate This is a joint project funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aiming at achieving economic cooperation among the Palestinian Authority (PA), Israel, and Jordan. This proposed plant was also initiated to will help Palestinians develop a more self‐sustainable economy through granting a large number of job opportunities The plant is anticipated to facilitate the processing and packaging of Palestinian agricultural products, which will later be transported through Jordan to the surrounding Arab countries as well as others around the world. “Jericho Ten Thousand Years” Project The project proposal objective is to encourage investment in the tourism sector in Jericho by emphasizing the historical merit of Jericho, which is conveyed through the title of this project asserting it as the oldest city in the world. The Project is expected to support the construction and COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 143 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report rehabilitation of several sites, such that they would take advantage of the historical significance of the city as well as its unique climate. This would include the construction of pools, water parks, restaurants, and hotels as well as the rehabilitation of archaeological sites, springs, and geological features. Rehabilitation and Upgrade of Ein el‐Sultan Spring Under the direct supervision of the UNDP, the Italian funded project aims at developing Ein el‐Sultan Spring as a tourist attraction site due to its historical, cultural, and religious significance as making it a source for healthy water supply for the inhabitant of Jericho. This project aims to improve the economic growth of the city through supplying locals with a number of jobs. Development of the Roman Church area This project will be planned and implemented in cooperation with the Russian government, which is legal owner of an area of church land. The project is also funded by the Russian government and is expected to involve the rehabilitation of the church as well as the building of a hotel and recreational park. The aim is to attract Russian tourists to the site, the city, and the West Bank in general in order to induce economic growth. Environmental Conservation Tours These proposed tours will raise awareness concerning the environmental aspects of the Jordan Valley area through addressing concerns about the degradation of the ecosystem. This is articulated through the regression of the Dead Sea and Jordan River with all its effects on freshwater resources, flora and the wildlife. The tours include hikes and bird watching expeditions. This will primarily aim at attracting tourists to visit the city and learn about its geography. Rehabilitation and expansion of the Jericho Landfill This is a project funded by JICA with the objective of improving the capacity and quality of the Jericho Landfill. Water Master Plan The Palestinian Hydrology Group is one of the parties involved in this new plan that will be conducted in cooperation with the Paris Municipality (Ministère des Affaires Étrangères et Européennes). The project has many objectives upon which improving water management and seeking alternative freshwater resources are of utmost priority. Other Infrastructural Plans Both the Jericho Ministry and companies from the private sector have developed numerous plans to develop the city in order to cope with natural population growth and increased (yet fluctuating) rates of tourism. It includes the building of houses, shops and other facilitates. There are also plans to repair and expand the roads in the city as is the case with the rehabilitation of Al‐ Maghtas Street project run by the ministry of local governments. There are also some water and sanitation projects to improve the supply, management, and consumption of water as well as better sanitation systems. The municipality has recently completed a project to install two elevated tanks to increase the water COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 144 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report supply for the city. Finally, there are many projects involving the archaeological sites in the city to increase local and international tourism. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 145 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 6. ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION OF IMPACTS 6.1
Impact Assessment This section will illustrate the potential social impacts on the project area (focusing on those villages and communities and other receptors outlined in the baseline chapter, and considering impact significance before mitigation only, at this point). Possible mitigation measures to reduce the possible potential impact and maximize the opportunities that might arise from the construction and implementation of the project are discussed. 6.1.1 Impact significance The potential impact before significance is categorized by considering two aspects: (1) The magnitude of the impact and (2) The sensitivity of the affected receptor. The magnitude of an impact is assessed taking into account the following types of characteristics of the potential impact: • the nature of the change (what is affected and how); • its size, scale or intensity; • its geographical extent and distribution; • its duration, frequency, reversibility, etc; and • where relevant, the probability of the impact occurring as a result of accidental or unplanned events. Magnitude and value/sensitivity are then brought together to evaluate whether an impact is significant and if so its degree of significance. The principle is illustrated using a matrix such as that in Figure 6.1. Since detailed freshwater pipeline alignments have not yet been agreed by the Benificiary Parties (and the currently proposed alignments are still subject to chalges and alterations), no consultations or detailed ground‐surveys along the proposed routes have been carried out, in order to avoid providing misleading information to local communities at an early stage in the design process. Consultations would increase the understanding of the sensitivity of the different social receptors in the study area. In this Sub‐Study therefore, impact significance has largely been based on the magnitude of impacts. The sensitivity and the vulnerability of the various social receptors will be examined in more detail by the Environment and Social Assessment Study (ESA), being conducted by ERM, once a proposed routing has been agreed. Communities particularly susceptible to marginalisation due to reasons of sex, age, gender, race, religion, disability, livelihood or location will be identified and better understood in the ESA study. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 146 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Magnitude of Impact
Low
Medium
High
Not Significant
Medium
Minor
Moderate
High
Value/Sensitivity of Resource/Receptor
Low
Major
Figure 6.1 Evaluation of Significance This results in impacts being defined as ‘not significant’ or significant’. If an impact is deemed to be ‘significant’, significance is sub‐divided further into impacts of ‘minor’, ‘moderate’ or ‘major’ significance as summarised below. Low magnitude impact Moderate magnitude impact High magnitude impact Low sensitivity receptor Not significant Minor Significance Moderate Significance Moderate sensitivity receptor Minor Significance Moderate Significance Major Significance High sensitivity receptor Moderate Significance Major Significance Major Significance There is no statutory definition of ‘significance’; however, for the purposes of this assessment, the following practical definition is used: An impact is significant if, in isolation or in combination with other impacts, it should, in the judgement of the ESIA team, be reported in the ESIA report so that it can be taken into account in the decision on whether or not the Project should proceed and if so under what conditions. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 147 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report The definitions of impact significance are therefore as follows: Significance Major Moderate Minor Not significant 6.2
Negative The effect on a sensitive receptor is unacceptable (either because it breaches standards or norms relating to human health and livelihood, or causes irreversible damage to a valuable asset or resource). The effect on a sensitive receptor must be mitigated (either because it breaches relevant standards, norms, guidelines or policy, or causes long‐lasting damage to a valuable or scares resource). Some effect on a sensitive receptor may be discernable, the effect is either transient or mainly within currently accepted criteria standards etc. but should be mitigated where cost‐effective measure are available. The effect is temporary, of low magnitude, within acceptable standards etc, and of little concern to stakeholders. Positive Major Moderate Minor Not significant Impacts at the Component Level Tables 6.1 to 6.24 below set out the impacts identified by the social assessment teams. The text in the table describes each impact, and also describes the receptors where this information is availabe and relevant, and gives some indication of magnitude. The significance of each impact is noted, in accordance with the assessment methodology outlined above. This significance is related to the impact before migitation. Finally, the tables set out some project‐ and site‐specific mitigation measures ‐ in addition to the generally accepted best practice measures which are mentioned in later text ‐ which would reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. Tables 6.1 – 6.12 describe construction impacts, while Tables 6.13 – 6.24 describe operational impacts. The impacts are presented in tabular form for each of the project components. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 148 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.1 Construction Phase Impacts at the Eastern Intake Issue Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Possible impacts to navigation. Description of Impact Jobs for 30 people over 1‐3 months for construction of the inlet. Also employment of caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce. Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Possible impacts on navigation of pleasure craft based at the Royal Yacht Club, and the Main Port Harbour during eastern intake construction. Key receptors Significance Minor positive significance – assumes limited Jordanian workforce. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Small pleasure craft. Slight/no negative impact – due to the small number of receptors ‐ there is practically no fishing in the areas affected. Navigation impacts may be temporary and only on small pleasure craft. Information on marine impacts will be provided by the Additional Study on the Red Sea Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers. Traffic safety impacts. Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Increases in traffic volumes leading to potential increases in potential for road accidents. The construction of the eastern intake and establishment of the pumping station on the site of the disused Aqaba Thermal Power Station will affect the coastal road leading to the southern tourist area of Tala Bay. Most freight traffic to the southern industrial zone and Container Terminal do not use this road. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Minor negative impact Appendix I – Page 149 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Issue Description of Impact Key receptors Significance Minor negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Minor negative impact – small number of workers. Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste. Construction activities may generate various non‐hazardous (and possibly hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. Waste facilities at Aqaba. Potential overloading of existing social services. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Aqaba communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Residents and travellers to the Scheme area. Cumulative impacts to existing infrastructure/ resources from the cumulative impact of other projects being constructed concurrently. Local and Regional Economy During the construction phase of the project, several other major construction projects are expected to be underway (eg Ayla, Marsa Zayed and port relocation in Aqaba, and maybe establishment of 400 kV electricity line along Wadi Araba) – therefore there is the potential for cumulative impacts as a result of cumulative increases in the use of roads and the port for imported materials, etc. The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor negative impact Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period. Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed. Minor impact. Not possible to assess in detail at this stage. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 150 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.2 Construction Phase Impacts at the Northern Intake Issue Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Impacts to shoreline fishing and navigation: Tourism Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Minor positive significance – assumes limited Jordanian workforce. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Impacts on navigation of pleasure craft at the Royal Court, the Ayla Lagoon and Saraya could be impacted from works at the northern intake. Small pleasure craft. Nuisance impacts on tourists using the facilities along the northern coastline Developments affected could include Ayla, Royal Court, Saraya, the various hotels and Marza Zayed. May also impact slightly on Eilat. Minor negative impact – due to the small number of receptors ‐ there is almost no fishing in the areas affected. Navigation impacts will be temporary and only on small pleasure craft. Minor negative impact Jobs for 30 people over 1‐3 months for construction of the inlet. Also employment of caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce. Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 151 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance - Aqaba, communities close to northern intake - Tourist receptors mostly to Ayla development Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Moderate negative impact Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Cumulative nuisance impacts to adjacent areas close to high intensity areas of construction activity: Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to areas located near to intense construction activities. Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps. Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste. Potential overloading of existing social services: Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. Waste facilities at Aqaba. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Minor negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Minor negative impact – small number of workers. Appendix I – Page 152 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Issue Infrastructure Cumulative impacts to existing infrastructure/ resources from the cumulative impact of other projects being constructed concurrently. Local and Regional Economy Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period: Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Potential Impact Key receptors Significance During the construction phase of the project, several other major construction projects are expected to be underway (eg Ayla, Saraya, Marsa Zayed and port relocation in Aqaba, and maybe establishment of 400 kV electricity line along Wadi Araba) – therefore there is the potential for cumulative impacts as a result of cumulative increases in the use of roads and the port for imported materials, etc. Residents and travellers to the Scheme area. Minor to Moderate impact. Not possible to assess in detail at this stage. The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact Local communities The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the from where labour or services are sourced. services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact Appendix I – Page 153 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.3 Construction Phase Impacts at the High Level Tunnel Conveyance Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Jobs for up to 1,380 workers over 6 years for the tunnel option. Employment of caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce. Minor positive significance – assumes limited Jordanian workforce. Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Land will need to be acquired for the conveyance; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will not necessarily impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas etc. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the conveyance line. Much of the conveyance pipeline route is on government land, unused for agriculture. However, parts of the northern canal section are used for informal and shifting agriculture. Al Haq farms at Rahma. Minor to moderate negative significance. Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land affecting communities along the conveyance route. Impacts to farm productivity: Crops at the Al Haq farms at Rahma may be impacted by construction related to the nearby tunnel adit. Impacts to farm productivity. Abu‐Barga Dam is 2 km away from the southern canal section. The Dam is the main source of water to community – farming in the area. The construction of the canal could potentially disturb the dam or the water supply which could negatively impact agriculture Farms supplied by Abu Barga Dam. Risks from non‐Jordanian labour trying to illegally cross the border to work in Israel. Security and economic migrant issue in Israel Eilat, Elot, Be'er Ora, Elifaz, Samar, Yotvata, Yahel, Hatzeva, Iddan COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact – however more details on the farms is required (what they farm, how many people employed etc) to assess fully. Minor – however more information on the exact utilisation of the dam is required e.g. how many farms it sources. Minor – as assumed very unlikely Appendix I – Page 154 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Rahma, close to workers camp and tunnel adit. Rishe, close to canal section. Bir Mathkour, close to canal, and also adit on high level tunnel Greigera and Rashayda village, very close to northern canal section. This applies to all communities generally lying along the work routes, or close to access roads. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Moderate negative impact due to close proximity. Minor negative impact Moderate negative impact due to close proximity. Moderate negative impact due to close proximity Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to high intensity areas of construction activity: Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, for example close to tunnel entrances (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report). Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to less intense areas of construction activity: Cumulative nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities that are not located particularly close to heavy areas of construction activity such as tunnel activities, but which are located at other areas along the construction corridor for the scheme. Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps or from process wastewater (eg from tunnelling). Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact Minor negative impact Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Appendix I – Page 155 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Local people will benefit from increased access to water if the project provides this along the route. Positive impact – assumes that some water offtakes will be provided for local communities along the conveyance route. Increases in traffic volumes leading to potential increases in potential for road accidents. The access road to the construction site and tunnel entrances might be close to inhabited villages, esp Rahma and Greigera/Rashayda. The heavy use of trucks might increase the tendency for traffic accidents‐ around 1028 trucks/day. Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including Aqaba, Abu Kheisheibeh, Ghor Safi, Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. The tunnel construction will produce large amounts of spoil, which could produce negative visual impacts and affect run‐off, if not disposed of appropriately. (The issue of overall water resource issues will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA Study). Water will be required for construction activities and will be provided by the contractor by digging wells in the area. Large volumes of water may be required, in particular for pipeline or tunnel construction. The existing communities already suffer from shortages of water, especially in the Wadi Araba. Waste facilities at Aqaba, in Wadi Araba, Ghor Safi, and along the f/w route, and the communities that rely on them. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Communities close to spoil disposal sites. Minor negative impact – assumes adequate sites will be selected. Communities in the scheme area especially in the Wadi Araba area. Minor negative impact – assumes domestic water supply will be only lightly affected by water needs from construction. The current uncertainty around volumes will be examined in the main ESIA phase. Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Increased access to freshwater for local communities in the Wadi Araba: Traffic safety impacts to communities: Moderate negative impact Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Risks from disposal of excavated spoil: Potential overloading of existing groundwater resources. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 156 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Potential overloading of existing local electricity supply. Potential overloading of existing social services: (The issue of overall power supply capacity for operation of the project will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA Study): The existing electricity network in the rural areas will either need upgraded, or supplemented by portable generation facilitates for the construction. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Communities along the tunnel route. Minor negative impact – assumes the contractor will adequately source his electricity needs Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Increase in loading of the existing road networks: The project will bring substantial additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. Cumulative impacts to existing infrastructure/ resources from the cumulative impact of other projects being constructed concurrently. During the construction phase of the project, several other major construction projects are expected to be underway (eg Ayla, Marsa Zayed and port relocation in Aqaba, and maybe establishment of 400 kV electricity line along Wadi Araba) – therefore there is the potential for cumulative impacts as a result of cumulative increases in the use of roads and the port for imported materials, etc. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Users of the road networks Residents and travellers to the Scheme area. Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). Minor to Moderate impact. Not possible to assess in detail at this stage. Appendix I – Page 157 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Local people expect a direct benefit from the project. Local communities, especially in Wadi Araba may not support the project if some local benefits are not realized. Local communities along route of Scheme. Minor impact. This aspect will be assessed in more detail by the ESA study. The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Community Cohesion / Relations Resistance of local communities to the scheme: Local and Regional Economy Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period. Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Local communities The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the from where labour or services are sourced. services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor positive impact Minor negative impact Appendix I – Page 158 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors On completion of construction, all the assets (health clinics, catering units and other consumables items) could be transferred to the local service providers or local cooperates. Communities in the scheme area. ADC and ASEZA are expecting to attract investors to build tourist resorts around the open canals, in the high level tunnel option. This could result in positive impacts for the local economy of Wadi Araba. Local communities, real estate developers Positive significant impact – exact level of significance cannot be determined. Risk from construction activities to the integrity and/or use of cultural heritage sites in area – eg Bir Mathkour, Wadi Feinan. Local communities and other users of cultural heritage sites Minor negative impact Asset transfer to the community after the project: Investment in tourism Significance Minor positive significant impact Cultural Heritage Threat to cultural heritage sites in area: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 159 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.4 Construction Phase Impacts at the Low Level Tunnel Conveyance Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Jobs for up to 1,380 workers over 6 years for the tunnel option. Employment of caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce. Minor positive significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Land will need to be acquired for the conveyance; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will not necessarily impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas etc. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the conveyance line. Crops at the Al Haq farms at Rahma may be impacted by construction related to the nearby tunnel adit. Minor negative significance Al Haq farms at Rahma and near Rishe. Minor negative impact – however more details on the farms is required (what they farm, how many people employed etc) to assess fully. Minor – however more information on the exact utilisation of the dam is required e.g. how many farms it sources. Minor – as assumed very unlikely Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land affecting communities along the conveyance route. Impacts to farm productivity: Impacts to farm productivity : Abu‐Barga Dam is 2 km away from the southern canal section. The Dam is the main source of water to community – farming in the area. The construction of the canal could potentially disturb the dam or the water supply which could negatively impact agriculture Farms supplied by Abu Barga Dam. Risks from non‐Jordanian labour trying to illegally cross the border to work in Israel. Security and economic migrant issue in Israel Eilat, Elot, Be'er Ora, Elifaz, Samar, Yotvata, Yahel, Hatzeva, Iddan COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 160 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Moderate negative impact due to close proximity. Minor negative impact Minor negative impact. negative impact Minor negative impact. Minor negative impact Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to high intensity areas of construction activity: Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, for example close to tunnel entrances (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report). Rahma, close to workers camp and tunnel adit. Rishe. Bir Mathkour, close to adit Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to less intense areas of construction activity. Cumulative nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities that are not located particularly close to heavy areas of construction activity such as tunnel activities, but which are located at other areas along the construction corridor for the scheme. Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps or from process wastewater (eg from tunnelling). Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. This applies to all communities generally lying along any of the pipeline routes, or close to access roads. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Increased access to freshwater for local communities in the Wadi Araba: Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Local people will benefit from increased access to water if the project provides this along the route. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Positive impact – assumes that some water offtakes will be provided for local communities along the conveyance route. Appendix I – Page 161 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Increases in traffic volumes leading to potential increases in potential for road accidents. The access road to the construction site and tunnel entrances might be close to inhabited villages, esp Rahma and Greigera/Rashayda. The heavy use of trucks might increase the tendency for traffic accidents‐ around 1028 trucks/day. Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including Aqaba, Abu Kheisheibeh, Ghor Safi, Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. The tunnel construction will produce large amounts of spoil, which could produce negative visual impacts and affect run‐off, if not disposed of appropriately. (The issue of overall water resource issues will be considered in the regional assessment). Water will be required for construction activities and will be provided by the contractor by digging wells in the area. Large volumes of water may be required, in particular for pipeline or tunnel construction. The existing communities already suffer from shortages of water, especially in the Wadi Araba. Waste facilities at Aqaba, in Wadi Araba, Ghor Safi, and along the f/w route, and the communities that rely on them. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Communities close to spoil disposal sites. Minor negative impact – assumes adequate sites will be selected. Communities in the scheme area especially in the Wadi Araba area. Minor negative impact – assumes domestic water supply will be only lightly affected by water needs from construction. The current uncertainty around volumes will be examined in the main ESIA phase. Minor negative impact – assumes the contractor will adequately source his electricity needs Traffic safety impacts to communities: Significance Moderate negative impact Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Risks from disposal of excavated spoil: Potential overloading of existing groundwater resources. Potential overloading of existing local electricity supply. (The issue of overall power supply capacity will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA Study). The existing electricity network in the rural areas will either need upgraded, or supplemented by portable generation facilitates for the construction. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Communities along the tunnel. Appendix I – Page 162 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Potential overloading of existing social services: The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Increase in loading of the existing road networks: The project will bring substantial additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Users of the road networks Cumulative impacts to existing infrastructure/ resources from the cumulative impact of other projects being constructed concurrently (also see regional assessment): Community Cohesion / Relations During the construction phase of the project, several other major construction projects are expected to be underway (eg Ayla, Marsa Zayed and port relocation in Aqaba, and maybe establishment of 400 kV electricity line along Wadi Araba) – therefore there is the potential for cumulative impacts as a result of cumulative increases in the use of roads and the port for imported materials, etc. Residents and travellers to the Scheme area. Local people expect a direct benefit from the project. Local communities, especially in Wadi Araba may not support the project, if some local benefits are not realized. Local communities along route of Scheme. Resistance of local communities to the scheme: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). Minor to Moderate impact. Not possible to assess in detail at this stage. Minor impact. This aspect will be assessed in more detail during the main ESIA phase. Appendix I – Page 163 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. On completion of construction, all the assets (health clinics, catering units and other consumables items) could be transferred to the local service providers or local cooperates. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor negative impact Many stakeholders expect the Scheme to be the catalyst to the development of the Wadi Araba. This could result in positive impacts for the local economy of Wadi Araba. Local communities, real estate developers Positive significant impact – exact level of significance cannot be determined. Threat to cultural heritage sites in area: Risk from construction activities to the integrity and/or use of cultural heritage sites in area – eg Bir Mathkour, Wadi Feinan. Local communities and other users of cultural heritage sites Minor negative impact Local and Regional Economy Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period: Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Asset transfer to the community after the project: Investment in tourism. Communities in the scheme area. Minor positive significant impact Cultural Heritage COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 164 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.5 Construction Phase Impacts at the Saltwater Pipeline Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Jobs for 150 people over 2‐3 years for construction of the pumping station, and 250 – 500 people over 3‐5 years for the pipeline option. Also employment of caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Minor positive significance – assumes limited Jordanian workforce. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Land will need to be acquired for the conveyance; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will not necessarily impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas etc. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the conveyance line. Crops at two Al Haq farms (at Rahma and near Rishe) might be affected by quantities of dust from the pipeline construction. Much of the conveyance pipeline route is on government land, unused for agriculture., Minor to moderate negative significance Al Haq farms at Rahma and near Rishe. Security and economic migrant issue in Israel Eilat, Elot, Be'er Ora, Elifaz, Samar, Yotvata, Yahel, Hatzeva, Iddan Minor negative impact – however more details on the farms is required (what they farm, how many people employed etc) to assess fully. Minor – as assumed very unlikely Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land affecting communities along the conveyance route. Impacts to farm productivity: Risks from non‐Jordanian labour trying to illegally cross the border to work in Israel. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 165 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Rishe, close to pipeline. Bir Mathkour, close to pipeline Gweibeh close to pipeline This applies to all communities generally lying along any of the pipeline routes, or close to access roads. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Minor negative impact Moderate negative impact due to close proximity. Minor negative impact Minor negative impact Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to high intensity areas of construction activity: Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report). Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to less intense areas of construction activity: Cumulative nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities that are not located particularly close to heavy areas of construction activity, but which are located at other areas along the construction corridor for the scheme. Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps or from process wastewater . Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Local people will benefit from increased access to water if the project provides this along the route. Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Increased access to freshwater for local communities in the Wadi Araba: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Positive impact – assumes that some water offtakes will be provided for local communities along the conveyance route. Appendix I – Page 166 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors For the pipeline increases in traffic volumes leading to potential increases in potential for road accidents. The pipeline will cross the main Dead Sea highway (65) in 7 locations, leading to potential injuries to people living in the local communities as a result of increased traffic in Aqaba and the surrounding areas. Part of the pipeline route will be close to the Israeli‐Jordanian border. Transportation of cement, steel and the inlet structure will require frequent trips to the project site. Some concerns have been raised over non‐Jordanian labour migration into Israel during construction. Minor – assumes adequate security and therefore low likelihood Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including Aqaba, Abu Kheisheibeh, Ghor Safi, Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. Waste facilities at Aqaba, in Wadi Araba, Ghor Safi, and along the f/w route, and the communities that rely on them. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Traffic safety impacts to communities. Security Siting of project infrastructure closer to border security zone. Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Significance Moderate negative impact Appendix I – Page 167 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Minor negative impact – assumes adequate areas for disposal – eg along the pipe corridor and access road ‐ will be selected. Minor negative impact – assumes domestic water supply will be only lightly affected by water needs from construction. The current uncertainty around volumes will be examined in the main ESIA phase. Minor negative impact – assumes the contractor will adequately source his electricity needs Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Risks from disposal of excavated spoil: The construction will produce some spoil, which could produce negative visual impacts and affect run‐off, if not disposed of appropriately. Potential overloading of existing groundwater resources. (The issue of overall water resource issues will be considered in the ESA’s regional assessment). Water will be required for construction activities and will be provided by the contractor by digging wells in the area. Large volumes of water may be required for pipeline construction. The existing communities already suffer from shortages of water, especially in the Wadi Araba. Communities in the scheme area especially in the Wadi Araba area. Potential overloading of existing local electricity supply. Potential overloading of existing social services: (The issue of overall power supply capacity for operation of the project will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA): The existing electricity network in the rural areas will either need upgraded, or supplemented by portable generation facilitates for the construction. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Communities along the pipeline routes Increase in loading of the existing road networks: The project will bring substantial additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Users of the road networks Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). Appendix I – Page 168 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Cumulative impacts to existing infrastructure/ resources from the cumulative impact of other projects being constructed concurrently. Community Cohesion / Relations During the construction phase of the project, several other major construction projects are expected to be underway (eg Ayla, Marsa Zayed and port relocation in Aqaba, and maybe establishment of 400 kV electricity line along Wadi Araba) – therefore there is the potential for cumulative impacts as a result of cumulative increases in the use of roads and the port for imported materials, etc. Residents and travellers to the Scheme area. Minor to Moderate impact. Not possible to assess in detail at this stage. Resistance of local communities to the scheme: Local and Regional Economy Local people expect a direct benefit from the project. Local communities, especially in Wadi Araba may not support the project, if some local benefits are not realized. Local communities along route of Scheme. Minor impact. This aspect will be assessed in more detail during the main ESIA phase. The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. On completion of construction, all the assets (health clinics, catering units and other consumables items) could be transferred to the local service providers or local cooperates. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor negative impact Many stakeholders expect the Scheme to be the catalyst to the development of the Wadi Araba. This could result in positive impacts for the local economy of Wadi Araba. Local communities, real estate developers Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period: Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Asset transfer to the community after the project: Investment in tourism. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Communities in the scheme area. Minor positive significant impact Positive significant impact – exact level of significance cannot be determined. Appendix I – Page 169 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Risk from construction activities to the integrity and/or use of cultural heritage sites in area – eg Bir Mathkour, Wadi Feinan. Local communities and other users of cultural heritage sites Minor negative impact Cultural Heritage Threat to cultural heritage sites in area: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 170 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.6 Construction Phase Impacts at the High Level Desalination Plant Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Minor positive significance – assumes limited Jordanian workforce. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Minor to moderate negative significance Hatzeva area Minor – as assumed very unlikely Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, for example close to tunnel entrances (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report). Minor. Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Minor negative impact Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local ‐ Jobs for 500 – 1000 people over 3‐4 years for construction of the employment desalination plant. Also employment of caterers, drivers etc to support opportunities construction workforce. Cessation of employment Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the resulting in workers construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have becoming unemployed. become reliant on the income. Acquisition of land or Land will need to be acquired for the plant. The area of the site is used by removal of access to land semi‐nomadic families who re‐locate to this area from nearby villages for affecting communities in summer grazing. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. the area. Risks from non‐Jordanian Security and economic migrant issue in Israel labour trying to illegally cross the border to work in Israel. Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to high intensity areas of construction activity: Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps or from process wastewater. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 171 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including Aqaba, Abu Kheisheibeh, Ghor Safi, Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. (The issue of overall water resource issues will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA Study). Water will be required for construction activities and will be provided by the contractor by digging wells in the area. The existing communities already suffer from shortages of water, especially in the Wadi Araba. Waste facilities Wadi Araba, Ghor Safi, and and the communities that rely on them. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Communities in the scheme area especially in the Wadi Araba area. Minor negative impact – assumes domestic water supply will be only lightly affected by water needs from construction. The current uncertainty around volumes will be examined by the ESA Study. Minor negative impact – assumes the contractor will adequately source his electricity needs Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Potential overloading of existing groundwater resources. Potential overloading of existing local electricity supply. (The issue of overall power supply capacity for operation of the project will be considered in the regional assessment): The existing electricity network in the rural areas will either need upgraded, or supplemented by portable generation facilitates for the construction. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Communities along the tunnel and pipeline routes Significance Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Appendix I – Page 172 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Potential overloading of existing social services: The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Increase in loading of the existing road networks: The project will bring additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Users of the road networks Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). Local and regional Economy Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period: Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Asset transfer to the community after the project: The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. On completion of construction, all the assets (health clinics, catering units and other consumables items) could be transferred to the local service providers or local cooperates. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor negative impact Communities in the scheme area. Minor positive significant impact COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 173 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.7 Construction Phase Impacts at the Low Level Desalination Plant Ref Issue Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land at the site Potential Impact Key receptors Significance ‐ Jobs for 500 – 1000 people over 3‐4 years for construction of the desalination plant. Also employment of caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce. Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Minor positive significance – assumes limited Jordanian workforce. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Land will need to be acquired for the plant; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will may affect the access of communities to certain areas of agricultural land. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. Security and economic migrant issue in Israel Hatzeva area Minor negative significance Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report). Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Fifa Minor.. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Minor negative impact Risks from non‐Jordanian labour trying to illegally cross the border to work in Israel. Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to high intensity areas of construction activity: Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps or from process wastewater (eg from tunnelling). Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor – as assumed very unlikely Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Appendix I – Page 174 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including Aqaba, Abu Kheisheibeh, Ghor Safi, Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. (The issue of overall water resource issues will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA Study). Water will be required for construction activities and will be provided by the contractor by digging wells in the area. Large volumes of water may be required, in particular for pipeline or tunnel construction. The existing communities already suffer from shortages of water, especially in the Wadi Araba. Waste facilities in Fifa, Ghor Safi and the communities that rely on them. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Communities in the area. Minor negative impact – assumes domestic water supply will be only lightly affected by water needs from construction. The current uncertainty around volumes will be examined in the main ESIA phase. Minor negative impact – assumes the contractor will adequately source his electricity needs Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Potential overloading of existing groundwater resources. Potential overloading of existing local electricity supply. Potential overloading of existing social services: (The issue of overall power supply capacity for operation of the project will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA study): The existing electricity network in the rural areas will either need upgraded, or supplemented by portable generation facilitates for the construction. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Fifa area Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Appendix I – Page 175 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance The project will bring substantial additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. Users of the road networks Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. On completion of construction, all the assets (health clinics, catering units and other consumables items) could be transferred to the local service providers or local cooperates. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor negative impact Increase in loading of the existing road networks: Local and Regional Economy Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period: Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Asset transfer to the community after the project: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Communities in the Fifa Minor positive significant area. impact Appendix I – Page 176 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.8 Construction Phase Impacts at the Hydropower Plant Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Jobs for 250 – 500 people over 2‐3 years construction of the hydroelectric plant. Also employment of caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Minor positive significance – assumes limited Jordanian workforce. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Land will need to be acquired for the plant; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will may affect the access of communities to certain areas of agricultural land. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the conveyance line. Security and economic migrant issue in Israel Arab Phosphate Company Minor to moderate negative significance Risks from non‐Jordanian labour trying to illegally cross the border to work in Israel. Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Hatzeva Minor – as assumed very unlikely Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, for example close to tunnel entrances (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report). Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Fifa Minor,. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Minor negative impact Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land affecting communities at the site Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to high intensity areas of construction activity: Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps or from process wastewater (eg from tunnelling). COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 177 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Infrastructure Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Waste facilities in Fifa, Ghor Safi and the communities that rely on them. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Potential overloading of existing groundwater resources. Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including Aqaba, Abu Kheisheibeh, Ghor Safi, Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. (The issue of overall water resource issues will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA Study). Water will be required for construction activities and will be provided by the contractor by digging wells in the area. Large volumes of water may be required, in particular for pipeline or tunnel construction. The existing communities already suffer from shortages of water, especially in the Wadi Araba. Communities in the area. Potential overloading of existing local electricity supply. Minor negative impact – assumes domestic water supply will be only lightly affected by water needs from construction. The current uncertainty around volumes will be examined in the main ESIA phase. Minor negative impact – assumes the contractor will adequately source his electricity needs Potential overloading of existing social services: (The issue of overall power supply capacity for operation of the project will be considered in the regional assessment conducted by the ESA study): The existing electricity network in the rural areas will either need upgraded, or supplemented by portable generation facilitates for the construction. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Fifa area Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Significance Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Appendix I – Page 178 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance The project will bring substantial additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. Users of the road networks Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. On completion of construction, all the assets (health clinics, catering units and other consumables items) could be transferred to the local service providers or local cooperates. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor negative impact Increase in loading of the existing road networks: Local and Regional Economy Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period: Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Asset transfer to the community after the project: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Communities in the Fifa area. Minor positive significant impact Appendix I – Page 179 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.9 Construction Phase Impacts at the Discharge Pipeline Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Employment of labourers, caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce. Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Minor positive significance – assumes limited Jordanian workforce. Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land affecting communities along the conveyance route. Land will need to be acquired for the pipeline; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent. Most of the land in question lies either in a military restricted area, or as part of the Arab Phosphate Company (APC) works. Land ownership and exact usage needs to be confirmed in cooperation with the Military and the APC. Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Minor to moderate negative significance Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Minor negative impact Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps or from process wastewater. Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Appendix I – Page 180 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including, Ghor Safi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Waste facilities, in Wadi Araba, Ghor Safi, and the communities that rely on them. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Users of the road networks Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Potential overloading of existing social services: Increase in loading of the existing road networks: The project will bring some additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). Local and Regional Economy Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period: The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact Appendix I – Page 181 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. On completion of construction, all the assets (health clinics, catering units and other consumables items) could be transferred to the local service providers or local cooperates. ADC and ASEZA are expecting to attract investors to build tourist resorts around the open canals, in the high level tunnel option. This could result in positive impacts for the local economy of Wadi Araba. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor negative impact Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Asset transfer to the community after the project: Investment in tourism . COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Communities in the scheme area. Local communities, real estate developers Minor positive significant impact Positive significant impact – exact level of significance cannot be determined. Appendix I – Page 182 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.10 Construction Phase Impacts at the Freshwater Pipeline in Jordan Ref Issue Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land affecting communities along the pipeilne route. Potential Impact The pipeline will provide jobs for 200 – 400 people over 3‐4 years for construction of the freshwater conveyance lines, in addition to the employment of caterers, drivers etc to support construction workforce Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Land will need to be acquired for the pipeline; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will not necessarily impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas etc. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the conveyance line. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Key receptors Significance Minor positive significance – assumes very limited Jordanian workforce Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Stretches of the freshwater pipeline will be affected. The communities that will be impacted are not yet confirmed as detailed community consultations along the route will not be carried out by the ESA study until the proposed f/w route is approved by the Beneficiary parties. Minor to moderate negative significance – however exact routing of the f/w line has not been confirmed and nature of required compensation/ resettlement etc not defined and land use/assets of communities so cannot be assessed in detail. Appendix I – Page 183 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to high intensity areas of construction activity: Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report). Fifa (if low level DSP used) Safi & communities between Safi and Dead Sea, including APC workers housing Villages along freshwater stretch west of Desert Highway Along Desert Highway In south Amman Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to less intense areas of construction activity: Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps or from process wastewater (eg from tunnelling). Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Cumulative nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities that are not located particularly close to heavy areas of construction activity such as tunnel activities, but which are located at other areas along the construction corridor for the scheme. Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities This applies to all communities generally lying along any of the pipeline routes, or close to access roads. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Minor, moderate for freshwater pipeline if alignment 2 is selected. Minor, (impacts only from freshwater pipeline alignment 2). Minor – moderate, (depending on exact route). Minor, (assumes existing road/pipeline corridor will be used). Minor – becoming moderate in certain locations Minor negative impact COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Appendix I – Page 184 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Waste facilities at Ghor Safi, and along the f/w route, and the communities that rely on them. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Communities along the pipeline routes Minor negative impact – assumes the contractor will adequately source his electricity needs Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Users of the road networks Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme ( Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. Potential overloading of (The issue of overall power supply capacity for operation of the project will existing local electricity supply. be considered in the regional assessment): The existing electricity network in the rural areas will either need upgraded, or supplemented by portable generation facilitates for the construction. Potential overloading of The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to existing social services: support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Increase in loading of the existing road networks: The project will bring substantial additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). Appendix I – Page 185 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance The demand on commodities and services will increase with the additional workforce coming to the area. During the construction period this will temporarily benefit the local economy. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor positive impact The corollary of the above – when construction ends, the demand for these services will decline, which may impact the livelihoods of those reliant on the services they have been providing and the demand from workforce that has kept the services functioning. On completion of construction, all the assets (health clinics, catering units and other consumables items) could be transferred to the local service providers or local cooperates. Local communities from where labour or services are sourced. Minor negative impact Threat to cultural heritage sites in area: Risk from construction activities to the integrity and/or use of cultural heritage sites in area – eg Lots Cave Local communities and other users of cultural heritage sites Local and Regional Economy Increasing demand for commodities and services during the construction period: Decreasing demand for commodities and services once construction period is completed: Asset transfer to the community after the project: Cultural Heritage Communities in the scheme area. Minor positive significant impact Minor negative impact COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 186 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.11 Construction Phase Impacts at the Freshwater Pipeline in Israel Ref Issue Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land affecting communities along the conveyance route. Potential Impact There will be some employment opportunities for construction of the freshwater conveyance line – no estimates are yet available on numbers. Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Land will need to be acquired for the conveyance; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will not necessarily impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas etc. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the conveyance line. Key receptors Significance Minor significance – assumes majority foreign labour Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. More stretches of the freshwater pipeline will be affected. The communities that will be impacted are not yet confirmed as detailed community consultations along the route will not be carried out until the f/w route is confirmed Minor to moderate negative significance – however exact routing of the f/w line has not been confirmed and nature of required compensation/ resettlement etc not defined and land use/assets of communities so cannot be assessed in detail. Minor – as construction will be tightly controlled in sensitive areas. Tourism impacts Reduction in quality (or perception of quality) in tourist‐frequented places. Temporary impact on view from Masada (second most visited tourist site in Israel), from the freshwater pipeline construction. (Scenic outlook is important component of attraction) Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Masada, Qumran, En GEdi, Ein Bokek and eco desert tourism potential Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to less intense areas of construction activity: Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps. This applies to all communities generally lying along any of the pipeline routes, or close to access roads. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Cumulative nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities that are not located particularly close to heavy areas of construction activity such as tunnel activities, but which are located at other areas along the construction corridor for the scheme. Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact Minor negative impact Appendix I – Page 187 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Cumulative nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities that are located along the construction corridor for the freshwater line Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Cumulative nuisance impacts to communities close to construction activity associated with the freshwater line.: Traffic Impacts Ne'ot Hakikar, Ein Tamar, Arad, Ein Bokek, Ein Gedi, Wered Yericho, Mizpe Yericho, Nahal Elisha, No'omi Significance Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Minor negative impact Potential injuries to people living in the local communities as a result of increased traffic along the freshwater route. Injuries, deaths, and property damage from traffic incidents could be detrimental to public support, especially at a local level. Ein Tamar, Arad, Ein Bokek, Ein Gedi, Mizpe Shalem, Nahal Avenat, Kaliya, Almog, etc. Potential minor level of significance Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Waste facilities and along the f/w route, and the communities that rely on them. Minor negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure needs minor upgrades. Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Users of the road networks Minor negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Potential overloading of existing social services: Increase in loading of the existing road networks: The project will bring substantial additional traffic to the area, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. Highway 90 is a well used, important link between Eilat and the rest of the country. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the relevant authorities. Appendix I – Page 188 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Impact on port infrastructure from possible use of Israeli ports for import of pipe sections, and roads Eilat? Ashkelon? Minor, though increased port traffic could increase wear on harbour infrastructure Lack of community engagement and 'buy in' to the project may impede mitigation and adaptive measures. Lack of support could cause lack of cooperation with authorities, legal challenges, unsympathetic press coverage, and protests. : Tension and increased resentment to project through direct interaction with work force. Having foreign workers in and around family communities could cause discomfort for citizens Possible anywhere Moderate negative significance Minor negative significance Positive impact ‐ Some local businesses may benefit by supplying certain project needs, however the magnitude cannot yet be determined. Positive impact ‐ however the magnitude cannot yet be determined. Community Cohesion / Relations Lack of community engagement Public perception of workers Local and regional Economy Guest workers Local procurement during project. Social service use Long term employment on tri‐
national utility A development of specialized employment needs for construction phase and policy development, development of tri‐national utility management skills COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 189 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.12 Construction Phase Impacts at the Freshwater in Palestinian Authority Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Minor, positive. This positive impact/implication depends on access of the working force to the designated construction sites (may require permits from Israeli Authorities) Minor negative significance – assumes limited numbers of local workers. Livelihoods & Employment Increase in local employment opportunities Employment opportunities for local residents: Potential job opportunities for the local residents of Jericho Governorate (workers, local companies, groups, and groups, etc.) during the construction of the conveyance in Israel or the freshwater pipeline north of the Dead Sea (adjacent to Jericho city) Residents from Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate or other bordering governorates. Local construction workforce becoming unemployed at the end of the construction period, negatively affecting their livelihood/families, who have become reliant on the income. Cessation of employment resulting in workers becoming unemployed. Acquisition of land or removal of access to land affecting communities along the conveyance route. Land will need to be acquired for the conveyance; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will not necessarily impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas etc. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the conveyance line. More stretches of the freshwater pipeline will be affected. The communities that will be impacted are not yet confirmed as detailed community consultations along the route will not be carried out until the f/w route is confirmed Land acquisition Land acquisition, affecting agricultural activity: Installation of the freshwater conveyance may intersect farming lands that are adjacent to road 90 at the entrances of Jericho city. Farmers and land owners of lands surrounding Jericho city centre COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor to moderate negative significance – however exact routing of the f/w line has not been confirmed and nature of required compensation/ resettlement etc not defined and land use/assets of communities so cannot be assessed in detail. This expectation largely depends on the final route of the freshwater conveyance/pipeline as well as the extent, duration, and area space of construction operations. Appendix I – Page 190 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Sewage and wastewater will be generated from construction activities; sewage will be generated by the workforce at accommodation camps and work sites along the route of the Scheme. If not managed properly, this could result in health impacts to local communities. Process wastewater will be produced and will be treated and either reused or discharged to the ground where appropriate. Foreign workers might carry contagious diseases e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, H1N1, tuberculosis, etc. that could impact local communities through the interaction of the construction workforce with local communities Nuisance disturbances to the inhabitants of nearby localities. This mainly includes noise disturbances and accumulation of dust and other construction generated particles in the air. Communities located near to the construction camps – not yet selected. Minor negative impact Community Health, Safety and Wellbeing Impacts to communities from sanitary waste from construction camps Introduction of new contagious diseases through foreign workers: Cumulative Nuisance Residents of Jericho city, Aqbet Jaber Camp, and Ein El Sultan. Health effects on local communities This could be caused by dust particles generated in the air, or by pollution or contamination of natural resources such as groundwater and crops. Additionally, leakage to already damaged water network may also be taken into consideration Nearby Communities (mainly Jericho city) Traffic and road risks on drivers and pedestrians: Accidents from heavy traffic and ineffective road management. This may also include falling rocks from cliffs adjacent to the main road (specifically opposite of the Dead Sea shores). Nearby communities and any other road users COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Minor negative impact – assumes well controlled labour force. Minor negative impact depending on the methods of construction and the locations of sites. Minor negative impact ‐ depending on the methods of construction and the locations of sites; likelihood of direct impacts as a result of the Scheme to local networks has a low likelihood. Minor negative impact, given low magnitude of traffic but recognising the issue in terms of its public perception. Appendix I – Page 191 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Moderate negative impact – assumes the existing social infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement. Infrastructure Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. Waste facilities and along the f/w route, and the communities that rely on them. Potential overloading of existing social services: The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Increase in loading of the existing road networks: The project will bring substantial additional traffic to the road along the Dead Sea, from the transport of materials and equipment, spoil disposal and worker access. Some of this will be heavy. Local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. Users of the road networks Damages to infrastructure Damages to Jericho Infrastructure (Water network, wastewater network, electrical power utilities, roads, etc.): It is perceived that construction activities may affect accessibility of roads, damages to the water and sewage network (if intersected), etc. These impacts are heavily reliant on the pathway of the freshwater conveyance. Mistakes or reduced caution methods during construction may cause a wide range of damages to the existing infrastructure of the area. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Jericho and nearby Communities Minor – the additional traffic should be easily handled by the road network. Heavy loads will be negotiated with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). Minor negative impact ‐This has a low likelihood of occurrence Appendix I – Page 192 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Nearby Communities If there are no guarantees that this project will benefit the Palestinian communities along the route, may be problematic as it may affect public consent on the project. This may especially occur if farmers and land owners are not compensated for their losses This also depends on the chosen pathway of the pipeline; surrounding Jericho city and Aqbet Jaber Camp there are many agricultural areas as well as some storage, wholesale and retail trading, and industrial buildings. It is not possible to fully assess the impacts until the route is finalised and the sensitivity of the communities and other receptors assessed in more detail. Community Cohesion / Relations Opposition to the Project Opposition may arise due to the public view of the project and its benefits for the Palestinian communities. This will be exacerbated if there is inadequate compensation system for those who had their lands confiscated Effects on agriculture, industry, and tourism. Depending on the pathway of the conveyance, the construction phase may affect the mentioned sectors Cultural Heritage Nuisance and access Nuisance and access implications to the Qumran tourism/cultural site – Israeli operated –close to the likely pipeline route. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Qumran Minor negative. Appendix I – Page 193 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.13 Operation Phase Impacts at the Eastern Intake Ref Issue Livelihoods & Employment Employment generation Negative impacts to fishing industry in Aqaba and Eilat Negative impacts to dive tourism in Aqaba and Eilat Potential Impact Key receptors Significance 10 ‐ 20 people employed at inlet and in association with the pipeline/tunnel during operation. Fishing in the northern Gulf is almost non‐existent. However, there may be some restrictions to fishing hear the intake, or if fish stocks are threatened by the Scheme Permanent employees – likely to be Jordanian Some boat‐based fishing occurs in northern Gulf, but is a very marginal activity. Possible threat to the diving industry in Aqaba, and the perception of Aqaba as a dive centre, if coral quality is compromised by the Scheme. Minor positive Likely minor negative or negligible. Additional Study on Red Sea will provide additional information on impacts on currents and fish. Significance to be determined. Additional Study on Red Sea will provide more information on impacts on corals. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 194 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table Erreur ! Il n'y a pas de texte répondant à ce style dans ce document.14 Operation Phase Impacts at the Northern Intake Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance 10 ‐ 20 people employed at inlet and in association with the pipeline/tunnel during operation. Fishing in the northern Gulf is almost non‐existent, and not prohibited close to border. However, there may be some restrictions to fishing hear the intake, or if fish stocks in the Gulf are threatened by the Scheme Permanent employees – likely to be Jordanian Some boat‐based fishing occurs in northern Gulf, but is a very marginal activity. Possible threat to the diving industry in Aqaba, and the perception of Aqaba as a dive centre, if coral quality is compromised by the Scheme. Minor positive Likely minor negative or negligible . Additional Study on Red Sea will provide additional information on currents and fish. Significance to be determined. Additional Study on Red Sea will provide more information on impacts on corals. Livelihoods & Employment Employment generation Negative impacts to fishing industry in Aqaba and Eilat Negative impacts to dive tourism in Aqaba and Eilat Community Health and safety Disturbance from noise The operation of the additional equipment associated with the water from the pumping station conveyance will require large scale, noise producing plant to be located. This plant could create noise disturbance and as all these facilities will be operational over a 24 hour period, mitigation measures will be required to ensure the noise impacts experienced by those living in near by populated areas are not significantly affected. Significant noise impacts could be felt on communities within 5 km from these plants. Communities and facilities located close to the pumping station at Aqaba.. Minor negative – assuming well designed facilities. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 195 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.15 Operation Phase Impacts at the High Level Tunnel Conveyance Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Induced development along the Jordanian side (eg around canal sections). Construction of new roads and infrastructure. Change in perception of the Valley. Moderate negative impact Salination of the groundwater from leaks from the conveyance Farms and agricultural enterprises in Wadi Araba/Arava Valley To be determined, using information from the hydrogeological studies. There is a risk of leakage of sea water from the conveyance to the underground aquifer, affecting wells, groundwater abstraction and therefore agriculture. Consumers and users of water abstracted from contaminated wells. Local communities, shepherds, animals and children. To be determined, using information from the hydrogeological studies. Moderate negative impact – assumes low likelihood of the event occurring, but could be high severity. Livelihoods & Employment Risk to the overall desert ethos from induced development of the Wadi Araba/Arava Valley Risk to the agricultural enterprises from potential contamination of groundwater: Community Health and Safety Contamination of underground water Health and safety risks Open canals can be dangerous to local communities, shepherds, children and associated with the canals animals. Open water bodies will be a new feature in the area and may initially be an attraction to local communities unused to water features. Drowning is a concern. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 196 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.16 Operation Phase Impacts at the Low Level Tunnel Conveyance Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Induced development linked with the Scheme. Construction of new roads and infrastructure. Change in perception of the Valley. Minor negative impact Salination of the groundwater from leaks from the conveyance Farms and agricultural enterprises in Wadi Araba/Arava Valley To be determined, using information from the hydrogeological studies. Livelihoods & Employment Risk to the overall desert ethos from induced development of the Arava Valley Risk to the agricultural enterprises from potential contamination of groundwater: Community Health and Safety Contamination of underground water. There is a risk of leakage of sea water from the conveyance to the underground Consumers and users of water To be determined, using aquifer, affecting wells, groundwater abstraction and therefore agriculture. This abstracted from information from the could be a slow leakage or from a sudden breach. contaminated wells. hydrogeological studies. Table 6.17 Operation Phase Impacts at the Saltwater Pipeline Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Salination of the groundwater from leaks from the pipeline. Farms and agricultural enterprises in Wadi Araba/Arava Valley To be determined, using information from the hydrogeological studies. Livelihoods & Employment Risk to the agricultural enterprises from potential contamination of groundwater: Community Health and Safety Contamination of underground water There is a risk of leakage of sea water from the conveyance to the underground aquifer, affecting wells, groundwater abstraction and therefore agriculture. This could be a slow leakage or from a sudden breach. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA To be determined, using information from the hydrogeological studies. Appendix I – Page 197 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.18 Operation Phase Impacts at the High Level Desalination Plant Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance 100 permanent staff at the desalination plant. Permanent employees – likely to be Jordanian Minor positive Potential Impact Key receptors Significance 100 permanent staff at the desalination plant. 50 permanent staff at the hydro‐
electric plant. Permanent employees – likely to be Jordanian Minor positive Potential Impact Key receptors Significance 50 permanent staff at the hydro‐electric plant and freshwater transmission lines. Permanent employees – likely to be Jordanian Minor positive The operation of the plant could create noise disturbance and as all these facilities will be operational over a 24 hour period, mitigation measures will be required to ensure the noise impacts experienced by those living in near by populated areas are not significantly affected. Significant noise impacts could be felt on communities within 5 km from these plants. Communities located close to the plant at Fifa. Minor negative – assuming well designed facilities. Livelihoods & Employment Employment generation: Table 6.19 Operation Phase Impacts at the Low Level Desalination Plant Ref Issue Livelihoods & Employment Employment generation: Table 6.20 Operation Phase Impacts at the Hydropower Plant Ref Issue Livelihoods & Employment Employment generation: Community Health and Safety Community disturbance from noise plant: COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 198 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.21 Operation Phase Impacts at the Discharge Pipeline Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Tourism industry at Sweimeh and Mujib. Dead Sea Panorama Complex, Lot’s Cave (Jordan). Israeli tourism industry on Dead Sea shoreline including at Ein Gedi, Ein Bokek and Masada. Palestinian tourism – existing and potential – along shoreline. Industries at Potash City (Jordan) and Sedom (Israel). Dead Sea cosmetic industries (Israel and Jordan). To be determined. Additional information required from the Dead Sea study. Livelihoods & Employment Negative impacts to the tourism industry at Dead Sea Threat to Dead Sea tourism if the Scheme negatively impacts the perception of the Dead Sea as a tourism destination. Negative impacts to the extraction industries at Dead Sea Possible impacts to the extraction industries in Israel and Jordan (and possible future Palestinian industries). Possible impacts from changes in perception of Dead Sea cosmetic products. To be determined. Additional information required from the Dead Sea study. Table 6.22 Operation Phase Impacts at the Freshwater Route in Jordan Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance 50 permanent staff at the hydro‐electric plant and along the freshwater transmission lines (pumping stations). Permanent employees – likely to be Jordanian Minor positive The operation of the pumping stations will require large scale, noise producing plant to be located at various facilities of the study area. These various plant could create noise disturbance and as all these facilities will be operational over a 24 hour period, mitigation measures will be required to ensure the noise impacts experienced by those living in near by populated areas are not significantly affected. Significant noise impacts could be felt on communities within 5 km from these plants. Communities located close to the pumping stations at along the freshwater line. Minor negative – assuming well designed facilities. Livelihoods & Employment Employment generation Community Health and Safety Community disturbance from noise from the pumping stations along the route. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 199 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.23 Operation Phase Impacts at the Freshwater Pipeline in Israel Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Local employment generation (indirect/ induced). Minor positive. The operation of the pumping stations will require large scale, noise producing plant to be located at various facilities of the study area. These various plant could create noise disturbance and as all these facilities will be operational over a 24 hour period, mitigation measures will be required to ensure the noise impacts experienced by those living in near by populated areas are not significantly affected. Significant noise impacts could be felt on communities within 5 km from these plants. Communities located close to the pumping stations at along the freshwater line. Minor negative – assuming well designed facilities. Livelihoods & Employment Employment generation Community Health and Safety Community disturbance from noise from the pumping stations along the route. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 200 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.24 Operation Phase Impacts at the Freshwater in Palestine Ref Issue Potential Impact Key receptors Significance Livelihoods & Employment Employment generation Local employment generation (indirect/ induced). Minor positive Increasing the water supply for Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate (long term): Increasing the water budget of communities will encourage economic activity (agricultural, industrial, tourism, etc.) The Jericho area holds a great potential for tourism and agro‐industrial activity, both of which require substantial amounts of water (currently insufficient supply). Increasing the water supply for this governorate is expected to lift Jericho to an important economic avenue in the West Bank through allowing the planned projects to be implemented and increase revenue. Jericho Gov. and the economy of the area Positive impact ‐ however the magnitude cannot yet be determined. The operation of the pumping stations will require large scale, noise producing plant to be located at various facilities of the study area. These various plant could create noise disturbance and as all these facilities will be operational over a 24 hour period, mitigation measures will be required to ensure the noise impacts experienced by those living in near by populated areas are not significantly affected. Significant noise impacts could be felt on communities within 5 km from these plants. Increased water supply benefits the health of Jericho Gov. Communities. Domestic consumption will increase and assist people in attaining the healthy quantities of water. Communities located close to the pumping stations at along the freshwater line. Minor negative – assuming well designed facilities. Jericho and Alaghwar Governorate communities Positive impact ‐ however the magnitude cannot yet be determined. This however depends on the supplied quantities Community Health and Safety Community disturbance from noise from the pumping stations along the route. Improvement of health conditions of local communities through better access to water resources COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 201 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Summary of all moderate and major potential impacts in Jordan 1. Land will be acquired for the conveyance: Land acquisition may affect some individual buildings/assets directly, or could affect the access of communities to certain areas; both could be significant impacts to the communities or individuals affected. The nature of the impacts will need to be assessed in detail once the final components/routing have been determined. Land ownership in the affected areas, and the sensitivity of those communities/individuals that use the land, will need to be studied; for example, in some areas it is possible that agricultural land may be crossed which that may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. The issue, if not managed appropriate, has the potential to be of moderate significance. Once the route has been defined, a Resettlement Framework (and later Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)) will need to be carried out to international best practice standards. This will identify those people who use the land (who may not necessarily be the owners of the land) and outline measures for their appropriate compensation. 2. Cumulative nuisance impacts from pipeline or tunnel construction could negatively impact communities at certain locations (e.g. located near to intense construction activities, such as tunnel entrances). Particular locations identified include communities close to the northern intake at Aqaba, Rahma, and Bir Mathkour. Impacts to these communities could arise from the cumulative effects of noise, dust emissions and traffic disturbance, which could constitute an impact of large magnitude over an extended period (up to 6 years) and result in long term disturbance. The exact degree of sensitivity of these communities has not yet been ascertained and will be investigated further in the ESA. In order to reduce the potential for such impacts, consideration could be given to the careful siting of worksites and workers’ camps more than 5 km from villages or settled areas. Pipeline routes should avoid settled areas where possible. Appropriate management of construction works to reduce noise, dust, to control working hours will also be crucial. 3. Cumulative nuisance impacts from freshwater line construction could impact communities along its route. This applies potentially to Fifa and various villages along the freshwater stretch west of the Desert Highway and in Southern Amman, depending on the route selected. The sensitivity of each community also needs to be determined in more detail; however the impacts could potentially be of moderate significance at certain locations due to the high magnitude of construction activity occurring for temporary periods as construction progresses along the route. Appropriate management of construction works to reduce noise, dust, to control working hours will be crucial. 4. Traffic safety impacts to communities: The construction of the Scheme will result in increased traffic movements causing an increased risk for road accidents. The construction of the eastern intake and establishment of the pumping station on the site of the disused Aqaba Thermal Power Station will affect the coastal road leading to the tourist stretch of the coastline; and the road leading to the border with Saudi Arabia, which is used by some Jordanian and Palestinian road travellers to Hajj‐Islamic Pilgrimage. The pipeline will cross the main Dead Sea highway (65) in 7 locations, leading to potential injuries to people living in the local communities as a result of increased traffic in and around Aqaba/Eilat and the surrounding areas. The access road to the construction site and tunnel entrances might be close to inhabited villages. The heavy use of trucks might increase the tendency for traffic accidents ‐ around 1028 trucks/day. The increase in traffic movements could be of a high magnitude, and will last for a long period of time. A more COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 202 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report detailed understanding of the sensitivity of the individual communities affected needs to be gathered; however this impact, due to the large magnitude (e.g. the large time period of around 6 years), could be of moderate significance in terms of the magnitude of the additional traffic volumes and the additional load that could be placed on the existing traffic baseline. Appropriate consultations and traffic management planning will help to mitigate this potential impact. 5. Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste. A large amount of waste will be produced from a construction project of this nature, and assuming that the existing infrastructure is at capacity or already requiring improvement, additional burdening of the waste facilities in the area could result in an impact of moderate significance, affecting the access of local communities to waste sites and potentially encouraging other activities such as illegal tipping. The capability and track record of public and private waste collectors needs to be assessed and confirmed with the regulatory agencies prior to the appointment of any contractors. Assessment of the capacity of landfill sites in the area to deal with quantity and quality of expected wastes also needs to be conducted before construction begins. 6. Potential overloading of existing social services: The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. This would potentially affect the local communities whose access to these facilities could be reduced if demand for them increases due to the additional burden from the workforce. This could result in an impact of moderate significance; however more investigation into the sensitivity of the communities that rely on these services is required and into the current capacity of existing infrastructure through consultation with the communities that will be potentially affected. 7. Cumulative impacts to existing infrastructure/ resources from the cumulative impact of other projects being constructed concurrently: During the construction phase of the project, several other major construction projects are expected to be underway (eg Ayla, Saraya, Marsa Zayed and port relocation in Aqaba, and maybe establishment of 400 kV electricity line along Wadi Araba) – therefore there is the potential for cumulative impacts as a result of cumulative increases in the use of roads and the port for imported materials, etc. This could potentially be of moderate significance; however this needs assessment in more detail in the, for example when there is a better understanding of the extent to which these periods will overlap and the specific needs and demands associated with each individual project. A comprehensive coordination framework between the different contractors and GOJ clients should be established to help to mitigate this potential impact. 8. Threat to Dead Sea tourism if the Scheme negatively impacts the perception of the Dead Sea as a tourism destination. This will be investigated further in the Additional Study on the Dead Sea but could result in impacts of moderate to major significance given both the importance of tourism in the Dead Sea region based around therefore the sensitivity of the communities/industry that rely on it, and also given its regional profile. 9. Health and safety risks associated with the canals: There is a recognition that open canals can be dangerous to local communities, shepherds, children and animals and a concern that open water bodies will be a new feature in the area and may initially be an attraction to local COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 203 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report communities unused to water features. As such accidents, for example drowning in the canal, are sited as a concern. This is a low likelihood possibility, but could be of high severity if it occurred. This potential impact could be mitigated through measures such as providing appropriate fencing. Summary of Moderate and Major potential Impacts Identified for Israel 1. Visual impacts at Masada: There will be some visual impacts during the freshwater pipeline construction, which will be assessed in more detail once the exact routing is known. However, given Masada's importance as a tourist destination in Israel, and especially its contribution to the economies of nearby communities with tourism facilities, coordination with site managers and other tourism officials should be considered so as to minimize any possible effect on the quality of the site that the pipeline may have; the impact could be of moderate significance. 2. Lack of community support could be used by various opponents of the project to create political activism against it. Proper care should be given to explain both the national and local benefits of the project and to show appropriate respect for local concerns and flexibility in accommodating reasonable objections or requests for modification by affected communities. Lack of community support could result in an impact of moderate significance. 3. Leakage of saltwater from the conveyance (especially the pipeline into groundwater supplies could cause deterioration in well water quality. The permeability of soil and bedrock in a particular area, the depth to the water table, current quality of water, and quantity and rate of leakage should be considered when estimating the potential impact for communities. Slow, persistent leakage that remains undetected for a long period of time would likely be a bigger issue than a large leak sprung from a single event or malfunction, since in the latter case the flow of water could be stopped and repairs undertaken. This is an issue of concern to communities so but its significance can only be determined following the results and analysis from the Hydrogeological Study. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 204 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Summary of all moderate and major potential impacts for the Palestinian Authority 1. Land acquisition, affecting agricultural activity: Installation of the freshwater conveyance may intersect farming lands that are adjacent to road 90 at the entrances of Jericho city. This would affect landowners/farmers that use the land. The potential impact could be of moderate significance; however the exact nature of the impacts to communities will need to be assessed once the final components/routing have been determined. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed and the sensitivity of the individual receptors investigated in more detail. Once the route has been defined, a Resettlement Framework (and later Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)) will need to be carried out to international best practice standards to enable this understanding to be progressed. This will identify those people who use the land (who may not necessarily be the owners of the land) and outline measures for their appropriate compensation. 2. Effects to the following sectors: Agriculture, industry and tourism: The nature of the potential impact in these areas also depends on the chosen pathway of the freshwater line; surrounding Jericho city and Aqbet Jaber Camp there are areas of agriculture as well as some storage, wholesale and retail trading, and industrial buildings. It is not possible to fully assess the impacts until the routes is finalised and the sensitivity of the communities and other receptors assessed in more detail; however impacts could potentially be of moderate significance.
6.3
Impacts of Various Project Configurations The above tables set out the impacts related to activities caused at each discrete project component. There is no indication that the selection of particular project configurations (combination of components) will cause any significant cumulative impact, over and above the additive impacts of each component. However, for ease of comparison between project configurations, the following summary tables set out the key impacts related to each project configuration. For eace of comparison, only moderate, major and critical impacts are listed. Minor impacts – those easily mitigated by normal construction and operations controls which will be part of the Scheme design ‐ are only listed in the previous tables. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 205 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.25 Additive social impacts of each Scheme configuration– construction phase Scheme Configuration 1. Scheme including the eastern intake, conveyance pipeline, low level DSP, HPP, discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority Construction phase impacts with significance moderate and above 4. Scheme including the eastern intake, low level tunnel, high level DSP, HPP, discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority Land acquisition, including temporary access restrictions along the f/w pipeline routes and the desalination plant. Land acquisition, including temporary access restrictions, eg along the pipeline routes, DSP site at Fifa. Impacts to nearby communities from nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise ,etc). Increased traffic volumes along construction works. Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste Potential overloading of existing social services. Lack of community engagement 2. Scheme including Land acquisition, including temporary access restrictions along the pipeline routes, and the eastern intake, at the high level desalination plant. conveyance pipeline, high level DSP, HPP, Impacts to nearby communities from nuisances associated with construction (dust, discharge, f/w noise ,etc). pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Increased traffic volumes along construction. Israel and the Palestinian Authority Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Potential overloading of existing social services. Lack of community engagement 3. Scheme including Land acquisition, including temporary access restrictions along the f/w pipeline routes. the eastern intake, low level tunnel, low Impacts to nearby communities from nuisances associated with construction (dust, level DSP, HPP, noise ,etc) , for example close to tunnel entrances, ,eg at Rahma. discharge, f/w pipelines through Increased traffic volumes along construction. Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Palestinian Authority Potential overloading of existing social services. Lack of community engagement Impacts to nearby communities from nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise ,etc) , for example close to tunnel entrances, ,eg at Rahma. Increased traffic volumes along construction. Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Potential overloading of existing social services. Lack of community engagement COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 206 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Scheme Configuration 5. Scheme including the eastern intake, high level tunnel, low level DSP, HPP, discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority Construction phase impacts with significance moderate and above Land acquisition, including temporary access restrictions along the f/w pipeline routes Impacts to nearby communities from nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise ,etc) , for example close to tunnel entrances, and canals ,eg at Rahma, Bir Mathkour and Rashayda Increased traffic volumes along construction. Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Potential overloading of existing social services. Lack of community engagement 6. Scheme including Land acquisition, including temporary access restrictions along the f/w pipeline routes the eastern intake, and at the high level desalination plant. high level tunnel, high level DSP, HPP, Impacts to nearby communities from nuisances associated with construction (dust, discharge, f/w noise ,etc) , for example close to tunnel entrances, and canals ,eg at Rahma, Bir pipelines through Mathkour and Rashayda Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Increased traffic volumes along construction. Palestinian Authority Potential of inappropriate disposal of general and hazardous waste: Potential overloading of existing social services. Lack of community engagement Table 6.26 Additive social impacts of each Scheme configuration– operation phase Scheme Configuration Operation phase impacts with significance moderate and above 1. Scheme including the eastern intake, ‐ conveyance pipeline, low level DSP, HPP, discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority 2. Scheme including the eastern intake, conveyance pipeline, high level DSP, HPP, discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority ‐ 3. Scheme including the eastern intake, ‐ low level tunnel, low level DSP, HPP, discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority 4. Scheme including the eastern intake, low level tunnel, high level DSP, HPP, ‐ discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 207 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Scheme Configuration 5. Scheme including the eastern intake, high level tunnel, low level DSP, HPP, discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority 6. Scheme including the eastern intake, high level tunnel, high level DSP, HPP, discharge, f/w pipelines through Jordan (alternative 1), Israel and the Palestinian Authority Operation phase impacts with significance moderate and above Induced development along the Jordanian side (eg around canal sections). Construction of new roads and infrastructure. Change in perception of the Valley. Risk from open canals to local communities, shepherds, children and animals. Induced development along the Jordanian side (eg around canal sections). Construction of new roads and infrastructure. Change in perception of the Valley. Risk from open canals to local communities, shepherds, children and animals. 6.4
Comparison of Alternatives The following tables set out a summary comparison of the relative environmental impacts of the main various alternatives (if any) put forward for the project components. Some of these alternatives have now been ruled out by the Feasibility Study, while others are still under consideration. For completeness, all options considered are included here. The project components where alternatives are/were considered are; • Intake site • Salt water conveyance type • Desalination plant location • Jordanian freshwater transmission alignment Intake site The following table summarizes the predicted environmental impacts during the construction phase at the two intake sites considered. Table 6.27 Social impacts of Intake location alternatives – construction phase Eastern Intake Northern Intake Impact description Impact significance Impact description Impact significance ‐ ‐ Cumulative nuisance impacts to adjacent areas close to high intensity areas of construction activity (ie Ayla, Saraya, Marsa Zayed projects): Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to tourist areas located near to intense construction activities. Moderate negative impact COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 208 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report No impacts of significance higher than minor were identified for the operational phase of the Scheme. Saltwater conveyance type The following table summarizes the predicted environmental impacts during the construction phase for the three conveyance types considered. In these tables, the comparison is vertical, for reasons of clarity. Table 6.28 Social Impacts of conveyance type alternatives – construction phase Component Impact Description Significance
Pipeline Land will need to be acquired for the pipeline construction; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will probably not impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas. Land ownership and land use will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the conveyance line. Much of the conveyance pipeline route is on government land, unused for agriculture. Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report), in particular near Bir Mathkour, which is close to the pipeline route. Increases in traffic volumes and work close to the highway could increase potential for road accidents. The pipeline will cross the main Dead Sea highway in 7 locations. Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐
hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in the Wadi Araba. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including Aqaba, Abu Kheisheibeh, Ghor Safi, Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. Potential overloading of existing social services. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. During the construction phase of the project, several other major construction projects are expected to be underway (eg Ayla, Marsa Zayed and port relocation in Aqaba, and maybe establishment of 400 kV electricity line along Wadi Araba). There is the potential for cumulative impacts as a result of cumulative increases in the use of roads and the port for imported materials, etc. Minor to moderate negative significance, depending on land use and ownership. Moderate negative impact at Bir Mathkour Moderate Moderate Moderate Minor – moderate, not possible to fully assess at this stage COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 209 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Low level tunnel Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report), in particular near Rahma, which is close to a tunnel adit. Increases in traffic volumes leading to increased potential for road accidents. The access road to the construction site and tunnel entrances might be close to inhabited villages, especially Rahma and Greigera/Rashayda. The heavy use of trucks might increase the tendency for traffic accidents‐ around 1028 trucks/day. Potential overloading of existing social services. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Moderate close to Rahma due to tunnel adit. Moderate Moderate High level tunnel with canal sections Land will need to be acquired for the conveyance; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land, especially related to the tunnel adits and canal sections. This will likely not impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas. Land ownership and land use will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the canals, and parts of the northern canal section are used for informal and shifting agriculture. Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) have the potential to cause impacts to communities located near to intense construction activities, in particular close to tunnel entrances (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report). Increases in traffic volumes could increase potential for road accidents. The access road to the construction site and tunnel entrances might be close to inhabited villages, especially Rahma and Greigera/Rashayda. The heavy use of trucks might increase the tendency for traffic accidents‐ around 1028 trucks/day. Construction activities, and the construction camps, will generate various non‐
hazardous (and possible hazardous) wastes that will need to be disposed of at waste disposal facilities. A construction operation of this scale is likely to place substantial additional demand on limited waste disposal capacity in Jordan. This will require existing capacity to be expanded more rapidly, or could encourage illegal disposal of waste by other uses as capacity becomes unavailable. There are several general waste disposal sites that can be used for this scheme (including Aqaba, Abu Kheisheibeh, Ghor Safi, Tafila, Ghabawi). There is one hazardous waste disposal site – at Swaqa ‐ that can be used for this scheme. Potential overloading of existing social services. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Minor to moderate negative significance. Moderate at Rahma due to proximity of tunnel adit, and at Bir Mathkour, Greigera and Rashayda due to canal sections. Moderate Moderate Moderate The following table summarizes the predicted environmental impacts during operation for the three conveyance types considered. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 210 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.29 Social Impacts of conveyance type alternatives – operation phase Component Impact Description Significance
Pipeline ‐ Low level tunnel ‐ High level tunnel with canal sections Induced development along the Jordanian side (eg around canal sections). Construction of new roads and infrastructure. Change in perception of the Valley. Open canals can be dangerous to local communities, shepherds, children and animals. Open water bodies will be a new feature in the area and may initially be an attraction to local communities unused to water features. Drowning is a concern Moderate Moderate– assumes low likelihood, but high severity. Desalination plant location The following tables summarize the predicted environmental impacts during the construction and operation phases for the two desalination plant locations considered. Table 6.30 Impacts of desalination plant location alternatives – construction phase High Level Desalination Plant Low Level Desalination Plant Impact description Impact significance Impact description Land will need to be acquired for the plant. The area of the site is used by semi‐nomadic families who re‐locate to this area from nearby villages for summer grazing. Land ownership etc will need to be confirmed. The disposal of wastes may exceed the capacity of the existing services. The workers camps may put pressure on the already poor social service infrastructure (health clinics, recreational areas, etc). Moderate, needs further assessment. Land will need to be acquired for Minor the plant. This may affect the access of communities to certain areas of agricultural land. Moderate The disposal of wastes may exceed the capacity of the existing services. The workers camps may put pressure on the already poor social service infrastructure (health clinics, recreational areas, etc). Minor ‐ moderate Impact significance Moderate Minor ‐ moderate For the desalination plant, no impacts of significance higher than minor were identified for the operational phase of the Scheme. Jordanian freshwater alignment The following table summarizes the predicted environmental impacts during the construction phase for the two desalination plant locations considered. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 211 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Table 6.31 Impacts of alternative freshwater pipeline alignments – construction phase Freshwater – Tafila alignments (1&3) Freshwater – Karak alignment (2) Impact description Impact significance Impact description Impact significance Land will need to be acquired for the Minor pipeline; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will not necessarily impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas. Land ownership and usage will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the pipeline. Nuisances associated with Minor construction (dust, noise etc) could impact communities located near to intense construction activities, (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report), eg around Fifa (if the pipeline derives from the low level DSP, and in south Amman Land will need to be acquired for the pipeline; some of this will be temporary during construction but some will be permanent, with access restrictions to certain parcels of land. This will not necessarily impact individual buildings but may affect the access of communities to certain areas. Land ownership and usage will need to be confirmed. In some areas agricultural/grazing land may be crossed which may be the sole source of livelihood for its owners/users. For farmers with herds, grazing lands may be separated by the pipeline. Nuisances associated with construction (dust, noise etc) could impact communities located near to intense construction activities, (individual nuisance impacts are discussed in the biophysical report), eg around Fifa (if the pipeline derives from the low level DSP, around Safi & communities between Safi and Dead Sea, including APC workers housing, and in south Amman Moderate due to proximity to agricultural areas, needs further assessment. The disposal of wastes may exceed the capacity of the existing services. Moderate The disposal of wastes may exceed the capacity of the existing services. The establishment of workers camps will require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Moderate The establishment of workers camps will Moderate require social infrastructure to support the needs of the workforce, i.e. health clinics, recreational areas, etc which might put pressure on the already poor infrastructure of these areas. Moderate due to proximity to agricultural areas (Safi & communities between Safi and Dead Sea, including APC workers housing), needs further assessment. Moderate For the freshwater pipelines, no impacts of significance higher than minor were identified for the operational phase of the Scheme. Comparison Comparison of impacts necessitates a careful reading of the impact and significant levels in the tables. However, in summary terms, from the perspective of minimising serious impacts on the social receptors, the following project alternatives are preferred, although it should be noted that only in the case of the saltwater conveyance is there a significant differential significance; • the eastern intake (not the northern intake) • the low level canal or the pipeline (not the high level tunnel with canals) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 212 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report • the low level desalination plant (although this depends on the final location, footprint and design of the plant) • one of the Tafila freshwater alignments (route 1 or 3). 6.5
Impacts on Social Diversity and Gender, Vulnerable Groups, Social Risks Effects on Communities along the Route Impacts of the Scheme on the social diversity, gender context, social groups and institutions of the communities along the route of the Scheme will be considered in more detail in the ESA. As a general comment, despite the large scale nature of the Scheme, it effectively amounts to a 6 year pipeline construction project along a confined linear route, plus some infrastructure at specific fixed locations. Once construction is complete, there will be very little local impact from the operation of the infrastructure. The construction‐realted impacts associated with the dust, traffic, noise, etc have been discussed above, and will be addressed in more spatial detail in the ESA, as will issues of access, severance, land take, etc. The main source of impact on the social make up of the communities will come from the employment requirements of the various Scheme components. This will also be considered in more detail in the ESA. Based on recent experience in Jordan, it is likely that the majority of the construction labour jobs in Jordan will be let to foreigners, likely Egyptians. However, the Jordanian Government has expressed a desire to prepare local communities for employment opportunities for this and other large projects, and this will be addressed in the ESMPs. There will certainly be local interest in non‐labour work such as guards, drivers, etc. From discussions with communities along the alignments, it is highly unlikely that it will be acceptable for local women to take up jobs on the Scheme, even if particular provisions are made. However, this will be considered further by the ESA. If the Scheme boosts local employment, this will provide additional income to the households, in areas where men are the traditional wage‐earners anyway. There is no indication that significant change to social institutions will occur, given the likely low numbers of local people involved, and the relatively short timescale. There may be more opportunity for local people, if they have taken appropriate training, to take on semi‐skilled jobs at the operation stage in the desalination plant, hydropower plants or pumping stations. The villages of Ghweiba and Finan are close to the proposed desalination plant, and the hydropower plant will be located close to the village of Fifa. In the agricultural area of Fifa, since it is already accepted for women to work in agriculture, it may be that some jobs will be considered acceptable for some of the more educated women, although this will depend very much of the type of work, the willingness of the operating company to make appropriate provisions, and the attitudes of the community ‐ men and women ‐ at the time. Even so, since the numbers will be low, the likelihood of significant change in gender relations and local women’s empowerment, even in Fifa, is low. A more likely effect on local communities would arise if water became available along the pipeline alignment for use in agriculture. In the villages in the Wadi Araba, such a provision would make a significant addition to the ability of local communities to grow crops. This would add to the income of the communities, reduce poverty, and may help to reduce migration to other areas. Because of this, there could also be a gradual change in how these communities function. There would be some COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 213 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report impact in the Taflia and Desert highway areas, although since they already use groundwater and rainwater for irrigation, the relative impact would be less. As noted, women are unlikely to be involved in agriculture in any of these areas, except in Fifa, but since there is already provision of irrigation water, and the relative impact would be much less. However, in the Scheme as presently envisaged, there are no plans for such water to be provided to communities along the route. This is being discussed with the ESA team, and there may be recommendations made in the ESMPs for such a provision, particularly in the lower income areas of the Wadi Araba, Ghor Fifa and even around Ayn Baida. To summarize, despite the large scale of the Scheme, neither the construction nor the operation are considered to be likely to give rise to significant societal change. The most significant impact would be if freshwater – even if relatively small amounts ‐ could be provided to communities along the route for agriculture. This could be a significant positive benefit, and could contribute to providing employment, relieving poverty, reducing outward migration, and the arrangements for water allocation – perhaps creating water users associations in areas where there has been none – could enhance intra‐community cooperation. However, the provision of desalinated water for agricultural irrigation is usually considered to be an inefficient use of resources, since the returns from agriculture rarely cover the cost of the water, if priced to recover the real costs. It is therefore unlikely that significant provision of potable water will be made. Risks from the development of the Wadi Araba/Arava Valley as a result of the additional freshwater made available from the Scheme Concerns have been raised that the implementation of the Scheme could signal a first step in the development of the Wadi Araba/Arava Valley which would introduce significant additional construction, and other activities, increase the pressure on the social infrastructure of the area, and introduce significant changes to the societies that currently live there. Such developments would use the freshwater which would be produced by the Scheme. Both the Jordanian Government, and Israeli private investors have announced aspirations for the development of tourism infrastructure in the valley, including introduing major water features to the area. If such developments were to go ahead, they would lead to significant changes to the fragile and vulnerable communities in the area. Many of these changes could be beneficial, leading to increased employment, poverty reduction, etc. However, although it is always possible that such plans might be developed, following the beginning of implementation of the Scheme, there are currently no such plans associated with the Scheme. In fact, as the water balance discussion in the Main Report shows, the Scheme will only meet the growing demand for water as far as around 2060. The current water demand projections do not take into account large scale development of the Wadi Araba, and the significant additional potable demand it would create. Such potential development must therefore be regarded as separate from the Red Sea – Dead Sea Scheme proposals, and, were they to be tabled, should attract a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment which would consider the cumulative effects on the ecological and social fabric. Large scale developments in the area would be a significant change in land use and character of an area which is a significant and unique resource for both Israel and Jordan, to the extent that any decision to go ahead with such planning would need to be taken at a central political level. This issue will be considered further in the ESA. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 214 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Risks to the Scheme from Opposition The Consultations Reports have discussed the various positions taken for and against the proposed Scheme from different groups of stakeholders in the 3 Beneficiary Parties. The most vocal (and likely to be the most powerful) lobby against the project is from environmental groups and desert communities in Israel. The Israeli Government should take into account their concerns as it takes it decision whether to support the next stage of the Scheme or not. There is a lobby within the Palestinian side cautioning against the PA going ahead with the Scheme for political reasons, either related to the cooperation with Israel, or concerned with the implication of the rights and uses of water from the West bank aquifers. These will feed in to the Palestinian Authority’s decision to go ahead with the Scheme or not. In Jordan, voices against the Scheme, and are unlikely to cause the government to decide against the Scheme. Once the Scheme is approved by all parties, the largest likely source of continued significant opposition will be within Israel. It is not known to what extent they will continue to lobby against the Scheme, or what routes (political, legal, community mobilization, etc) such opposition would take. However, since most of the Scheme infrastructure lies within Jordan, once the Israeli Government approves going ahead with the Scheme, the most likely means of opposing it would be through the planning process within Israel, which would only effect the Israeli components of the Scheme, and not the Scheme in general. 6.6
Mitigation Measures Some specific, site‐related recommendations on impact mitigation have been made in the above tables. A full Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will be developed in the ESA study to be carried out by ERM, following additional assessment and consultations with project affected parties. This ESMP should make recommendations regarding; • Updating the analysis prior to project implementation (given the likely time period before construction will begin) • Additional studies to be carried out in advance of construction beginning • Design recommendations (including recommended changes to the routing and siting of project components, if necessary) • Construction management controls • Operational controls • Monitoring during construction and implementation COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 215 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report 6.4.1 Mitigation of construction – related impacts In this social assessment, it has been assumed that best practice construction‐phase mitigation methods will be implemented by the client and/or contractor as appropriate. Related to the social impacts identified in the tables above, mitigatin measures will include; • Those who use the land (who may not necessarily be the owners of the land) must receive appropriate compensation. Develop a Resettlement Framework (and later Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)) undertaken to international best practice standards. • Providing clear information to local communities about the Scheme, including maps and drawings, construction plans and schedule, Information on planned works and scheduling to be made available in advance of works. Involving local communities in identifying problems and solutions, holding regular consultation sessions with local communities. • Issues regarding local recruitment such as i) providing information to the local communities about job opportunities, ii) establishing a local recruitment centre, iii) providing appropriate training to equip local communities with required knowledge and skills (e.g. in Jordan, as part of the Megaprojects Unit under the Labour Ministry). iv) consider including preconditions in the bid documents for local content/procurement, v) Orientation for local communities on the required needs and services, vii) steps to build the capacity of the local communities to respond to these needs, viii) providing grants for local community members or associates to start certain business to accommodate the emerging needs from Scheme, ix) actively managing the expectations of the communities by communicating plans and activities regarding all community initiatives, x) monitoring grievances. • Management of construction labour, including health checks for all foreign workers, registration and monitoring of all foreign labour, and implementing a labour force management plan that contains a clear code of conduct for workers. • Siting of worksites and workers’ camps more than 5 km from villages or settled areas. Where possible, site camps and access roads to the south of the existing settlements (eg Rahma) to reduce impacts from dust and noise. Suitable warning signs and lighting to be established around the works. Consult with Jordanian and Israeli border security when designing, siting and constructing camps, and establish a security check at the entrance of the project site. • Traffic control measures should be included in a Construction Traffic Management Plan including ; •
a consultation and notification process will be developed to give residents and businesses advance warning of potential delays on the road network as a result of increased traffic and any abnormal loads; •
a traffic strategy should be developed that balances impacts upon other road users and communities along the route; avoiding truck trips on the highway during peak traffic flows and avoiding nuisance to communities, which may require no night time operation in certain areas; •
all abnormal loads will be suitably marked to warn other road users; •
agreeing specific routes for construction traffic aiming to avoid residential areas and unsuitable parts of the network where possible, for example in Aqaba, Karak, Ein Bokek, Amman and Jericho; COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 216 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report •
minimal night construction in sensitive areas – ie for the plant associated with the conveyance. •
construction personnel to be transported to and from the site each day by organised buses minimising addition vehicle trips; •
new roads to be routed away from sensitive communities and other receptors and to be surfaced •
and maintained so as to minimise dust generation; •
before and after surveys of the condition of the road in relation to construction, with repairs where necessary; and •
measures to reduce the potential for accidents due to the increase in road traffic – eg warning signs to local residents, distribution of information materials to local residents, driver training/briefing for HGV construction drivers, speed restrictions and enforcement on approaches to villages. • Management of construction works to reduce noise, dust, to control working hours (see specific mitigation in the Biophysical Report for individual issues). Depending on the location of access roads, limits to the permitting working hours for vehicle transportation to the site should be set, prohibiting transport of spoil between 11 pm and 7 am, and on Friday until 13:00. • Taking steps to minimize turbidity during marine works. • Assessment of capacity of landfill sites in the area to deal with quantity and quality of expected wastes, before construction begins. • Choose appropriate disposal sites for tunnel spoil – see Biophysical Report for site selection criteria. • Improvement to existing social services infrastructure (health clinics, recreational areas, etc) and upgrade the quality level of services or build separate services within the working camps. • Human waste will be disposed of safely in order that it does not: contaminate any drinking water supply; give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to insects, rodents or other possible carriers that may come into contact with food or drinking water; pollute or contaminate any stream for public or domestic water supply purposes or for recreational purposes; or give rise to a nuisance due to odour or unsightly appearance. • For wastewater from tunnel construction, this water will be pumped out and passed through settling ponds to remove solids before any clean water is discharged to natural water courses. • Liaison between contractor and local authorities and communities regarding transfer of permanent social infrastructure (eg health clinics) towards completion of project. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 217 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report •
For those pipeline routes whose detailed alignment has still to be determined (eg in Israel and the Palestinian Authority), minimize the amount of usable agricultural land which needs to be taken. 6.4.2 Mitigation of operation – related impacts In addition, it is assumed that the following considerations will be made regarding the operational phase; • Plant design should aim to ensure that pumping stations, etc do not significantly increase background noise levels above local and IFC thresholds and where practicable will be housed in buildings along with other measures such as fan silencers and fitting mufflers on relevant plant to provide noise insulation. Low frequency noise could be a particular challenge if the large pumping facilities are located close to populated areas. Ongoing monitoring of noise levels will also be undertaken to ensure noise levels remain acceptable. • Establish leakage detection capability and monitor leakage and discharges during operation. Include failsafe/emergency shut down capability in the Scheme. • Monitor of groundwater quality in the area of the conveyance. • If the high level tunnel option is used, the canal sections hould be fenced, and other security measures considered to keep people and livestock away from the open canals. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 218 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Appendix I. Community Consultation Summary (Jordan) The community consultations programme was coordinated between the Feasibility Study and the Environmental and Social Assessment. A joint Public Consultations and Communications Plan (PCCP) was developed, which sets out the approach and methodology for communicating with national, technical and community stakeholders, taking into account cultural values, gender issues, etc. This was approved by the Study Management Unit (SMU) and the most recent version – March 2010 – is published on the Study Programme website www.worldbank.org/rds. To date, regarding local and community consultations, this has included 2 sets of public, ‘national level’ meetings in Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority, as well as 2 phases of community meetings which included focus group discussions and key stakeholder interviews. The first phase was carried out between July and November 2008, and results were discussed in the Phase 1 Consultations Report, produced in December 2008, and updated in 2010. The second phase was carried out between July – October 2010, and will be summarised in the forthcoming Phase 2 joint Consultations Report. The table below summarises the community meetings held in Jordan, information from which was used in the Sub‐Study. The minutes of these meetings will be included in the preliminary draft Environmental and Social Assessment Report (ESA). COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 219 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Area Locality South Amman Muwagar Jizah Muwagar Amman Attendees Women’s, men and farmers representatives of the community Women’s, men and farmers representatives of the community Representatives of Ministry of Social Development, Women’s association, Muwagar district municipality, Mansour industrial complex and the village mukhtar. Representatives of the Jizah District Municipality and representative of the Ministry of Social Development Representatives of HUDC and representatives of Jordan River Foundation Um Rassas Women’s, men and farmers representatives of the community Al Hassa Women’s, men and farmers representatives of the community Qatraneh Women’s representatives of the community Jizah Central Badia Tafileh Tafileh Ain Bida Dead Basin Sea Sweimeh Ghor Haditha Ghor Fifa Date 26 July 2010 27 July 2010 28 July 2010 Venue 3 Aug 2010 The municipality and the Ministry office 5 Aug 2010 HUDC and Joradn river foundation office 14 Aug 2010 Um Rassas women’s association 7 Aug 2010 28 Aug 2010 Qatraneh development center Representative of Tafila Technical University and representative of Sons of 4 Aug 2010 Tafila University and Dana and Qadsieh Cooperative Dana hotel Womens and men representatives of the community 21 Aug 2010 Rwaim development center 1. Mayor of Sweimeh. 1 Aug 2009 Sweimeh Municipality 2. Head of Municipality Bureau. Individual farmers 1 Aug 2009 Representatives of the community 1 Aug 2009 Ghor Safi Representatives of the community 1 Aug 2009 Ghor Safi Women’s, men and farmers representatives of the community Princes Basma Development Centre in Ghor Safi. 31 July 2010 Ghor Fifa Women’s and men representatives of the community 18 Sep 2010 COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 220 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Area Wadi Araba Aqaba Locality Risha Attendees Director of Wadi Araba District Date 2 Aug 2009 Venue Risha town Risha Community representative 2 Aug 2009 Princess Basma Development Centre in Rishe Rishea Inhabitants of the wool tent 2 Aug 2009 wool tents Wadi Araba Mayor of Wadi Araba Wadi Araba Head of the Agricultural Center Qatar Women’s and men representatives of the community 2 Aug 2009 2 Aug 2009 25 Sep 2010 A house in the village Rahma Risha Women’s and men representatives of the community Women’s and men representatives of the community Bir Mathkour Women’s representatives of the community 26 Sep 2010 27 Sep 2010 Rishe development center 28 Sep 2010 School Finan Men’s representatives of the community Men’s representatives of the community 28 Sep 2010 A Wool tent 29 Sep 2010 Tent, CBO and a house Qreigera Men’s representatives of the community Aqaba Development worker 30 Sep 2010 Municipality, house and a wool tent. 3 Aug 2009 Princess Basma Development Centre Aqaba Men’s representatives of the community Aqaba Women’s representatives of the community COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA 27 Sep 2010 Noor Al‐Hussein Foundation 28 Sep 2010 Appendix I – Page 221 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Appendix II: Data Sources and References References Used in the Jordan Baseline Section Alon, Yoav, The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State, I.B. Tauris, 2007 Arid Environmental Consultancy 2008, Resettlement Policy Framework, Botswana Barghout, Basel. (n.d.) Legal Empowerment of the Poor Property Rights, The commission for Legal Empowerment of the Poor Bin Muhammad. The Tribes of Jordan. 1999 Department of Statistics (DoS) 2002, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, DoS, Jordan Department of Statistics (DoS) 2006, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, DoS, Jordan Department of Statistics (DoS) 2007, Aqaba City Population and Housing Census. Jordan Department of Statistics (DoS) 2007, Employment and Unemployment Survey. Jordan Department of Statistics (DoS) 2007, Estimated Population of Governorates by Sex and Age Group at the end of year 2007 Department of Statistics (DoS) 2007, Special Report on Selected Indicators at the Governorate Level for the years of 2003 to2006, DoS, Jordan Department of Statistics (DoS) 2007, Statistical year book, issue 58, Jordan Department of Statistics (DoS) 2008, Population and Health Survey in Jordan 2007 Department of Statistics (DoS) 2009, Report on Population Indicators at the Sub district Level‐ Unpublished Department of Statistics (DoS) 2009, The Estimated Population According to Governorate and Sex at the end of year 2008 ETF 2009, ETF Country Plan 2009, ETF Jordan Governorate of Aqaba ‐ Government of Jordan (GoJ) 2008, Socio Economic Profile of Aqaba Jordan Center for Social Research 2007, NHDR: The State of Human Development in Jordan‐ Draft copy, Jordan Kardoush, M 2005, The Aqaba Special Economic Zone, Jordan: A case study of Governance, Center for Development Research, University of Bonn. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 222 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC) 2008, Poverty Profile for Pockets of Poverty. ERADA, Jordan Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC) 2009, Poverty Measurement Approaches, MoPIC, Jordan Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC), Aqaba Special Economic Zone Area (ASEZA), & United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for Jordan 2007, Report of the Millennium Development Goals, Aqaba Governorate Productivity Enhancement Centers (PEC), ERADA, 2006‐2007 Resettlement and Rehabilitation in Urban Development and Redevelopment 2006, Workshop on Land Acquisition, Bangkok, Thailand United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report, Jordan, 2004
United Nations Development Programme ‐ Human Development Reports http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_JOR.html, accessed 15th October 2010 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 2004, Aqaba Community Profile: Issues and Recommendations, USAID/AZEM, Jordan. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 2004, Aqaba Economic and Social Profile of Aqaba, USAID/AZEM, Jordan United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 2008, Land Use Plan for the North East Dead Sea Basin, USAID/Sabeq, Jordan United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 2008, Skills Gap and Training Needs Analysis of the Construction Sector and Related Supporting Services in Aqaba, USAID/ACED, Aqaba‐
Jordan World Bank (WB) 2007, Integrated Ecosystem Management in the Jordan Rift Valley – Project Appraisal Document, (World Bank Report No 38076‐JO). World Bank (WB) 2009, Country Assistance Strategy for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for the period, (World Bank report No FY06‐10). World Bank (WB) 2005, The Economic Advancement of Women in Jordan: A Country Gender Assessment, May 2005, Social and Economic Development Group, Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 223 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report References Used in the Israel Baseline Section American‐Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Politics‐ How Governmnet Works. Accessed June 1, 2009, from Jewish Virtual Library: www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org Aviv Managment, Engineering and Information Systems. (2009). RSDSC‐ Baseline Briefing Paper. Central Arava Regional Council. Accessed June 1, 2009, from http://www.arava.co.il/english Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. Accessed June 1, 2009, from /library/publications/the‐world‐factbook Southern Arava Regional Council. (July 2008). Municpal Master Plan for Southern Arava Council: Stage 1, Data Collection and Analysis. Israel Land Aministration. Accessed June 1, 2009, from http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/start.asp Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2008). Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Accessed May 21, 2009, from Israeli Democracy ‐ How does it work?: http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/government/branches%20of%20government/executive/israeli%20democ
racy%20‐%20how%20does%20it%20work Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Israel. Accessed June 1, 2009, from http://www1.cbs.gov.il/ Dead Sea Preservation Government Company, Ltd. http://www.haganot.co.il/ Accessed 9/18/09. Embassy of Israel, Washington D.C. http://www.israelemb.org/highered/highed.html Accessed September 22, 2009. Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development, Country statistical profiles 2009 : Israel. http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=18187. Accessed September 22, 2009. Human Development Reports, United Nations Development Programme. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ISR.html : Accessed September 22, 2009. World Health Organization Core Health Indicators http://apps.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=isr&indicators=TBInci
denceRate&indicators=TBPrevRate Accessed 9/29/09. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe http://www.euro.who.int/main/WHO/CountryInformation/HFAExtracts?Country=ISR&language=Engl
ish Accessed 9/29/09. COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 224 Red Sea ‐ Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Draft Final Feasibility Study Report (12 147 RP 04), April 2011 Appendix I – Socio‐Economic Report Data Sources Used in the Palestinian Authority Baseline Section Population and Demographics: The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Land Zoning: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Listing of Organization in Jericho: Palestinian Ministry of Interior Development plans in Jericho: Jericho Municipality Archaeological Sites: Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Land Use: Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities/ PCBS/ Field Visits Economic Activity: Palestine Economic Policy Resource Institute (MAS)/ Palestinian Monetary Authority (PMA)/ PCBS Project Impacts: PHG Team Health Information: Ministry of Health COYNE‐ET BELLIER in association with TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING and KEMA Appendix I – Page 225