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Vidyaniketan Journal of Management and Research
Volume No. 4 (1), June 2016
ISSN: 2320-3951
MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS: EYING FROM THE LENS OF
DR. BHUPEN HAZARIKA
Sakil Imtiaz
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh -786004
Dr. Chimun Kumar Nath
Assistant Professor (Stage III), Department of Commerce, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004
Email: [email protected], M: 9435030698
ABSTRACT
From a historical tour, it has been observed that the Indian management gurus have extracted
thoughts of management from the old Indian Scripture like Bhagavad-Gita. Gradually it spread
into a social group like ideal of Tamil literature’s ‘Thiruvalluvar’, western India’s saint ‘Swami
Ramdas’ etc. Western part of the world also inspired to do work in this field whereby they tried
to extract management thought from famous literatures of Shakespeare. Feeling a strong thrust,
it has also being felt to extract management thought from the literatures available. This study is
an attempt to extract management thoughts from the write ups of Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, whose
works specially the lyrics touches the wide range of themes surrounding the world in different
periods. So, the study has been carried out taking the literature of Dr. Hazarika to extract the
management thoughts incorporated in it. The study observes that there are existence of
management thoughts in Dr. Hazarika’s lyrics and has contribution towards management of life
in particular. The philosophy observed in the work of Dr. Hazarika, was that of character
building instead of mere superficial transformation, which is the need of the hour in
contemporary management.
Key Words
Management, Organization, Leadership, Effectiveness
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of time it is also observed that Western part
PROLOGUE
of the world also inspired to do work in this
When peep into the literatures, it sometimes
field
also pave a path to contemplate about some
whereby
management
riddle inherent thoughts which seems like a
they
tried
thought
to
from
extract
famous
literatures of Shakespeare. Feeling a strong
blend of several disciplines having linkages
thrust,
with life. The literature has this malleable
it
is
also
needed
to
extract
management thought from the literatures
feature that it can interpret for any discipline
available. This study is an honest attempt to
for the betterment of the society. These
extract management thoughts from the write
literatures always manifest on the bringing
ups of Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, whose works
out the best of human body, mind and spirit.
specially the lyrics which are a great work
Therefore, in this period of professionalism
that touches the wide range of themes
now in every spheres of the world,
surrounding the world in different periods.
management thinkers trying to extract the
So, the study is done taking the literature of
work ethos from their indigenous literatures
Dr. Hazarika to whom Assamese society
to apply in their life as well as in their
concerned workplace. It is also extended to
consider as ‘icon’.
work of a community. The work initiated by
In the Assamese literature, Dr. Bhupen
the Indian management gurus that extracted
Hazarika is the name pertaining with lyrics,
thoughts of management from the old Indian
music, poem and film of Assam. His songs,
Scripture like Bhagavad-Gita. Gradually it
written and sung mainly in the Assamese
spread into a social group like ideal of Tamil
language by himself, are marked by
literature’s ‘Thiruvalluvar’, western India’s
humanity and universal brotherhood and
saint ‘Swami Ramdas’ etc. With the passes
have been translated and sung in many
85
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languages. These lyrics reflect the codes of
holds power to command, not derived from
conduct of an ideal society specially he
a grant of power by others.1
written for Assamese as well as Indian
Taylor argues that under the best of
society. Therefore, a study is made for
traditional managerial practices, initiative
extracting the leadership effectiveness, life
and incentive management, too much of
management and motivational aspect from
responsibility is placed on the worker. The
these lyrics which will remain as great work
result is all too often inefficiency. Taylor
for thousand decades to come.
characterizes
initiative
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
management
as
From the time immoral, it has been observed
philosophy”, in which management has
that many thinkers has brought about
shirked it’s primary responsibilities in
revolutionary change in development of
regard to job design. 2 Under the scientific
concepts of management and contributed to
Management, science has replaced the rule
the present body of literature.
of thumb, harmony has replaced discord,
a
and
“lazy
incentive
manager’s
cooperation has replaced individualism,
a) Management in Organization
maximum output has replaced restricted
Weber defines an organization as an
output and each man has been developed to
“Ordering of Social Relationships”. The
his greatest efficiency and prosperity3.
organization
consists
of
members
accustomed to obedience; an administrative
1
Rheinstein M. (1964), Max Weber on Law in
Economy and Society, New York: Simon and
Schuster, pp XI to XIi
2
Copley F.B. (1923), Frederick W. Taylor: Father of
Scientific Management, Vol. 1, New York: American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, p. 241
3
Taylor F.W. (1919), The Principles of Scientific
Management, New York: Harper and Brothers, pp
36-37
staff that holds itself at the disposal of the
masters; and the masters themselves, who
86
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Barnards (1938) was not satisfied with
with the result that occupation has been
traditional definition of an organization
separated from social function. Even the
which laid stress on ‘membership’ and not
family has become isolated and faces the
on its functioning. In his opinion the hard
state of social disunity. Mayo maintains that
core of the group concept is the “System of
the problem of social disorganization has
interaction”. Accordingly, Barnard regards
been complicated by an economic theory
an organization as “a system of consciously
that emphasizes competition in the pursuit of
coordinated or forces of two or more
individual self interest. According to him,
persons”
the
economic theory, based on the 19th century
executive is the most strategic factor in an
concept of individualism, considers society
organized or cooperative system. As a
is the collection of unrelated individuals
system, it is held together by: (i) some
motivated by hedonistic interest.5
common purpose; (ii) the willingness of
The central concern of Follett is the process
certain
the
by which groups can create something that
functioning of the organization; and (iii) the
individuals working separately could not
ability of such people to communicate with
have created. The group process is guided
and
people
each other.
then
to
indicates
contribute
that
to
4
by the “law of interpenetration” and the
According to Mayo, the modern society is
“doctrine of the wholes”. Under the law of
facing a condition of social disorganization.
interpenetration, members of a group are
In the western world, the authority of church
reciprocally conditioning forces as human
is on decline. Work has been organized
interaction evokes new forms through the
according to the dictates of mass production,
synthesis of differences. The process of
4
5
Chester I. Barnard(1938), The Function of The
Executive, Cambridge, Harvard university Press,
p.61
Melbourne & MacMillan(1919),Elton Mayo,
Democracy and Freedom : an essay in Social Logic ,
p5
87
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interpenetration and the emergence of
results the fastest”. 7 Thus, in Drucker’s
synthesis results in a ‘whole’. Follett’s
view, the philosophy of management is
“doctrine of wholes” is dynamic entity
designed not only for businessmen but for
produced by human interaction in which the
the ordinary citizen also.
interest
Naachimuthu & Kalaiselvan (2012) in their
of
individuals
in
social
relationships.6
paper made a humble attempt to derive
lessons on management from the two
b) Management of Life
In his earlier thinking, Drucker’s concept of
thousand year old text of wisdom of the
management was confined to business only.
Saint Thiruvalluvar. Emphasizes was made
But later, he pleads for new premises of
to manage the day to day life exploring the
management which should be, as far as
concept inside the verses. Henry Fayol’s
possible, close to reality. Drucker states
five stage of Managerial process – POSDC
“That
‘Business
(Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing
Management’ is particularly important as
and Controlling) bring into account and
the growth sector of a developed society in
apply the verses for proper functioning of
the 21st century is the most unlikely to be
management both for organization and
business,
individual life.8
‘Management’
that
is,
is
not
organized
economic
activity… It is likely to be the non-profit
Satpathy & Muniapan (2008) stated that the
social sector. And that is also the sector
message of the Bhagavad Gita is not only
where management is today most needed
limited to spiritual development but also in
and where systematic, principled, theory7
Peter F. Drucker(1999), management Challenges
for the 21st Century ( London: Butterworth), pp 8-9
8
Naachimuthu
K
P
and
Kalaiselvan
K(2012),Management Lessons From Thirukkural,
International Journal of Management Research and
Business Strategy, vol I
based management can yield the greatest
6
Longmans, Green(1924), Mary Parker Follett,
Creative Experience,p.47
88
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other aspect of human capital development
talk and mutual help among all members of
and also to facilitate the development of
the
transformational leaders. They interpret that
performance standards. Likert refers to this
man’s understanding of the world around
type of management as ‘system 4’ or
him is proportional to the understanding of
Participative-Group
the self. There exist a correlation between
general, Likert has observed that those
self knowledge and the outer world. Self
managers who applied the ‘System 4’
knowledge begins with self observation, self
approach to their management had greatest
examination and self evaluation and other by
success as leaders.10
developing certain qualities that are called
In Arthasastra attributed to Kautilya, we
Divine qualities, enlisted by Lord Sri
find references to motivation. Arthasastra
Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita Chapter 16
identifies
verses 1,2 and 39.
motivation, viz., Sama, dama, danda and
Likert’s (1976) research at the university of
bheda. As a group, they can be referred to as
Michigan over the years has revealed that
motivation
the
is
combinations as means- mix. Sama is the
supportive in that he lends support and help
persuasion method of motivation; dama is
to those reporting to him; (ii) facilitates
the ‘incentive system’ or the reward method
people’s work with the necessary tools,
of motivation; bheda is the ‘internal
training and other resources necessary to
competition’ method of motivation; and
ensure action; (iii) encourages interaction,
danda
best
managerial
producer
(i)
work
is
group;
four
expects
high
Management.
different
means
the
(iv)
and
methods
their
punishment
In
of
various
method
of
9
Satpathy. B & Muniapan B.(2008), The Knowledge
of “Self” from the Bhagavad-Gita and Its
Significance for Human Capital Development, Asian
Social Science, vol. 4, p vi-vii
10
Rensis Likert and J.G. Likert(1976), New ways of
Managing Conflict, New York: McGraw Hill, pp. 7576
89
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motivation by use of power/ authority/ force.
rise to innovation, commitment to goals, and
11
a climate of human relationships.12
In his book The Professional Manager,
Barnard says that the primary function of the
McGregor
executive is to create and maintain a
develops
the
concept
of
13
transactional influence. According to him,
communication system.
when certain social elements such as trust
communication is the blood stream of an
and mutual support exist in the management,
administrative
there is no need for concern about “power
considers it “the heart of management.”15
equalization” or the loss of responsibility
Lesikar
and status in managerial hierarchy. The
knowledge management that influence the
management of differences or building a
effectiveness
management
communication.
team
is
challenge
to
a
Millett regards
organization.
described
the
of
14
Pfiffner
importance
of
organizational
Knowledge management
professional manager. The management of
(KM) is a process of organizing and
differences or building managerial team is a
distributing
challenge to a professional manager.
wisdom(Knowledge) so that it gets people at
McGregor
also
suggested
that
an
organization’s
the right time. Intellectual organization is
the
now as important as financial assets. 16
professional manager should not only guard
himself against mutual antagonism, playing
12
Douglas Mcgregor(1976), The Professional
Manager, edited by Caroline McGregor and
Warren G. Bennis( New York : Mcgregor- Hill, pp.
32-42
13
Chester Barnard(1938) , The Functions of the
Executive ( Cambridge : Harvard University
Press), p.217
14
J.D. Millett, management in the Public Service
(New York : McGraw – Hill, 1954), pp. 83-84
15
Pfiffner J.M.& Presthus R.V.(1960), Public
Administration(New York: Ronald Company), p.
115
16
Lesikar R.V.(1977), “A General Semantics
Approach To Communication Barriers In
politics, secrecy, favoring seniors, etc., but
should work through the differences so that
the interaction between members may give
11
Sapru R.K. (2013) Administrative Theories and
Management Thoughts, 3rd ed. , Delhi: PHI, pp 443
90
ISSN: 2320-3951
Lakhendra B. (2013)17 in his paper examine
educating, awakening and informing them
the impact of Bhupen hazarika's song among
about their own identity, assimilation and
the Assamese society during different
harmony. In fact all of his songs are a
crucial times and also an attempt has been
symbol of unity, brotherhood which helps in
made to find out the historical background
constructing the larger Assamese society.
when the songs were written. According to
Sarma (2012)
him Dr. Hazarika is known for poetic
Hazarika in the mould of a "brand", a word
compositions and parables that touch on a
which has such direct association to the idea
wide range of themes— ranging from the
of rampant consumerism in a world seared
erotic to social and political commentary;
by
and as a composer for his use of folk music
Hazarika's creative genius appeals to all
with a touch of the contemporary.
because it is rooted in the earthy, humane
By following the context analysis method
values which are universal. To even try to
the paper classifies the songs of Dr.
imagine him as a brand would be to reduce
Hazarika into Patriotic Songs, Human
and deny him this universal appeal.
interest songs, Love songs, Historical Songs
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
and Revolutionary songs. It has been
This
observed that the songs are not only have a
management related thoughts as expressed
respect among all class of Assamese society
in different lyrics of Late Dr. Bhupen
but also played a significance role in
Hazarika. In order to carry out this study, the
excesses
study
18
of
, has projected Bhupen
globalization.
attempts
to
Bhupen
explore
the
researcher proceeds with the following
organizations” in Keith Davis, 5th ed.( New York:
Mcgraw-hill)
17
Lakhendra B. (2013), “A Study on Bhupen
Hazarika's Songs and its Impact on Assamese
Society”, International Journal of Humanities and
Social Sciences, Vol. 2 (3), pp 13-24
objectives:
Sarma G. (2012), ed. Dutta N. (2012) “Bhupen
Da”, Asomi Publication, pp 67-81
18
91
1. To
explore
the
thoughts
ISSN: 2320-3951
Interpretation, in the sense relevant to
on
Leadership Effectiveness inherent
hermeneutics, is an attempt to make clear, to
in the lyrics of Dr. Bhupen Hazarika.
make sense of an object of study. This
2. To explore the thoughts on Time
object must, therefore, be a text, or a text-
Management in the lyrics of Dr.
Hazarika.
analogue, which in some way is confused,
3. To explore the thoughts on Life
incomplete, cloudy, seemingly contradictory
Management in the lyrics of Dr.
- in one way or another, unclear. The
Hazarika.
4. To
explore
the
thoughts
on
interpretation aims to bring to light an
Motivational Aspect inherent in the
underlying coherence or sense (Taylor 1976,
lyrics of Dr. Hazarika.
p. 153).20
SAMPLING
METHODOLOGY
There were about 372 numbers of lyrics
This study is based on the Interpretive
written by Dr. Hazarika as preserved at
Research
and
exploratory
in
nature.
Bhupen Hazarika Digital Archive 21 during
Interpretive researchers usually goes with
his life time out of which 342 numbers of
the assumption that access to reality (given
lyrics has been composed to songs as
or socially constructed) is only through
available at Dr. Bhupen Hazarika’s Geet
social constructions such as language,
Samagrah, compiled by Surjya Hazarika
consciousness and shared meanings. The
philosophical base of interpretive research is
Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent
Traditions, H-E. Nissen, H.K. Klein, R.A. Hirschheim
(eds.), NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 439464..
20
Taylor, C. (1976). Hermeneutics and politics. InP.
Connerton(Ed.), Critical Sociology: Selected
Readings (pp. 153–93). Harmondsworth:Penguin
Books.
21
These songs are preserved by the Language
Technology Development Group, Department of
Information Technology, Gauhati University
hermeneutics and phenomenology (Boland,
1985). 19
19
Boland, R.J. Jr. "Information System Use as a
Hermeneutic Process," in Information Systems
92
ISSN: 2320-3951
Saikhik Nyaas (Tarun Nagar, Guwahati).
management,
From these songs, the researcher has
motivational aspect has been presented in a
selected 8(eight) lyrics for this study.
sequential manner.
Judgemental sampling method is used while
Lyrics depicting the Leadership
effectiveness thoughts of Dr.
Bhupen Hazarika
selecting the lyrics.
Life
management,
and
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
In this section, two lyrics of Dr Bhupen
In order to analyse the lyrics, first of all the
Hazarika have been selected. They are:
lyrics were being translated to English with
“Ami Nahau Mathu” and “Aah Aah Ulai
the help of an expert in the field and also
Aah”. In these two songs, Dr Hazarika tries
transcript available in the web has been used
to highlight the effectiveness of leadership
as most of the Dr. Hazarika’s lyrics were
from a general perspective. Both the lyrics
written in Assamese. Utmost care has been
has certain philosophical background where
taken to protect the original meaning and the
in the first lyric, it was composed to manage
context on which the words has been used or
the
applied. After that the researchers have tried
depicted through the flood problem which is
to
of
a perennial problem for the people of
management thoughts with the help of
Assam. Further in the second lyric, the base
interpretive deductions.
was created to fight against exploitation.
ANALYSES
In the song “AMI NAHAU MATHU” (WE
draw
inferences
on
the
basis
environmental
WON’T MERELY),
Here different analyses have been presented
threats
symbolically
Dr Hazarika has
expressed that:
according to the sub objectives set for the
Ami nahau mathu qrondanrata
study. In the following lines, the analysis
Garhim shakti Sanmilito
based on leadership effectiveness, time
Manuhe manuhe mili
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22
Mahaajagarrupi
Mahabandh Saji Saji
Ravanas living in the Rama’s23 Kingdom/
If we have to sacrifice our life, let it be”.
Panir Udhyotak
It has been observed that leadership is an
Churna karim.
influencing process. It is an important
( ‘Ami Nahau Mathu’, Guwahati, 16 June,
element of management process. To get the
1990)
thing done by others, the leader has to lead
“We won’t merely be a crying mass/ Will
his/her subordinate’s activities. Leadership
make the united strength / we all join
is a study of influencing the behaviour of
together /Like a big python/ Will construct
others.
the dam/And smashed the disobedience of
By
influencing
the
working
behaviour of people, the leader directs it
water”
towards the accomplishment of specific
In the song “AAH AAH ULAI AAH”(
goal(s).
COME OUT CONSCIOUS MASS) he
It has been observed in the two lyrics as
expressed:
cited above, were written to arouse the
Aah aah ulai aah
Sajag janata
enthusiasm in the mindset of the people and
Aah aah ulai aah
to influence on the behaviors of others for
Puhar Anuta
accomplishment of a specific objective.
Ramare desote thoka Ravan badhute
Where in the composer had seen a problem
Jai jodi jai jibontu jaak.
( ‘Aah Aah Ulai Aah’, Kolkatta, 1
and takes the leading role to solve the
st
problem, again in these two lyrics it can be
September, 1964)
observed that Dr Hazarika wants the
“Come out/ the Conscious mass/Come
participation from each and every conscious
out/the carrier of light/ In killing the
22
23
94
As a symbol of Dishonesty and terror
As a symbol of Honesty and peace
ISSN: 2320-3951
individual. At first, one should define the
participation
problem and explains about the different
managers can achieve the objectives of the
consequences which according to him are
individuals as well as the organization with
the source itself for solving the problem. As
this method easily. This approach helps in
a leader it is important to know the problem
evocation
and understand the consequences clearly. If
employees working in a group. Employees
the consequences are known, then the
also increase their moral and job satisfaction
solution or the means of solution can easily
through the leader’s participation approach.
be traced out. According to Dr. Hazarika the
Again it has been observed that in these
consequences of the problem leads to the
lyrics a “Management Fad” is applied which
clues for solving the problem. (Manuhe
is “There is no ‘I’ in a team”. Teamwork is a
Manuhe Mili Maha Ajagarrupi Mahabandh
work done with several associates as each of
Haji Haji Panir Udhoytak Churna Korim)
them doing a part but all their personal
Dr. Hazarika had written the lyrics of “Aah
prominence leads to the efficiency of the
Aah
Ulai
application
Aah”
of
by
the
of
of
his
subordinates.
positive
motive
The
within
emphasizing
the
whole. Performing team works better when
“Democratic”
or
members of the team have prior experience
“Participative” style of leadership. In this
working
case, Dr. Hazarika tried to involve the
coordination and communication. There is
people with mentally and emotionally and
always a team leader to lead the work of the
tried to share responsibility among the group
whole members of the team together. But, a
members to contribute towards the goal
participative leader should always use this
achievement. A participative leader takes
management fad by considering the fact that
decision based on the consultation and
he is also a member of the group. He should
95
together
due
to
enhanced
ISSN: 2320-3951
always use the term ‘We’ instead of ‘I’. So,
Time is like the “Kans Grass”. “Kans Grass”
in these lyrics it has been depicted that Dr.
is a beautiful grass which looks like a
Hazarika also focused on ‘We’ instead of
flower, though it is a grass. People wishes to
‘I’. This helped in stimulating the members
pluck them for its beautiful appearance. But
of the team with positive words.
if one does not grasp it smoothly it would be
LYRICS PORTRAYS THE TIME
MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS OF DR.
BHUPEN HAZARIKA
crashed. Hence one should remain cautious
Dr.
the
one does not grasp it nicely it will have no
significance of ‘time’ in his lyrics “Kanhua
value. Again the times are like a ‘gem’ and
Bon Mur Axanta Mon”. In this lyric he
money which will not come again if one
focuses on how each moment is important to
wastes it or not manage it properly.
achieve a specific goal.In the lyric he
Further the first two lines of the stanza can
expressed that:
be interpreted as if addressing to the youths.
Hazarika
gave
emphasis
on
in handling it. Time is also just like that, if
Kanhua Bon Mur Akhanta Mon
It is a fact that youths are often having
Alful Hatere Lua Haboti ǀ
freckle mindset. So in such situation, just
Eti Eti Khyon Jen Mukutare Dhan
like Kans grass the youths were found to be
Eneye Heruale nahe uloti ǀǀ
running after several avenues of life without
( Kanhua Bon Mur Akhanta Mon,
realizing the value of time. They were not
Movie : Puwati Nikhar Hopun, 1959)
aware that they are sacrificing their golden
“Kans grass like my unstable mind/ Hold me
part of their life running after some
with your hand gently/ Each Moment is like
materialist means which do not have any
a Diamond Wager/ will not come again if
real return. In the process they are losing
lost uselessly.”
their precious time.
96
ISSN: 2320-3951
Again he said that the time is like a ‘wager’
A: Tasks that are perceived as being urgent
(Eti eti khyon jen mukutare ‘paan’). A
and important,
B: Tasks those are important but not
wager is the amount or possession for invest
urgent,
in an uncertain return situation. In other
C: tasks those are neither important nor
urgent.
words it is a bet. The player should play the
game efficiently with his possession. He
Urgency of a task is largely governed by
should speculate the amount properly. When
deadlines whereas ‘importance’ of a task is
one will be the looser the all possession goes
decided by the impact or significant change
out from them. Nothing will remain for
it can have on your life. Again ‘Urgency’ is
growth. Hence, the speculator should always
driven by external factors like deadlines
analyze and evaluate the best alternative
whereas
where he can invest the limited resources to
introspective exercise. What one consider
earn maximum return.
‘important’ can differ from what others
These words lead to the concept of ‘ABC
consider as important.25
importance
is
more
of
an
time
A manager will put their task in the best
management. If time is taken as resources
segment according to their needs to get the
and has to choose how the limited time can
maximum benefit from the time.
use to get the maximum return from one’s
Management is always concerned with
task. The tasks have to divide to manage the
completing
limited time properly. For that, the tasks are
organization effectively and efficiently;
divided into three segments:
where efficient is ‘no wastage of resources’
Analysis’
24
(Lakein,
1973)
of
the
performance
of
the
Difference between the ‘urgent’ and
‘important’, access on 24/09/2014,
http://www.differencebetween.net/business/differ
ence-between-urgent-and-important/
25
24
Lakein A. (1973). How to Get Control of Your
Time and Your Life. New York: P.H. Wyden.
ISBN 0-451-13430-3.
97
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and effective is ‘completion of task on time’.
“Keeping the light on head/Days comes
So, in the present era the time management
/Plays melody of hope/No regret of gain or
is
loss/Burning light of tide is stand in front.”
important
factor
for
the
modern
organization which has been aptly depicted
Bhupen hazarika’s these lines has a great
in this lyric of Dr. Hazarika.
management lesson of progressive thinking.
The
second
lyric
“SAMAYAR
With the span of time one should think
AGRAGATIR” (“WITH PROGRESSING
about expansion of any project, but a
TIME”) was written in Calcutta (now
continuous development is needed in every
Kolkata) in the year 1968. The lyric goes
moment for own growth.
like:
Hyottok harothi kori
Ahe din, jai din
Homoyor Ogrogotir
Birambihin
Pokhirajot uthi
Uronto mone mur
jau moi
namane hengar
Notun digontoloi
Hengarei kore muk
hahi mukhe, hahi mukhe ǀ
Mitha upokar ǀ
“By riding in the garuda of progressing
time/I am going to a new horizon/with a
“By supporting the truth/Days come, days
smile, happily.”
go continuously/Obstruct can’t strike /In my
Jyotik Khirot tuli
flying mind/Obstruct do me a sweet learning
Ahe din , baje bin
benefit.”
Nirakhabihin
Time is like a ‘speechless spectator’ just like
Nai Akhyep kunu
Pua nupuar
water. So it is our responsibility to utilize it
Hamukhat puhoror
to the best possible manner. The universal
Jyolonto juar ǀ
truth is as and when obstacles come in a
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process it leads to new horizon of thinking
transitions in the late 1980’s. 26 Dr. Hazarika
as well as innovations and discoveries. If
was also passing through a bad phase of his
there is no obstacle, than there is no need of
life as during that period his family was
a manager in an organization. So according
circums to separation.
to him, the best utilization of time and
In the lyric “BHORIR TOLUAR PORA”(“
situation leads to prosperity.
FROM THE BENEATH OF YOUR FEET”)
LYRICS PORTRAYS THE LIFE
MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS OF DR.
BHUPEN HAZARIKA
Hazarika has expressed that :
Bharir toluar pora jodi dhorakhan
Khahi khahi pora jen lage
The first song of Dr. Hazarika selected for
Til til koi Jodi nijorei gharkhan
this section of analysis portrays the Life
Karubar dukhotei bhage
Management which he has written in the
Punar gorhiba tumi he bandho, punor
year 1977. It has been observed that during
gorhiba tumi
that decade the American Columnist Jan
“If it seems the earth has/ fallen off from the
Warner saw a glaring need to inform the
beneath of your feet/Gradually own home is
millions of Americans facing the trauma of
broken/for the fault of someone else/You
divorce, separation, senior care, and dealing
built again friend, you again build it.”
with issues affecting the elderly and
Again he stated that:
disabled. To respond to these needs he wrote
Jodi poriale tumar hongo ere
many columns in newspaper to provide
Tumi okolhoria hua
affordable, practical information to help
Jodi haat kam kori kori
Hangkhar hojaleu opojokh pade pade pua
Americans to manage these important life
Punar hojaba tumihe bandha,punar hojaba
tumi ǀ
26
Era of evolution practices of Life management,
access on 20/05/2014;
http://www.lifemanagement.com/
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helps to survive in this competitive era. So,
“If family leaves your companionship/ and
he said:
you will be lonely/ If you disgraced in every
Hantik kori lua tumar grihini
step/ Although doing good deed/ For build
Dhajya hobo lage pittri
your family/ You build again friend, you
Doya hobo lage moromi bhagini
Khyoma hobo lage dhatri ǀ
again build it.”
Akha hobo lage tumar hohudar
Hangram hobo goi matri ǀ
It has been observed that, in the above lines
he was clearly mentioning about the trauma
“The peace, make it your own wife/Patience
of separation of family or more specifically
should be like your father/ Kindness should
about divorce. In the first stanza it is said
like your lovely nephew/ Pardon should like
that one’s family is separated for the fault of
nursemaid/ Hope should like your own
someone one else, knowing that reason,
brother/Struggle will be your mother”.
keep patience and should try with all
In the third stanza of the lyrics he mentioned
possible steps again to built the nest by
about the five qualities specifically needed
doing good deed. Even if he fails still he
to survive in these situation. These are
should try again by taking into account all
Peace, Patience, Kindness, Pardon, Hope
the family members into cognizance.
and Struggle. In the whole song it has been
Here Dr. Hazarika has put emphasis to adopt
depicted and in the last part of the first and
some traits for progress in life to cop up in
second stanzas he gave importance on these
every trauma which may come in different
five qualities as well.
periods of life. He mentioned that people
First he said about the significant virtue
should give the same priority to some
‘Peace’. Peace is when people are able to
qualities in life as they give priorities to
resolve their conflicts without violence and
other relationship in life, these qualities
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can work together to improve the quality of
it. Kindness is a mindset that one chooses
their lives.
and develops. So, make kindness as lovely
In the full song, he gives emphasis on a one
nephew in your life.
virtue which is ‘Patience’. Patience is the
A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and
ability to keep control over the impulse that
the cancellation of the relevant penalty. At
rises suddenly when something disagreeable
the same time as a human being we tend to
happens. It is not just disregard of or
rely on hope to keep us going. Hope refers
indifference to life’s daily irritations or
to the state that promotes desire of positive
upsetting incidents, but a real control of self,
outcomes
of one’s feelings and impulses. On the
circumstances in one’s life or in the world at
contrary, impatience is the lack of self-
large. Hope is also the feeling that what is
control, and leads to others for greater faults.
wanted can be achieved or what events that
It can easily grow into anger, irritability,
will happen will turn out to be the best.
harsh words, unpleasantness towards others,
Hope is also the feeling of finding solutions
etc. Many of the serious conflicts start with
to the problems, the rainbow after the storm
impatience
and the light after the darkness.
over
little
annoyances
or
related
to
events
and
inconveniences. So, he said patience should
At last he referred to the issue of Struggle
be like your own father.
which is to make strenuous or violent efforts
Again "Kind" is when you treat people with
in the face of difficulties or opposition. Life
respect and compassion regardless of who
is a constant climb, but the journey is
they are and what they do. Kindness
rewarding and the view is great. It’s just a
includes empathy and care. Kindness is not
matter of pushing forward when the going
something one give to people who deserve
gets tough. Therefore make struggle as like
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your mother who constantly motivate and
Natun purukh,natun purukh
Tumitu nuhua aru bhiru kapurukh ǀ
cared in the whole life.
Hate kame aji jodi nuhua purukh
In the last stanza of the lyrics he had
Kailoi hoba tumi puroni purukh ǀǀ
expressed that:
Jodi bisanar obhabot akakhar tolotei
“Young Man, young man/ You are not
Bagori poribo lage
merely timid coward/If you won’t a man of
Jodi pusakor obhabot homoyor rongoke
hand work today/ Tomorrow you will be a
meriai lobogoi lage
old man.”
takei koriba tumi hahimukhe
takei koriba tumi ǀ
Though the lyric starts with the ‘Young Man
“If it needed to lay/ On the surface below
or New man’ but there is no indication of
the sky/ In the absence of a bed/ If it needed
benchmark for age, grouping ‘Young man’.
to wrap/ The color of time/ In the absence of
So, Dr. Hazarika calls every individual as
a cloth/ Than that you will do with a smile/
‘Young man’ to arouse their enthusiasm
Than that you will do.”
asking them not to sit like a coward but to
In the last stanza of the lyrics he tried to
initiate for doing continuous improvement
focus on ‘Peace’, it is no matter how much
of their life with right vocation.
one possess, satisfaction with the possession
Aganan ujjal deka hupurukh
is the main mystery of Peace. Rest of the
Aru akha bhora dristir gabhorur mukh
thing people should release to time keeping
Manakhpatat aji jiliki uthe
He mur maramar natun purukh ǀǀ
on faith in it. Again in the last part he said
“Innumerable shinning youngish man/ And
about a ‘smile’ which may also work as a
filled with hope of the face of the girl/ in the
source of motivation of oneself to progress.
human scene they all shinning/ my dear
The second lyric selected for analysis in this
young man.”
section is:
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Now, he clearly indicates to the younger
The new Innovator also got trip in their path
generation in this stanza, who have lots of
but they learned by themselves.
dreams and shinning era to progress with
Dynamic era by noticing that changes the
new hope. They all have the innumerable
coward will spells misfortune.
power for shinning.
In the
Mukutir sintak jetia abore
Puroni sintar makarajale
Juge juge jugar dabi karhiai
Natun purukhe niye samaj gatik
Natun natun purukh ahile
Natun natun ponthar fale ǀ
Nupuar bedanak dhankha karibo buli
“When in
Dekhorei dharani kapaleǀ
the thought
of liberty is
Kisu natuneu nijar batot
encompasses by the cobweb of old thought,
Haituba ujoti khale
then it is the new generation who should
Ujotir aghator tej mosi loi
applied their guts to give a new path to the
Hahi hahi punu aguale ǀ
society a whole.”
“With time, a new generation had given step
In the first part of the Dr. Hazarika motivate
into the world/ To erase the pain of
the new generation by saying that they
depression of unsuccessfulness/ Vibrated the
should not live like a coward, they should
earth of the nation/ Some new also on their
start to invent new things. As time progress
path/May also got trip/ erasing the blood of
they would become old and the spirit of the
the injury of trip/ Again they progressed
youngish would loss forever. This concept
with smile.”
leads to ponder about the Japanese concept
Bhulei hauk ba bhalei hauk
Kaizen. KAIZEN (Kai- change, zen- to
Natun natun purukhe
become good)
Nejei theki hikile
27
means continuous slow
Hat haboti thoka kapurukhe
improvement involving everyone from top
Take dekhi promad gonile !!
27
Bhat A. & Kumar A.(2008),ManagementPrinciples, Process and practices, Kaizen, New delhi,
Oxford University Press,pp. 519
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managers to workers. It is a policy that is
of produced goods that involve gradual,
followed by leading Japanese companies.
unending improvement, doing ‘little things’
Kaizen is an overriding concept, the
better,
unifying
standards.28
thread
running
through
the
and
setting
achieving
higher
philosophy, the systems, and problem
Kaizen as a philosophy is practiced not only
solving tools developed in Japan in the last
in Japanese management but also in its
half-century. In an organization that follows
social life. Therefore, people should have
Kaizen, every employee is encouraged to
always seeks change, respond to it, and
come up with innovative ideas. Japan
exploit to it as an opportunity. People of the
attained the status of a world economic
organization had to create a mindset that
power after about four decades following
sees the possibilities and the problems
World War II. After this era some
created by change. The people should
indigenous innovative production practices
possess
saw a growing demand for Japanese goods
organisation. Creativity is the entire process
worldwide.
by
excellence
Japanese
has
automation,
seen
robots
manufacturing
manufacturing
introduction
and
technologies
requirements.
All
new
mind
ideas
are
in
modern
generated,
MOTIVATION ASPECT
PORTRAYS IN THE LYRICS OF
DR. BHUPEN HAZARIKA
take
advantage of the changing markets and
customer
which
creative
developed and transformed into value.29
of
flexible
to
a
In this section, the researchers have selected
Japanese
two lyrics of Dr. Hazarika which were
companies were following a common
28
29
philosophy of Kaizen, which meat neverending improvement and maintain standards
104
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composed to motivate the grater Assamese
pure water of /Light rain you will remove
people. Dr. Hazarika was a great motivator
the darkness.
and he motivates the youth to bring out
These words clearly show that the lyrics is
hidden ‘Creativity’ and ‘Innovation’ among
written for the youth of the society whose
them. He focused on three aspects which are
life are unripe and tried to inspire that
Imagination, Inspiration and Initiative –
section of society. The ‘young man’ and
mindset
of
‘young lady’ as it stated above there is no
potentialities which will bring a change for
any bench mark for grouping the person
better society. Creativity is the consequence
according to age. Therefore, Dr. Hazarika
of “generation of imagination” In one of his
tries to target the people of the existing
lyric, the whole lyric was written focusing
century.
on evoke ‘inspiration’ to force them to
The second stanza depicts:
of
unrestrained
pursuit
“Hankalpa tumar hoboi hafal
‘initiate’.
Durbbar hahokhere poth ujjal”
Therefore he expressed that:
Tumi notun purukh,tumi notun nari
“Your determination will fulfill certainly/the
Onagoto dinar jagrata prahari !
path is shinning with your irresistible
Kesa jiban hutok hinchan kori
Hojaba homaj nij hatere gorhi ǀ
courage.”
Endhar golito alook borokhar
These words are to bring on the ‘confidence’
Dhaliba tumi uchal bari ǀǀ
“You
are
new
man,
you
are
to
new
the
personality
for
having
strong
determination.
The last stanza of the lyrics is:
lady/Awaken guardsman of the upcoming
days/By sowing your unripe life/will built
Tumi nobo hopun, nobo ongikar
the society with your own hand/Pouring the
Tumi nobo hongram hoto jhyonjar ǀ
Bipadar prostor bichurna kori
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Hojaba notun poth hatere gorhi ǀ
about the competitive landscape surrounding
bojaba tumi akhar gogona
the life they lead.
nupuar hahakar nuhua kori ǀǀ
Inspiration is a drive, an energizing force
“You are new dream, new promise/you are
that directs and sustains a person’s effort to
new struggle of hundreds of storm/By
achieve a given objective and goal. These
smashing the rock of distress/You will make
are really inspiring for the new generation to
the new path with your hand/You will
excel.
overcome the cry of distress/By playing the
The lyric also arouse the “Never Give Up”
flute of hope.”
attitude of human which lead to achieve a
In
the
whole
lyrics
Dr.
Hazarika’s
tough goal of the organization as well as the
imagination leads like “you will overcome
individual goal. New people should be
the ‘cry of distresses’ by playing the flute of
characterised by a dogged determination to
hope”, “Pouring the pure water of light rain,
succeed in the face of what seems like
you will minimize the darkness”, “by
impossible odds. Most projects that fail to
smashing the rock of distress, you will make
do so because their initiator gave up too
the new path with your hand”, all these
often short of it. But the young people
motivates the youth more to put their effort
should have to keep unconditional faith in
in their work. So the whole lyric said that
their idea and its execution despite the
the people should imagine and explore new
opposition from all corners.
opportunities and innovative ways of doing
The next lyric which is “KARMEI AMAR
the things. They should think strategically,
DHARMA” (“WORK IS OUR WORSHIP”)
which means they should think about the
again he emphasis on the motivational
long-term goals and should be insightful
aspect. This lyric he had written in the year
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1949. At that time the whole nation was on
Kuri hotikat Bapujie kole
karmai Xarmormo ǀǀ
the wave of ‘Freedom’. Dr. Hazarika tired to
“In the ‘dwapar yugas’, Lord Krishna said
give his contribution to this celebration by
don’t let your own works go/In the twentieth
way of his this lyric.
century Bapuji said, Work is the only
In a country like India, people devote a
summery”
plethora time in worship, where they feel
Again he said:
that inner spirituality helps in achieving a
Ami notun jugar notun manob
determined goal. He written the lyrics by
Anim notun swargo
taking this fad and expressed that:
Obohelito jonotar babe
Kormoi amar dhorma,kormoi amar dhorma
Dhorat patim swargo ǀ
Ami jiban jujat jikibo lagibo
“We are the new man of new era/Will create
Pindhi hahokhar barma ǀǀ
new heaven/for the neglected people/we will
“Work is our worship, work is our
build a newer heaven on earth.”
worship/We have to win in our life-race/By
It is only the work which helps to flourish
armouring ourselves with courage.”
the organization and the society. The
At the same time, he brought out the words
success is not something which is an
about work of Lords Sri Krishna. Again at
accidental fruit. It takes a lot of perseverance
the next line he put the name of Mahatma
and hard work. Everyone loves to win, but
Gandhi who played a vital role at that time
most people are not willing to put required
of Indian Freedom movement to whom
effort and time to win. So, to enjoy the fruits
Indian considered him as almighty at that
of triumph, to register victory, we require
era. As he expressed:
nothing but the spirit to treat our work as
Dwaporot kole Sri Krishnai, nepelaba nij
worship. In the last part of the lyrics it is
kormo
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ISSN: 2320-3951
stated that ‘we are new man of the new
where it is full of joy and there is no
era/will bring new heaven/ for the neglected
poverty, no flood, no corruption and
people.’ It’s only the right vocation and the
exploitation etc. From the motivational
proper effort which only helps to convert the
aspect it seems that generally in most part of
earth into heaven.
the lyric it resembles with the “The Porter
The above thoughts has some managerial
and Lawler Theory” of Motivation. This
implications as management is the art of
theory was developed by Lyman W. Porter
creating
the
and Edward E. Lawler. However, Dr
management must satisfy the needs and
Hazarika was somewhat different from their
aspiration of the people working in the
thoughts as according to him performance
organization to get from them sustained and
leads to satisfaction, rather than satisfaction
consistent effort towards fulfillment of the
leading to performance. Traditionally people
organizational objectives.
believe that motivation leads to performance
In the lyrics he tried to motivate the people
which in turn leads to satisfaction. Porter
first exposing and imagined about the
and Lawler start with the premise that
rewards which they would achieve after
motivation does not equal satisfaction and
completing the specific task.( “Ami notun
/or performance. They point out that effort
jugar notun manob/ Anim notun swargo/
doesn’t directly lead to performance. It is
Obohelito jonotar babe / Dhorat patim
meditated
swargo.”) In most part of the lyrics it has
perception.30 More important Porter-Lawler
been observed that Dr. Hazarika had applied
model
a unique style of motivation. Imagination
performance. The rewards that follow and
about the earth to convert it to Heaven,
30
an
environment
where
is
by
abilities/traits
what
happens
and
after
role
the
Mohan A C(2007), Leadership and ManagementText, Cases, Exercises, pub: HPH, First Edition,
ISBN: 978-81-8318-808-1, pp. 162-163
108
ISSN: 2320-3951
how these are perceived will determine
1. Dr. Hazarika stress on Participative
satisfaction, Porter and Lawler categorised
Leadership style of management.
the reward as ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’,
According
‘Intrinsic’ rewards are the positive feelings
Leadership always have an influence
that
from
over his/her subordinates. In today’s
completing the task e.g. satisfaction, sense
era of competition as well as
of achievement and on the their hand
changing
‘Extrinsic’ rewards are rewards emanating
relations, participative approach of
from outside the individual such as bonus,
leadership style always seems to be
commission and pay increases etc. 31 Dr.
effective. Participation often reduces
Hazarika written the lyric by taking into
miscommunication and creates a
consideration on both the aspect but
psychological alignment with the
basically he emphasis on the ‘Intrinsic’
team members.
the
individual
experiences
to
Dr.
dimension
Hazarika,
of
human
aspect which is somewhat can be derived
2. According to Dr. Hazarika, Problem
from Gita and Dr. Hazarika seems to be
and the different consequences for
influenced by the same thought of Gita.
solving the problem are the sources
MAJOR FINDINGS
itself for solving the problem. The
best way to solve a problem is to
From the forgone discussion some of the
understand the problem first and to
interesting observations have been revealed.
find out the different consequences
These are:
arising out of the problem. If the
possible consequences are known
31
Porter and Lawler model, access on 28/09/1014;
http://www.learnmanagement2.com/porterandlawler
expectancytheory.htm
beforehand, it is easy to find the clue
109
ISSN: 2320-3951
to solve the problem. In the ear of
value, respect, identity and the sense
uncertainty
of self esteem in the group.
and
complexities,
complex problems are prevalent in
4. According to Dr. Hazarika, time is
an organization. However, if the
like a ‘wager’. When one loses all
leader knows the consequences of
the possession, nothing will remain
the problem well he/she can easily
for growth. He spoke about it when
find out the solutions of the problem.
he was highlighting the life style of a
So according to Dr Hazarika, the
youth. Youth is like a ‘Kans’ grass,
solution of a problem lies in the
their minds are freckled. However, it
problem itself; it is the level of
is important to realize the value of
foresightedness of the management
time as if it is lost it will never come
that determines the success story of
back. So, he urge upon the youths to
solving these problems amicably and
utilize the time properly. Similarly,
effectively.
in business organizations, due to the
3. In the words of Dr. Hazarika, always
competitions and complexities, many
use ‘we’ not ‘I’ when in a team. The
a time the management needs to take
very essence of a team work is to do
some hasty decisions. Their minds
the things collectively. Here there is
become freckled. However, whatever
no place of individualism. However,
the decision may be, one should
if someone is interested to safeguard
realise that whether such decisions
his/her personal interest in a team,
are timely or not. Whether such
he/she will lose his/her existence in
decisions have future benefits or not.
the team and he/she will lose his/her
Because the amount of time and
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money that one has to spend for
Confidence and Combats. With these
executing a decision, if not done
five Cs a manager can easily come
properly, it will lead to incur huge
out from any depressive situation.
loss for the organization. The loss of
Further in the words of Dr. Hazarika,
finance can be recovered but the
one should satisfy with what he/she
amount of time that has been lost
has possessed and should concentrate
during the process and in a way the
on the work sincerely, the result will
competitors have gone ahead of it
come automatically. It seems that Dr.
cannot be recoverable. Time is a
Hazarika was influenced by the
‘speechless spectator’ just like water.
words of Gita while expressing this
So, it is the responsibility of all to
thought. This concept is a great
utilize it to the best possible manner.
contribution from Indian mythology
5. According to Dr. Hazarika, one
to the formation of management
should adopt five qualities in life –
thought that one should not see or
Peace, Patience, Kindness, pardon,
expect
Hope and struggle. These will help
performing a task. If one performs
one to lead its life in a period of
the task sincerely, the result will
depression.
or
definitely be positive and vice versa.
unknowingly, Dr. Hazarika has given
So there must be a demarcation
us a great management thought that
between the term ‘result’ and ‘goal’.
managers should have Five Cs i.e.
However, most of the western
Calmness,
Consumptiveness,
management thinkers tries to coin
Compurgation,
both the terms together in the sense
Conscience,
Knowingly
111
the
result
first
while
ISSN: 2320-3951
that organizational goal should be
someone to motivate him/her. In
result
Indian
today’s world, when stress and
management thought differs as it
tensions are rampant on executives,
believes that the focus on the goal
the best way to get themselves
should be on performing the task
motivate is to convert their dreams
sincerely, the result will follow. Dr.
into reality. They should always
Hazarika too had subscribed the
explore innovative ways to achieve
same view.
something.
oriented.
But
the
6. Dr. Hazarika was of the view that
7. According
to
Dr.
Hazarika,
one’s own smile may work for
performance leads to satisfaction
him/her as a source of motivation.
rather than satisfaction leads to
This
performance.
thought
has
important
His
thought
is
managerial implication that nobody
somewhat contradictory to many of
in the world can able to motivate
the western management thinkers
someone
not
like Herzberg, McGregor and even
motivated from within. According to
Maslow, who believe that if the
him, Imagination and always willing
people
to explore new opportunities are the
satisfied,
best way to motivate self. One
improves. Factors like hygiene and
should never give up till one’s
motivators,
imagination turned into action. This
satisfaction of the employees which
should be the proper source of
ultimately
motivation rather than rely upon
performances.
unless
he/she
is
112
in
an
organization
their
if
are
performance
present
reflect
leads
in
However,
to
their
Dr.
ISSN: 2320-3951
given a different
lyrics presented in this study provide us a
dimension to it as he believes that
new way of defining the idea of Indian
good
to
management. Dr. Bhupen Hazarika has
satisfaction. Even if the path of
never been a bard writing his lyrics in
performance
isolation
Hazarika has
performance
lead
is
difficult,
of
contemporary
society.
uncomfortable and full of jigsaw
Intimately associated with several of the
puzzles, but when one accomplishes
regional movements, he is a bard with a
the task, it is a great source of
social conscience, a troubadour who mirrors
satisfaction and motivation too!
society, musically, but relentlessly. In a
CONCLUSION
community ridden with fractious discord, he
Many Indian scholars and practitioners
has always been the voice of moderation, of
have
Indian
the need for harmony among the many
concepts in management. This has taken
peoples, tribes and races that has been living
various roots viz replication of western
in Assam.
model in India and documenting this
So it can be concluded that modern
experience
managers,
been
searching
through
for
the
empirical
research.
can
be benefited
from
the
Indian management concepts find their
philosophy of texture of these literatures,
unfolding from in many Indian literature of
which serves as a guide in developing
spirituality, through the wisdom of ancient
managerial effectiveness. Mere imitation of
Indian scriptures it can make the existing
western
modern
approaches may not be appropriate in the
management
sustainable in practice.
paradigms
more
Managerial
effectiveness
third world country’s context
So, management
due
to
differences in the culture and environment.
thoughts from the Dr. Bhupen Hazarika’s
113
The
philosophy
of
ISSN: 2320-3951
these lyrics has
H.K. Klein, R.A. Hirschheim (eds.),
North Holland, Amsterdam, 1991,
remained and will remain as a guide for
Pp. 439-464..
developing managerial effectiveness, not
3) Chester
only in this 21st century but also for many
Barnard(1938)
Functions
of
(Cambridge:
more centuries to come. It can be perceived
,
The
the
Executive
Harvard
University
Press), Pp.217
that
this
study
performance
represents
approach
particularistic
a
rather
approach
global
than
4) Chester
a
I.
Function
of
Cambridge,
assigned
Barnard(1938),
The
The
Executive,
Harvard
university
Press, Pp.61
traditionally to Indian business leaders.
Thus
though
predominately
Dr.
Bhupen
remains
Indian
5) Copley F.B. (1923), Frederick W.
Hazarika
in
Taylor:
Father
of
Scientific
Management, Vol. 1, New York:
his
American Society of Mechanical
leadership and management offerings, yet
Engineers, Pp. 241
his lessons of managerial import can guide
6) Douglas
McGregor
(1976),
The
Professional Manager, edited by
any corporate leader in any part of the
Caroline McGregor and Warren G.
world.
Bennis (New York : McGregor- Hill,
Pp. 32-42
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1) Bhat
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Use as a Hermeneutic Process," in
ISBN 0-451-13430-3.
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Control of Your Time and Your
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8) Lakein A. (1973). “How to Get
Oxford University Press, Pp. 519
Systems
(New
McGraw-Hill, 1954), Pp. 83-84
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Emergent Traditions, H-E. Nissen,
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Selected

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