Sudy on Cyber Waste in Karnataka

THE TEAM
Project Co-ordinator
Dr. Bakul Rao
Sample Collection and
Survey
Mr. Madhusudhan
Ms. Reshma
Mr. Chandrashekar
Mr. C. Praveena
Mr. H.S. Sudeendranath
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
EMPRI would like to thank the Department of Environment
& Ecology, Government of Karnataka who have sponsored
the study and entrusted the work to us
We are highly indebted to the valuable suggestions provided
by Ms. Almitra Patel and Mr. Parthasarthy.
Thanks are due to the various stakeholders who provided the
data.
Documentation and
Printing
Ms. Chandrashekhar
DR. M. H. SWAMINATH
DIRECTOR GENERAL
Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute
TABLE
CHAPTER
NO
1
2
3
OF
CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE
3.1
3.2
4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.3
4.4
5
6
6.1
6.2
7
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
Introduction
Objectives of the study
Methodology
Primary source of Information
Secondary source of Information
Literature on E-Waste
Definition
Chemical Composition of Cyber Wastes
Semiconductors
Printed Circuit Boards
Cathode Ray Tubes
Capacitors and Resist
Batteries
E-toxic substances
Environmental pollution potential from EWaste based on secondary information and
survey
The Basel Convention
Primary Survey Analysis
The World Scenario
The Distribution of Electronic-Waste in the
World
Fractions of Electronic Waste
National Scenario
Karnataka’s Status
Electronic goods assets
Elements trapped in Television and
Computer Assets being used
Wastes from Electronic goods
Elements to be Released from Discarded
Television and Computer Assets
Disposal of e-wastes
Exchange or Reuse
Recycling
Final Disposal or Land filling
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TITLE
CHAPTER
NO
10
10.1
10.1.1
10.1.2
10.1.3
10.1.4
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
12
12.1
12.2
Problems in Current Management of
WEEE
What are the Concerns?
Increase in usage of electrical & electronic
equipments and generation of e-Wastes
Uncontrolled accumulation of assets
Mis-management or No Management of Ewastes
Legal Status
Key findings
Database on E-waste Generation
Disposal Scenario
Policy and Regulations
Awareness
E-waste technology
Capacity Building and Training
Recommendations
Immediate actions
What needs to be done?
Appendix
ii
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i - iv
Chapter 1 Introduction
The most significant inventions of the last century
are either electrical or electronically powered.
Electronic items find application in a diverse range
of user segments including manufacturing, services,
and households. Just beneath the glamorous surface
of the benefits and the wealth created by the
information technology revolution looms a darker
reality. Vast resource consumption and waste
generation are increasingly at alarming rates. The
electronics industry is the world’s largest and fastest
growing manufacturing industry and as a
consequence of this growth, combined with rapid
produce obsolescence, discarded electronic
waste, is now the fastest growing waste stream in
the industrialized world. The growing quantity of
e-waste is beginning to reach disastrous
proportions and industrialized countries all over the
world are just now beginning to grapple with the
problem. After initially turning a blind eye to the
problem, governments of all sizes have been forced
to respond as e- waste begins to seriously inundate
solid waste disposal facilities and programs. India
too, is rapidly developing as a major consumer of
electronics goods.
Electronic waste is that waste which is generated
from various electronic components such as
computers, telephones, television sets, radio,
refrigerators and many such other types of
electronic equipment when they are being repaired
or discarded. The wastes from electrical and
electronic goods are often referred to as cyber
waste or WEEE (waste from electrical and
electronic equipments). The negative environmental
effects of growing consumption of electronic
hardware are most visible in the end-of-life stage
as hazardous substances in electrical and electronic
equipments remain bound in the equipment during
the use phase. Moreover, there is a major potential
of contamination of environment during the
production phase.
Many of the cyber waste / electronic and electrical
wastes generated contain substances that are
hazardous in nature. E-waste contains over 1000
different substances, many of which are toxic and
creates serious pollution upon disposal. E-waste
contains a consortium of elements like Beryllium,
Cobalt, Silicon, Selenium; heavy metals like
Copper, Lead, Chromium, Antinomy, Cadmium,
Bismuth, Mercury, Arsenic, Gallium, Vanadium,
Titanium; and precious & noble metals like Silver,
Tantalum, Germanium, Indium, Gold, Platinum
Ruthenium, Palladium Europium Niobium Yttrium.
Along with these e-waste also contains plastic of
various types and organic compounds like
polybrominated flame retardants. These
compounds are hazardous in nature as they are
highly toxic to human beings and other living
organisms.
Though the problems due to electronic waste
pollution has not been visible till now, the growth
in usage of electronic products indicate that the
days are not far away when this would be a serious
issue to all the stakeholders including the
governments, consumers and the industry.
Bangalore being called the Silicon Valley of India
is home to many information technology and
software giants and has shown a drastic increase
in usage of electronic goods in recent years.
Further, toxic electronic scrap from the developed
countries especially, United States is being exported
to developing countries, such as China, India, and
Pakistan where laborers recycle the e-waste by
hand, with no protective gear or clothing thereby
resulting in polluted groundwater and alarming
growth in incidences of health problems, especially
among children.
Keeping the potentiality of the problem in mind, it
was felt necessary to study the status of e-waste in
the state of Karnataka. A rapid survey funded by
the Department of Ecology and Environment,
Government of Karnataka was conducted to
assess the e-waste generation due to various
domestic and commercial activities and the current
mode of disposal in Karnataka as a whole and the
city of Bangalore in particular, by the Environment
Management and Policy Research Institute
(EMPRI).
1
Chapter 2 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the present study include:
1.
To survey the quantity of cyber goods
(electrical and electronic goods) in the
residential, industrial and servicing sectors.
2.
To survey the system of disposal used by
the residential, industrial and servicing
sectors.
3.
To prepare a database for the disposal
methodology used at the end of use of cyber
goods.
2
Chapter 3 Methodology
Keeping the above objectives in view, the
methodology which was adopted was designed to
capture a range of information that is needed to
arrive at a realistic picture of environmental status/
issues of e-waste. The information was gathered
through primary survey and secondary sources and
also by reviewing the literature available for ewastes.
3.1
PRIMARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION
The primary field survey carried out was for the
households. Information collection forms were
generated and information was sought from various
persons. A typical information collection sheet is
shown in Appendix I. Similar exercise was carried
out for the industries and service sector and the
typical collection sheet is shown in Appendix II &
III.
Methodolog y in a nutshell
Study includes both primary as well as
secondary sources of information
•
Primary field studies was carried out
for households, industries and service sectors
using information collection sheets
– Installation Numbers
– Rate of Disposal
– Pattern of Disposal
– Assessment of likely impact
– Current Policy and Regulation in place
– Awareness Assessment
•
Secondary data collection was for
households from census board, STPI, various
studies, reports
•
Visits to secondary market like Sunday
bazar
•
Review of Current Policies
The survey for waste generated mostly focused
on television and computer and has indicated that
e-waste is being generated in enormous quantity
in the state of Karnataka in general and Bangalore
in particular as it is the silicon valley of the country
and has maximum e-waste application and
manufacturing units. The survey findings are quite
alarming in the light that there are no regulations
and no scientific disposal system for the safe
disposal.
3.2
SECONDARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Basically radio, television, telephones, computers
and refrigerator constitute the bulk of the electronic
equipments especially in households; hence the
study for assets was carried out for these
equipments. Further, other electronic equipments
like fax machines, printers, copiers, washing
machines, mixers/ microwave ovens, music
systems, though covered in the primary data
collection there is no secondary data available for
the same and hence have not been covered due to
non-availability of any ground data and resources.
3
Chapter 4 Literature
4.1
DEFINITION
“Cyber waste” is an informal name for electronic
products nearing the end of their useful life. Cyber
waste can be classified mainly into two sectors,
namely, industry sector and house hold sector.
Industry Sector include equipments such as
computer (Main frame, Personal computers, Lap
top), printers, telephones, cell phone, answering
systems, photocopiers, calculators, smoke
detectors, heating/cooling regulator, drills, saws,
sewing machines, radiotherapy equipments,
ventilators, freezers, etc. Household sector include
equipments like refrigerator, television, washing
machines, mixers, microwave, electric stoves,
heating appliances, air conditioner, etc.
4.2 C HEMICAL C OMPOSITION
WASTES
OF
C YBER
Components in electronic products include Printed
Circuit Boards; batteries; Cathode Ray Tubes;
cables and plastic casing; mercury switches;
capacitors; transformers; etc.
4.2.1 Semiconductors
Semiconductors have had a monumental impact
on our society as they form the heart of
microprocessor chips as well as transistors.
Anything that’s computerized or uses radio waves
depends on semiconductors. Today, most
semiconductor chips and transistors are created
with silicon.
below carbon and above germanium in periodic
table. Carbon, silicon and germanium (germanium,
like silicon, is also a semiconductor) have a unique
property in their electron structure — each has four
electrons in its outer orbital. This allows them to
form nice crystals. The four electrons form perfect
covalent bonds with four neighboring atoms,
creating a lattice, leaving no free electrons to
conduct electric current. This makes a silicon
crystal an insulator rather than a conductor. In
silicon, the crystalline form is a silvery, metalliclooking substance. Metals tend to be good
conductors of electricity because they usually have
“free electrons” that can move easily between
atoms, and electricity involves the flow of electrons.
While silicon crystals look metallic, they are not, in
fact, metals. All of the outer electrons in a silicon
crystal are involved in perfect covalent bonds,
so they can’t move around. A pure silicon crystal
is nearly an insulator — very little electricity will
flow through it. The behavior of silicon can be
changed by doping thereby turning it into a
conductor. There are two types of impurities,
namely:
♦
N-type - In N-type doping, phosphorus or
arsenic is added to the silicon in small quantities.
Phosphorus and arsenic each have five outer
electrons, so they’re out of place when they get
into the silicon lattice. The fifth electron has nothing
to bond to, so it’s free to move around. It takes
only a very small quantity of the impurity to create
enough free electrons to allow an electric current
Silicon is a very common element and is the main to flow through the silicon. N-type silicon is a good
element in sand and quartz, it sits next to aluminum, conductor. Electrons have a negative charge, hence
the name N-type.
♦ P-type - In P-type doping, boron or gallium is
4
A chip, an LED and a transistor are all
made from semiconductor material.
(Clockwise from top)
the dopant. Boron and gallium each have only three
outer electrons. When mixed into the silicon lattice,
they form “holes” in the lattice where a silicon
electron has nothing to bond to. The absence of
an electron creates the effect of a positive charge,
hence the name P-type. Holes can conduct current.
A hole happily accepts an electron from a neighbor,
moving the hole over a space. P-type silicon is a platform upon which electronic components such
good conductor.
as integrated circuit chips and capacitors are
mounted. A PCB consists of a non-conducting
A minute amount of either N-type or P-type doping
substrate (typically fiberglass with epoxy resin)
turns a silicon crystal from a good insulator into a
upon which a conductive pattern or circuitry is
viable (but not great) conductor — hence the name
formed. Copper is the most prevalent conductor,
“semiconductor.” N-type and P-type silicon are
although nickel, silver, tin, tin-lead, and gold may
not that amazing by themselves; but when you put
also be used as etch-resists or top-level metal.
them together, you get some very interesting
The manufacturing of PCBs includes the following
behavior at the junction.
eleven process steps:
4.2.1.1 Diode
1.
Circuit design/data acquisition
A diode is the simplest possible semiconductor
device. A diode allows current to flow in one
direction but not the other. A device that blocks
current in one direction while letting current flow in
another direction is called a diode.
4.2.1.2 Transistors and Chips
A transistor is created by using three layers
rather than the two layers used in a diode and either
an NPN or a PNP sandwich can be created. A
transistor can act as a switch or an amplifier. A
transistor looks like two diodes back-to-back. No
current can flow through a transistor because backto-back diodes would block current both ways.
However, when a small current to the center layer
of the sandwich is applied, a much larger current
can flow through the sandwich as a whole. This
gives a transistor its switching behavior. A small
current can turn a larger current on and off.
Nearly all PCB design and layout is performed with
computer aided design (CAD). The computer
aided manufacturing (CAM) department at the
PCB facilities transforms CAD generated data into
customized tools for the manufacture of the part.
2.
Preparation of PCB Laminate
The PCB base material consists of a dielectric core
that has been coated or impregnated with resin.
The dielectric material is usually woven glass fibers
or paper. FR4 is the designation given to the most
widely used material for the printed wiring board
industry.
3.
Inner-layer image transfer
The purpose of this process step is to transfer a
circuit image to the copper-coated base laminate
of the PCB.
4.
Laminate layers
During the lamination process the thin-core inner
layers are subjected to heat and pressure and
compressed into a laminated panel. Sheets of
material consisting of glass fibers impregnated with
epoxy resin, known as pre-preg or b-stage, are
slipped between the layers and bond the layers
together.
5.
Drill hole pattern on board
A silicon chip is a piece of silicon that can hold
thousands of transistors. With transistors acting as
switches, Boolean gates can be created and with
it microprocessor chips can be created. The
natural progression from silicon to doped silicon
to transistors to chips is what has made
microprocessors and other electronic devices so
Holes are drilled through the PCB to interconnect
inexpensive and ubiquitous in today’s society.
circuitry on different layers and to allow the
4.2.2 Printed Circuit Boards
insertion of components
A printed circuit board (PCB) is the foundation
for virtually all electronics in the world. It is the
5
6.
Clean holes (desmear)
4.2.4 Capacitors and Resistors
Hole cleaning generally refers to a process called A capacitor is a little like a battery, in the way that
desmear and/or the closely related process of both store electrical energy. A capacitor is a
simpler device, and it cannot produce new
etchback.
electrons — it only stores them. Like a battery, a
7.
Deburring and scrubbing
capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor,
Deburring and scrubbing are performed
the terminals connect
immediately before or after desmear or etchback.
to two metal plates
During drilling, copper burrs may be raised on both
separated by a
sides of the panel by the action of the drill entering
dielectric. The
and exiting the material.
dielectric can be air,
8.
Make holes conductive
paper, plastic or
To provide for the intended interconnection anything else that does
between layers, the holes must be coated or plated not conduct electricity
with a conductive substance
and keeps the plates
from touching each
9.
Outer-layer image transfer
other.
Exposing may be done with first-generation
photoplotted phototools or with diazo, a reddish 4.2.5 Batteries
transparent film that allows for manual registration. A conventional battery is a device, usually portable,
for generating electricity through an electrochemical
10. Surface finish
reaction. This is accomplished through the transfer
For most parts, the functions of the surface finish
of electrons between two unlike metal electrodes
are to prevent copper oxidation, facilitate
that are immersed in an ion-conducting medium,
solderability, and prevent defects during the
the electrolyte. The negative electrode (anode)
assembly process.
loses electrons which are in turn gained by the
positive electrode (cathode). When the two
11. Final fabrication
electrodes are connected to an external circuit such
Non-plated features are added to the board during
as a light bulb, or any other such “load”, the circuit
the final fabrication process. These may include
is completed and an electric current is generated.
tooling holes, cutouts, and countersink holes.
Numeric controlled routers run profiling programs The alkaline cathode is a mixture of manganese
that are output from the CAM systems with all of dioxide, graphite and an electrolyte. This mixture
the features needed according to specifications.
is granulated, aged in storage and then compacted
4.2.3
Cathode Ray Tubes
A cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube generating a
focused beam of electrons that can be deflected
by electric fields, magnetic fields, or both. The
terminus of the beam is visible as a spot or line of
luminescence caused by its impinging on a
sensitized screen at one end of the tube. Cathoderay tubes are used to study the shapes of electric
waves, to reproduce images in television receivers,
to display alphanumeric and graphical information
on computer monitors, as an indicator in radar sets,
etc.
6
Shelf lives of various types of batteries
Silver Oxide:
2-3 years
Alkaline:
4-5 years
Lithium:
5-7 years
NiCad/NiMh:
Will self-discharge 1% - 2% per day,
but will fully recover after few charge
cycles. Practical shelf life: 5 years.
Sealed Lead Acid (SLA):
1 year without charging. Charging
every 90 days will extend shelf
life to 1.5 - 2 years.
Automotive:
6 months without charging. Charging
every 90 days will extend shelf
life to 1 - 1.5 years.
into hollow cylinders called preforms. These
preforms are inserted into a steel can. The steel
can and mixture now become the cathode, or the
positive charge of the alkaline. To keep the material
from leaking, an indentation and sealant are used.
well documented. Lead
accumulates
in
the
environment and has high
acute and chronic toxic effects
on plants, animals and microorganisms. Consumer
electronics constitute 40% of
Lead found in landfills. The
main concern in regard to the
presence of Lead in landfills
is the potential for the Lead to
leach and contaminate
drinking water supplies. The
main applications of Lead in
computers are:
1) Soldering of printed circuit boards and other
electronic components.
2) Glass panels in computers monitors (cathode
The cathode and anode can not come into contact. ray tubes)
Therefore, a separator is placed in between the 4.2.6.2 Cadmium (Cd)
cathode and anode. This separator is soaked with
Cadmium compounds are classified as toxic with
an electrolyte that aids in ionic or electrolytic
a possible risk of irreversible effects on human
conductivity once the battery is in use. The anode
health. Cadmium and Cadmium compounds
(negative) is made of mostly zinc powder and
accumulate in the human body, particularly in
several other material. This is in the form of a gel.
kidneys. Cadmium is adsorbed through respiration
This gel is inserted into the steel can against the
but is also taken up with food. Owing to the long
separator. At this point, the battery could give off
half-life (30 years), Cadmium can easily be
a charge. However, the battery would not be able
accumulated in amounts that cause symptoms of
to work for long because it is not sealed. The seal
poisoning. Cadmium shows a danger of cumulative
is made up of a brass nail (the nail acts as the
effects in the environment due to its acute and
current collector), a plastic seal and metal end
chronic toxicity.
cap. The three items are inserted into the steel can
against the indentation formed earlier.
In electrical and electronic equipment, Cadmium
occurs in certain components such as SMD chip
resistors, infrared detectors and semiconductors.
Some of the more damaging substances are
Older types of CRTs contain Cadmium.
outlined below.
Furthermore, Cadmium is used as a plastic
stabilizer.
4.2.6.1 Lead (Pb)
4.2.6
E-toxic substances
Lead can cause damage to the central and
peripheral nervous systems, blood system and
kidneys in humans. Effects on the endocrine system
have also been observed and their serious negative
effect on children’s brain development has been
4.2.6.3 Mercury (Hg)
When inorganic mercury spreads out in the water,
it is transformed to methylated mercury in the
bottom sediments. Methylated mercury easily
7
accumulates in living organisms and concentrates
through the food chain particularly via fish.
Methylated mercury causes chronic damage to the
brain.
It is estimated that 22 % of the yearly world
consumption of mercury is used in electrical and
electronic equipment. It is basically used in
thermostats, (position) sensors, relays and switches
(e.g. on printed circuit boards and in measuring
equipment) and discharge lamps. Furthermore, it
is used in medical equipment, data transmission,
telecommunications, and mobile phones. Mercury
is also used in batteries, switches/housing, and
printed wiring boards. Although this amount is
small for any single component, the total mercury
which ends up as waste works up to very large
amounts.
4.2.6.4 Hexavalent Chromium (Cr)
4.2.6.5 Plastics
Based on the calculation that more than 315 million
computers will become obsolete between 1997
and 2004 and that plastics make up 13.8 pounds
per computer on average, there will be more than
4 billion pounds of plastic present in this computer
waste. An analysis commissioned by the
Microelectronics and Computer Technology
Corporation (MCC) estimated that the total
electronics plastic scrap amounted to more than 1
billion pounds per year (580,000 tons per year).
This same study estimated that the largest volume
of plastics used in electronics manufacturing (at
26%) was polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which creates
more environmental and health hazards than most
other type of plastic. While many computer
companies have recently reduced or phased out
the use of PVC, there is still a huge volume of PVC
contained in the computer scrap that continues to
grow – potentially up to 250 million pounds per
year.
4.2.6.6 PVC
Some manufacturers still apply this substance as
corrosion protection of untreated and galvanized
steel plates and as a decorative and hardener for
steel housing.
The use of PVC in computers has been mainly used
Chromium VI can easily pass through membranes in cabling and computer housings, although most
of cells and is easily absorbed producing various computer mouldings are now being made of ABS
toxic effects within the cells. It causes strong allergic plastic. PVC cabling is used for its fire retardant
reactions even in small concentrations. Asthmatic properties, but there are concerns that once alight,
bronchitis is another allergic reaction linked to fumes from PVC cabling can be a major
chromium VI. Chromium VI may also cause DNA contributor to fatalities and hence there are
pressures to switch to alternatives for safety
damage.
In addition, hexavalent chromium compounds are reasons. Such alternatives are low-density
toxic for the environment. It is well documented polyethylene and thermoplastic olefins.
that contaminated wastes can leach from landfills.
Incineration results in the generation of fly ash from
which chromium is leachable, and there is
widespread agreement among scientists that
wastes containing chromium should not be
incinerated. Of the more than 315 million
computers destined to become obsolete between
1997 and 2004, about 1.2 million pounds of
hexavalent chromium will be present.
8
PVC is a difficult plastic to recycle and it
contaminates other plastics in the recycling process.
Of more importance, however, the production and
burning of PVC products generates dioxins and
furans. This plastic commonly used in packaging
and household products is a major cause of dioxin
formation in open burning and garbage
incinerators. Hospitals are now beginning to phase
out the use of PVC products such as disposal
gloves and IV bags because of the dangers of
incinerating these products.
Many local authorities in Europe have PVC-free
policies for municipal buildings, pipes, wallpaper,
flooring, windows and packaging. Recent concerns
about the use of softeners in PVC plastic toys
leaching out into children’s mouths have Lead to
further restrictions on PVC.
Tab
le 4.1: Typical composition of elements in a
able
32 Kg Computer with the recycling efficiencies
of each element
Nam e
W eightin
kg
Silica
7.9616
Content Recycling
(% oftotalefficiency
weight) (% )
24.88
0
Plastics
7.3568
22.99
0.2
Iron
6.5504
20.47
0.8
Alum inium
4.5344
14.17
0.8
Copper
2.2176
6.93
0.9
2.016
6.3
0.05
Lead
Zinc
0.704
2.2
0.6
0.3232
1.01
0.7
Nickel
0.272
0.85
0.8
Barium
0.01024
0.032
0
M anganese
0.01024
0.032
0
Silver
0.00608
0.019
0.98
Tantalum
0.00512
0.016
0
Beryllium
0.00512
0.016
0
Titanium
0.00512
0.016
0
Tin
Cobalt
0.00512
0.016
0.85
Antinom y
0.003008
0.0094
0
Cadm ium
0.003008
0.0094
0
Bism uth
0.002016
0.0063
0
Chrom ium
0.002016
0.0063
0
M ercury
0.000704
0.0022
0
Germ anium
0.000512
0.0016
0
Indium
0.000512
0.0016
0.6
Gold
0.000512
0.0016
0.99
Ruthenium
0.000512
0.0016
0.8
Selenium
0.000512
0.0016
0.7
Gallium
0.000416
0.0013
0
Arsenic
0.000416
0.0013
0
Palladium
0.000096
0.0003
0.95
Vanadium
0.000064
0.0002
0
Europium
0.000064
0.0002
0
Niobium
0.000064
0.0002
0
Yttrium
0.000064
0.0002
0
4.3
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION POTENTIAL
FROM E-W ASTE BASED ON SECONDARY
INFORMATION AND SURVEY
Disposal of e-wastes is a particular problem faced
in many regions across the globe. Computer
wastes that are landfilled produces contaminated
leachates, which pollute groundwater. Acids and
sludges obtained from melting computer chips, if
disposed on the ground causes acidification of soil.
For example, Guiyu, Hong Kong a thriving area of
illegal e-waste recycling is facing acute water
shortages due to the contamination of water
resources. This is due to disposal of recycling
wastes such as acids, sludges etc. in rivers. Now
water is being transported from faraway towns to
cater to the demands of the population. Incineration
of e-wastes can emit toxic fumes and gases,
thereby polluting the surrounding air. Improperly
monitored landfills can cause environmental
hazards. Mercury will leach when certain electronic
devices, such as circuit breakers are destroyed.
The same is true for polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) from condensers. When brominated flame
retardant plastic or cadmium containing plastics
are landfilled, both polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDE) and cadmium may leach into the soil and
groundwater. It has been found that significant
amounts of lead ion are dissolved from broken lead
containing glass, such as the cone glass of cathode
ray tubes, gets mixed with acid waters and are a
common occurrence in landfills. Not only does
the leaching of mercury poses specific problems,
the vaporization of metallic mercury and
dimethylene mercury, both part of Wastes from
Electrical and Electronic Equipments (WEEE) is
also of concern. In addition, uncontrolled fires may
arise at landfills and this could be a frequent
occurrence in many countries. When exposed to
fire, metals and other chemical substances, such
as the extremely toxic dioxins and furans (TCDDtetrachloro-dibenzo-dioxin, PCDDs polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins, PBDDspolybrominated dibenzo-dioxin and PCDFs polychlorinated dibenzo furans) from halogenated
flame retardant products and PCB containing
9
Table 4.2: Summary of the health effects of constituents in e-wastes.
Sources of eToxins in
electronic Wastes
Solder in printed circuit
boards, glass panels and
gaskets in computer
monitors
Chip resistors and
semiconductors
Constituent
Lead (Pb)
Health effects
Damage to central and peripheral nervous systems, blood systems
and kidney damage. Affects brain development of children.
Cadmium (Cd)
Toxic irreversible effects on human health.
Relays and switches,
printed circuit boards
Mercury (Hg)
Corrosion protection of
untreated and galvanised
steel plates
Hexavalent
chromium (Cr)
VI
Accumulates in kidney and liver.
Causes neural damage.
teratogenic.
Chronic damage to the brain.
Respiratory and skin disorders due to bioaccumulation in fishes.
Asthmatic bronchitis.
DNA damage.
Cabling and computer
housing
Plastics including Burning produces dioxin. It causes reproductive and developmental
PVC
problems; immune system damage; interefere with regulatory
hormones.
Plastic housing of
Brominated flame Disrupts endocrine system functions
electronic equipments and retardants (BFR)
Front panel of CRTs
Barium (Ba)
Short term exposure causes: muscle weakness;damage to heart, liver
and spleen.
Motherboard
Beryllium (Be)
Carcinogenic (lung cancer)
Inhalation of fumes and dust. causes chronic beryllium disease or
beryllicosis.
Skin diseases such as warts.
condensers can be emitted. The most dangerous
form of burning e-waste is the open-air burning of
plastics in order to recover copper and other
metals. The toxic fall-out from open-air burning
affects both the local environment and broader
global air currents, depositing highly toxic byproducts in many places throughout the world.
4.4
THE BASEL CONVENTION
In view of the ill-effects of hazardous wastes to
both environment and health, several countries
exhorted the need for a global agreement to address
the problems and challenges posed by hazardous
waste. Also, in the late 1980s, a tightening of
environmental regulations in industrialized countries
led to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste
disposal. Searching for cheaper ways to get rid of
the wastes, “toxic traders” began shipping
hazardous waste to developing countries.
10
International outrage following these irresponsible
activities led to the drafting and adoption of strategic
plans and regulations at the Basel Convention. The
Convention secretariat, in Geneva, Switzerland,
facilitates the implementation of the Convention and
related agreements. It also provides assistance and
guidelines on legal and technical issues, gathers
statistical data, and conducts training on the proper
management of hazardous waste.
The 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes
and Their Disposal effectively banned (as of January
1, 1998 with the “Basel Ban” Amendment) all
forms of hazardous waste exports from the 29 most
industrialized countries of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
to all non-OECD countries. The Basel Convention
on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was adopted
in 1989 and entered into force on 5 May 1992.
The Convention is the response of the international
community to the problems caused by the annual
world-wide production of hundreds of millions of
tonnes of wastes. These wastes are hazardous to
people or the environment because they are toxic,
poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable, ecotoxic, or infectious. This global environmental
treaty strictly regulates the transboundary
movements of hazardous wastes and provides
obligations to its Parties to ensure that such wastes
are managed and disposed of in an environmentally
sound manner. The main principles of the Basel
Convention are:
1.
Transboundary movements of hazardous
wastes should be reduced to a minimum consistent
with their environmentally sound management.
2.
Hazardous wastes should be treated and
disposed of as close as possible to their source of
generation.
3.
Hazardous waste generation should be
reduced and minimized at source.
In order to achieve these principles, the Convention
aims to control the transboundary movement of
hazardous wastes, monitor and prevent illegal
traffic, provide assistance for the environmentally
sound management of hazardous wastes, promote
cooperation between Parties in this field, and
develop Technical Guidelines for the management
of hazardous wastes. The majority of the world’s
countries have recognized that the export of
hazardous materials, including toxic e-scrap, to the
developing world poses serious threats to public
health and the environment, and have banned this
process. The United States has not yet ratified
this agreement.
11
Chapter 5 Primary Survey Analysis
The primary field survey was carried out for the households and information was collected in forms
(Appendix I). The summary of the data collected is given in Table 5.1 – 5.4. The forms for the
industries sector as shown in Appendix II were also sent to many industries.
Table 5.1: Summary of survey carried out for income < Rs. 10000/month
20
21
12
TV
Computer
Refrigerator
Mobiles
Music Systems
VCR/VCP
Pagers
Telephones
Fax
Scanners
Laptops
Modem (External)
WebCameras
Printers
Microwave
Washing Machines
UPS / Stabilizer
Electric Wires
Batteries
Different kinds of
lights
Others
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
11
18
21
12
6
19
5
4
1
4
1
9
7
Many
5
33
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
Resale to
Factory
Junk
Storage
Breakage
Exchange
offer
3
1
4
3
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
Sales
< 5 > 5 <10 > 10
10
2
4
1
1
3
2
6
8
3
2
1
2
Mode of Disposal
MSW
Name of
Equipment
Units
Sr No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
No of
Samples
Year of Purchase
3
2
2
2
2
% of
survey
having
asset
104.76
52.38
85.71
100
57.14
28.57
0
90.48
23.81
0
0
19.05
4.76
19.05
4.76
42.86
33.33
--23.81
157.14
0
Table 5.2: Summary of survey carried out for income > Rs. 10000 < 25000/month
Exchange offer
Breakage
Resale to
Factory
4
Junk Storage
10
Sales
< 5 > 5 <10 > 10
Mode of Disposal
MSW
Units
Name of
Equipment
Sr No
No of Samples
Year of Purchase
% of survey
having asset
5
5
13
107.89
1
TV
38
41
6
10
2
Computer
38
23
14
4
3
Refrigerator
38
26
8
8
4
Mobiles
38
29
17
1
5
Music Systems
38
28
9
7
6
6
VCR/VCP
38
10
1
3
3
7
Pagers
38
8
Telephones
38
33
15
9
Fax
38
3
2
7.89
10
Scanners
38
2
1
5.26
11
Laptops
38
12
Modem (External)
38
7
3
18.42
13
WebCameras
38
4
3
10.53
14
Printers
38
7
3
18.42
15
Microwave
38
5
3
13.16
16
Washing Machines
38
18
7
6
17
UPS / Stabilizer
38
16
8
2
18
Electric Wires
38
many
19
38
15
20
Batteries
Different kinds of
lights
38
54
21
Others
38
5
4
13
60.53
4
13
68.42
13
76.32
13
73.68
26.32
0
3
3
86.84
0
1
3
13
1
2
47.37
42.11
2
---
2
39.47
2
142.11
0
13
Table 5.3: Summary of survey carried out for income > Rs. 25000 < 50000/month
Exchange
offer
3
2
1
3
100
2
Computer
3
4
1
2
3
133.33
3
Refrigerator
3
3
2
1
1
100
4
Mobiles
3
3
3
5
Music Systems
3
2
1
6
VCR/VCP
3
3
1
7
Pagers
3
1
Resale to
Factory
3
Junk
Storage
TV
< 5 > 5 <10 > 10
Breakage
1
Name of
Equipment
Sr No
Sales
% of
survey
having
asset
MSW
Units
Mode of Disposal
No of Samples
Year of Purchase
100
1
66.67
1
100
0
8
Telephones
3
2
1
66.67
9
Fax
3
1
1
33.33
10
Scanners
3
1
1
33.33
11
Laptops
3
0
12
Modem (External)
3
0
13
WebCameras
3
1
1
14
Printers
3
3
2
15
Microwave
3
1
1
16
Washing Machines
3
2
1
17
UPS / Stabilizer
3
3
1
18
Electric Wires
3
many
---
19
3
many
---
20
Batteries
Different kinds of
lights
3
many
---
21
Others
3
14
33.33
1
100
33.33
1
66.67
100
Table 5.4: Summary of survey carried out for income > Rs. 50000/month
Exchange offer
7
2
1
116.67
2
Computer
6
3
2
1
50
3
Refrigerator
6
6
3
1
100
4
Mobiles
6
4
4
5
Music Systems
6
2
1
1
33.33
6
VCR/VCP
6
2
1
1
33.33
7
Pagers
6
1
1
16.67
8
Telephones
6
6
9
Fax
6
1
10
Scanners
6
0
11
Laptops
6
0
12
Modem (External)
6
0
13
WebCameras
6
0
14
Printers
6
15
Microwave
6
16
Washing Machines
6
6
17
UPS / Stabilizer
6
5
18
Electric Wires
6
many
1
---
19
6
many
1
---
20
Batteries
Different kinds of
lights
6
many
21
Others
6
< 5 > 5 <10 > 10
Resale to
Factory
6
Junk Storage
TV
Breakage
1
Sr No Name of Equipment
Sales
% of
survey
having
asset
MSW
Units
Mode of Disposal
No of Samples
Year of Purchase
66.67
2
100
16.67
2
33.33
0
1
1
1
100
1
1
83.33
---
15
Chapter 6 The World Scenario
At present the world has around 500 million
computers and India roughly accounts for 5 to
6 million (1%). It is estimated that these 500
million computers in the world are contributing
to 3678 thousand tons of plastic, 1000 thousand
tons of lead and 352 tons of mercury. The
contribution from other electronic and electrical
goods is yet to be ascertained.
During the 1990s, a number of studies have
been looking into end-of-life management of
electronic waste and particularly computers.
According to some estimates, there are 14–20
million computers scrapped yearly, around 10–
15% of them reused or recycled, 15% end up
in landfills and the rest are stockpiled by users.
According to a model developed at Carnegie
Mellon University, in the United States alone,
which has a 15% market growth rate and 30%
of worldwide computer sales, nearly 150 million
computers will be recycled and 55 million land
filled in 2005.
Disposal of e-wastes is a particular problem
faced in many regions across the globe.
Computer wastes that are landfilled produces
contaminated leachates, which pollute
groundwater. Acids and sludges obtained
from melting computer chips, if disposed on
the ground causes acidification of soil. For
example, Guiyu, Hong Kong a thriving area of
illegal e-waste recycling is facing acute water
shortages due to the contamination of water
resources. This is due to disposal of recycling
wastes such as acids, sludges etc. in rivers.
Now water is being transported from faraway
towns to cater to the demands of the
population.
Tab
le 6.1: Projections of amount of elements
able
trapped in computers and amount reaching
landfills worldwide
Elem ents
Quantity in M T
trapped in
com puters
worldwide
Quantity in M T from
com puters expected
to be landfilled in
2005 worldwide#
Silica
3980800
43789
Plastics
3678400
40462
Iron
3275200
36027
Alum inium
2267200
24939
Copper
1108800
12197
Lead
1008000
11088
Zinc
352000
3872
Tin
161600
1778
Nickel
136000
1496
Barium
5120
56
M anganese
5120
56
Silver
3040
33
Tantalum
2560
28
Beryllium
2560
28
Titanium
2560
28
Cobalt
2560
28
Antinom y
1504
17
Cadm ium
1504
17
Bism uth
1008
11
Chrom ium
1008
11
M ercury
352
3.9
Germ anium
256
2.8
Indium
256
2.8
Gold
256
2.8
Ruthenium
256
2.8
Selenium
256
2.8
Gallium
208
2.3
Arsenic
208
2.3
Palladium
48
0.53
Vanadium
32
0.35
Europium
32
0.35
Niobium
32
0.35
Yttrium
32
0.35
Based on the Carnegie Mellon University’s Study
16
Chapter 5 World Scenario
6.1
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONIC-WASTE
IN THE WORLD
6.2
FRACTIONS OF ELECTRONIC WASTE
17
Chapter 7 National Scenario
The IDC survey has indicated that the growth of
computer in the home segment will be around 43%
of India’s installed capacity, a big jump from 23 %
it accounts for today. Thirty out of every 100 PC
shipments today are home PC’s. That is up from
about 19 units in 1997. According to survey
conducted by Dataquest, 21 % of the urban house
holds having income of more than Rs 10,000
owned a PC and another 19 % intended to buy
one. The growth of television and other electronic
goods markets are also increasing in the country
with increase in income and decrease in market
costs.
Estimates state that out of the world’s 500 million
computers, India roughly accounts for 5 to 6 million
(1%). Projections on the quantity of elements
trapped in these 5 million computers were carried
out and are represent in the Table 7.1.
At present the environmental laws of India do not
specifically cover the e-waste regulation though one
can argue that the hazardous waste management
rule does cover e-waste handling and management
aspect in an Indian situation. India being a signatory
of the Basel Convention, it is very necessary to
arrive at an exact status of e-waste
18
Tab
le 7.1: Projections of amount of
able
elements trapped in computers in India
Quantity of elements
trapped in MT from
Elements
computers in India
Silica
39808
Plastics
36784
Iron
32752
Aluminium
22672
Copper
11088
Lead
10080
Zinc
3520
Tin
1616
Nickel
1360
Barium
51.2
Manganese
51.2
Silver
30.4
Tantalum
25.6
Beryllium
25.6
Titanium
25.6
Cobalt
25.6
Antinomy
15.04
Cadmium
15.04
Bismuth
10.08
Chromium
10.08
Mercury
3.52
Germanium
2.56
Indium
2.56
Gold
2.56
Ruthenium
2.56
Selenium
2.56
Gallium
2.08
Arsenic
2.08
Palladium
0.48
Vanadium
0.32
Europium
0.32
Niobium
0.32
Yttrium
0.32
Chapter 8 Karnataka’s Scenario
8.1
ELECTRONIC
GOODS ASSETS
Basically radio, television, telephones, computers
and refrigerator constitute the bulk of the e-waste
generated and hence the study was carried out for
these equipments. However, other electronic
equipments like fax machines, printers, copiers,
washing machines, mixers/ microwave ovens,
music systems, have not been covered due to nonavailability of any ground data and resources. Data
were collected for radio, television and telephone
from secondary sources while for computer and
refrigerator they were projected yielding the
following scenario for assets available in Bangalore
and Karnataka as of year 2001 (in nos) (Table
8.1)
using secondary data as basis and with the
assumption that there is a growth at 20% for the
goods and discard rate of 5% for radio &
transistor, television and discard rate of 2% for
telephones, computers and refrigerators. The
table 8.2 gives the projection of various assets
for the years 2001 -2020 which will be available
in the State, the projected population and the
projected percentage of population which will
have television and computer
Similar projections were made for Bangalore
keeping the same assumptions for growth rate,
discard rate and population rate and is given in
Table 8.3
The use of computers and its accessories have
been growing at a rapid phase in the state for the
last five years. The data quest and IDM survey
has indicated the computers demand in the State
is growing at 30 % per annum. From the survey
of the computers installation pattern, it is found
that the share of Home PC’s is around 30% and
the rest is in the commercial establishments
including educational institutions. Even with
keeping a conservative 20% annual growth, with
linear projections, by the year 2015 Karnataka
will have 109 lakh computers and Bangalore
alone will have around 27 lakh computers.
The state projection of various assets including
radio & transistor, television, telephone,
computers and refrigerators were estimated
Table H.1: Assets available in households of the State and Bangalore as of 2001.
Total
number of
households
1,418,289
10,232,133
Assets in numbers
Radio,
Transistor Television Telephone Computer# Refrigerator§
858,391 1,077,565 389,529
271,612
651,768
4,728,781 3,783,346 1,307,008 1,080,720 2,779,756
District Name
Bangalore
Karnataka Total
% contribution of
Bangalore
14
18
28
30
#assumed @ 21% for urban and 5% for rural
§assumed @ 50% for urban and 15% for rural
§assumed that each household has one computer and refrigerator
25
23
19
Tab
le 8.2: Projection of various assets for the 2001 -2020 which will be available in the State, the
able
projected population and the projected % of population which will have television and computer
Projections of % of
population which will
have assets
Year Wise
Projected
Assets in numbers
Projection Radio,
Television Telephone Computer Refrigerator Population
of Assets Transistor#
#
§
§
§
?
Television Computer
2001
4,728,781 3,783,346 1,307,008 1,080,720 2,779,756 70,718,497
5.3
1.5
2002
5,438,098 4,350,848 1,542,269 1,275,250 3,280,112 71,991,430
6
1.8
2003
6,253,813 5,003,475 1,819,878 1,504,795 3,870,532 73,287,276
6.8
2.1
2004
7,191,885 5,753,996 2,147,456 1,775,658 4,567,228 74,606,447
7.7
2.4
2005
8,270,668 6,617,096 2,533,998 2,095,276 5,389,329 75,949,363
8.7
2.8
2006
9,511,268 7,609,660 2,990,118 2,472,426 6,359,408 77,316,451
9.8
3.2
2007
10,937,958 8,751,109 3,528,339 2,917,463 7,504,102 78,708,147
11.1
3.7
2008
12,578,651 10,063,776 4,163,440 3,442,606 8,854,840 80,124,894
12.6
4.3
2009
14,465,449 11,573,342 4,912,859 4,062,275 10,448,711 81,567,142
14.2
5
2010
16,635,267 13,309,343 5,797,174 4,793,485 12,329,479 83,035,351
16
5.8
2011
19,130,557 15,305,745 6,840,665 5,656,312 14,548,786 84,529,987
18.1
6.7
2012
22,000,140 17,601,606 8,071,985 6,674,448 17,167,567 86,051,527
20.5
7.8
2013
25,300,161 20,241,847 9,524,942 7,875,849 20,257,729 87,600,454
23.1
9
2014
29,095,185 23,278,124 11,239,431 9,293,502 23,904,120 89,177,262
26.1
10.4
2015
33,459,463 26,769,843 13,262,529 10,966,332 28,206,862 90,782,453
29.5
12.1
2016
38,478,382 30,785,320 15,649,784 12,940,272 33,284,097 92,416,537
33.3
14
2017
44,250,140 35,403,118 18,466,745 15,269,521 39,275,234 94,080,035
37.6
16.2
2018
50,887,661 40,713,585 21,790,760 18,018,034 46,344,777 95,773,476
42.5
18.8
2019
58,520,810 46,820,623 25,713,096 21,261,281 54,686,836 97,497,398
48
21.8
2020
67,298,931 53,843,716 30,341,454 25,088,311 64,530,467 99,252,351
54.2
25.3
#assumed @ 20% growth and 5% disposal
§assumed @ 20% growth and 2% disposal
? assumed @ 18% growth based on the 1991 and 2001 census
Tab
le H.3: Projection of various assets for the 2001 -2020 which will be available in the Bangalore
able
district, the projected population (with %) which will have television and computer
Projections of % of
population which will
have assets
Projected
Year Wise
Assets in numbers#
Radio,
Population
Projection
Television Computer
?
of Assets Transistor Television Telephone Computer Refridgerator
2001
858,391 1,077,565
389,529 271,612
651,768 14,548,759
7.41
1.87
2002
987,150 1,239,200
459,644 320,502
769,087 14,810,636
8.37
2.16
2003
1,135,222 1,425,080
542,380 378,192
907,522 15,077,228
9.45
2.51
2004
1,305,505 1,638,842
640,009 446,267
1,070,876 15,348,618
10.68
2.91
2005
1,501,331 1,884,668
755,210 526,594
1,263,634 15,624,893
12.06
3.37
2006
1,726,531 2,167,368
891,148 621,381
1,491,088 15,906,141
13.63
3.91
2007
1,985,511 2,492,473 1,051,555 733,230
1,759,484 16,192,452
15.39
4.53
2008
2,283,337 2,866,344 1,240,834 865,212
2,076,191 16,483,916
17.39
5.25
2009
2,625,838 3,296,296 1,464,185 1,020,950
2,449,905 16,780,626
19.64
6.08
2010
3,019,713 3,790,740 1,727,738 1,204,721
2,890,888 17,082,677
22.19
7.05
2011
3,472,670 4,359,351 2,038,731 1,421,570
3,411,248 17,390,166
25.07
8.17
2012
3,993,571 5,013,254 2,405,702 1,677,453
4,025,273 17,703,189
28.32
9.48
2013
4,592,607 5,765,242 2,838,729 1,979,394
4,749,822 18,021,846
31.99
10.98
2014
5,281,498 6,630,029 3,349,700 2,335,685
5,604,790 18,346,239
36.14
12.73
2015
6,073,722 7,624,533 3,952,646 2,756,109
6,613,652 18,676,471
40.82
14.76
2016
6,984,780 8,768,213 4,664,122 3,252,208
7,804,109 19,012,648
46.12
17.11
2017
8,032,498 10,083,445 5,503,664 3,837,606
9,208,849 19,354,876
52.1
19.83
2018
9,237,372 11,595,961 6,494,324 4,528,375
10,866,442 19,703,263
58.85
22.98
2019
10,622,978 13,335,356 7,663,302 5,343,483
12,822,401 20,057,922
66.48
26.64
2020
12,216,425 15,335,659 9,042,696 6,305,309
15,130,434 20,418,965
75.1
30.88
#assumed @ 20% growth and 5% disposal
§assumed @ 20% growth and 2% disposal
? assumed @ 18% growth based on the 1991 and 2001 census
20
8.2
ELEMENTS TRAPPED IN TELEVISION AND
tons of iron, 3.5 tons of mercury and 2.5 tons of
gold locked in the computers and television.
Assuming 20% percent growth in the computer
growth in the next ten years in the State i.e. by
2015, it is roughly estimated that there will be nearly
270000 tons of plastic, 76000 tons of lead, 27
tons of mercury and 20 tons of gold locked in the
computers and television.
COMPUTER ASSETS BEING USED
Projections were made for the State and Bangalore
for the amount of elements which will be trapped
in the television and computer during the usage
stage. These projection are summarised in Table
8.4 & 8.5 and are an outcome of Table 7.2 & 7.3
and Table 4.1 which gives a typical composition
of a 32 Kg computer. These projections are very
essentially as they provide a picture of amount of
elements which will eventually be released once
the television and computer reach the end of life
stage.
8.3 WASTES FROM ELECTRONIC GOODS
Even for an assumed waste generation rates of 5%
and 2% for the television and computers
respectively; by 2005 there would at least 2.8 lakhs
televisions and 35000 computers which will be
discarded completely in the State, while in
As of 2001, Karnataka has 35000 tons of plastic,
Bangalore district at least 0.8 lakhs televisions and
9000 tons of lead, 39000 tons of silica, 31000
Zinc
Tin
Nickel
10787
16698
19321
40145
83684
175040
9806
15180
17564
36495
76076
159127
3424
5301
6134
12744
26566
55568
1572
2434
2816
5851
12196
25511
1323 50 50 30 3.42 2.49 164
2048 77 77 46
5.3 3.86 254
2370 89 89 53 6.13 4.46 294
4924 185 185 110 12.74 9.27 611
10264 386 386 229 26.57 19.32 1273
21470 808 808 480 55.57 40.41 2663
Gold
Others
Lead
22056
34142
39505
82085
171111
357909
Mercury
Copper
31862
49322
57070
118581
247187
517036
Silver
Aluminium
35784
55394
64095
133179
277617
580687
Manganese
Iron
38726
59948
69364
144127
300440
628425
Barium
Plastics
Year
2001
2004
2005
2010
2015
2020
Silica
Tab
le H.4: Year Wise projections of various elements trapped in assets (MT) in the State
able
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Tin
Nickel
Barium
Manganese
Silver
8838
13658
15795
32722
67997
141757
6118
9455
10934
22651
47070
98129
2992
4624
5347
11078
23020
47991
2720
4204
4861
10071
20927
43628
950
1468
1698
3517
7308
15235
436
674
779
1615
3355
6994
367
567
656
1359
2824
5886
14
21
25
51
106
222
14
21
25
51
106
222
8 0.95 0.69 45.53
13 1.47 1.07 70.36
15
1.7 1.23 81.37
30 3.52 2.56 168.57
63 7.31 5.31 350.28
132 15.24 11.08 730.25
Others
Aluminium
9926
15340
17739
36751
76368
159208
Gold
Iron
10742
16601
19198
39772
82647
172297
Mercury
Plastics
Year
2001
2004
2005
2010
2015
2020
Silica
Tab
le 8.5: Year Wise projections of various elements trapped in assets (MT) in the Bangalore District
able
Note: Both the tables 8.4 &8.5 are generated using the projected assets Table 8.2 & 8.3 and Table 4.1
21
8000 computers will be discarded completely.
Keeping the same trend of 20% growth in buying
and 5% and 2% discarding for the television and
computers, respectively; by 2020, Karnataka will
discard 23 lakhs television and 4.2 lakhs
computers and Bangalore will discard around 6.5
lakhs televisions and 1 lakhs computers. If similar
trend exists for other electronic goods then the ewaste generated will reach enormous levels.
Wastes in numbers
Year Wise
Radio,
Projection
#
of Wastes Transistor
2002
236,439
2003
271,905
2004
312,691
2005
359,594
2006
413,533
2007
475,563
2008
546,898
2009
628,933
2010
723,272
2011
831,763
2012
956,528
2013
1,100,007
2014
1,265,008
2015
1,454,759
2016
1,672,973
2017
1,923,919
2018
2,212,507
2019
2,544,383
2020
2,926,040
Television Telephone Computer Refridgerator
#
§
189,167
217,542
250,174
287,700
330,855
380,483
437,555
503,189
578,667
665,467
765,287
880,080
1,012,092
1,163,906
1,338,492
1,539,266
1,770,156
2,035,679
2,341,031
26,140
30,845
36,398
42,949
50,680
59,802
70,567
83,269
98,257
115,943
136,813
161,440
190,499
224,789
265,251
312,996
369,335
435,815
514,262
§
21,614
25,505
30,096
35,513
41,906
49,449
58,349
68,852
81,246
95,870
113,126
133,489
157,517
185,870
219,327
258,805
305,390
360,361
425,226
§
55,595
65,602
77,411
91,345
107,787
127,188
150,082
177,097
208,974
246,590
290,976
343,351
405,155
478,082
564,137
665,682
785,505
926,896
1,093,737
Tab
le 8.6: Year Wise
able
projections of various assets
that will be discarded as
wastes (nos) in the State
#assumed @ 5% disposal
§assumed @ 2% disposal
Waste in numbers
Tab
le 8.7: Year Wise
able
projections of various assets
that will be discarded as
wastes (nos) in the Bangalore
District
#assumed @ 5% disposal
§assumed @ 2% disposal
22
Year Wise
Television Telephone
Radio,
Projection
#
#
§
§
§
Computer Refridgerator
of Wastes Transistor
2002
42,920
53,878
7,791
5,432
13,035
2003
49,357
61,960
9,193
6,410
15,382
2004
56,761
71,254
10,848
7,564
18,150
2005
65,275
81,942
12,800
8,925
21,418
2006
75,067
94,233
15,104
10,532
25,273
2007
86,327
108,368
17,823
12,428
29,822
2008
99,276
124,624
21,031
14,665
35,190
2009
114,167
143,317
24,817
17,304
41,524
2010
131,292
164,815
29,284
20,419
48,998
2011
150,986
189,537
34,555
24,094
57,818
2012
173,634
217,968
40,775
28,431
68,225
2013
199,679
250,663
48,114
33,549
80,505
2014
229,630
288,262
56,775
39,588
94,996
2015
264,075
331,501
66,994
46,714
112,096
2016
303,686
381,227
79,053
55,122
132,273
2017
349,239
438,411
93,282
65,044
156,082
2018
401,625
504,172
110,073
76,752
184,177
2019
461,869
579,798
129,886
90,568
217,329
2020
531,149
666,768
153,266 106,870
256,448
Figur
Figuree 8.1: Year Wise projections of various assets that will be that will be acquired and finally
discarded as wastes (numbers) in the Karnataka State
7,500,000
Radio, T ransistors Assets
Population
T elephone Waste
100,000,000
T elephone Assets
Radio, T ransistors Waste
7,000,000
6,500,000
6,000,000
5,500,000
80,000,000
5,000,000
67,298,931
60,000,000
4,500,000
4,000,000
50,887,661
3,500,000
3,000,000
38,478,382
40,000,000
2,544,383
2,500,000
30,341,454
29,095,1 85
2,000,000
1,923,919
22,000,1 40
1,500,000
1,454,759
20,000,000
1 6,635,267
21,790,760
1,100,007
1 2,578,651
1,000,000
15,649,784
9,51 1 ,268
831,763
7,1 91 ,885
628,933
5,438,098
0
475,563
2,990,118
359,594
271,905 1,819,878
1,307,008
42,949
26,140
59,802
11,239,431
5,797,174
500,000
8,071,985
4,163,440
435,815
83,269
115,943
161,440
224,789
312,996
0
Figur
Figuree 8.2: Year Wise projections of various assets that will be that will be acquired and finally
discarded as wastes (numbers) in the Bangalore District
2,000,000
20,000,000
1,500,000
15,000,000
Radio, T ransistors Assets
Population
T elephone Waste
T elephone Assets
Radio, T ransistors Waste
1 2,21 6,425
1,000,000
10,000,000
9,237,372
9,042,696
6,984,780
6,494,324
5,281 ,498
500,000
5,000,000
461,869
3,993,571
4,664,122
349,239
3,01 9,71 3
3,264,
349,075
700
2,283,337
1 ,726,531
1 ,305,505
987,1 50
389,529
0
49,357
7,791
542,380 65,275
12,800
891,148
86,327
17,823
1,240,834
114,167
24,817
1,727,738
150,986
2,
405,679
702
199,
129,886
34,555
48,114
66,994
93,282
0
23
8.4
E LEMENTS
TO BE
R ELEASED
FROM
DISCARDED TELEVISION AND COMPUTER ASSETS
By 2005, in the State over 1000 tons of plastics,
1000 tons of iron, 300 tons of lead, 0.23 tons of
mercury, 0.2 tons of gold, 43 tons of nickel, 350
tons of copper will be discarded when computers
and television sets are discarded. This figure would
increase ten folds by 2020. Bangalore would
generate one third of the State’s waste.
The survey estimates for the state has indicated
that around 2400 tons of lead, 360 tons of
cadmium and 300 tons of mercury trapped in the
computers which are currently stored as junks. In
Bangalore alone nearly 800 tons of lead and 100
tons mercury is estimated to be trapped in the
computers.
Tab
le H.8: Year Wise projections of various elements that will be released with discarded television
able
and computers in the State
24
Tin
Nickel
425
490
565
652
751
867
1,000
1,153
1,330
1,535
1,771
2,043
2,358
2,721
3,141
3,625
4,184
4,830
5,577
148
171
197
228
262
303
349
403
465
536
618
714
823
950
1,097
1,266
1,461
1,687
1,947
68
79
91
104
120
139
160
185
213
246
284
328
378
436
503
581
671
774
894
57
66
76
88
101
117
135
156
179
207
239
276
318
367
424
489
565
652
752
2.16
2.49
2.87
3.31
3.82
4.4
5.08
5.86
6.76
7.8
8.99
10.4
12
13.8
16
18.4
21.3
24.5
28.3
2.16
2.49
2.87
3.31
3.82
4.4
5.08
5.86
6.76
7.8
8.99
10.4
12
13.8
16
18.4
21.3
24.5
28.3
1.28
1.48
1.7
1.97
2.27
2.61
3.02
3.48
4.01
4.63
5.34
6.16
7.11
8.21
9.47
10.9
12.6
14.6
16.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.4
Others
Zinc
467
539
622
717
827
953
1,100
1,269
1,463
1,688
1,948
2,248
2,594
2,993
3,455
3,987
4,603
5,313
6,134
Gold
Lead
956
1,102
1,271
1,466
1,690
1,949
2,249
2,594
2,992
3,452
3,983
4,596
5,303
6,120
7,064
8,153
9,411
10,865
12,543
Mercury
Copper
1,381
1,592
1,836
2,117
2,442
2,816
3,248
3,747
4,323
4,987
5,754
6,639
7,661
8,842
10,204
11,778
13,596
15,695
18,120
Silver
Aluminium
1,551
1,788
2,062
2,378
2,742
3,163
3,648
4,208
4,855
5,601
6,462
7,457
8,605
9,930
11,461
13,228
15,269
17,627
20,351
Manganese
Iron
1,678
1,935
2,231
2,573
2,968
3,423
3,948
4,554
5,254
6,061
6,994
8,070
9,312
10,746
12,403
14,316
16,525
19,076
22,024
Barium
Plastics
Element that will be released from a typical Computer and television weighing 32 Kg (Weight in
Tons)
Silica
Year Wise
Projection of
Elements
trapped in
Assets (MT)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
7.37
8.5
9.8
11.3
13
15
17.3
20
23.1
26.6
30.7
35.4
40.9
47.2
54.5
62.9
72.6
83.8
96.7
Tab
le H.9: Year Wise projections of various elements that will be released with discarded television
able
and computers in Bangalore District
Tin
Nickel
120
138
159
183
211
244
281
324
373
431
497
573
661
762
880
1,015
1,171
1,351
1,560
42
48
55
64
74
85
98
113
130
150
173
200
231
266
307
354
409
472
545
19
22
25
29
34
39
45
52
60
69
80
92
106
122
141
163
188
217
250
16
19
21
25
28
33
38
44
50
58
67
77
89
103
119
137
158
182
210
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.5
2.9
3.4
3.9
4.5
5.2
6
6.9
7.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.5
2.9
3.4
3.9
4.5
5.2
6
6.9
7.9
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.9
1
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
2
2.3
2.7
3.1
3.5
4.1
4.7
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
Others
Zinc
132
152
175
202
232
268
309
356
411
474
546
630
727
839
968
1,116
1,288
1,487
1,716
Gold
Lead
269
310
357
412
475
548
632
728
840
969
1,117
1,289
1,487
1,715
1,979
2,283
2,634
3,040
3,508
Mercury
Copper
389
448
516
595
686
791
912
1,052
1,213
1,399
1,614
1,862
2,148
2,477
2,858
3,298
3,805
4,391
5,068
Silver
Aluminium
436
503
580
668
771
889
1,025
1,182
1,363
1,572
1,813
2,091
2,412
2,782
3,210
3,704
4,274
4,932
5,691
Manganese
Iron
472
544
628
723
834
962
1,109
1,279
1,475
1,701
1,962
2,263
2,610
3,011
3,474
4,008
4,625
5,337
6,159
Barium
Plastics
Element that will be released from a typical Computer and television weighing 32 Kg
(Weight in Tons)
Silica
Year Wise
Projection
of Elements
trapped in
Assets (MT)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2.07
2.39
2.76
3.18
3.66
4.22
4.87
5.62
6.48
7.47
8.61
9.94
11.5
13.2
15.3
17.6
20.3
23.4
27.1
25
Chapter 9 Disposal of E-waste
9.1
EXCHANGE OR REUSE
The Household survey conducted as part of the
study has indicated there is huge accumulation of
outdated and unusable sets (discarded) in the house
holds as well as in the commercial organizations
due to lack of disposal facilities. Old model which
are still in working conditions at exchanged at the
rate of 15 % and nearly 70 % are again reused or
recycled. Contrastingly, the industries and
commercial establishments are reusing around 15
% of the computers and balance 80 percent is
stored as Junks or auctioned to the scrap dealers.
The reuse market is quite well organized in
Bangalore. Seconds hand dealers repair and
refurbish and sell to secondary users and currently
nearly 70 percent of the computers are reused.
Similar studies conducted in USA also have
revealed that the recycling or reuse of the computers
is around 15% and the rest is stockpiled.
9.2
RECYCLING
retailers/vendors who are engaged in buying the
computers which are dismantled and sold as spare
parts on as is basis. For components which cannot
be sold, it is found that there are nearly 500 small
recycling units operating in Bangalore who extract
the precious metals like gold and other metals using
crude chemical processes. As of now, there is no
scientific recycling happening any where in
Karnataka.
9.3 FINAL DISPOSAL OR LAND FILLING
Even with the state of art technologies available
for recycling in the developed countries only few
elements can be retrieved. Gold, Silver, Palladium
and copper can be recycled in the range of 99 to
90%, Cobalt, Iron, Aluminium, Nickel, Ruthenium,
Tin, Selenium, Zinc, and Indium in the range of 85
to 60%, plastics in the range of 20 to 15%, and
lead at about 5%. Element that cannot be recycled
and have to be land-filled include Silica, Barium,
Manganese, Tantalum, Beryllium, Titanium,
Antinomy, Cadmium, Bismuth, Chromium,
Mercury, Germanium, Gallium, Arsenic, Vanadium,
Europium, Niobium, Yttrium.
In country like India and State of Karnataka, where
there are practically no scientific recyclers most of
the e-waste is dumped along with municipal solid
waste. Added to this is the problem that we do
not have an engineered landfill for municipal solid
waste, let alone hazardous waste where these ewastes should finally go. Currently it is roughly
estimated that nearly 15 % of the plastic and lead
waste coming from the electronic source is
disposed of unscientifically and is getting mixed with
the municipal solid waste as there are no other ways
Indians being one of best re-users, the problem of
e-waste arises when any component cannot be put
to further use or it has to be discarded. The
computers parts or components from the sets which
can not be repaired for the reuse are motherboards,
chips, PCB’s, keyboards, etc are sold along with
the chords and other such parts. But the problem
is really with the unusable ones as there is another
type of enterprise where the dismantling and sorting
(parts components) is done to salvage some of the
retrievable components of motherboard
keyboards, monitor chips, chords, etc.
The recycling industry is completely in the grey
market and there is no system or formally organized of disposal available.
system in place. The unusable computers and its
accessories are dismantled by the second’s dealers
and the parts are used in different repair or
assembly processes. From the survey it has been
found that the Sunday bazaar in Bangalore is doing
a big business in organizing the sale of e-waste by
dismantling the computers and other electronic
goods. The Sunday bazaar is having nearly 300
26
Gold
Mercury
Silver
Manganese
Barium
Nickel
Tin
Zinc
Lead
Copper
Aluminium
Silica
Year "
Recycling
efficiency
2005
2010
2015
2020
Plastics
Name !
Iron
Tab
le 9.1: Year Wise projections of various elements that should be landfilled (in Tons) with
able
discarded television and computers in the State even if scientific recycling is carried out to the
fullest extent possible
0% 20% 80% 80% 90% 5% 60% 70% 80% 0% 0% 98% 0%
2573 1902 423 293
72 619
91
31
18 3.3 3.3 0.039 0.23
5254 3884 865 598 146 1264 186
64
36 6.8 6.8 0.08 0.47
10746 7944 1768 1224 299 2585 380 131
73 13.8 13.8 0.164 0.95
22024 16281 3624 2509 613 5298 779 268 150 28.3 28.3 0.336 1.95
99%
0.002
0.003
0.007
0.014
0%
723
1475
3011
6159
20% 80% 80% 90% 5% 60% 70% 80% 0% 0% 98%
535 119
82
20 174
26 8.81 4.94 0.93 0.93 0.01
1090 243 168
41 355
52
18
10 1.9 1.9 0.02
2226 495 343
84 724 107
37
21 3.87 3.87 0.05
4553 1014 702 172 1482 218
75
42 7.92 7.92 0.09
Gold
Mercury
Silver
Manganese
Barium
Nickel
Tin
Zinc
Lead
Copper
Aluminium
Iron
Year "
Recycling
efficiency
2005
2010
2015
2020
Silica
Name !
Plastics
Tab
le 9.2: Year Wise projections of various elements that should be landfilled (in Tons) with
able
discarded television and computers in Bangalore District even if scientific recycling is carried
out to the fullest extent possible
0% 99%
0.06
0
0.13 0.001
0.27 0.002
0.54 0.004
Figure 9.1: Items dismantled and sold at the Sunday Bazar near KR Market in Bangalore on
sundays.
27
Chapter 10 Problems in Current Management of WEEE
The main problem is that currently, e-waste is not
treated properly in most countries. It is either
stored by people who still attach a value to it or
simply disposed together with other municipal
waste. Some countries also consider it satisfactory
solution to export WEEE for recycling to under
developed countries, regardless of the treatment
conditions there. In most other places, WEEE is
incinerated or landfilled. This results particularly
in emissions of heavy metals, dioxins and furans to
the air, soil and water. The main problems in
Karnataka are discussed below which also provide
a broad picture of the country as a whole.
10.1 WHAT ARE THE CONCERNS?
10.1.1 Increase in usage of electrical &
electronic equipments and generation of eWastes
equipments/parts which do not find any buyer are
stored with the tag that it is valuable or simply
disposed together with other municipal waste.
Moreover,
1.
E-waste produces much higher volumes
of waste in comparison to other consumer goods.
2.
E-waste produces much higher hazardous
waste in comparison to other consumer goods.
10.1.3 Mis-management or No Management
of E-wastes
Generally, items which do not find any buyer or
any value end up getting mixed with wastes with
municipal solid wastes. If items are sold to the
regular vendor most of the times there is illegal
burning of these e-wastes, especially wires to
retrieve copper. Moreover, the dumping of wastes
in unscientific dump yards is the most common
scenario due to lack of secured landfill.
1. Increase in standard of living; leading in
increase in usage of electronic good thereby
10.1.4 Legal Status
producing in waste
2. Extreme rates of obsolescence, e-waste
produces much higher volumes of waste in
comparison to other consumer goods. Product
obsolescence is becoming more rapid since the
speed of innovative and the dynamism of
product manufacturing / marketing has resulted
in a short lifespan (less than 2 years) especially
for computers
3. Replacement is often easier and cheaper
than repair.
4. Ever improving gadgets - faster, smaller,
and cheaper - provide many benefits but also
carry a legacy of waste The rapid change in
the technology is also forcing the customers to
acquire new sets is another reason for increase
in e-waste generation.
10.1.2 Uncontrolled accumulation of assets
Most of the households in the State store the waste
from any electrical and electronic equipment in their
own premises. Wires and metal parts have been
traditionally sold to vendors. Large electronic
28
As of today, there are no explicit regulations for ewaste and its handling and disposal. Though there
are rules like the Recycled Plastic Manufacture and
Usage Rules, the Hazardous Waste (Management
& Handling Rules) and Batteries (Management &
Handling Rules) none of them cover any the
components like plastics, hazardous element and
compounds and batteries which are used in
electronic goods. As there are no regulations, the
Cathode ray tubes, plastics coated with polybrominated flame retardants and many toxic
chemicals are getting contaminated with the
municipal solid waste or interact with sewage in
sewers thereby contaminating water and soil.
However, of late the reports of unscientific disposal
of e-waste have brought about awareness amongst
the public and other agencies.
Chapter 11 Key FIndings
11.1 DATABASE ON E-WASTE GENERATION
11.4 AWARENESS
Study has revealed that there is no information on
the e-waste generation what so ever. The study
carried out also revealed that as there is no proper
definition on what constitutes e-wastes or WEEE,
the collection of data especially while asking
questions to stakeholders posed many hurdles.
Further, no data is available about the method of
recycling carried out as of now in the unorganised
sector and the market opportunity available in the
field of recycling. Hence, it is essential to address
this issue as a priority.
There is very little awareness among the consumers,
people and other sectors of society on the harmful
effect of e-waste. In a situation where proper
segregation of municipal solid wastes does not
happen in household, the segregation of e-waste
is a far off picture. Even most of the industries,
especially the IT companies are vaguely aware of
the problems of e-wastes and often do not have
any policy / strategies / plans to manage the ewastes except for donating the old wares. As most
of the recyclers and secondary traders are in the
unorganised sector with very little exposure to state
11.2 DISPOSAL SCENARIO
of art technologies, they do not have any
At present there is no scientific or organised method knowledge about the chemical or toxic nature of
of e-waste disposal in Karnataka. The e-waste the e-wastes and also latest technologies available
market is in a highly un-organised sector, where for recycling.
very crude methods are used to recover the metals
and other reusable components. The recycling of 11.5 E-WASTE TECHNOLOGY
metals from the computer sets is done in a very Technology to handle e-waste is very complex and
hazardous way using toxic chemical to extract the needs very huge investment to find out the
methods. In Bangalore it is estimated that around appropriate technology for different types of e300 to 400 small scale units are operating in the waste. Further, there is need for adopting their
metal extraction waste from the computers. The technologies through adoptive research for the
wastes generated from the metal extraction are country as a whole rather than just borrowing the
mostly let into the sewage or storm water drains. technology / equipments from abroad. There is
urgent calling for developing appropriate
11.3 POLICY AND REGULATIONS
technologies through research by various
The e-waste regulation is not exclusively carried in institutions by analysing the pro and cons of the
a separate law as prevailing in European countries. technologies.
Though, at present under the Hazardous Waste
11.6 CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING
Rules, 1989, 2001; the e-waste can be partially
regulated, there is a need for enacting either a Capacity building is lacking in the following
separate law for e-waste management or amending segments of society
the Hazardous Waste Rules. The new regulations
♦
Consumers /users of electrical &
should ensure e-waste management of electrical
electronic goods (households, companies and
and electronic goods which are imported either as
governmental department)
new for both personal and commercial purposes
Various Governmental agencies who
or used items (usually obsolete) which imported ♦
for donation purposes. Even items which are are involved in the propagation of the electrical &
exported and contain any electrical / electronic electronic goods like the IT department, Sales Tax
component should be under the purview of and Department, Customs Department
import of e-waste or obsolete e-goods.
♦
Various Governmental departments
who are involved in the addressing the issue of
29
waste from the used electrical and electronic item,
namely the Pollution Control Board, Municipal
authorities
♦
The agencies who are presently
involved in the recycling and recovery process are
not aware of the consequences of unscientific
processing.
At present the capacity to handle the e-waste is
not adequate in the state baring few individual s
and NGO’s. There are not many entrepreneurs
who are aware of the big market potentiality
available in the e-waste handling and management
however there is a need for building capacity of
the stakeholders through training.
30
Chapter 12 Recommendations
12.1 IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
The most immediate action that needs to be taken
up is the management of tube lights, PVC and
Recovery of metals apart from awareness creation,
developing strategies, technology development,
etc.
1.
Management of Tube light:
The management of tube-lights can be given to
companies like E-Parisara who have the scientific
knowhow to recover the mercury. The Karnataka
State Pollution Control Board suggested that
mechanism of organized collection either through
incentive or by involving NGO’s, manufacturers
and environmental groups can be developed. Small
and Medium Enterprises should be encouraged to
receive and recycle the metals scientifically.
Awareness among consumers should be created
by developing printed materials. Urban Local
Bodies and Municipal Authorities should be
educated to segregate and tube lights used in street
lighting. The management of tube lights can be
enforced under Hazardous Waste Rules.
2.
PVC segregation in Municipal Solid Wastes
The PVC from e-wastes needs to be also managed
scientifically. Physical separation of metals from
PVC casings should be carried out primarily before
retrieving metals. Enforcement of Environmental
Protection Act to check PVC burning to recover
copper should be carried out strictly. Organizations
should be encouraged for adopting scientific
smelting. The Pollution Control Board should
proactively enforce the regulation under Plastic
Rules while the ULB and Municipal Authorities can
enact under Nuisance Act. Mass Organisational
Awareness Programmes should be conducted.
Encouragement to SME’s for establishing smelting
units should be given.
prevent illegal metal recovery through local
processes like burning. Action should be taken by
Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
immetiately to ban burning of ewaste.
4.
Awareness Creation
Awareness should be created amongst various
stakeholder including public, industries, regulators,
recyclers, disposers.
5.
Strategy as suggested by EMPRI to manage
at design, purchase, reuse and waste disposal (refer
next section) through policy formulation regulatory
measures should be developed in a more detailed
manner.
12.1 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
It is recommended to have a state level working
group for managing the WEEE issue. The working
group would provide a forum for the various
stakeholders involved including the manufacturers,
the consumers, the recyclers and finally the
disposers. The working at Government level should
involve Government Organisations, Karnataka
State Pollution Control Board, Manufacturers
Association, NGO’s, E-parisara type
organizations, HAWA, EMPRI which would steer
the cyber waste management in a more scientific
and systematic approach by initiating various
activities such as awareness creation, technology
development, developing some innovative method
of e-waste management, etc. A schematic diagram
of the various activities of the Working Group is
given in Figure 12.1. The group could also provide
technical know how along with carry out some
research towards addressing the environmental
issues.
•
The working group could provide
awareness on the concept of green production and
also provide inputs in various research areas of
cleaner production, waste minimisation
3.
Recovery of Metals
•
The working group could carry out
The E-parisara model may be replicated to Capacity Building-Awareness creation and also
promote SME’s and manufacturers civic bodies develop a Database for the WEEE.
to develop cyber waste business in a scientific and
organization way. Enforcement of Environmental
Protection Act should be carried out strictly to
31
•
The working group could help in organized and at the consumer level the awareness needs to
collection, segregation, value addition, and disposal be created on brands and specifications to go for
of E-waste through R&D support
those products which are eco friendly. The recycling
At present there is no systematic regulations and and reuse technology needs to be strengthened indisposal mechanism existing in the sector except order to reduce the contamination. The technology
for the informal network of collection of the e- to segregate the pollutants from the electronic and
waste. Recycling and recovery of the metals is at electrical equipments needs to be done and the
present through unscientific dismantling and crude capacity building of the e-waste retailers are to be
methods of metal recovery. Therefore there is an done to minimize the contamination potentiality due
urgent need to develop a proper strategy to address to un-scientific handling of the e-wastes.
this problem. Perhaps a policy frame work needs
to be developed to regulate the disposal of e-waste
from the manufacturing to the dis-use stage. At
the manufacturing level, the adoption of best
practices and cleaning up processes are needed
Figur
Figuree 12.1: Schematic representation of role of State level WEEE working group
Assement tool
for ecofriendly
manufacture
Sustainable
Electronics Design
challenge
Use of
Lead- free
solders
De s
Energy
efficient
computer
display
h a se
ign p
En
do
TCLP Testing of
Electronic
Component
f li
fe
&
Di
ELECTRONICS LIFE
CYCLE
Greening
electronic
fact sheets
Round table with
Stakeholders-Discussion of
design/use/recycle/disposal
Procurement
guide for
WEEE
Guidelines for
electronics for
various agencies
Pu
G r r ch
e e as e
ns p
pe ha
cif se
ica
tio
n
Electronics
purchasing
guidelines for public
s
sp
os
al
Eco-industrial
park/demonstr
ation of used
electronics,
modeling cost
Thermal Treatment
of Electronics Waste
State Level Electronics
Mgmt & Compliance
Workshop
State level WEEE
working group
Awareness
amongst
general public
on the
environmental
consequences
32
Propose
CRT rules
e-Design research, Best
practices for companies
Electronics
Management/Recyclin
g Workshop &
Collection Event
E-Cycling
project
Consumer & Small
Business focus
e
Us
&R
e
Recycling
campaign
E-Recycling toolkit for
communities
ase Evaluation of
Monitoring of
ph
e
recycler’s reuses reprocessing
-u s
programs
unit
Reused
Testing plastic from
Electronics
used electronics
Market study
APPENDIX I
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APPENDIX I
Please Contact here «080-28377744 / 28372460 Fax ¬28377745
APPENDIX II
Training Programme on
“E-WASTE HANDLING & MANAGEMENT OPTIONS”
SEPTEMBER, 15TH -16TH, 2004
RD
AT EMPRI, URBAN ECO PARK, 100 FT ROAD, PEENYA INDUSTRIAL AREA, 3 PHASE,
BANGALORE 560 058
DAY 1
Time Slot
10.00 – 10.30
10.30 – 10.45
10.45 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.45
11.45 – 12.30
12.30 – 1.15
1.15 – 2.00
2.00 – 3.15
3.15 – 3.30
3.30 – 4.15
4.15 – 5.00
5.00 – 5.30
Title
Registration
Inauguration
About training Program
Tea / Coffee
E-waste – Definition, Characteristics of Ewastes, Chemistry of E-wastes and its
interaction with environment,
E-waste – Current status of the generation
of E-waste; Global, National &State
Scenario
E-waste – Current status of the legislation
and regulatory approach by KSPCB
Lunch
Recycling industry
Tea / Coffee
E-waste – National status of the
legislation and regulatory approach
Current legal frame work &polices
pertaining to E-waste
Proposed E-waste legislation in India
Group discussions
Speaker
Dr. (Mrs.) Bakul Rao
Dr. M.H. Swaminath
Mr. Khaja, DEO,
KSPCB
Mr. Sreenath
Eco-Recyclers.ICC
Dr. D.C. Sharma,
CPCB
Mrs. Almitra Patel
Day 2
Time Slot
10.30 – 11.15
Title
Reuse, recycling and disposal of E-wastes
11.15 – 11.30
11.30 – 12.15
Tea/ coffee
Management of E-waste
12.15 – 1.00
Management of E-waste
1.00 – 2.00
2.00 – 4.30
4.30 – 5.30
Lunch
Visit to Recyclers
Group discussions and experience sharing
Course evaluation, closing remarks and
certificate distribution
Speaker
Mr. Parthasarthy
E-Parisara
Mr. Veeranna Setty
P6R & Waste Walk
Back
Mr. Veeranna Setty
P6R & Waste Walk
Back
Visit to E-Parisara
Please Contact here «080-28377744 / 28372460 Fax ¬28377745
APPENDIX II
Training Programme on
“E-WASTE HANDLING & MANAGEMENT OPTIONS”
SEPTEMBER, 15TH -16TH, 2004
RD
AT EMPRI, URBAN ECO PARK, 100 FT ROAD, PEENYA INDUSTRIAL AREA, 3 PHASE,
BANGALORE 560 058
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Name
Shambhavi Kamath
Prakash.H.N
A.Jayaraj
Bhawesh Kumar
Somi.P.Gopalan
S.Rukmangadam
K.Chandrashekara
Ashwini Murthy
Deepak Mugadu
M.P.Nagendra
Srinivasa Babu.N
P.Thara
Dr.Suresh.G.K
M.R.Gopal Krishna
Dr.M.Naveen Kumar
Chitra Gowda
Ashraf Pasha
Industry/Organisations
KUIDFC
Xora Software Systems
Semicon Park Pvt Ltd
Infosys Tech Ltd
Infosys Tech Ltd
Bharat Electronics
Kavika
Accenture Services Pvt Ltd
General Electric
Wipro Technologies
Sap Labs India Pvt Ltd
E-Parisara
Jayanagar
Mysore Road
Mahalaxmipura
Thermoelectric
B.B.Refined Metals & Alloys
Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Please Contact here «080-28377744 / 28372460 Fax ¬28377745