public awareness of hiv epidemy in ukraine 2015

Transcription

PUBLIC AWARENESS OF HIV
EPIDEMY IN UKRAINE 2015
Prepared for:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH acting on
behalf of the Federal Government of Germany
Prepared by:
Inna Volosevych, Head of Social and Political Research Department at GfK Ukraine,
[email protected]
Tamila Konoplytska, Project Manager at Social and Political Research Department at
GfK Ukraine, [email protected]
Nick Moon, Managing Director of Social Research at GfK UK, [email protected]
Date:
26.01.2015
Table of contents
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1
Awareness of the “Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!” campaign and the National AIDS
helpline ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2
HIV awareness ......................................................................................................................... 11
3
Attitudes to HIV ....................................................................................................................... 24
4
Risk behavior and HIV testing ............................................................................................... 31
5
Attitude to PLWH ..................................................................................................................... 43
6
Core indicators for Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting ...................................... 51
7
Conclusions and recommendations ..................................................................................... 57
8
Sample design ......................................................................................................................... 64
2
Abbreviations
AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IDUs – Injecting drug users
PLWH - People Living with HIV
UCDC - State institution "Ukrainian Center for Socially Dangerous Disease Control of the Ministry of
Health of Ukraine"
Target groups
Population, Population of Ukraine, Ukrainians – population of Ukraine aged 15 and older
Youth – population of Ukraine aged 15-24
Population of Dnipropetrovska oblast – population of Dnipropetrovska oblast aged 15 and older
3
General information about the survey
The objective of the research is to evaluate the outputs and outcomes of the “Don’t Give AIDS a
Chance!” campaign: induced changes, measuring HIV and AIDS-related knowledge, behaviour, and
attitudes in Ukraine.
The first wave of the survey was conducted in Autonomous Republic Crimea in January-February 2013
and covered two target groups: the population of Crimea aged 15+ and the population of Crimea aged
15-24.
The second wave of the survey was conducted in Ukraine (not including Crimea and settlements in
Donetska and Luhanska oblast which are not under control of Ukrainian government) in November 2014.
It covered three target groups of the campaign: the population of Ukraine aged 15+, the population of
Ukraine aged 15-24 (Youth) and the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast aged 15+.
The third wave of the survey was also conducted in Ukraine (not including Crimea and settlements in
Donetska and Luhanska oblast which are not under control of Ukrainian government) in November 2015.
It covered three target groups of the campaign: the population of Ukraine aged 15+, the population of
Ukraine aged 15-24 (Youth) and the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast aged 15+.
Dnipropetrovska oblast became target one of the “Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!” campaign because of the
high HIV prevalence there. As of December 1, 2014 Dnipropetrovska oblast holds the second place in
Ukraine by HIV prevalence after Odeska oblast (732 PLWH per 100 000 of population)1. As of October
2015 this indicator increased to 765 PLWH per 100 000 of population2 while the average indicator in
Ukraine for indicated period decreased: the average indicator of HIV-infection in Ukraine as of 1.12.2014
was 323,7 PLWH per 100 000 of population and it decreased to 298,7 PLWH per 100 000 of population
as of 1.10.2015.
This report gives the results of the third wave of the survey, compared with the results of the second
wave. Questions that were modified in the third wave are shown with the results of only the third wave.
The total sample size of the third wave of the survey was 1502 interviews3, the Youth sample size was
403 interviews, and the Dnipropetrovska oblast sample was 340 interviews. The total sample size of the
second wave of the survey was 1479 interviews 4, the Youth sample size was 411 interviews, and the
Dnipropetrovska oblast sample was 321 interviews.
The sample of the survey is random. At the last stage interview was conducted with the person who fits
by age (15+). If there are several persons who fit by age, the interview was conducted with the person
whose birthday was the last among members of household aged 15+. If all potential respondents denied
participating in the survey, the interviewer followed the next household.
According to data of State Institution “Ukrainian Center for Social Disease Control of the Ministry of Healthcare of
Ukraine http://dssz.gov.ua/attachments/article/2421/листопад%202014.pdf
2 According to data of State Institution “Ukrainian Center for Social Disease Control of the Ministry of Healthcare of
Ukraine. http://ucdc.gov.ua/uploads/documents/83da57/54767862173c1d664168e3fa6a5c28c2.pdf
3 Sample size of 1502 interviews includes 1077 respondents for nationally representative sample (which included 204
respondents aged 15-24 and 114 residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast) and boosters of 199 respondents for Youth
and 226 respondents for residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast. The boosters were conducted in order to have enough
number of respondents for reliable analysis.
4 Sample size of 1479 interviews includes 1068 respondents for nationally representative sample (which included 211
respondents aged 15-24 and 110 residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast) and boosters of 200 respondents for Youth
and 211 respondents for residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast. The boosters were conducted in order to have enough
number of respondents for reliable analysis.
1
4
The sample for Ukraine is representative for the population of Ukrainian settlements that are under
control of the Ukrainian government aged 15+ by gender, age, settlement size, region of respondent`s
residence according to State Statistic Service of Ukraine data: for the second wave - at January 1, 2013;
for the third wave – at January 1, 2014.
The sample for Youth is representative for the population of Ukrainian settlements that are under control
of the Ukrainian government aged 15-24 by gender, settlement size, region of respondent`s residence
according to State Statistic Service of Ukraine data: for the second wave - at January 1, 2013; for the
third wave – at January 1, 2014.
The sample for Dnipropetrovska oblast is representative of the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast aged
15+ by gender, age and settlement size according to State Statistic Service of Ukraine data: for the
second wave - at January 1, 2013; for the third wave – at January 1, 2014.
Geographical coverage of the territories of the survey differs in 2014 and 2015 because of changes in
borders of territories that are under control of the Ukrainian government and those that are not controlled
by the Ukrainian government. Territorial coverage in 2015 was defined by with the Cabinet of Ministers of
Ukraine Order dated by November 7, 2014 № 1085-р “On the list of settlements in the territory of which
the public authorities temporarily do not exercise their authority, and the list of settlements that are
located on the contact line” and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Order dated by May 5, 2015 № 428-р
“On the Amendments to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Order dated November 7, 2014 № 1085.
Distribution of the sample (population of Ukraine) by regions in the second and the third waves of
the survey showing different regional coverage
Kyiv city
North
West
Centre
South
West
Total
2nd wave
3rd wave
7,2%
13,0%
22,6%
25,0%
16,3%
15,9%
100,0%
7,4%
13,4%
23,3%
25,6%
16,4%
14,0%
100,0%
5
1 Awareness of the “Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!” campaign and
the National AIDS helpline
Awareness of the “Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!” campaign is similar to its level in 2014. Overall 39% of
Ukrainians are aware of the campaign. This percentage is higher among Youth (52%). Also the number of
those who have heard about the campaign in Dnipropetrovska oblast is higher than in Ukraine (54%).
Regarding the majority of the Ukrainians, they are mostly haven’t heard of this campaign.
Graph 1.1
HAVE YOU HEARD OR SEEN ANYTHING ABOUT «DON’T GIVE AIDS A CHANCE!» CAMPAIGN?
(shows the card with the samples of ads of the campaign)
% of all respondents
Population of Dnipropetrovska
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
Yes, I have heard/seen the company`s
logo or posters
No, haven`t heard or seen anything
N
2014
39%
37%
61%
63%
54%
56%
46%
44%
52%
47%
48%
53%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
The most common sources of information about the “Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!” campaign in Ukraine
remain the TV – 24% (in 2014 – 29%), and outdoor ads/billboards – 17% (in 2014 – 14%).
Comparing with the previous wave there is as increase in the number of those who became aware of the
campaign via brochures/posters (8% in 2015 comparing with 5% in 2014), social media (5% in 2015
comparing with 2% in 2014), promotions organized in the city (5% in 2015 comparing with 1% in 2014),
doctors or other employees of the health care system (4% in 2015 comparing with 2% in 2014).
The share of Youth who got aware of campaign via TV significantly decreased (29% in 2015 comparing
with 34% in 2014). Youth was also mentioning the Internet more frequently than the others.
6
The population of Dnipropetrovska oblast heard about “Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!” campaign much more
often than the total population from TV and outdoor ads/billboards. Comparing with 2014 there is a
significant decrease of the share of those who got aware of campaign from brochures/posters (12%
comparing with 22% in 2014) and newspapers (10% comparing with 23% in 2014). In contrast, many
more residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast heard of the campaign from their friends (13% comparing with
3% in 2014).
Graph 1.2
WHERE HAVE YOU HEARD OR SEEN ABOUT «DON’T GIVE AIDS A CHANCE» CAMPAIGN?*
% of all respondents**
TV
Outdoor ads/billboards
Brochures/leaflets
Newspapers, magazines
The Internet (not social media)
Social media
Radio
Public events that took place in your
city
Doctor/other healthcare professional
Friends
Public transport (trolleybus, bus, train)
School
Haven’t received information
N
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
2014
24%
29%
17%
14%
8%
5%
7%
7%
6%
5%
5%
2%
5%
4%
5%
1%
4%
2%
3%
2%
3%
2%
2%
1%
61%
63%
40%
48%
34%
34%
12%
22%
10%
23%
5%
7%
5%
4%
10%
9%
6%
4%
7%
3%
13%
3%
7%
3%
5%
2%
46%
44%
29%
34%
26%
22%
9%
8%
10%
6%
13%
9%
7%
5%
5%
4%
4%
4%
4%
3%
7%
3%
2%
4%
8%
7%
48%
53%
2015
1502
340
403
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
1479
321
411
2014
* The graph includes the sources which constitute at least 5% of the responses at least in one of the
target groups
**Here and further statistically significant differences with a probability of 95% are marked bold
7
33% of Ukrainians have heard about the National HIV/AIDS (the figure decreased comparing with 2014
when it was 39%). This result is higher among Youth (46%).
Graph 1.3
HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT THE NATIONAL HIV/AIDS HELPLINE?
(the card with the name of the National HIV/AIDS Helpline, its telephone number and Internet web-site
address was shown to the respondents)
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
Yes
2014
33%
39%
67%
61%
28%
31%
72%
69%
46%
42%
54%
58%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
No
N
2015
Awareness of the National HIV/AIDS Helpline decreased among those who are aware of the “Don’t Give
AIDS a Chance!” campaign as well as among those who never heard of the campaign.
There are 56% of those who are aware of the National HIV/AIDS Helpline among those who have heard
of the campaign (in 2014 this indicator reached 62%), whereas among those who never heard of the
campaign only 18% heard of this helpline (in 2014 it was 25%).
Graph 1.4
HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT THE NATIONAL HIV/AIDS HELPLINE?
Those who
Those who did
received
not receive
Population of
information
information
Ukraine
about the
about the
campaign
campaign
Yes
2014
33%
39%
67%
61%
56%
62%
44%
38%
18%
25%
82%
75%
2015
1502
653
849
2014
1479
622
857
2015
2014
No
N
2015
8
The overwhelming majority of Ukrainians (73%), as well as the overwhelming majority of Youth (75%) and
the residents of Dnipropetovska oblast (76%) know that the calls to the National HIV/AIDS Helpline are
free of carge.
Graph 1.5
DO YOU KNOW HOW MUCH IT COSTS TO CALL THE NATIONAL HIV/AIDS HELPLINE? IS IT …
% of respondents, who have heard of the National HIV/AIDS Helpline
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
73%
76%
75%
Free
2014
72%
86%
71%
The same rate as a local calls
The same rate as a call to another city
Don’t know
N
2014
3%
2%
1%
1%
23%
26%
1%
2%
0%
0%
23%
12%
6%
1%
0%
1%
20%
27%
2015
517
105
183
2014
570
87
169
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Ukrainians who have heard about the helpline named the following situations that should cause people to
call there: if the caller suspects him/herself being HIV-infected (58%); or if the caller wishes to hear
general information about HIV/AIDS (46%). Among Youth there are similar indicators.
Among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast there are much fewer of those who believes that the
National helpline should be called when you believe that you are HIV-infected. In contrast, they slightly
more often than the others named the necessity to know where to be tested for HIV as the reason for the
call.
Graph 1.6
WHEN SHOULD SOMEONE CALL THE NATIONAL HIV/AIDS HELPLINE?
% of the respondents who have heard of the National HIV/AIDS Helpline
Ukraine
oblast
If they think they might have HIV
For information about HIV and AIDS in
general
To ask where they can undergo a HIV
test
To ask about how to prevent getting
HIV
If they know someone who might have
HIV or AIDS
Don’t know
N
Youth (15-24)
2015
58%
33%
58%
2015
46%
44%
43%
2015
36%
44%
38%
2015
34%
26%
30%
2015
28%
26%
28%
2015
6%
5%
8%
2015
517
105
183
9
Regarding the possibility of online consultation on the issues related to HIV/AIDS, the awareness level
among the total population reaches 15% and approximately the same rate among the population of
Dnipropetrovska oblast (17%). Youth is better informed – in its case the indicator reaches 25%.
Graph 1.7
ARE YOU AWARE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ONLINE CONSULTATION ON HIV/AIDS ISSUES AT
THE WEB-SITE INDICATED ON THE CARD? (the card with the name of the National HIV/AIDS
Helpline, its telephone number and Internet web-site address was shown to the respondents)
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
Yes
2015
15%
17%
25%
No
2015
85%
83%
75%
N
2015
1502
340
403
Approximately one-third (35%) of those who have heard of the National Helpline know about the
possibility of online consultation on HIV/AIDS issues. There are 46% of such respondents among Youth
and more than a half (58%) among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast.
Graph 1.8
DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF ONLINE CONSULTATION ON THE ISSUES OF
HIV/AIDS AT THE WEB-SITE INDICATED ON THE CARD)
% of the respondents who have heard of the National HIV/AIDS Helpline
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
Yes
2015
35%
58%
46%
No
2015
65%
42%
54%
N
2015
517
105
183
10
2 HIV awareness
More than half (59%) of Ukrainians consider themselves to be very or fairly well informed about HIV/
AIDS. 25% say they’re poorly informed and 9% are not informed at all.
The percentage of informed respondents is higher among Youth (69%).
There is a significant decrease in the level of awareness among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast
(55% in 2015 in comparison owith 67% in 2014). At the same time the percentage of those who are not
informed at all (8% in 2015 versus 1% in 2014), and those for whom it’s difficult to say (14% in 2015
versus 7% in 2014) increased in Dnipropetrovska oblast
Graph 2.1
HOW WELL INFORMED WOULD YOU SAY YOU ARE ABOUT HIV AND AIDS?
% among all respondents
Ukraine
oblast
2015
12%
16%
Very well informed
2014
11%
11%
2015
47%
39%
Fairly well informed
2014
44%
56%
2015
25%
23%
Fairly poorly informed
2014
27%
26%
2015
9%
8%
Not at all informed
2014
10%
1%
2015
7%
14%
Don’t know
2014
8%
7%
1502
340
2015
N
1479
321
2014
Youth (15-24)
15%
12%
54%
56%
23%
22%
3%
2%
5%
8%
403
411
76% of Ukrainians have heard or seen some information about HIV/AIDS in the past year (in 2014 this
indicator was 79%). The most common sources of information about HIV/AIDS in Ukraine remain the TV
(56%), however the percentage of those who indicated that they have heard or have seen something
about HIV/AIDS on TV significantly decreased comparing with 2014 when it was 68%.
Among Youth information about HIV/AIDS was received by 85%. The main sources of information for
Youth, just as for all Ukrainians, are TV (53%, which is much less in comparison with 67% in 2014),
outdoor ads/billboards (36%), the Internet except for the social media (25%). 23% of Youth received such
information at schools and 11% at universities.
Among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast 79% have not received information about HIV/AIDS in
the past year. The proportion receiving such information from the newspapers decreased (11% in 2015
versus 33% in 2014). The same is true for the brochures (15% in 2015 versus 29% in 2014), at work (5%
in 2015 versus 14% in 2014).
11
Graph 2.2
WHERE DID YOU GET ANY INFORMATION ABOUT HIV AND AIDS DURING THE LAST YEAR
FROM?*
% among all respondents
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
2015
56%
57%
53%
2014
68%
74%
67%
2015
25%
44%
36%
Outdoor ads/billboards
2014
26%
45%
32%
2015
16%
11%
17%
Newspapers, magazines
2014
22%
33%
21%
2015
15%
16%
16%
Brochures/leaflets
2014
14%
29%
17%
2015
13%
10%
25%
The Internet (not social media)
2014
14%
14%
27%
2015
11%
15%
10%
Radio
2014
17%
19%
13%
2015
9%
17%
11%
Friends
2014
11%
12%
17%
2015
9%
8%
9%
Doctor/other healthcare professional
2014
10%
7%
13%
2015
9%
9%
12%
Social media
2014
6%
9%
10%
2015
8%
5%
10%
Public events that took place in your city
2014
5%
8%
7%
2015
7%
7%
23%
School
2014
5%
6%
23%
2015
6%
5%
3%
Workplace
2014
8%
14%
6%
2015
6%
8%
5%
Public transport (trolleybus, bus, train)
2014
6%
12%
8%
2015
4%
4%
10%
Lectures
2014
3%
4%
8%
2015
4%
3%
9%
Parents
2014
1%
2%
5%
2015
4%
2%
11%
University
2014
2%
3%
9%
2015
3%
5%
2%
A partner or spouse
2014
3%
3%
2%
2015
2%
3%
2%
Other relatives
2014
3%
6%
3%
2015
14%
11%
5%
Don’t remember
2014
8%
6%
6%
2015
Haven’t received information about HIV
10%
16%
4%
2014
and AIDS in past year
13%
8%
10%
2015
1502
340
403
N
2014
1479
321
411
* The graph includes the sources which constitute at least 5% of the responses at least in one of the
target groups
TV
More than a half of Ukrainians know the following information about HIV:
 You can get infected with HIV and be unaware of it (84% of respondents estimated this statement
correctly)
 Use of condoms considerably reduces the risk of getting infected with HIV ВІЛ (76%)
 There is no medicine as of now to completely cure HIV-infection and AIDS (71%)
12


A healthy-looking person can be HIV-positive (69%)
You cannot rest assured that you do not have HIV/AIDS just because you do not take drugs
(59%)
More than one third of Ukrainians know that people living with HIV are provided with treatment and can
live a normal life. The proportion of those who think this way has significantly increased – 37% in 2015
versus 24% in 2014 among the Ukrainians in general. The increase of this indicator is also noticeable
among Youth (42% in 2015 versus 27% in 2014) and the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast (42%
versus 28%). On the other hand only one third of Ukrainians (34%) know that HIV is not a death
sentence.
67% of Ukrainians believe that a man who is known to be carrying condoms would not have a bad image;
58% of Ukrainians believe the same to be true about a woman that is known to be carrying condoms.
One third of Ukrainians (34%) believe that HIV-infected woman can give a birth to a healthy child. Among
Youth this indicator is 26%.
The same trends are being observed among Youth and population of Dnipropetrovska oblast overall.
However in Dnipropetrovska oblast in comparison to 2014 there is a decrease in a number of those who
know that a person cannot rest assured that he/she does not have HIV just because he/she does not take
drugs (57% in 2015 versus 67% in 2014).
Graph 2.3
NOW I AM GOING TO READ YOU A SET OF STATEMENTS ABOUT HIV AND AIDS. PLEASE LABEL
EACH OF THEM RIGHT OR WRONG.
% of all respondents, share of those who believe the statement to be correct
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
You can get infected with HIV and be
2015
82%
87%
83%
unaware of this
2014
84%
81%
85%
Use of condoms considerably reduces the 2015
76%
75%
84%
risk of getting infected with HIV
2014
76%
78%
81%
There is no medicine as of now to cure of
2015
72%
69%
71%
HIV infection and AIDS completely
2014
69%
74%
70%
A healthy-looking person can be HIV2015
69%
66%
71%
positive
2014
69%
71%
72%
2015
2014
67%
67%
59%
59%
58%
58%
67%
68%
57%
67%
60%
58%
73%
71%
62%
65%
63%
64%
2015
2014
37%
24%
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
34%
33%
34%
─
42%
28%
27%
36%
30%
─
42%
27%
35%
37%
26%
─
1502
1479
340
321
403
411
A man who is known to be carrying
condoms would not have a bad image
2015
2014
If you do not take drugs, you can not rest
assured that you do not have HIV or AIDS
2015
2014
A woman who is known to be carrying
condoms would not have a bad image
These days people with HIV are provided
with treatment and are able to live a
normal life
Getting infected with HIV do not mean a
death-warrant
HIV-infected woman can give birth to a
healthy child
N
13
According to the public opinion, the main reasons why HIV is being spread is prostitution (according to
74% of the respondents; the number of those who think that way decreased in comparison to 2014 when
this indicator reached 80%), drug-trafficking (73%) and homosexual relations (66%). Other reasons given
by respondents are: people believe they are not at risk of getting HIV (54% mentioned it as one of the
main reasons); disrespect to the traditional moral and ethical values of the society (51%); people do not
understand the ways HIV is distributed (48%; the number of those who think that way decreased in
comparison to 2014 when it was 52%).
There is no significant difference among Youth and the residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast regarding this
issue, although among Youth there are significantly less of those who believe that the reason for HIV
distribution is homosexual relations (60%, whereas among the Ukrainians overall its 66%), and the
population of Dnipropetrovska oblast named prostitution much more often as the reason (79%, whereas
overall in Ukraine it is – 74%).
Graph 2.4
NOW I AM GOING TO READ YOU A FEW STATEMENTS CONCERNING THE REASONS OF
HIV/AIDS SPREAD IN UKRAINE. PLEASE SPECIFY IF IT IS THE MAIN REASON, SECONDARY
REASON OR NOT A REASON AT ALL OF THE UNEFFECTIVE HIV/AIDS PREVENTION IN UKRAINE
FOR EACH OF THE STATEMENTS?
% of all respondents, population of Ukraine: N 2014 = 1479, N 2015 = 1502
2015
Spread of prostitution
74%
2014
80%
2015
Spread of drug-trafficking
66%
2014
68%
People think they are not at risk of2015
getting infected with HIV
2014
Traditional moral and ethical
values neglection
2015
People do not understand the
ways HIV and AIDS are spread
Parents do not provide their
children with enough
information on sex safeguards
Lack of information on safe
sex in schools
2015
2014
18%
8% 8%
20%
3% 9%
26%
57%
14%
28%
51%
6%
8% 8%
27%
15%
7%
32%
14%
6%
12%
7%

48%
2014
52%
28%
2015
47%
34%
2014
48%
30%
2015
42%
34%
2014
42%
32%
35%
The quality of condoms is
poor, they tear easily
2015
28%
People displacement (wars,
labour migration, urbanization,
tourism, trade)
2015
Secondary reason
5%
27%
Not a reason
11%
16%
24%
26%
33%
33%
9%
26%
42%
26%
14%
10%
22%
38%
20%
2014
16%
20%
33%

7%
33%
29%
14%
17%
38%
28%
2015
10%
24%
2014
2014
12%
36%
People think there has been
discovered a cure for HIV/AIDS
2014
14% 6%
36%
2015
Main reason
6%4%
15% 4% 5%
54%
It is difficult for people to speak 2015
openly about sex
2014
Condoms are too expensive
2%
17%
76%
2015
6%4%
13%
73%
2014
Spread of homosexual
relations
16%
33%
44%
49%
11%
12%
9%
10%
10%
Don`t know/Refuse
14
Graph 2.5
% of all respondents: population of Dnipropetrovska oblast, 2015 N=340, 2014 N=321
2015
79%
2014
77%
2014
2015
53%
2014
51%
2015
51%
2014
53%
2015
Lack of information on safe sex
in schools
2015
2015
2014
Main reason
16% 3%
38%
8% 6%
10%3%
4% 7%
36%
16% 3%
40%
48%
34%
45%
39%
32%
17%
6%
20%
5%
17%
4%
35%
20%
5%
47%
13%
8%

32%
2014
30%
2015
29%
People displacement (wars, labour 2015
migration, urbanization, tourism,
2014
trade
28%
48%
27%
2015
2014
8%3%
35%
37%
2014
11%
37%
44%
2014
7%3%
35%
41%
2015
values neglection
37%
52%
2014
2015
1% 8%
11%2%
48%
2014
It is difficult for people to speak
openly about sex
21%
85%
People think they are not at risk
of getting infected with HIV
3%
12% 2%
69%
2014
The quality of condoms is poor,
20%
84%
2015
Spread of homosexual
relations
2%
10% 2%
87%
2015
17%
16%
45%
31%
13%
30%
45%
36%
27%
21%
44%
45%
20%
10%
9%
6%
4%
9%

Secondary reason
Not a reason
Don't know/Refuse
15
Graph 2.6
% of all respondents: Youth (15-24), 2015 N=403, 2014 N=411
2015
73%
2014
80%
2015
People think they are not at risk
of getting infected with HIV
2015
46%
2014
47%
Lack of information on safe sex
in schools
2015
40%
38%
2014
41%
33%
values neglection
2015
It is difficult for people to speak
openly about sex
2015
2015
2014
33%
The quality of condoms is poor,
they tear easily
2015
33%
13% 6%
38%
13% 4%
31%
37%
14%
7%
18%
5%
19%
36%
17%
6%
9%

35%
2014
39%
39%
33%
30%
2014
35%
2015
2014

2015
15%
2014
15%
Secondary reason
34%
28%
Not a reason
22%
6%
20%
44%
35%
5%
23%
38%
25%
22%
26%
32%
21%
People displacement (wars,
labour migration, urbanization,
tourism, trade
Main reason
14% 4%
28%
2014
6% 6%
31%
54%
8%
14% 5%
27%
51%
2014
6%
29%
61%
2015
11% 7%
20%
53%
2014
23%
66%
2015
3%
16% 4% 5%
60%
2014
2%
22%
75%
2015
3%
13%
67%
2014
Spread of homosexual relations
19%
24%
29%
42%
50%
9%
12%
9%
11%
11%
8%
7%
Don't know/Refuse
16
Most Ukrainians are aware of the ways of HIV transmission. The highest level of awareness is observed
for:
 Transfusion of infected blood (90% of Ukrainians know this way of HIV transmission);
 Shared use of needles and syringes for injections (90% – the indicator increased in comparison
to 2014 when it reached 87%);
 Blood-to-blood contact with an infected person (90%).
There is an increased level of awareness of HIV transmission through vaginal sex without condom (84%
in 2015 versus 80% in 2014), unprotected anal sex (74% in 2014 versus 66% in 2015), oral sex without
condom (65% in 201, 54% in 2014). The level of awareness of HIV transmission through piercing and
tattooing reaches 81%, sharing shaving products / toothbrushes – 75%.
The number of those who are aware of HIV transmittance from an HIV positive mother to a baby is 64%,
the number of those who are aware of this decreased in comparison to 2014 (75%).
As well as in case of the respondents overall, the number of young people who are aware the HIV can be
transmitted from an HIV positive mother to a baby decreased (63% in 2015 versus 75% 2014).
In Dnipropetrovska oblast there is an increase in the number of those who are aware that a person can
be infected by transfusion of infected blood, – 99% in 2015 versus 95% in 2014 - or by the blood of the
infected person via blood-to-blood contact – 97% in 2015 versus 88% in 2014. However, there is a
decrease in the proportion of those who are aware of the probability of HIV transmittance via oral (60% in
2015 versus 82% in 2014), anal (71% in 2015 versus 83% in 2014), vaginal (78% in 2015 versus 90% in
2014) sex without condom. There is also a decrease in those who are aware of the risk of HIV
transmittance when doing piercing or tattooing (73% in 2015 versus 82% in 2014)
Graph 2.7
WHICH OF THESE ARE POSSIBLE AND WHICH ARE IMPOSSIBLE WAYS OF GETTING HIV OR
AIDS? POSSIBLE WAYS
% of all respondents: share of those who considers the following ways of being infected to be possible
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
90%
99%
93%
When transfusing infected blood
2014
89%
95%
88%
Shared use of needles and syringes for
2015
90%
89%
91%
injections
2014
87%
90%
86%
Through blood of infected people upon any 2015
90%
97%
89%
blood-to-blood contact
2014
88%
88%
83%
2015
84%
78%
82%
Vaginal sex without using a condom
2014
80%
90%
78%
2015
81%
73%
86%
When doing piercing and tattoo
2014
80%
82%
81%
When using somebody else’s shaving
2015
75%
66%
76%
products, toothbrushes
2014
76%
72%
74%
2015
74%
71%
73%
Anal sex without using a condom
2014
66%
83%
66%
2015
65%
60%
63%
Oral sex without using a condom
2014
54%
82%
55%
An HIV-positive mother-to-baby
2015
64%
84%
63%
transmission
2014
75%
83%
75%
2015
1502
340
403
N
2014
1479
321
411
17
The most important objective of the campaign is raising awareness of thise ways of being infected that
are directly connected with the risky behavior of citizens – unprotected sex or shared use of sharp objects
(the fact that citizens are aware of the possibility of HIV transmittance by blood transfusion, blood-toblood contacts or when the child is born does not have any impact on their behavior).For each of the
target groups the proportion aware of all the ways of getting infected through the risky behavior was
calculated.
Among the population of Ukraine the proportion who are aware of all the ways of getting infected which
are associated with risky behavior increased from 37% in 2014 to 46%.
Among Youth this proportion increased from 37% in 2014 to 44%.
On the contrary, awareness of all the ways of getting infected is lower among the residents of
Dnipropetrovska oblast than among the overall population (also, this awareness significantly decreased in
comparison to 2014).
Graph 2.8
AIDS? POSSIBLE WAYS, ASSOCIATED WITH RISKY BEHAVIOUR
% of all respondents: share of those who considers the following ways of getting infected to be possible
Indicator: awareness on the ways of getting infected associated with a risky behavior - % of respondents
who consider all the indicated ways of getting infected to be possible
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
Shared use of needles and syringes for
2015
90%
89%
91%
injections
2014
87%
90%
86%
2015
84%
78%
82%
Vaginal sex without using a condom
2014
80%
90%
78%
2015
81%
73%
86%
When doing piercing and tattoo
2014
80%
82%
81%
When using somebody else’s shaving
2015
75%
66%
76%
products, toothbrushes
2014
76%
72%
74%
2015
74%
71%
73%
Anal sex without using a condom
2014
66%
83%
66%
2015
65%
60%
63%
Oral sex without using a condom
2014
54%
82%
55%
Awareness of ways of getting infected
2015
46%
37%
44%
associated with risky behaviour (% of
2014
37%
50%
37%
those who know all the ways)
2015
1502
340
403
N
2014
1479
321
411
Regarding wrong stereotypes about HIV transmittance, 34% of Ukrainians wrongly consider that a person
can be infected if treated at a doctor’s surgery where HIV-positive patients are also treated. 28% consider
that HIV is transmitted via mosquito bites. 26% of respondents said that the person can be infected by
sharing toilet/bathhouse/swimming pool with the infected person (the proportion thinking this way
increased from 20% in 2014) and 26% consider that one can be infected by sharing the same glass with
HIV-infected person. 11-22% of Ukrainians wrongly consider that HIV can be transmitted by shared use
of towels and other household items, consuming food together, sneezing or coughing, kissing etc.,
whereas 5% believe even touch or hugging to be risky. All these wrong perceptions lead to intolerant
attitude towards PLWH.
18
Among Youth the proportion who consider that HIV can be transmitted via mosquito bite increased in
2015 up to 28% (comparing with 18% in 2014).
Among the residents of Dnipropetrovka oblast there is an increase in those who think that a person can
be infected if treated at a doctor’s surgery where HIV-positive patients are also treated (2015 – 29%,
2014 – 16%). However, on the other hand, there is a decrease in those who think that a person can get
infected by touches and hugging (2015 – 2%, 2014 р. – 8%).
Graph 2.9
AIDS? IMPOSSIBLE WAYS
% of all respondents: share of those who consider that the following ways of getting HIV-infected are
possible
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
If you’re treated at a doctor’s surgery
2015
34%
29%
33%
where HIV-positive patients are also
2014
32%
16%
27%
treated
2015
28%
16%
28%
Insect bite transmission
2014
24%
22%
18%
Using one toilet/bathhouse/swimming pool 2015
26%
25%
24%
or sauna with an infected person
2014
20%
28%
20%
Drinking from the same glass with HIV2015
26%
23%
20%
positive person
2014
22%
25%
22%
Through shared use of a towel, bath
2015
22%
25%
20%
sponge, soap
2014
19%
29%
17%
2015
20%
17%
17%
Through a kiss
2014
19%
15%
16%
Living in one room with an HIV-positive
2015
18%
21%
17%
person
2014
18%
20%
15%
If you share food with an HIV-positive
2015
16%
20%
17%
person
2014
18%
23%
15%
2015
12%
15%
11%
Through sneezing or coughing
2014
11%
16%
8%
Eating food prepared by an HIV-positive
2015
11%
12%
9%
person
2014
9%
13%
8%
2015
5%
2%
5%
Through touch or hugging
2014
6%
8%
4%
2015
1502
340
403
N
2014
1479
321
411
According to the total population the best way to protect from HIV is to engage in sexual intercourse only
with a constant and faithful partner that doesn’t have any other sexual partners (90% of Ukrainians
mentioned it as a method to reduce the risk of infection); also 80% mentioned using condoms during each
sexual intercourse as another effective way of protection.
There is an increase in a number of those who do not consider that for preventing infection it is necessary
to have one faithful partner: in 2015 – 5%, in 2014 р. – 3%; in those who do not consider it necessary to
using condoms: 2015 – 11%, 2014 р. – 5%; and in those who do not consider that f HIV can be prevented
from spreadingby abstaining from anal sex: 2015 – 33%, 2014 – 28%.
19
Among Youth there is a significant decrease in the proportion of those who believe that is necessary to
use condoms constantly – 85% in 2014 to 79% in 2015.
Among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast 98% consider that it is possible to decrease the risk of
HIV infection by engaging in sexual intercourse only with a constant and faithful partner that doesn’t have
any other sexual partners; for 44% it is abstaining from anal sex (the number of such respondents
decreased comparing with 2014 – 55%) whileamong Ukrainians this indicator reached 37%).
Graph 2.10
IS IT POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE RISK OF HIV TRANSMISSION… POSSIBLE WAYS
% of all respondents: population of Ukraine, N 2014 =1479, N 2015= 1502
By engaging in sexual intercourse
only with a constant and faithful
partner, that doesn't have any
other sexual partner
By using condoms during each
sexual intercourse
2015
90%
2014
91%
5% 5%
3% 7%
2015
80%
11% 10%
2014
82%
5% 13%
2015
37%
2014
38%
33%
30%
Abstain from anal sex
Yes
No
28%
35%
Don`t know
Graph 2.11
% of all respondents: Dnipropetrovska oblast, N 2014 =321, N 2015= 340
partner, that doesn't have any other
sexual partner
sexual intercourse
2015
98%
2014
94%
2015
3% 4%
87%
2014
2015
2%
8% 5%
90%
44%
4% 6%
23%
33%
2014
Yes
No
55%
22%
24%
Don't know
20
Graph 2.12
% of all respondents: Youth (15-24), N 2014 =411, N 2015= 403
partner, that doesn't have any other
sexual partner
sexual intercourse
2015
88%
2014
88%
2015
6% 6%
2% 10%
79%
2014
13%
85%
7%
4%11%
2015
36%
34%
2014
38%
28%
30%
Yes
No
34%
Don't know
The highest share (46%) of the interviewed residents of Ukraine considers that sexual contacts with those
persons who said that they are HIV negative are reducing the risk of HIV transmission. Also other wrong
stereotypes on the protection from being HIV-infected prevail in over one-fifth of the population of
Ukraine: reducing HIV risk by practicing sexual penetration without ejaculation (24%); use of spermicidal
agents when having a sexual intercourse (20% versus 16% in 2014 р.); use of hormonal contraceptives
(19%).
A significant share of the respondents demonstrated uncertainty regarding the wrong stereotypes related
to protection from HIV infection: 43% of Ukrainians are not aware whether using of spermicidal agents
can reduce the risk of being HIV-infected, 29% of the population is not aware whether practicing sexual
penetration without ejaculation can reduce the risk (in 2014 this indicator reached 35%), and 28% are not
certain if using of hormonal contraceptives can help. ( 34% in 2014)
Graph 2.13
IS IT POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE RISK OF HIV TRANSMISSION… WRONG WAYS
% of all respondents: population of Ukraine, N 2014 =1479, N 2015= 1502
2015
Sexual contacts only with those who
told you they are not HIV-positive
2014
Sexual penetration without
ejaculation
Use of spermicidal agents when
having a sexual intercourse
46%
43%
2015
2014
21%
2015
20%
2014
16%
Yes
44%
37%
36%
15%
No
25%
46%
19%
2014
18%
32%
24%
2015
Use of hormonal contraceptives
(i.e. birth control pills)
36%
29%
35%
43%
48%
53%
50%
28%
34%
Don`t know
21
Graph 2.14
% of all respondents: Dnipropetrovska oblast, N 2014 =321, N 2015= 340
Sexual contacts only with those who 2015
told you they are not HIV-positive
2014
ejaculation
63%
71%
2015
25%
2014
26%
2015
Use of hormonal contraceptives
(i.e. birth control pills)
27%
23%
52%
31%
42%
46%
27%
No
15%
29%
44%
18%
2014
Yes
31%
28%
2015
17%
14%
40%
2014
20%
36%
51%
23%
Don't know
Graph 2.15
% of all respondents: Youth (15-24), N 2014 =411, N 2015= 403
Sexual contacts only with those
who told you they are not HIVpositive
2015
ejaculation
2015
24%
2014
23%
2015
22%
51%
2014
44%
2014
Use of hormonal contraceptives (i.e.
birth control pills)
16%
2015
19%
2014
18%
Yes
34%
No
15%
29%
27%
44%
39%
37%
36%
31%
38%
41%
49%
56%
45%
25%
37%
Don't know
22
Only 32% of respondents say they do not need additional information on HIV/AIDS. This figure was 28%
for the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast and 21% for Youth.
The overall population and Youth would first and foremost prefer to receive information on the possible
personal measures of HIV-infection prophylactics. Among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast the
most requested information relates to HIV-testing and explanation of the results and also the measures
that can be taken by people in order to prevent being HIV-infected and on the treatment of HIV and
people who live with HIV.
Graph 2.16
WHAT TYPE OF INFORMATION ABOUT HIV/AIDS YOU WOULD LIKE TO RECEIVE IN FUTURE
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
To receive information on measures
2015
27%
17%
32%
person could take to prevent HIV
To receive information on HIV testing and
2015
23%
19%
27%
test results explanation
To receive information about HIV treatment
2015
21%
17%
20%
and people living with HIV
To receive other information about HIV and
2015
14%
9%
15%
AIDS
No further information about HIV and AIDS
2015
32%
28%
21%
is required
2015
Difficult to answer
14%
26%
16%
N
1502
340
403
2015
23
3 Attitudes to HIV
The health issue people in Ukraine are most worried about is heart diseases (31%, versus 21% in 2014).
Cancer holds the second place (29%), third – HIV/AIDS (10%, a decrease from 16% in 2014). Sexually
transmitted diseases, except HIV; and road traffic accidents are the main concern respectively only to 4%
and 3% of respondents. 10% of the interviewed do not worry about health issues at all.
Among Youth there is the highest share of those who are worried by cancer (27%, an increase from 19%
in 2014). HIV/AIDS holds a second position (16%, this indicator is half as high as in 2014). Concern levels
for sexually transmitted diseases (except HIV) are not high at 8%.
The population of Dnipropetrovska oblast shows the highest level of concern with health threats – only
3% do not worry about their health. The population of this oblast has a much higher level of concern
about cancer – 37% named it as a most important health threat. Heart diseases hold a second place
(29%), and HIV/AIDS dropped to third position (13%, in 2014 – 21%).
Graph 3.1
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING THREATS TO HEALTH WORRIES YOU MOST OF ALL?
Heart diseases
Cancer
HIV and AIDS
Sexually-transmitted infections, except
HIV
Road traffic accidents
Not worried about threats to health
Difficult to answer
N
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
2014
31%
21%
29%
26%
10%
16%
4%
4%
3%
3%
10%
12%
7%
9%
29%
20%
37%
38%
13%
21%
6%
6%
3%
4%
3%
1%
7%
4%
8%
5%
27%
19%
16%
32%
8%
4%
4%
3%
21%
21%
11%
8%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
63% of Ukrainians are sure they are absolutely not at risk or unlikely to get HIV-infected. Only 22%
consider the risk as real («absolutely real», «quite real» and «fifty-fifty»); 14% did not respond to the
question.
Youth assesses the risk of being HIV-infected higher than the population generally (27% among Youth
versus 22% among the population in general).
24
Graph 3.2
HOW HIGH IS THE RISK THAT YOU YOURSELF MIGHT GET INFECTED WITH HIV?
% of all respondent
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
3%
3%
3%
Absolutely real
2014
2%
3%
3%
Quite real
Fifty-fifty
Unlikely
I’m absolutely not at risk
Don’t know
N
2014
7%
7%
12%
12%
32%
35%
31%
31%
14%
12%
5%
17%
10%
15%
29%
34%
33%
25%
19%
6%
8%
6%
16%
18%
35%
37%
23%
18%
16%
18%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Those who don’t use condoms because of having permanent partners and those who always use
condoms assess their risk of being infected as lower than do those who not always use condoms (for the
figures on using condoms see Chapter 4)
Graph 3.3
HOW HIGH IS THE RISK THAT YOU YOURSELF MIGHT GET INFECTED WITH HIV
% of respondents who: always use condoms; use condoms from time to time; don’t use condoms
because of having permanent partners.
Population of Ukraine
Absolutely real
Quite real
Fifty-fifty
Unlikely
I’m absolutely not at risk
Don’t know
N
Always use
condoms
Not always use
condoms
Do not use condoms, because of
having a permanent partner
2014
3%
2%
6%
8%
20%
25%
42%
41%
22%
13%
7%
11%
4%
4%
14%
10%
19%
17%
39%
41%
11%
15%
12%
13%
3%
2%
8%
8%
14%
10%
38%
44%
27%
27%
11%
9%
2015
195
316
339
2014
200
326
357
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
25
Most of those who consider themselves to be at risk of HIV infection say that they know how to protect
themselves but anything might happen in life (62%). 16% of respondents say that they do not always
have the possibility to take safety measures, and 13% don’t know how to protect themselves. Youth
showed no significant differences from the total population of Ukraine in this regard. On the contrary, in
Dnipropetrovska oblast there is a significant increase in people who don’t know how to protect
themselves from HIV/AIDS (32% in 2015 whereas in 2014 – 11%).
Graph 3.4
WHY DO YOU THINK THERE IS REAL RISK?
% of those respondents who consider that they are completely at risk, quite at risk or fifty-fifty
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
I know how to secure myself against
HIV and AIDS and I always take
2015
62%
47%
57%
corresponding measures
2014
67%
66%
70%
but anything might happen in life
I know how to secure myself against
HIV and AIDS but I am not always able
to take safety measures
16%
13%
11%
16%
19%
16%
2014
13%
9%
1%
3%
2%
2%
5%
7%
32%
11%
3%
5%
2%
2%
5%
1%
16%
9%
0%
0%
3%
0%
6%
5%
2015
333
71
101
2014
369
115
120
2015
2014
I don’t know how to secure myself
against HIV and AIDS
2015
I can get infected during the medical
tratment, testing or blood transfusion
2015
Other
Difficult to answer
N
2014
2014
2015
2014
2015
Those who think they are unlikely to get infected explain their confidence by the fact they: have one
permanent sexual partner whom they trust (47% in 2015, down from 53% in 2014); they do not take drugs
(34%); or they do not have a sexual partner (21%).
In comparison with 2014 there is an increase in those who do not believe that they can be infected. In
2015 that was the response of a quarter of respondents (25%) believe that the risk is low or completely
does not exist (20% in 2014).
Among Youth the reasons why people are not worrying about the risk of being HIV-infected are the
following: «I have a permanent sexual partner whom I trust» (45%), «do not take drugs» (40%), «do not
have a sexual partner» and «do not believe it can happen to me» (23% each).
The population of Dnipropetrovska oblast rely for the most on having one permanent partner (48%).
Disbelief that it can happen to them is the second most popular reason for confidence of not getting
infected (24% - an increase from 14% in 2014), and the third reason is that they do not take drugs (22%).
26
Graph 3.5
WHY DO YOU THINK IT IS UNLIKELY YOU WOULD GET HIV-INFECTED?
% of respondents who consider that the risk is low or that they are absolutely not at risk of being infected
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
I have one permanent sexual partner I
2015
47%
48%
45%
trust
2014
53%
58%
41%
2015
34%
22%
40%
I do not do drugs
2014
36%
27%
44%
2015
25%
24%
23%
I do not believe it can happen to me
2014
20%
14%
19%
2015
21%
16%
23%
I do not have a sexual partner
2014
22%
22%
28%
2015
9%
3%
18%
I always use condoms
2014
8%
8%
17%
2015
5%
7%
4%
Difficult to answer
2014
5%
6%
5%
944
205
232
2015
N
930
180
218
2014
40% of respondents wouldn’t agree if a new partner suggested having sex without a condom but 10% (up
from 6% in 2014) would agree to such proposal. 26% of respondents would not know what to do in such a
situation. A quarter suppose they would never have a new relationship 30% (in 2014).
More men than women wouldn’t know what to do in such a situation. There are more women who
suppose that they will never have a new relationship. Men more often agree upon sex without condom
(12% comparing with 7% among women).
52% of respondents among Youth wouldn’t agree if a new partner suggested having sex without a
condom (up from 46% in 2014) and only 10% would agree. 23% of respondents would not know what to
do in such a situation.
Among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast 39% wouldn’t agree if a new partner suggested having
sex without a condom and 9% would agree. 36% would not know what to do in such a situation and 16%
do not believe there is a possibility of new relations.
Graph 3.6
YOUR NEW PARTNER WANTS TO INTIMATE WITH YOU WITHOUT A CONDOM AND WITHOUT
BEING SURE ABOUT HIS/HER HIV STATUS. WOULD YOU AGREE OR NOT?
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
10%
9%
10%
Would agree
2014
6%
8%
11%
2015
40%
39%
52%
Would not agree
2014
39%
55%
46%
2015
26%
36%
23%
Don’t know
2014
25%
23%
29%
2015
25%
16%
15%
Would never have a new relationship
2014
30%
15%
14%
2015
1502
340
403
N
2014
1479
321
411
27
Graph 3.7
YOUR NEW PARTNER WANTS TO INTIMATE WITH YOU WITHOUT A CONDOM AND WITHOUT
BEING SURE ABOUT HIS/HER HIV STATUS. WOULD YOU AGREE OR NOT?
Population of
Women
Men
Ukraine
2015
10%
7%
12%
Would agree
2014
6%
5%
7%
Would not agree
Don’t know
Would never have a new relationship
N
2014
40%
39%
26%
25%
25%
30%
42%
39%
22%
21%
29%
36%
38%
39%
30%
30%
20%
24%
2015
1502
799
703
2014
1479
784
695
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
52% would themselves suggest using a condom with a new sexual partner. Men and women demonstrate
the same level of will to take on such an initiative.
Among Youth the share of those who are ready to suggest using condoms with a new sexual partner is
higher than among total population (63% versus 52%). Men are more likely to suggest condom use than
women in a new relationship.
Among respondents from Dnipropetrovska oblast the share of those who are ready to suggest using
condoms with a new sexual partner is 54% down from 65% in 2014). Men are more likely to suggest
condom use than women in a new relationship.
Graph 3.8
IMAGINING YOU WERE STARTING A NEW RELATIONSHIP, WOULD YOU TAKE THE INITIATIVE
AND SUGGEST USING CONDOMS?
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
52%
54%
63%
Yes
2014
52%
65%
67%
No
Don’t know
N
2014
15%
11%
33%
37%
17%
10%
29%
25%
12%
6%
25%
27%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
47% of Ukrainians think that they have quite a good chance of convincing a new partner to use a condom
and only 12% % believe that it would prove difficult for them. There is also quite a big proportion who do
not know whether it would be difficult or easy (41%).
Men think it would be easier than women do to convince a partner to use condoms.
28
Youth is much more sure it would be easy to convince a new partner to use condoms: 56% of young
respondents believe that it would be easy, whereas 9% think it would prove to be difficult. Men find it
easier than women to convince a partner to use condoms.
Among respondents from Dnipropetrovska oblast 45% think that it would be easy to convince a new
partner to use condoms while 21% believe it to be a difficult task. Similar to the two other target groups
men find it easier than women to convince a partner to use condoms.
Graph 3.9
IF YOU DID WANT TO CONVINCE A NEW PARTNER TO USE CONDOMS AT THE START OF A
NEW RELATIONSHIP, HOW EASY OR DIFFICULT DO YOU THINK IT WOULD BE?
Very easy
Fairly easy
Fairly difficult
Very difficult
Don’t know
N
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
2014
19%
15%
28%
25%
9%
5%
3%
4%
41%
50%
12%
25%
33%
33%
12%
8%
9%
6%
35%
27%
23%
18%
33%
31%
6%
6%
3%
2%
35%
43%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Graph 3.10
IF YOU DID WANT TO CONVINCE A NEW PARTNER TO USE CONDOMS AT THE START OF A
Very easy
Fairly easy
Fairly difficult
Very difficult
Don’t know
N
Population of
Ukraine
Women
Men
2014
19%
15%
28%
25%
9%
5%
3%
4%
41%
50%
16%
13%
26%
23%
11%
6%
3%
5%
44%
53%
22%
18%
30%
27%
7%
5%
3%
3%
38%
47%
2015
1502
799
703
2014
1479
784
695
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
22% of respondents say that they would, and 25% (up 5% from 2014) that they would not suggest
undergoing an HIV test to a new partner. However, the majority of respondents could not answer whether
they would suggest undergoing an HIV test before having sexual intercourses with a new partner (53%)
29
which may simply mean that people haven’t previously considered having a new sexual partner. Among
Youth 25% would suggest undergoing an HIV test before having sex with a new partner and 28% would
not (an increase from 18%in 2014).
In Dnipropetrovska oblast the proportion who would be willing to suggest an HIV test before sex with a
new partner is equal to the share within the population overall (22%); while 28% wouldn’t do that. 51% of
the respondents could not answer this question.
Graph 3.11
IMAGINING YOU WERE STARTING A NEW RELATIONSHIP, WOULD YOU TAKE THE INITIATIVE
AND SUGGEST UNDERGO HIV-TEST BEFORE YOU HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSES?
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
22%
22%
25%
Yes
2014
22%
30%
26%
2015
25%
28%
28%
No
2014
20%
21%
18%
2015
53%
51%
47%
Don’t know
2014
58%
49%
56%
1502
340
403
2015
N
1479
321
411
2014
The majority of respondents do not know how easy it would be to convince a new partner to undergo HIV
testing at the start of a new relationship (53% which is less than 61% in 2014). Only 17% believe this
would be very or fairly easy while 30% think this would be very difficult or fairly difficult (there is a
significant growth in the share of those who think it would be fairly difficult: 14% in 2015 and 21% in
2014).
The perception of this question among Youth is similar to the total population. At the same time, 19% of
the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast think it would have been an easy task and 34% believe it to be a
difficult task.
Graph 3.12
IF YOU DID WANT TO CONVINCE A NEW PARTNER TO UNDERGO HIV TEST AT THE START OF A
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
7%
3%
7%
Very easy
2014
5%
6%
6%
2015
10%
16%
14%
Fairly easy
2014
10%
17%
11%
2015
21%
21%
21%
Fairly difficult
2014
14%
21%
15%
2015
9%
13%
10%
Very difficult
2014
10%
12%
11%
2015
53%
47%
48%
Don’t know
2014
61%
45%
57%
1502
340
403
2015
N
1479
321
411
2014
30
4 Risk behavior and HIV testing
86% of Ukrainians over 15 have experience of sexual intercourse. The percentage of respondents with
sexual experience in Dnipropetrovska oblast is 87% (in both cases there is a visible decrease since 2014
when these indicators were respectively 90% and 93%). Among Youth 63% had sexual intercourse and
26% never had sexual intercourse.
Graph 4.1
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN INTIMATE WITH ANYONE?
Yes
No
I’d rather not answer
N
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
2014
86%
90%
5%
5%
9%
5%
87%
93%
4%
2%
10%
5%
63%
64%
26%
27%
11%
9%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
62% had their first sexual experience at the age of 15 or later, and 3% before they turned 15. In
Dnipropetrovska oblast 5% of the respondents had their first sexual experience before they turned 15
(this indicator has halved since 2014 when it was 10%).
Graph 4.2
AT WHAT AGE DID YOU HAVE YOUR FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOUSE?
% of respondents who had ever had sexual intercourse
Ukraine
oblast
2015
3%
5%
Before the age of 15
2014
3%
10%
At the age of 15 or later
N
Youth (15-24)
2014
62%
66%
35%
31%
66%
68%
29%
22%
6%
4%
63%
62%
31%
34%
2015
1382
320
296
2014
1361
311
301
2015
2014
2015
31
Out of those respondents who have experience of sexual intercourse, 58% of Ukrainians, 59% of the
residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast and 72% of Youth have been intimate within the last 12 months.
Graph 4.3
HAVE YOU BEEN INTIMATE WITH ANYONE IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS?
% of respondents who have ever had a sexual intercourse
Yes
No
N
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
2014
58%
61%
24%
25%
18%
14%
59%
69%
20%
20%
21%
11%
72%
78%
8%
6%
20%
17%
2015
1382
320
296
2014
1361
311
301
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
14% of Ukrainians who had intimate relations over the past 12 months use condoms always and 9%
almost always; 20% use them from time to time or rarely; 33% of respondents do not use condoms
because they have one permanent partner(down from 39% in 2014), and 5% do not use them because of
other reasons.
Condoms are more widely used among Youth and population of Dnipropetrovska oblast than among the
total population of Ukraine, although it is noteworthy to mention the decrease of those who almost always
use condoms in Dnipropetrovska oblast: 5% in 2015 versus 17% in 2014.
Graph 4.4
HOW OFTEN IN THE PAST YEAR DID YOU USE CONDOMS DURING THE SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE?
% of respondents who had intimate relations over the past 12 months
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
14%
22%
31%
Always
2014
13%
26%
33%
Almost always
From time to time
Rarely
I don’t use them because I have one
permanent partner
I don’t use them due to other reasons
N
2014
9%
10%
13%
9%
7%
8%
33%
39%
5%
4%
20%
17%
5%
17%
12%
15%
5%
4%
29%
23%
8%
2%
20%
14%
15%
16%
15%
10%
5%
8%
17%
14%
1%
2%
16%
17%
2015
1106
275
275
2014
1086
264
282
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
32
Among those Ukrainians who do not use condoms or do not always use them, 38% say this is because
they trust their partner, 31% (21% in 2014) say that condoms make sex less pleasant, 29% say condoms
are not always available, 19% use other means of protection, 13% pointed out that condoms are
questionable protection (up significantly from 4% in 2014), 11% don’t think it’s necessary and 11% think
that condoms are too expensive.
For Youth the main reason for not using condoms is their unavailability (38%), followed by trust in the
partner (35%) and less pleasurable sex (31%).
The most popular reason for not using a condom in Dnipropetrovska oblast is the same as for the total
population – a trustworthy partner – although the proportion who think that way has halved since the last
wave (2015 – 27%, 2014 – 54%). There is also an increase in the proportion of those residents of
Dnipropetrovska oblast who complain at the poor quality of condoms: in 2015 their number reached 18%,
whereas in 2014 it was only 1%. There is also increase in the proportion who believe that condoms are
too expensive (20% in 2015 and only 4% in 2014).
Graph 4.5
WHY DON’T YOU USE OR NOT ALWAYS USE CONDOMS?*
% of respondents who had intimate relations over the past 12 months and not always use condoms not
because of having permanent partner
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
I don’t use them when I trust my
2015
38%
27%
35%
partner
2014
37%
54%
26%
Condoms make sex less pleasant, I
don’t like having sex with condoms
Condoms are not always available
Other ways of protection used
Condoms are questionable protection
(low quality/tear easily)
I don’t think it is necessary
My partner refuses to use condoms
31%
21%
20%
18%
31%
25%
2014
29%
30%
19%
20%
13%
4%
11%
15%
11%
12%
6%
2%
5%
─
3%
3%
23%
15%
19%
39%
18%
1%
12%
3%
20%
4%
9%
0%
4%
─
2%
0%
38%
42%
20%
8%
9%
5%
7%
12%
13%
9%
10%
4%
4%
─
6%
0%
2015
316
65
91
2014
326
94
97
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
Sometimes I do not use condom
because of having drunken sex
2015
I don’t feel comfortable to buy
condoms
2015
N
2014
*The Graph includes the alternatives given by at least 3% in at least one of the target groups
33
Condoms are perceived mostly as a method of contraception among those who use condoms (83% of
Ukrainians, 82% of Youth and 86% of population of Dnipropetrovska oblast). 34% of Ukrainians use
condoms to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS, 35% use them as protection from other infections (down
from 44% in 2014). Youth named protection from HIV much more often (41%), than other target
audiences.
Graph 4.6
WHY DO YOU USE CONDOMS?
% of respondents who indicated frequency of using condoms (from «always» to «seldom»)
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
83%
86%
82%
Contraception
2014
77%
88%
79%
Protection against other infections
Protection against HIV and AIDS
Difficult to answer
N
2014
35%
44%
34%
36%
2%
3%
44%
40%
33%
55%
1%
2%
46%
47%
41%
54%
2%
4%
2015
511
136
177
2014
526
170
194
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Of those respondents who have been intimate with anyone within the last year, 23% of Ukrainians used
condoms during the last sexual intercourse. The highest rate of condom usage is among Youth (45%).
Among the respondents of Dnipropetrovska oblast 27% used condoms during their last intercourse which
is significantly less than last year (39%).
Graph 4.7
DID YOU USE CONDOMS DURING LAST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE?
% of respondents, who had intimate relations over the past 12 months
Ukraine
oblast
2015
23%
27%
Yes
2014
21%
39%
No
N
Youth (15-24)
2014
50%
58%
26%
22%
46%
45%
27%
17%
45%
47%
32%
29%
23%
23%
2015
1106
275
275
2014
1086
264
282
2015
2014
2015
34
63% of Ukrainians, 68% of respondents in Dnipropetrovska oblast and 58% of Youth had one sexual
partner during last 12 months. 28% of Ukrainians refused to answer and the rest had 2 or more sexual
partners.
Graph 4.8
HOW MANY PARTNERS DID YOU HAVE SEX WITH IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS?
% of respondents, who had intimate relations over the past 12 months
Ukraine
oblast
2015
63%
68%
One
2014
67%
67%
Two
Three
Four
Five to ten
More than 10
N
Youth (15-24)
2014
6%
5%
2%
2%
0%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
28%
24%
5%
8%
1%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
25%
20%
58%
56%
10%
7%
1%
5%
0%
1%
2%
0%
0%
1%
29%
29%
2015
1106
275
275
2014
1086
264
282
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Out of those respondents who have ever been intimate with anyone, 30% discussed safe sex with their
partner; 26% discussed previous relations with a partner; 19% asked their partner to use a condom and
the same proportion underwent a test for sexually transmitted infections. However, only 9% abstained
from sexual relations if a partner refused to use a condom. Another 10% asked if their partner underwent
an HIV test and 6% asked the partner to undergo such a test. 8% asked their partner to undergo a test for
sexually transmitted infection.
Among Youth there are more who discussed safe sex with their partner (45%). This is a decrease in
comparison with 2014 when it reached 54%. Also, there is a decrease in the number of those who
discussed previous relations with a partner (36% in 2015 and 44% in 2014). 18% decided to abstain from
sex if a partner refused to use condom.
16% of respondents of Dnipropetrovska oblast refused to have sex without a condom, which is almost
half the level in 2014 (30%). Also among the residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast there is a significant
decrease in those who discussed safe sex with their partner (28% versus 38% in 2014) and those who
asked a partner to use condom (22% versus 34% in 2014).
35
Graph 4.9
THERE ARE SITUATIONS LISTED BELOW, WHICH PEOPLE IN RELATIONSHIPS CAN COME
ACROSS. PLEASE SPECIFY FOR EACH SITUATION WHETHER YOU HAVE COME ACROSS IT IN
YOUR RELATIONSHIP. IF IT DOESN’T APPLY TO YOU, SPECIFY THE CORRESPONDING ANSWER
OPTION
% of respondents who have ever had a sexual intercourse
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
30%
28%
45%
I discussed safe sex with my partner
2014
34%
38%
54%
I discussed past sexual relations with
my partner
I asked my partner to use condoms
26%
26%
19%
19%
19%
19%
10%
13%
23%
28%
22%
34%
29%
33%
17%
16%
36%
44%
33%
38%
20%
24%
15%
23%
9%
8%
16%
30%
18%
17%
2014
8%
8%
6%
6%
9%
7%
9%
7%
10%
11%
9%
10%
2015
1382
320
296
2014
1351
311
301
2015
2014
2015
2014
I underwent a sexually-transmitted
infections test
2015
I inquired about whether my partner
underwent HIV test
2015
I decided to abstain from a sexual
contact as my partner refused to use a
condom
2014
2014
2015
2014
I asked my partner to undergo a
sexually-transmitted infections test
2015
I asked my partner to undergo an HIV
test
2015
N
2014
Most respondents have never undergone an HIV test – 60% among the total population, 67% among
Youth. In comparison with 2015 there is a decrease in those who did not undergo a test in
Dnipropetrovska oblast (41% in 2015 comparing with 53% in 2014).
Graph 4.10
HAVE YOU UNDERGONE A HIV TEST?
I undergo it regularly
I did it a couple of times but not
regularly
I did it once
I didn’t do it
N
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
2014
5%
4%
13%
12%
13%
16%
60%
62%
9%
6%
6%
5%
27%
14%
22%
22%
41%
53%
4%
5%
4%
4%
9%
9%
12%
19%
67%
64%
8%
5%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
36
Among those who have never used condoms, or who use them but not always, a half of respondents
(50%) have never undergone an HIV test, 17% did it once, 19% – did it a couple of times but do not take
the test regularly and only 7% pass the test regularly.
Graph 4.11
HAVE YOU UNDERGONE A HIV TEST?
% of respondents who not always or never use condoms not because they have one permanent partner
Population of
Ukraine
2015
7%
I undergo it regularly
2014
7%
2015
I did it a couple of times but not
19%
regularly
2014
17%
I did it once
I didn’t do it
N
2014
17%
24%
50%
50%
6%
2%
2015
366
2014
364
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Most people who underwent the test did it because they needed a mandatory health certificate (including
those who did it in connection with pregnancy): 80% of total population of Ukraine, 80% of Youth and
86% respondents of Dnipropetrovska oblast.
16% Ukrainians did it just for themselves thinking they might have HIV. There are 13% of such
respondents among Youth, 9% among the residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast.
Graph 4.12
WHY DID YOU UNDERGO THE TEST?
% of respondents who passed an HIV test
I needed a mandatory health certificate
(including owing to pregnancy)
2015
2014
For my own peace of mind/ I thought I
might have HIV
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
I was convinced at a public event / I
went for company
At my partner’s request
On the doctor`s perscription during the
medical tratment
Other
N
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
80%
81%
16%
11%
4%
3%
2%
0%
2%
─
0%
3%
3%
4%
86%
86%
9%
6%
2%
4%
1%
0%
5%
─
0%
2%
0%
3%
80%
80%
13%
12%
5%
7%
2%
1%
1%
─
0%
1%
2%
6%
523
518
199
152
119
138
37
Among those who never use condoms or use them but not always, and who had a test, 70% got tested
because they needed a mandatory health certificate (including those who did it in connection with
pregnancy), 22% underwent the test for their own peace of mind which means that having has
unprotected sex (not with one permanent partner) was not a motivation for HIV testing.
Graph 4.13
WHY DID YOU UNDERGO THE TEST?
% of respondents who who not always or never use condoms not because they have one permanent
partner and passed an HIV test
Population of
Ukraine
I needed a mandatory health certificate
(including owing to pregnancy)
2015
2014
70%
79%
For my own peace of mind/ I thought I
might have HIV
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
22%
14%
9%
4%
5%
0%
3%
─
0%
2%
2%
2%
I was convinced at a public event / I
went for company
At my partner’s request
On the doctor`s perscription during the
medical tratment
Other
N
120
184
The popular places to get tested for HIV are the women’s consultations centres: 31% among the total
population. 14% visited trust cabinets/AIDS centres, and 5% family doctors. 45% of the respondents took
the test in other medical institutions. There are similar results among Youth and population of
Dnipropetrovska oblast.
Graph 4.14
WHERE HAVE YOU UNDERGONE AN HIV TEST?
% of respondents have passed an HIV-test
Population of
Ukraine
Other medical institution
2015
45%
Women’s consultations
2015
31%
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
42%
33%
13%
5%
0%
35%
34%
16%
7%
3%
Trust cabinets/AIDS centers
2015
Family doctor
2015
Used test-systems by yourself
Ambulatory actions of different
organizations (quick testing)
Mobile laboratory
2015
14%
5%
2%
2015
2%
0%
3%
2015
NGOs
2015
Difficult to answer
2015
2%
1%
0%
1%
4%
2%
3%
1%
0%
N
2015
523
199
119
38
Regarding the convenience of HIV-testing the responses were the following: 19% would prefer to use
test-systems by themselves, 17% would use the services of trust cabinets/AIDS centers, and 15% –
women’s consultation. Youth to a greater extent believes it is convenient to use test-systems by
themselves (26%) or to use the services of trust cabinet /AIDS-center (23%).
On the contrary the residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast believe it’s more convenient to get tested in
women’s consultation (20%), to use test-system by themselves (17%), and also to pass an HIV-test at
mobile laboratories (14%).
Graph 4.15
WHERE WOULD YOU LIKE TO UNDERGO AN HIV TEST?
Population of
Ukraine
To use test-systems by yourself
2015
19%
Trust cabinets/AIDS centers
2015
17%
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
17%
9%
20%
12%
14%
6%
26%
23%
15%
10%
12%
4%
Women’s consultations
2015
Other medical institution
2015
Mobile laboratory
2015
Family doctor
Ambulatory actions of different
organizations (quick testing)
Nowhere, I would not undergo the test
2015
15%
13%
10%
9%
2015
9%
10%
9%
2015
NGOs
2015
Difficult to answer
2015
4%
3%
13%
1%
4%
12%
1%
2%
10%
N
2015
1502
340
403
Of those who got tested for HIV the overwhelming majority were satisfied with the quality of the HIV
testing procedure: 83% among Ukrainians, 87% among Youth and 93% in Dnipropetrovska oblast. Only
6% of Ukrainians who had had a test were dissatisfied or partly dissatisfied with the quality of HIV testing
procedure and consultation (the number of them increased in comparison to 2014 when it reached 3%).
Most of the complaints regarding the quality of the consultation and testing procedure deal with impolite
medical personnel and lack of necessary information. However, the number of such respondents is
insufficient for reliable observation.
39
Graph 4.16
WERE YOU SATISFIED WITH THE QUALITY OF HIV TESTING PROCEDURE AND
CONSULTATION?
% of respondents who have passed an HIV-test (except for those who use test-system by themselves)
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
83%
93%
87%
Yes
2014
80%
92%
81%
Yes, but no consultation was
proposed
Partly yes, partly no
No
Don’t know
N
2014
6%
9%
5%
2%
1%
1%
5%
8%
1%
5%
1%
1%
2%
1%
3%
1%
8%
10%
2%
3%
1%
0%
2%
6%
2015
515
199
116
2014
511
151
136
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Out of respondents who have passed an HIV test, 30% of Ukrainians, 34% of residents of
Dnipropetrovska oblast underwent an HIV test within the last 12 months. The proportion of Youth who
have passed the test in the last year is significantly higher at 52%.
Graph 4.17
HAVE YOU UNDERGONE HIV TEST IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS?
% of respondents, who have passed an HIV-test
Ukraine
oblast
2015
30%
34%
Yes
2014
30%
38%
No
Don't remember / Difficult to answer
N
Youth (15-24)
2014
67%
64%
3%
6%
63%
57%
4%
5%
52%
41%
48%
55%
0%
5%
2015
523
199
119
2014
518
152
138
2015
2014
2015
40
Among the respondents who have passed an HIV-test in the last 12 month 94% are aware of their result.
Among Youth this indicator is 100%.
Graph 4.18
DO YOU KNOW YOUR RESULTS?
% of respondents who have passed HIV/AIDS test in the last 12 months
Ukraine
oblast
2015
94%
96%
Yes
2014
89%
90%
No
Don't rememberr
Refuse
N
Youth (15-24)
2014
3%
3%
2%
3%
1%
5%
0%
4%
0%
0%
4%
6%
100%
92%
0%
4%
0%
1%
0%
3%
2015
185
77
58
2014
204
68
68
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Among those respondents who did not undergo HIV testing within the last 12 month the prevailing
majority simply did not feel the need.
Another reason for not taking the test was respondents’ confidence that they do not have HIV (18%
overall in Ukraine, 9% in Dnipropetrovska oblast and 20% among Youth).
4% did not want to pay for testing. 5% did not know where to pass an HIV-test or did not know at all that
such test can be taken.
Graph 4.19
WHY DIDN’T YOU UNDERGO THE TEST?
% of respondents who did not undergo a HIV-test in the last 12 month or never passed it
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
I do not feel need to undergo the test
2015
71%
83%
67%
I am sure there is no chance that I
18%
9%
20%
2015
might have HIV or AIDS
I don’t want to pay for it
2015
4%
5%
3%
I don’t know where to do it
I don’t want the other to know I
undergo the test
I did not know one could have a test
for HIV
I don’t trust the reliability of the test
2015
3%
1%
5%
2015
3%
1%
4%
2015
2%
1%
3%
2015
I am afraid of the test results
2015
2015
2%
1%
4%
0%
0%
4%
3%
0%
6%
N
2015
1198
251
314
29% of Ukrainians are interested in taking an HIV test if it is free of charge. Among Youth there are 43%
of such respondents and among the residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast 33%. Among the residents of
Dnipropetrovska oblast there is a significant increase in those who would like to take a free HIV-test (62%
in 2015 versus 50% in 2014).
41
Graph 4.20
WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE A FREE HIV TEST IF YOU WERE OFFERED TO?
Ukraine
oblast
2015
29%
33%
Yes
2014
32%
39%
2015
59%
62%
No
2014
57%
50%
2015
12%
5%
2014
11%
11%
1502
340
2015
N
1479
321
2014
Youth (15-24)
43%
43%
47%
43%
11%
14%
403
411
Out of respondents who have never taken an HIV test, 22% would do it if it’s free of charge. Among Youth
this figure reached 37%, and among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast – 23%.
Graph 4.21
WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE A FREE HIV TEST IF YOU WERE OFFERED TO?
% of respondents who have never passed an HIV test
Ukraine
oblast
2015
22%
23%
Yes
2014
25%
27%
2015
64%
72%
No
2014
65%
62%
2015
14%
6%
2014
10%
11%
979
141
2015
N
961
169
2014
Youth (15-24)
37%
38%
50%
49%
12%
13%
284
273
Аlmost half of those who always use condoms would like to take a free HIV test (49%). There are fewer
willing to do so among those who use condoms from time to time (46%) or who do not use them because
of having a permanent partner (29%, down from 40% in 2014).
Graph 4.22
WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE A FREE HIV TEST IF YOU WERE OFFERED ONE?
% of respondents who: always use condoms; use condoms from time to time; do not use condomes
because of having one trusted partner. Population of Ukraine
Yes
No
N
Always use
condoms
Not always use
condoms
Do not use condoms, because of
having a permanent partner
2014
49%
49%
44%
41%
8%
10%
46%
42%
43%
42%
11%
16%
29%
40%
57%
52%
14%
7%
2015
195
316
339
2014
200
326
357
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
42
5 Attitude to PLWH
68% of Ukrainians think that people infected with HIV have the right to keep it a secret (69% of Youth and
68% of respondents in Dnipropetrovska oblast).
40% of Ukrainians (down from 44% in 2014) believe people get HIV only because of their carelessness
and immoral behaviour. At the same time 52% disagree or rather disagree with such a statement, an
increase from 45% in 2014). 37% of Ukrainians think that the rights of HIV-positive people are violated in
Ukraine, down from 44% in 2014.
27% of respondents consider HIV to be a «divine retribution», and 19% that people living with HIV/AIDS
should be isolated.
Youth and population of Dnipropetrovska oblast have rather similar results to the total population. At the
same time among the residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast there is a decrease in a number of those who
think that people can be HIV-infected because of their own carelessness and immoral behaviour (38% in
2015 and 49% in 2014) and, respectively there is an increase up to 54% of those who do not think this
way (46% in 2014). There is a decrease in a number of those who think that the rights of people with
HIV/AIDS are violated (34% in 2015 and 47% in 2014).
Among Youth there is also a decrease in those who think that the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS
are violated in Ukraine (34% in 2015 versus 43% in 2014).
Graph 5.1
PLEASE, STATE, TO WHAT EXTENT YOU AGREE OR DSAGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING
STATEMENTS REGARDING HIV-INFECTED PEOPLE.
Dnipropetrovska
Youth (15-24)
oblast
Completely Completely Completely Completely Completely Completely
or rather
or rather
or rather
or rather
or rather
or rather
DISAGREE AGREE DISAGREE AGREE DISAGREE AGREE
Population of Ukraine
People infected with HIV or AIDS
have the right to keep it
confidential
People only get HIV because of
personal carelessness and
immoral behavior
2015
2014
2015
2014
Rights of the people who live with
HIV/AIDS are violated in Ukraine
2015
HIV and AIDS are divine
retribution
2015
People living with HIV/AIDS
should be isolated
2015
N
2014
2014
2014
22%
22%
68%
65%
11%
23%
68%
73%
21%
18%
69%
69%
52%
45%
40%
44%
54%
46%
38%
49%
52%
48%
39%
41%
39%
27%
54%
51%
62%
─
37%
44%
27%
27%
19%
─
31%
36%
52%
58%
46%
─
34%
47%
22%
27%
26%
─
43%
28%
61%
57%
61%
─
34%
43%
18%
21%
18%
─
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
The survey includes four main levels of perception of PLWH: the perception of unfamiliar PLWH
(Bogardus scale), perception of acquaintances in case of getting HIV, perception of the acquaintances
that are PLWH and perception of HIV-positive children.
The Bogardus scale consists of 7 steps, which mean that representatives of a certain group can be
accepted as 1) family members 2) close friends 3) neighbours 4) colleagues 5) residents of Ukraine 6)
visitors of Ukraine 7) can’t be accepted even as visitors of Ukraine. Acceptance as each group presumes
43
the respondent accepts the subsequent, for example if a respondent accepts PLWH as neighbours then
he accepts them as colleagues, residents and visitors of Ukraine as well, and so on.
Only 15% of Ukrainians are ready to admit PLWH as colleagues, or neighbours, or close friends, or family
members. Regarding the other vulnerable groups this figure is even smaller – 13% for homosexuals, 11%
for bisexuals, 8% commercial sex workers, and 6% for IDUs.
More than a half of Ukrainians do not tolerate PLWH: 70% of respondents say they agree to have PLWH
as no closer than residents of Ukraine or visitors to Ukraine or would keep them out of Ukraine altogether
(at the same time, the number of those who would not let such people to enter Ukraine significantly
increased: in 2015 – 34%, while in 2014 – 27%). Regarding the other vulnerable groups this figure is
higher – 83% for IDUs (there is a noticeable increase in a number of those who would not let them into
country at all: 65% in 2015 versus 52% in 2014), 74% for homosexuals (level of intolerance towards
homosexuals increased: if in 2014 the number of those who would not let them into the country was 45%,
in 2015 52%), 73% for bisexuals, 79% for commercial sex workers (there is also an increase in a number
of those who would not let such people to the country: 51% in 2015 versus 43% in 2014).
In general results are similar among Youth: 16% are ready to admit PLWH as colleagues, neighbours (the
number of respondents ready for the neighborhood with PLHW increased to 6% in 2015 from 3% in
2014), close friends or even family members; at the same time 11% are ready to accept bisexuals that
close, 11% homosexuals, 7% IDUs, and 9% commercial sex workers.
The population of Dnipropetrovska oblast is the least tolerant group: about 2% are ready to accept PLHW
as colleagues or closer, the same number for homosexuals, and about 1% forbisexuals. Only 3% are
ready to accept that close IDUs, and 1% commercial sex workers.
44
Graph 5.2
PLEASE ASSESS YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE REPRESENTATIVES OF DIFFERENT GROUPS
BY THE FOLLOWING ACCESS LEVELS. EACH ACCESS LEVEL IN THE SCALE PROVIDES FOR
ALL THE FOLLOWING ACCESS LEVELS, FOR EXAMPLE IF A GROUP IS ACCEPTED AS A
FAMILY MEMBER, IT IS ALSO ACCEPTED AS FRIENDS, NEIGHBOURS, ETC. I AGREE TO
ACCEPT THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THIS GROUP AS…
% of all respondents: population of Ukraine, N 2014 =1479, N 2015 = 1502
HIV-positive people
Homosexuals
2015 3% 6% 5%
28%
2014
33%
2%4%4%
2015 4%5%4% 13%
11%
2014
11%
3%3% 18%
2015 3% 5% 3% 14%
13%
8%
34%
6%
27%
52%
45%
46%
16%
22%
12%
18%
16%
Bisexuals
2014
Commercial sex
workers

2015 3%2%
19%
2014
24%
2015 4%
12%
9%
9%
6%
51%
43%
65%
16%
20%
10%
Injection drug users
2014 1%
21%
My family members
Neighbours
Residents of Ukraine
I’d keep them out of Ukraine at all
6%
52%
17%
Close friends
Colleagues
Visitors of Ukraine
Difficult to answer
45
Graph 5.3
ASSESS YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE REPRESENTATIVES OF DIFFERENT GROUPS BY THE
FOLLOWING ACCESS LEVELS
% of all respondents: Dnipropetrovska oblast, N 2014 =321, N 2015 = 340;
2015 1%
48%
7%
32%
11%
HIV-positive people
2014
2015
Homosexuals
Bisexuals
2014
3%
9%
3%
2015
7%
2014

2015 1%
38%
37%
14%
42%
2015 2%
28%
5%
61%
29%
31%
10%
19%
20%
2014
14%
65%
30%
Commercial sex
workers
2014
8%
8%
11%
50%
15%
44%
7%
30%
8%
57%
12%
My family members
Neighbours
12%
5%
52%
6%
Close friends
Colleagues
Visitors of Ukraine
Difficult to answer
Graph 5.4
ASSESS YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE REPRESENTATIVES OF DIFFERENT GROUPS BY THE
FOLLOWING ACCESS LEVELS
% усіх респондентів: Youth (15-24), N 2014 = 411, N 2015 = 403;
HIV-positive people
2015 2%4%6%5%
32%
2014 2%6%3%3%
2015 5%3%
Homosexuals
Bisexuals
Commercial sex
workers
2014
2% 3%
2015
5%3%
2014

2015
4%
33%
18%
19%
12%
25%
8%
2015
19%
2014 1%
15%
16%
26%
23%
My family members
Neighbours
8%
5%
9%
25%
8%
19%
2014 1%
4%
8%
22%
40%
41%
35%
38%
38%
55%
46%
19%
23%
17%
19%
19%
20%
24%
14%
18%
Close friends
Colleagues
Visitors of Ukraine
Difficult to answer
46
Over a half of Ukrainians (59%) say that finding out about an HIV-positive status of one of their friends or
colleagues wouldn’t change their attitude and/or they would like to help such friend or colleague (the
number of those whose attitude would not change significantly increased: 43% in 2015 versus 30% in
2015). Among Youth this figure reached 68% (in this group there is also an increase in the share of those
whose attitude wouldn’t change), and among population of Dnipropetrovska oblast it was54%.
In all target groups there is a significant decrease in those who would feel it unpleasant to communicate
with HIV-infected person.
Graph 5.5
WOULD YOU CHANGE THE WAY YOU TREAT YOUR FRIENDS, COLLEAGUES, OR FELLOW
STUDENTS IF YOU KNOW THEY ARE HIV-POSITIVЕ?
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
16%
13%
19%
I’d do what I could to help them
2014
16%
9%
16%
My attitude won’t change
It will be uncomfortable to communicate
with them, but I’ll try not to show this
I’ll try to communicate with them less
I’ll stop communicating with them at all
Difficult to answer
N
43%
30%
41%
32%
49%
38%
13%
18%
16%
26%
9%
18%
2014
10%
12%
6%
6%
12%
17%
12%
17%
5%
6%
13%
11%
9%
11%
3%
3%
11%
13%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Those respondents who would try to communicate less or stop communicating at all with an HIV positive
friend/colleague most often explained it by the fear of getting infected (57% for Ukrainians, 58% for Youth
and 51% for population of Dnipropetrovska oblast). 25% of Ukrainians (up significantly from 18% in
2014), 27% of population of Dnipropetrovska oblast and 21% of Youth will try to communicate less with
an HIV positive person because they think HIV is a result of immoral behaviour.
47
Graph 5.6
WHY CAN YOUR ATTITUDE CHANGE FOR WORSE?
% of respondents who stated they will try to communicate less with or abstain from communication with
PLHW
I`m afraid that I could get infected
I would think it was their fault they got
infected because of their immorality
Other
Difficult to answer
N
Population of
Ukraine
Dnipropetrovska
oblast
Youth (15-24)
2014
57%
60%
25%
18%
1%
2%
22%
26%
51%
63%
27%
33%
2%
0%
21%
18%
58%
63%
21%
14%
1%
1%
26%
24%
2015
616
147
126
2014
777
186
191
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
4% of Ukrainians have PLWH among acquaintances. This share has hardly changed since 2014.
Graph 5.7
ARE THERE ANY HIV-POSITIVЕ PEOPLE AMONG THE PEOPLE YOU KNOW?
Ukraine
oblast
Yes
No
N
Youth (15-24)
2014
4%
5%
96%
95%
6%
6%
94%
94%
3%
3%
97%
97%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
Among those who know PLWH, 77% say that they treat them as ordinary people, 18% try to avoid
communicating with them, and 3% of Ukrainians who know PLWH demonstrate an openly negative
attitude toward PLWH.
Graph 5.8
WHAT IS YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARDS THEM?
% of all respondents, who know anyone HIV-positive: all sample, N=71
Population of
Ukraine
I treat them as ordinary people
I treat them as ordinary people
outwardly, but I try to avoid
communicating with them
I dislike them and make no secret of it
Difficult to answer
N
2015
2014
2015
2014
77%
58%
18%
27%
2014
3%
4%
2%
11%
2015
68
2014
71
2015
2014
2015
48
Those, who know HIV-positive persons and treat them worse than ordinary people, explain their
behaviour by being afraid of getting infected/worried about their kids getting infected or blame PLHW for
immoral behavior but the number of these cases is not enough for the reliable analysis.
37% (up from33% in 2014) of the total population think it is ok for HIV-positive children to attend the same
school with HIV-negative children (38% among Youth and only 23% among the population of
Dnipropetrovska oblast).
Graph 5.9
IN YOUR OPINION, IS IT OK FOR HIV-POSITIVE CHILDREN TO GO TO SAME SCHOOL AS HIVNEGATIVE CHILDREN DO?
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
37%
23%
38%
Yes
2014
33%
23%
39%
2015
26%
24%
32%
It depends
2014
23%
26%
22%
2015
23%
37%
18%
No
2014
28%
37%
23%
2015
14%
16%
13%
Don’t know / not sure
2014
16%
14%
16%
1502
340
403
2015
N
1479
321
411
2014
Among those respondents who don’t agree that it is ok for HIV-positive children to attend the same
schools HIV-negative children go to the main reason was that children could get infected (57% among
Ukrainians, 49% among Youth and 47% among the population of Dnipropetrovska oblast). However, it
should be noted that the proportion afraid of getting infected decreased in all three groups since 2014.
Also, respondents consider that an HIV-positive child could hardly come from a good family and can
therefore have a bad influence on other children (29% among Ukrainians, 33% among Youth and 39% in
Dnipropetrovska oblast). Here an opposite trend can be observed – the number of those who think that
way increased in all three groups.
Graph 5.10
WHY COULD YOU NOT AGREE WITH THAT?
% of respondents who could not agree that it is ok for HIV-positive children to attend the same schools
HIV-negative children
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
57%
47%
49%
Negative children could get infected
2014
68%
67%
64%
An HIV-positive child could hardly come
2015
29%
39%
33%
from a good family and can have bad
2014
16%
27%
12%
influence on other children
2015
0%
0%
0%
Other
2014
1%
1%
1%
2015
18%
18%
22%
Difficult to answer
2014
21%
16%
25%
975
264
250
2015
N
992
239
255
2014
49
46% of Ukrainians (up significantly from 36% in 2014) would advise a person whose partner has
contracted HIV to continue the relationship with additional HIV-preventive measures, while 20% (down
from28% in 2014) would recommend they end the relationship. Among the population of Dnipropetrovska
oblast these figures reach 43% and 20% (the share of “intolerant” decreased in comparison to 2014).
Youth demonstrates the highest level of tolerance: 53% versus 14%.
Graph 5.11
WHAT ADVICE WOULD YOU GIVE TO SOMEONEWHOSE GIRLFRIEND OF BOYFRIEND HAS
CONTRACTED HIV?
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
To continue relationship, taking HIV and 2015
46%
43%
53%
AIDS prevention measures
2014
36%
38%
44%
Withdraw from that person
Don’t know
Difficult to answer
N
2014
20%
28%
15%
17%
19%
20%
20%
31%
13%
13%
24%
18%
14%
21%
14%
17%
19%
19%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
The majority of respondents in each of the target groups would not buy vegetables from an HIV-positive
salesman or say that it will depend on situation. Also, approximately one quarter of respondents in each
target group do not know what they would do in such situation. The share of those who definitely would
not buy vegetables from a HIV-positive salesman significantly decreased in comparison to 2014 among
total population and population of Dnipropetrovska oblast.
Graph 5.12
IF YOU GET TO KNOW THAT SALESMAN HAS HIV, WOULD YOU BUY FRESH VEGETABLES
FROM HIM?
Youth (15-24)
Ukraine
oblast
2015
15%
11%
13%
Yes
2014
15%
12%
20%
It depends
No
Don’t know / not sure
N
2014
24%
21%
41%
47%
20%
17%
25%
21%
39%
51%
25%
16%
31%
20%
36%
43%
20%
17%
2015
1502
340
403
2014
1479
321
411
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
50
6 Core indicators for Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting 5
The indicators were constructed for monitoring the United Nations Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS
and correspondent questions for their measurement were added to the survey upon the request of
UCDC.
1.1
Indicator 1. Percentage of young people aged 15–24 who both correctly identify
ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV and who reject major
misconceptions about HIV transmission
The 5 questions on HIV prevention which were chosen for indicator are presented in Table 6.1.1.
Table 6.1.1
Percentage of young men and women aged 15-24 who gave correct answers to questions: 2015: N=403;
2014: N=411
2015 2014
1. Is it possible to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by engaging in sexual intercourse
only with a constant and faithful partner that doesn't have any other sexual partners?
88%
88%
2. Is it possible to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by using condoms during each
sexual intercourse?
79%
85%
3. Is it a correct statement that a healthy-looking person can be HIV-positive?
71%
72%
4. Is the transmission possible through a mosquito bite?
49%
50%
5. Is it possible to get HIV by sharing food with an HIV-positive person?
53%
55%
The indicator was calculated by dividing the number of respondents aged 15-24 who gave the correct
answer to all five questions on HIV prevention (see Table 6.1.1) by total amount of respondents aged 1524.
Table 6.1.2
Indicator 1
Respondents aged 15-24, 2015: N=403; 2014: N=411
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of respondents aged 15-24 who gave correct answer to all five
questions
Total amount of respondents aged 15-24
2015
2014
20%
23%
2015
2014
21%
25%
19%
21%
Table 6.1.3
Indicator 1, by gender
Male respondents aged 15-24, 2015: N=203; 2014: N=217;
Female respondents aged 15-24, 2015: N=200; 2014: N=194
Numerator
MALE
FEMALE
Amount of male respondents aged 15-25 who gave correct
answers to all five questions
Denominator Total amount of male respondents aged 15-24
Numerator
Amount of female respondents aged 15-25 who gave correct
Denominator Total amount of female respondents aged 15-24
5http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/GARPR_2014_guidelines_en_0.pdf
51
Table 6.1.4
Indicator 1, by age group
Respondents aged 15-19, 2015: N=177; 2014: N=183;
Numerator
15-19
Denominator
Numerator
20-24
Denominator
1.2
Amount of respondents aged 15-19 who gave correct
Amount of respondents aged 20-24 who gave correct
2015
2014
14%
19%
25%
26%
Indicator 2. Percentage of young men and women aged 15-24 who have had sexual
intercourse before the age of 15
The indicator was calculated by dividing the number of respondents aged 15-24 who have had sexual
intercourse before the age of 15 by total amount of respondents aged 15-24.
Table 6.2.1
Indicator 2
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of respondents aged 15-24 who had sexual intercourse before
the age of 15
2015
2014
5%
3%
2015
2014
6%
6%
3%
0%
2015
2014
2%
4%
7%
3%
Table 6.2.2
MALE
Numerator
Denominator
FEMALE
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of male respondents aged 15-24 who had sexual
Total amount of male respondents aged 15-24
Amount of female respondents aged 15-24 who had
sexual intercourse before the age of 15
Total amount of female respondents aged 15-24
Table 6.2.3
15-19
Numerator
Denominator
20-24
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of respondents aged 15-19 who had sexual
Amount of respondents aged 20-24 who had sexual
52
1.3
Indicator 3. Percentage of men and women aged 15-49 who have had sexual
intercourse with more than one partner in the past 12 months
The indicator was calculated by dividing the number of respondents aged 15-49 who have had sexual
intercourse with more than one partner in the past 12 months by total amount of respondents aged 15-49.
Table 6.3.1
Indicator 3
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of men and women aged 15-49 who have had sexual
2015
2014
10%
9%
2015
2014
14%
11%
5%
7%
2015
2014
3%
9%
13%
13%
10%
8%
Table 6.3.2
Male respondents aged 15-49, 2015: N=492; 2014:N=515;
Female respondents 15-49, 2015: N=508; 2014: N=495
MALE
Numerator
Denominator
FEMALE
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of male respondents aged 15-49 who have had
sexual intercourse with more than one partner in the past
12 months
Amount of female respondents aged 15-49 who have had
sexual intercourse with more than one partner in the past
12 months
Table 6.3.3
15-19
Numerator
Denominator
20-24
Numerator
Denominator
25-49
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of respondents aged 15-19 who have had sexual
53
1.4
Indicator 4. Percentage of women and men aged 15-49 who had more than one
partner in the past 12 months and used a condom during their last sexual
intercourse
The indicator was calculated by dividing the number of respondents aged 15-49 who had more than one
partner in the past 12 months and used a condom during their last sexual intercourse by total amount of
respondents aged 15-49 who have been intimate with more than one partner in the past 12 months..
Table 6.4.1
Indicator 4
Respondents aged 15-49 who have been intimate with more than one partner in the past 12 months,
2015: N=93; 2014: N=95
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of men and women aged 15-49 who had more than one
partner in the past 12 months and used a condom during the last
sexual intercourse
Total amount of men and women aged 15-49 who have been intimate
with more than one partner in the past 12 months
2015
2014
56%
61%
Table 6.4.2
Male respondents aged 15-49 who have been intimate with more than one partner in the past 12 months,
2015: N=64; 2014: N=62;
Female respondents aged 15-49, who have been intimate with more than one partner in the past 12
months, 2015: N=29*; 2014: N=33*
2015 2014
Amount of male respondents aged 15-49 who had more
Numerator
than one sexual partner in the past 12 months and used a
MALE
condom during the last sexual intercourse
60% 53%
Total amount of male respondents aged 15-49 who had
Denominator
more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months
Amount of female respondents aged 15-49 who had more
Numerator
than one sexual partner in the past 12 months and used a
condom during the last sexual intercourse
FEMALE
56% 74%
Total amount of female respondents aged 15-49 who had
Denominator
more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months
* The number of cases is not sufficient for reliable analysis
54
1.5
Indicator 5. Percentage of women and men aged 15-49 who have undergone an HIV
test in the past 12 months and know their results
The indicator was calculated by dividing the number of respondents aged 15-49 who received an HIV test
in the past 12 months and know their results by total amount of respondents aged 15-49.
Table 6.5.1
Indicator 5
Numerator
Amount of men and women aged 15-49 who have undergone HIVtesting in the past 12 months and know their results
Denominator
2015
2014
12%
14%
2015
2014
10%
13%
13%
15%
2015
2014
5%
8%
18%
17%
11%
14%
Table 6.5.2
MALE
Numerator
Denominator
FEMALE
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of male respondents aged 15-49 who have
undergone HIV-testing in the past 12 months and know
their results
Amount of female respondents aged 15-49 who have
undergone HIV-testing in the past 12 months and know
their results
Table 6.5.3
15-19
Numerator
Denominator
20-24
Numerator
Denominator
25-49
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of men and women aged 15-19 who have undergone
HIV-testing in the past 12 months and know their results
55
1.6
Indicator 6. Percentage of women and men aged 15–49 who report discriminatory
attitudes towards PLWH
The indicator was calculated by dividing the number of respondents aged 15-49 who report discriminatory
attitudes towards people living with HIV by total amount of respondents aged 15-49.
Table 6.6.1
Indicator 6
Numerator
Denominator
Amount of men and women aged 15-49 who answered «No» or «It
depends on situation» to at least one of the questions :
 Would you buy fresh vegetables from a salesman if you know
he had HIV?
 Is it ok for HIV-positive children to attend the same schools
HIV-negative children go to?
Total amount of men and women aged 15-49
2015
2014
76%
74%
Table 6.6.2
Percentage of respondents aged 15-49 who answered «No» or «It depends on the situation» to the
question “Would you buy fresh vegetables from a salesman if you know he had HIV?”
Numerator
depends on the situation» to the question “Would you buy fresh
vegetables from a salesman if you know he had HIV?”
Denominator
2015
2014
64%
66%
Table 6.6.3
Percentage of respondents aged 15-49 who answered «No» or «It depends on the situation» to the
question “Is it ok for HIV-positive children to attend the same schools HIV-negative children go to?”
Numerator
Denominator
depends on the situation» to the question “Is it ok for HIV-positive
children to attend the same schools HIV-negative children go to?”
2015
2014
48%
49%
56
7 Conclusions and recommendations
Awareness about the “Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!” campaign and National AIDS
helpline
1.1
39% of Ukrainians have at some point heard about the information campaign "Don’t Give AIDS a
Chance!"6.
The most common sources of information about the “Don’t Give AIDS a Chance” campaign in
Ukraine are the TV (24%), outdoor ads/billboards (17%), brochures (8%), newspapers (7%), Internet
other than social media (6%), social media (5%), radio (5%), actions in the settlement (5%), and medical
workers (4%). Compared with 2014 Ukrainians heard the information about the campaign less often from
TV (29% in 2014 vs. 24% in 2015) and more often from brochures (5% vs. 8%), social media (2% vs.
5%), actions in the settlement (1% vs. 5%), and medical workers (2% vs. 4%).
At the same time the share of Ukrainians who heard about the National AIDS helpline has decreased
significantly in 2015 (from 39% in 2014 to 33% in 2015). Among those who have heard about the
campaign 56% know about the National AIDS helpline (vs. 62% in 2014), while among those who are not
aware of the campaign only 18% have heard about the helpline (vs. 25% in 2014).
Most Ukrainians (73%) who heard about the helpline know that the helpline is free. A quarter of
Ukrainians do not know anything about the price of the helpline and only 4% think that the helpline isn't
free.
Among those Ukrainians who have heard about the helpline the following were given as possible
reasons for making a call: if the caller suspects him/herself to have HIV (58%); if the caller wishes to
hear general information about HIV (46%); to ask where to have HIV test (36%); and to ask about how to
prevent getting HIV (34%).
Youth7



52% heard about the information campaign "Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!" (vs. 39% among the
total population).
Youth were more likely than the total population to have heard about the campaign from outdoor
ads/billboards (26%) and Internet other than social media (13%).
46% had heard about the National AIDS helpline (vs. 33% among total population). The indicator
significantly increased from 42% in 2014.
The population of Dnipropetrovska oblast


54% heard about the information campaign "Don’t Give AIDS a Chance!" (vs. 39% among the
total population).
The population of Dnipropetrovska oblast were more likely than the total population to have heard
about the campaign from TV (40%), outdoor ads/billboards (34%), radio (10%).
6
From here and after only significant differences are mentioned between 2014 and 2015
From here and after only significant differences are mentioned between the total population of Ukraine on one side
and Youth/population of Dnipropetrovska oblast on the other
7
57
1.2
HIV awareness
59% of Ukrainians consider themselves to be very or fairly well informed about HIV and AIDS. 25% say
they’re informed poorly, 9% are not informed at all.
76% of Ukrainians have heard or seen some information about HIV and AIDS in the past year. The most
common sources of information about HIV and AIDS in Ukraine are the TV (56%), outdoor
ads/billboards (25%), newspapers/magazines (16%), brochures (16%) and Internet (not including social
media – 13%). Compared with 2014, Ukrainians heard the information about the campaign less often
from TV (68% in 2014 vs. 56% in 2015), newspapers/magazines (22% vs. 16%), and radio (17% vs.
11%); and more often from social media (6% vs. 9%), and actions in the settlement (5% vs. 8%).
Over a half of Ukrainians know the following facts about HIV:





You can get infected with HIV and be unaware of it (82% of respondents evaluated this statement
correctly);
Use of condoms considerably reduces the risk of getting infected with HIV (76%);
There is no medicine as of now to completely cure the HIV infection and AIDS (71%);
A healthy-looking person can be HIV-positive (69%);
You cannot be sure that you do not have HIV or AIDS just because you do not take drugs (59%)
The share of Ukrainians who know that PLWH can have a normal life these days increased significantly in
2015 (37% compared with 24% in 2014) though the majority still don’t know this fact. Also only a third of
Ukrainians know that «HIV is not a death sentence».
According to public opinion, the main reasons why HIV is being spread are: prostitution (according to
74% of respondents), drug-trafficking (73%) and homosexual relations (66%).
Most Ukrainians are aware of the possible ways of HIV transmission associated with risky
behaviour:






Shared use of needles and syringes for injections (90% in 2015, this percent is significantly
higher than 87% in 2014 );
Vaginal sex without using a condom (84% in 2015 that is significantly higher compared to 80% in
2014);
When doing piercing and tattoo (81%);
When using somebody else’s shaving products, toothbrushes (75%).
Anal sex without a condom (74% vs. 66% in 2014);
Oral sex without a condom (65% vs. 54% in 2014);
The share of Ukrainians who are aware of all abovementioned ways of HIV transmission increased from
37% in 2014 to 46%.
The following false facts about the means of HIV transmission are most widespread among
Ukrainians: being treated at the same surgery with HIV-positive patients (34% of respondents), via
mosquito bites (28%), drinking from the same glass with an HIV-positive person (26%), and using the
same toilet/bathhouse/swimming pool/sauna with an infected person (26%). All these wrong beliefs could
be expected to cause intolerance to PLWH.
The best way to protect from HIV is considered to be engaging in sexual intercourse only with a
constant and faithful partner that doesn't have any other sexual partners (90%); 80% mentioned using
condoms during each sexual intercourse as another effective way of protection.
58
However, only about a half of Ukrainians definitely know that sexual penetration without ejaculation (46%)
and using hormonal contraceptives (i.e. birth control pills) (53%) don’t reduce the risk of HIV infection and
about a third of Ukrainians definitely know that spermicidal agents don’t reduce the risk of HIV infection
(37%). Approximately one in five believe that these methods reduce the risk of HIV infection.
Only 32% of Ukrainians say that they don’t need any further information on HIV and AIDS. Others
most often would like to continue receiving information about the possible measures of HIV-prevention
(27%) and about PLWH (21%).
Youth





69% consider themselves to be very or fairly well informed about HIV and AIDS (vs. 59% among
the total population).
85% have heard or seen some information about HIV and AIDS in the past year (vs. 76% among
total population)
The Internet (other than social media) is a more popular source of information about HIV among
the Youth (25%) than among the total population (13%).
42% know that «PLWH can have a normal life» (vs. 37% among total population)
21% say that they don’t need any further information on HIV and AIDS (vs. 32% among the total
population).




1.3
79% have heard or seen some information about HIV and AIDS in the past year (vs. 86% in
2014)
42% know that «PLWH can have a normal life these days» increased significantly in 2015 (vs.
37% among total population)
Awareness of HIV transmission through unprotected sex, piercing and tattoo and using
somebody else’s shaving products, toothbrushes is lower than among total population. At the
same time false belief that sexual penetration without ejaculation can reduce the risk of HIV
infection is significantly higher than among total population.
Share of those who know all ways of HIV transmission in much lower among citizens of
Dnipropetrovska oblast than in total population (37% vs. 46%).
Attitudes to HIV
The most disturbing health issue to Ukrainians is heart disease: 31% of all respondents are worried
about it. Cancer was in second place (29%). There are 10% of Ukrainians who are most concerned
about HIV and AIDS (vs. 16% in 2014).
63% of Ukrainians say they are absolutely not at risk or unlikely to get infected with HIV. Only 22%
consider the risk as real («absolutely real», «quite real» and «fifty-fifty»); approximately 14% did not
answer the question.
Most of those Ukrainians who consider themselves to be at risk of HIV infection say that they know how
to protect themselves but anything might happen in life (62%), 16% say that they do not always have the
possibility to take safety precautions and 13% don’t know how to protect themselves.
Those Ukrainians who think they are unlikely to get infected explain their confidence with the fact they a)
have one permanent sexual partner whom they trust (47% vs. 53% in 2014); b) do not take drugs (34%);
c) they don’t believe it can happen to them (25% vs. 20% in 2014); d) do not have a sexual partner (21%).
59
67% of Ukrainians believe that a man who is known to be carrying condoms would not have a bad
image and 58% of Ukrainians believe the same to be true about a woman that is known to be carrying
condoms.
As for the attitudes to relationships with new sexual partners 10% of Ukrainians would agree if a new
partner suggested having sex without a condom (vs. 6% in 2014), additionally 26% are not sure; 40%
wouldn’t agree to this proposition and 25% would never have new relationships (vs. 30% in 2014). Men
are more likely than women to agree to have sex without a condom (12% vs. 7% among women). Also
more men (30%) than women (22%) wouldn’t know what to do if their partner in a new relationship were
to suggest sexual intercourse without a condom. Women more often believe that they wouldn’t have new
relationships (29% vs 20% among men).
A half of Ukrainians say they would take the initiative and suggest using a condom with a new sexual
partner. There are no significant differences between men and women.
The proportion of Ukrainians who think that they have quite a good chance of convincing a new partner to
use a condom has increased significantly from 40% in 2014 to 47% in 2015. Only 12% in 2015 believe
that it would prove difficult for them. Men say they would find it easier than do women to convince a
partner to use condoms.
Almost an equal percentage of respondents say that they would (22%) and that they would not (25% vs.
20% in 2014) suggest undergoing an HIV test in a new relationship. However, the majority of respondents
could not answer whether they would suggest undergoing an HIV-test before having sexual intercourse
with a new partner (53%), which may mean that this is an unusual notion and people haven’t previously
considered such a course of action.
Youth





Cancer is the most worrying disease for young people in 2015 (27%), HIV and AIDS are in
second place (16% vs. 10% among total population).
27% feel themselves to be at risk of getting HIV (vs. 22% among the total population).
18% of those who think they are unlikely to get infected say this is because they always use
condoms (vs. 9% among the total population).
52% would not agree if a new partner proposed sex without a condom (vs. 40% among the total
population).
63% are ready to suggest using condoms with a new sexual partner (vs. 52% among the total
population).

1.4
There are no significant differences among attitudes to HIV among the population of
Dnipropetrovska oblast and the total population
Risk behavior and HIV testing
86% of Ukrainians over the age of 15 have experience of sexual intercourse. 62% of them had their first
sexual experience at the age of 15 or later while only 3% had it before they turned 15, others refused to
answer the question.
Out of those respondents who have ever been intimate with anyone, 32% discussed safe sex with their
partner, 26% discussed previous relations with their partner, 19% asked their partner to use condoms and
the same proportion underwent a test for sexually-transmitted infections, 10% were interested if their
60
partner have undergone an HIV test, 9% decided to abstain from sex if their partner refused to use a
condom, and 8% asked partner to undergo HIV test.
58% of Ukrainians have been intimate with anyone within the last 12 months, 63% of them had only
one sexual partner during the last 12 months.
Among them 14% always use condoms, 9% use them almost always and 20% use them from time to
time or rarely. 33% do not use condoms because they have one permanent partner and 5% do not use
them because of other reasons, others refused to answer.
Among those Ukrainians who do not use or do not always use condoms 38% say that this is because
they trust their partner, 29% say condoms are not always available, 31% that condoms make sex less
pleasant (vs. 21% in 2014), 19% that they use other methods of contraception, 13% that condoms are not
reliable (vs. 4% in 2014).
Among those who used condoms during last year condoms are perceived mostly as a method of
contraception (83%) and only 34% of Ukrainians use condoms to protect themselves from HIV and AIDS.
For 35% of Ukrainians condoms serve for protection from other infections.
More than a half of Ukrainians (60%) have never undergone a HIV test and 31% took it (others refused to
answer).
Among those who have never used condoms/use them but not always 44% got tested for HIV.
Among those who took an HIV test the main reason for getting tested was to get a mandatory health
certificate including one due to pregnancy (80%); the majority of the others did it for own peace of mind
(16%). The most popular locations for getting tested are medical centres (45%), women’s consultations
(31%) and AIDS centres (14%). Most of those who got tested for HIV were satisfied with the test and
consultation (83%), 6% said that they were satisfied, but consultation wasn’t provided and only 5%
showed some dissatisfaction.
Out of those who never got tested for HIV 22% are interested in getting a free test.
Youth





63% have experience of sexual intercourse (vs. 86% among the total population).
Youth who have been intimate with somebody show higher readiness for safe sex than the total
population: 45% discussed safe sex with their partner (vs. 30% among the total population); 36%
discussed previous relations with their partner (vs. 26% among the total population); 33% asked
their partner to use condoms (vs. 19% among the total population); and 18% decided to abstain
from sex if their partner refused to use a condom (vs. 9% among the total population).
31% of those who had intimate relations over the past 12 months use condoms always (vs. 14%
among the total population) however, only 17% don’t use condoms because of having a
permanent partner (vs. 33% among total population). The top reason for not using condoms or
not always using them is that they are not always available (38% vs. 29% among the total
population).
25% passed HIV test (vs. 31% among total population)
Out of those who never got tested for HIV 37% are interested in getting a free test (vs. 22%
among the total population).

22% of those who had intimate relations over the past 12 months use condoms always (vs. 14%
61



1.5
Residents of Dnipropetrovska oblasts who have been intimate with somebody show higher
readiness for safe sex than the total population: 29% underwent a test for sexually-transmitted
infections (vs. 19% among the total population); 22% asked their partner to use a condom (vs.
19% among the total population); 16% decided to abstain from sex if their partner refused to use
a condom (vs. 9% among the total population).
55% passed HIV test (vs. 31% among the total population)
93% of those who got tested for HIV are satisfied with the provided test and consultation (vs. 83%
Attitude to PLWH
Most of Ukrainians (68%) believe that people with HIV have the right to keep their diagnosis a secret.
As for the belief that people only get HIV because of their immoral behaviour, the proportion who disagree
has significantly increased from 45% in 2014 to 52% in 2015.
The share of those who think that PLWH rights are violated in Ukraine is 37% (vs. 44% in 2014).
46% would advise a person whose partner contracted HIV to continue the relationship with additional
HIV-preventive measures (vs. 36% in 2014), while 20% would recommend ending the relationship (vs.
28% in 2014), others are not sure.
The survey indicates 4 levels of perception for PLWH: the perception of unfamiliar PLWH (Bogardus
scale), perception of acquaintances in case of getting HIV infection; perception of familiar PLWH;
perception of HIV-positive children.
Bogardus scale. Only 14% are ready to accept PLWH as colleagues, neighbours, close friends or family
members.
More than half of Ukrainians are intolerant of PLWH – 70% agree to have PLWH as no closer than
residents of Ukraine/visitors to Ukraine/would keep them out of Ukraine altogether. Ukrainians are
significantly less tolerant of other vulnerable groups (IDUs, homosexuals, bisexuals, commercial sex
workers).
Perception of acquaintances in case of getting HIV infection. Almost a half of Ukrainians (59%) say
that finding out about an HIV-positive status of one of their friends or colleagues wouldn’t change their
attitude or they even would like to help such a friend/colleague (vs. 46% in 2014). For 13% the
communication with such person will be uncomfortable, but they’ll try not to show this (vs. 18% in 2014).
16% answered that they would try to communicate less with such person or stop communicating at all,
others are not sure about their reaction.
Out of those people who would negatively change their attitude to a person in case of his/her HIV-positive
status 57% explain it with fear of getting infected. The share of those who accuse PLWH in immorality
increased from 18% in 2014 to 25% in 2015.
Perception of PLWH. 4% of Ukrainians have PLWH among acquaintances. Among those who know
PLWH 77% say that they treat them as ordinary people, 18% try to avoid communicating with them, but
only 3% demonstrate an openly negative attitude toward PLWH. Negative attitudes are most often
explained by fear of getting infected.
Perception of positive children. 37% think that it’s acceptable for HIV-positive children to attend the
same school with HIV-negative children (vs. 33% in 2014) while 23% are against it (vs. 28% in 2014)
(others answered that it depends on the situation or not sure in their position). Most of the latter say that
the main reason for their position is that HIV-negative children could get infected.
62
Youth

Youth is more tolerant to PLWH according to all indicators

The population of Dnipropetrovska oblast is less tolerant to PLWH according to all indicators
1.6
Conclusions and recommendations on target areas of campaign
In 2015 comparing to 2014 both positive and negative tendencies are observed. The positive tendencies
are:


Increased awareness that HIV is transmitted through vaginal, anal and oral sex without a
condom;
Increased tolerance to PLWH.
The negative tendencies are:



Decreased awareness about National AIDS helpline
Decreased share of Ukrainians who named HIV among most disturbing health issues
Increased share of Ukrainians who would agree if a new partner suggested having sex without a
condom
The following target areas of communication were recommended in 2015 and they still are relevant for
2016 – the following information is recommended to be shared:









HIV can be transferred through unprotected oral and anal sex as well as through vaginal.
Among all methods of contraception only condoms can protect from HIV (this message is especially
relevant for population of Dnipropetrovska oblast which has widespread belief that sexual
penetration without ejaculation can reduce the risk of HIV infection).
Sexual pleasure during unprotected sex is not worth infection of HIV and other diseases (especially
relevant message for men as they are more inclined to risky behaviour).
It’s natural for women to have condoms and insist on using them; shyness is not worth infection with
HIV and other diseases.
Symptoms of HIV don’t show themselves right after the infection, one can’t tell if a person has HIV
just by looking at him/her.
HIV tests are accessible, anonymous, free (or available for buying in drugstore for those who don’t
want to address organizations) and quick.
It’s natural to ask a partner to take HIV test.
It’s safe to live with PLWH and use the same bath, soap, towel etc. (everything except for shaving
products and toothbrushes). Mosquito bites can’t transfer HIV.
There is no medicine to cure HIV completely, but PLWH receive treatment and are not dangerous for
people around them. Any positive information about PLWH would be good to prove that they are
common people just like everybody else.
63
8 Sample design
Thе sample size of 1502 interviews includes 1077 respondents for a nationally representative sample
(which included 204 respondents aged 15-24 and 114 residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast) and boosters
of 199 respondents for Youth and 226 respondents for residents of Dnipropetrovska oblast. The boosters
were conducted in order to have a sufficient number of respondents for reliable analysis.
The sample design is based on State Statistics Service of Ukraine data for January 1, 2014
The sample design for the nationally representative sample included the following stages:
1. The sample was first stratified by 25 administrative units (24 oblasts and Kyiv - not including
Crimea and settlements in Donetska and Luhanska oblast which are not under control of
Ukrainian government).
2. In each administrative unit (except for Kyiv) interviews were proportionally distributed according
to the size of settlement. The following grouping of settlements is used in the sample design: rural
area; towns and town-type settlements with population less than 50,000; towns with population of
51,000-100,000; towns with population of 101,000-500,000; cities with population of more than
500,000. All Ukrainian settlements with a population greater than 200,000 were included in the
sample, smaller settlements were randomly selected from a list of such settlements, ordered
alphabetically.
3. For Kyiv and other large cities the sample was then stratified by administrative districts.
4. Within each settlement the routes were selected randomly. Each interviewer received instructions
with rules for selecting a starting point for the route and defining skip intervals for selecting the
following addresses.
5. At the last stage interview was conducted with the person who fits by age (15+). If there are
several persons who fit by age, the interview was conducted with the person whose birthday was
the last among members of household aged 15+. If all potential respondents denied participating
in the survey, the interviewer followed the next household.
The sample design for boosters was built according to the same scheme.
Three types of weights were calculated for the analysis:
1. Weighted data for Ukrainian population corresponds to the population’s distribution by
age/gender/settlement type and administrative unit according to State Statistics Service of
Ukraine data for January 1, 2014
2. Weighted data for 403 respondents aged 15-24 population corresponds with the population’s
aged 15-24 distribution by gender/macroregion/settlement type according to State Statistics
Service of Ukraine data for January 1, 2014
3. Weighted data for 340 respondents in Dnipropetrovska oblast population corresponds with the
oblast’s population distribution by age/gender/settlement type according to State Statistics
Service of Ukraine data for January 1, 2014
64
Sample for the population of Ukraine aged 15+: size of the city
Size of the
city:
Village
City with the population below 50 thsd
City with the population 51-100 thsd
City with the population 101-500 thsd
City with the population 500 thsd+
Total
33%
22%
6%
17%
22%
100%
Sample for the population of Ukraine aged 15+: administrative unit
Oblast:
Vinnytska
Volynska
Dnipropetrovska
Donetska
Zhytomyrska
Zakarpatska
Zaporizka
Ivano-Frankivska
Kyivska
Kirovogradska
Luganska
Lvivska
Mykolaivska
Odeska
Poltavska
Rivnenska
Sumska
Ternopilska
Kharkivska
Khersonska
Khmelnytska
Cherkaska
Chernivetska
Chernigivska
Kyiv
Total
4%
3%
9%
5%
3%
3%
4%
4%
5%
2%
2%
6%
3%
6%
4%
3%
3%
3%
7%
3%
3%
3%
2%
3%
7%
100%
65

public awareness of hiv epidemy in ukraine 2015

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