Skladištenje i korištenje stajnjaka/gnojovke, tehnike primjene

Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Skladištenje i korištenje stajnjaka/gnojovke,
tehnike primjene organskih gnojiva
Dr. sc. Robert Spajić dipl.ing.agr.
Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku,
Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku
Implementacija IPPC/IE Direktive u postrojenjima za intenzivan uzgoj živine i svinja
Institut za Stočarstvo, Beograd 30.06.2016.
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Tehnologija uzgoja svinja i peradi
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Spremnici za gnojovku, stajnjak
• Skladište/spremnik gnojovke – primjer zemljane laguna –
dno od kompaktne gline
- vodonepropusnost
- nemogućnost otjecanja nitrata u tlo i podzemne vode
- monitoring na razini godine – svake godine
- 5 godina svake godine – nakon čega Ministarstvo može
odreditit drugu frekvenciju/učestalost praćenja
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Skladištenje gnojovke na osnovu klimatskih zona (IPPC, 2003)
EU Member State
Belgium
Luxembourg
Denmark
Finland
Germany
Austria
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
The Netherlands
UK
External Manure Storage
Capacity (Months)
4-6
5
6-9
12
6
4
4
6
3 for solid & 5 for slurry
3-4
3 or more
8 – 10
6 for pig slurry
4 -6
Climate
Atlantic/Continental
Atlantic/Continental
Atlantic
Boreal
Continental
Continental
Mediterranean
Atlantic
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Boreal
Atlantic
Atlantic
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Sustav zbrinjavanja gnojovke/stajnjaka
Skladištenje
Skupljanje
Tretiranje
Primjena /
Upotreba
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
VRSTE RUKOVANJA
gnojovkom / stajnjakom
KRUTI
Vlažnost < 70 % mehanički
TEKUĆI
Vlažnost > 90 % hidraulično
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Defecirani materijal u osnovnom obliku
nije ni kruta tvar ni tekućina
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Sustav skupljanja gnojovke/fecesa ispiranjem
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Zemljana laguna
Izvor: European Commission – IPPC Document 2003
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Lagune danas – nakon 30 i više godina
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Primarna prijemna jama u zemlji
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Sekundarna prijemna jama u zemlji
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Lagune
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Otvorena laguna sa folijom
• valjano rješenja kao i nadzemni spremnici
• obložene zadovoljavajućom kompaktnom
glinom ili plastičnom folijom
• plastificirani pokrov
• plutajući pokrov (sjeckana slama,
LECA ili prirodna pokorica)
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Laguna za gnojovku
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Laguna za gnojovku – najnovija
tehnološka rješenja
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Nadzemni spremnik
Izvor: European Commission – IPPC Document 2003
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Montažni metalni i betonski spremnici za skladištenje
gnojovke
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Lagune VS nadzemni spremnici
Lagune – pozitivni elementi
•
•
•
•
Veliki kapaciteti zapremine
Značajno niža cijena izgradnje (cca 15 - 21 EUR/m3)
Manje zahtjevna dokumentacija
Jednostavnija izvedba
Lagune – negativni elementi
•
•
•
•
Trajnost kraća ukoliko se ne održavaju
Mješanje mase zahtjevnije (brod mješalica)
Zapremina oborinskih voda zahtjeva veće kapacitete
Monitoring vodonepropusnosti
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Lagune VS nadzemni spremnici
Nadzemni spremnici – pozitivni elementi
•
•
•
•
Mješanje mase jednostavnije (mikseri za mješanje gnojovke)
Moguće odvojiti oborinsku vodu
Veća trajnost
Postavljanje pokrova jednostavnije
Nadzemni spremnici – negativni elementi
•
•
•
•
•
Značajno veća cijena izgradnje (cca 40 – 55 EUR/m3)
Zahtjevnija dokumentacija
Zahtjevnija izvedba
Veći utrošak energije za mješanje po m3
Manja zapremina
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Spremište krutog stajnjaka - perad
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Separacija gnojovke / stajnjaka
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Sadržaj vlage u odvojenim
krutim tvarima iz stajnjaka
Odvojene krute tvari iz stajnjaka
obično sadrže od 65 %– 85 % vlage.
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Primjer smanjenja zapremine
Ako zadržimo 50% krute tvari iz gnojovke koja sadrži 6%
ukupne krute tvari, uklonit ćemo ~ 3% krute tvari iz
otpadne vode. Ako obnovljena vlakna imaju gustoću od
~ 570 kg / m3 (otprilike 60% one u gnojovki) možemo
očekivati smanjenje od ~ 5% u zapremini za potrebe
skladištenja gnojovke.
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Homogenost / Izmješanost gnojovke – MET. I BET. SPREMNICI
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Homogenost / Izmješanost gnojovke - LAGUNE
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Ključ je što bolja homogenost gnojovke, ali oprez!
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Homogenost / Izmješanost gnojovke – LAGUNE –
nova tehnološka rješenja
• Kompaktnost i
homogenost gnojovke –
jedan od najvažnijih
koraka u procesu primjene
organskih gnojiva u
gnojidbi kultu
• Razrjeđenost –
determinira upotrebu
(m3/ha)
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Iz preporuka BAT- ova, NRT
 Korištenje prirodne stelje u uzgoju svinja
 Višeobročno hranjenje svinja i peradi – smanjen rasip hrane (N, P, Zn, Cu)
 Tretiranje gnojovke na farmi - skladištenje, aplikacija, korištenje aditiva
prilikom skladištenja gnojovke
 Koncentracija suhe tvari u gnojovci (smanjenje/povećanje) –
navodnjavanje
 Posvetiti pažnju prilikom aplikacije gnojovke na površinama sa nagibom
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Operativno korištenje – gnojovka,
stajnjak
• Analizirati gnojovku i stajnjak svinja i peradi prije
inkorporiranja u tlo
• Aplikacija gnojovke i stajnjaka je zabranjena:
- u periodu studeni – siječanj
- na smrznuto tlo
- kada se očekuju padaline ili smrzavanja tla – neovisno o
dobu godine
- 210 kgN/god – prve četiri godine članstva u EU
- 170 kgN/god od 01.07.2017. godine (RH)
- IZUZETAK : dvije žetve godišnje ??????
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Izračunavanje količine stajnjaka za
primjenu
• Pravilna količina ovisi o:
– Kulturi koja će se uzgajati
– Prethodnoj kulturi (da li je bila leguminoza?)
– Očekivanom prinosu
– Koncentraciji hranjiva u stajnjaku/gnojovci
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
PROSJEČNE VRIJEDNOSTI UZORAKA GNOJOVKE
2011, 2012, 2013 GODINA - (PRIMJER U RH)
Analiza gnojovke
Analiza gnojovke po farmama (prosjek) za 2011, 2012, 2013 godinu
godina
ST (%)
ST
ukupni N ukupni N
(kg/tone)
(%)
(kg/tone)
N/NH4
(%)
N/NH4 ukupni P ukupni P ukupni K ukupni K
(%/ST) (kg/tone)
(kg /tone) (%/ST) (kg/tone)
2011
3,24
32,36
0,33
3,33
0,22
2,22
2,03
0,72
7,98
1,94
2012
3,09
30,28
0,36
3,54
0,24
2,38
1,75
0,55
8,80
2,04
2013
3,31
33,12
0,42
4,19
0,26
2,63
1,91
0,66
7,26
2,11
• Na oko 95 uzoraka gnojovke
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Sastavni
dio
Unos u tlo
Gubitak iz tla
Dušikov ciklus
Dušik iz
atmosfere N2
Atmosferska
fiksacija i
depozicija
Industrijska fiksacija
(komercijalna gnojiva)
Berba
Gnojiva životinj.
porijekla i
biološke tvari
Volatilizacija – NH3
Biljne
rezidue
Otjecanje i
erozija
Biološka
fiksacija kod
leguminoza
Unos u
biljku
Denitrifikacija
Organski
dušik
Amonijak
+
(NH4)
Nitrat
(NO-3)
Ispiranje
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production
Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Sastavni
dio
Unos u tlo
Gubitak iz tla
Ciklus fosfora
Berba
Gnojivo život.
porijekla i
krute biološke tvari
Atmosferska
depozicija
Mineralna
gnojiva
Biljne
rezidue
Organski fosfor
•Mikrobni
•Biljne rezidue
•Humus
Ispiranje
(obično minimalno)
Unos u
biljku
Zemljana
otopina fosfora
•HPO4-2
•H2PO4-1
Primarni
minerali
(apatite)
Otjecanje i
erozija
Mineralne površine
(glina, željezni i
aluminijski oksidi,
karbonati)
Sekundarni spojevi
(CaP, FeP, MnP, AlP)
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Proizvodnja gnojovke (m³/god.)
primjer u praksi
Nukleus
farma
1
14 000
2
15 000
3
15 000
4
18 000
5
15 000
6
15 000
7
15 000
8
18 000
9
24 000
10
18 000
11
18 000
12
25 000
13
15 000
14
15 000
15
12 000
16
18 000
17
18 000
18
18 000
19 20
46 000
21
26 000
Ukupno 340.000 – 370.000 m3 gnojovke godišnje
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Proizvodnja gnojovke i stajnjaka – potreba za oraničnim
površinama po UG (primjer u praksi RH)
UG
uk. ha *
Uk.gnojovka
m³/god.
Uk. stajnjak
m³/god**
Svinjogojstvo
18566
9323
297 000
-
Mliječno goved.
7700
3208
71 000
55 000
Tov junadi
5145
2143
-
45 000
UKUPNO
31411
14674
368 000
100 000
Sektor
2.1 UG po ha za svinjogojstvo, 2.4 UG po ha za govedarstvo (NN 56/08) – kasnije 1.
akcijski plan
** procjena za količinu stajnjaka / god.
*** procjena potrebe (ha) za aplikaciju gnojovke (na bazi 50 m3/ha – 370 000 m3/god)
= 7500 ha – uz max. 210 kg N po ha
**** procjena potrebe (ha) za aplikaciju gnojovke (na bazii 40 m3/ha – 370 000 m3/god)
= 9200 ha – uz max. 170 kg N po ha
*
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Nekada smo zbrinjavali gnojovku, a gdje je dušik !
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Prijevoz i površinska aplikacija
Aplikacija cisternama
• Udaljenosti do 3km
• Manja isplativost, veći troškovi
• Veće udaljenosti – neisplativ trošak
aplikacije
• Značajno sabijanje tla
• Veliki gubitak nutrienata i do 85%
(N) – ZAŠTO APLICIRAMO???
• Zahtjevaju veliki vremenski interval
• Velika razina oštećenja
infrastrukture (ceste, prilazni putevi,
mostovi i sl.)
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Površinska aplikacija
• Veći prijevozni
kapaciteti, ali
trošak još uvijek
visok
• Veliki broj
rotacija/tura u
vremenskom
periodu
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Što točno radimo ???
• Što znate o količini koju
razbacujete?
• Koliko je ravnomjerna
ta količina?
• Koju površinu
pokrivamo?
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Dodatna problematika
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Razbacivači stajnjaka i separata – perad
Razbacivač sandučar
Primjena (brojleri)
Postrani razbacivač
Primjena za kruti separat
Lepezasti raspršivač
Primjena (brojleri)
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Danas gospodarimo – NE zbrinjavamo
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Kontinuitet - mješanje, pumpanje, aplikacija
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Gubitak dušika nakon 4 dana primjene
Metoda primjene
Tip stajnjaka
Gubitak dušika (%)
Čvrsto
25 - 50
Tekuće
40 - 80
Čvrsto
10 - 20
Tekuće
15 - 25
Injektiranje
Tekuće
0-5
Navodnjavanje
Tekuće
20 - 45
Razbacivanje
Razbacivanje i
inkorporiranje
Oprema za primjenu na tlo
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Strnište soje
University of Belgrade
Površinska aplikacija
Direktni injektor – male laste
Injektor s papučicama - laste
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Injektiranje na dubini od 15 – 20 cm eliminira
neugodne mirise i daje najveću iskoristivost N
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Aplikacija gnojovke injektiranjem u tlo
• Maksimalna iskoristivost nutrienata (N, P, K)
• Mogućnost zadovoljenja ukupnih potreba biljke
za nutrientima (50 – 100 m3/ha)
• Velika brzina aplikacije (200 – 300 m3/sat) - 6x
• Znatno manji troškovi aplikacije (oprema,
management, troškovi goriva i sl.)
• Poboljšanje prinosa biljnih kultura
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Aplikacija gnojovke injektiranjem u tlo
•
•
•
•
•
•
Smanjeni neugodni mirisi tijekom operacije
Velika mikrobiološka aktivnost u tlu
Poboljšanje statusa pH tla
Poboljšanje aeriranosti tla
Povećanje razine humusa u tlu
Sprječavanje erozije tla
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Zaključno
• Ukoliko sa gnojovkom i stajnjakom gospodarimo
na adekvatan način, nastaje:
“Visokovrijedno organsko gnojivo,
sirovina, nusproizvod”
• Ukoliko sa gnojovkom i stajnjakom ne
gospodarimo na adekvatan način, nastaje:
“Otpad”
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
Project is funded by the Embassy of
Sweden Belgrade
Hvala na pažnji !
University of Belgrade