Fairy Ring: Biology and Ecology

Fairy Ring: Biology and Ecology
FBasidiomycete (“mushroom”) fungi
F> 60 species of soil inhabiting fungi have
been associated with fairy ring
FColonize soil, thatch, mat, and organic
matter
Agaricus arvensis
Agaricus campestris
Hydnellum suaveolens
Hydnum compactum
Agaricus
arvensis
Agrocybe pediades
Bovista dermoxantha
Bovista plumbea
Calocybe carnea
Calvatia cyathiformis
Hygrocybe coccinea
Marasmius oreades
Marasmius siccus
Marasmius rotula
Bovista
dermoxantha
Hygrocybe
psittacina
Marasmius urens
Hygrocybecaespitosa
reae
Clitocybe
Melanoleuca melaleuca
Lycoperdon
perlatum
Lycoperdon pusillum
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
Clitocybe
dealbata
Lactarius insulsus
Melanolueca grarmopodia
Nolanea staurospora
Lactarius piperatus
Camarophyllus pratensisLeucopaxillus giganteus
Lactarius torminosus
Panaeolina foenisecii
Lycoperdon perlatumPanaeolus campanulatus
Marasmius
Campanella subdendrophora
Lepista nuda
oreades
Chlorophyllum molybdites
Lycoperdon
pusillum Paxillus involutus
Lepista personata
Clarulinopsis corniculata
Lepista sordida
Scleroderma verrucosum
Leucoagaricus naucinus
Suillus grevillei
Lepista sordida
Clitocybe infundibuliformis
Clitocybe rivulosa
Collybia butryacea
Vascellum curtisii
Vascellum pratense
Marasmius
Leucopaxillusoreades
giganteus
Trechispora alnicola
Lycoperdon marginatum
Vascellum
curtisii
Tricholoma columbetta
Coprinus comatus
Lycoperdon perlatum
Coprinus kubickae
Vascellum
pratense
Lycoperdon pusillum
Cyathus stercoreus
Lycoperdon spp.
Dentinum repandum
Macrolepiota procera
Hebeloma crustuliniforme
Marasmius graminum
Tricholoma panoeolum
Tricholoma terreum
Vascellum curtisii
Vascellum pratense
Lycoperdon perlatum
Marasmius oreades
)
Conditions Favoring Fairy Ring
FSandy soils, newly constructed greens
FExcessive thatch accumulation
FExtremes in soil moisture
FNutrient deficiency, especially nitrogen
Fairy Rings
l Symptoms/Signs: Fairy rings have been classified
in several ways, depending on the symptoms and
conditions induced. Couch described them as
belonging to 2 basic types: edaphic or lectophilic.
l Edaphic fairy rings are those induced by fungi
that are soil inhabitants.
l Lectophilic fairy rings are those that are
inhabitants of the thatch and upper soil surfaces.
Fairy Ring Types
ØType I rings - These have a zone of dead grass
just inside a zone of dark green grass. These are
more prevalent on new greens than on established
ones. The dead grass may form from mushroom
mycelia accumulating below the soil surface and
causing the soil to become hydrophobic (water
‘hating’).
ØType II rings - These have only a band of dark
green turf, with or without mushrooms present in
the band.
Ø Type III rings - These do not exhibit a dead
zone or a dark green zone, but simply have a ring
of mushrooms present.
Symptoms associated with
Lycoperdon perlatum
Fno green ring
Fgreen ring
Fgreen and
necrotic ring
Fnecrotic ring
*Tahama Y. (1980) On the ring of fairy rings on turf grasses. J. Jap.;
Turfgrass Res. Assoc., 9(2), 133-6. (Japanese, En. R.A.P.P. 60, 12, 6517
(1981)
Type I fairy ring symptoms
Type II fairy ring symptom
Superficial fairy ring
Fconfined almost entirely to the
thatch layer, litter layer and top of
the mineral soil
Fmost are saprophobic and cause little
damage
Fothers produce unsightly rings & “dry
spots/patch” specifically on sand golf
greens
Clamp connection
Nectrotic Fairy Ring/ hydrophobic soil conditions
Caused by Lycoperdon sp.
Greening Effect
FDue to increased ammonium and
nitrate nitrogen in the soil*
FLevels of nitrogen vary depending on:
F species of fairy ring causing fungus
Fmore ammonium nitrogen in soil which had an
abundant mycelium
Fmost nitrates were found in the zone containing
the dying mycelium of the fungus
- In Marasmius oreades – inner stimulated zone
shows more clearly than outer
- probably because the nitrate nitrogen is more
available than the ammonium form.
*Moliard (1910), Bayliss-Elliott (1926), & Smith (1957)
Fairy ring symptoms are most evident in under-fertilized turf
Tredway
Masking Symptoms of a Type II Fairy Ring with Nitrogen
on a Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green
+N
-N
+N
-N
§ 0.1 lb N/1000 sq ft appl. 3 Jul 2001.§ 31 Jul 2001 (28 days later).
Fidanza
Pathogenic or Epiphytic?
FMarasmius
oreades –
hydrogen cyanide
which is toxic to
grass roots*
Fdamaged/dead
roots then
colonized by
fungus
FConfirmed to
produce hydrogen
cyanide
Heino Lepp - Australian National
BotanicGardens
*Bayliss, J.S. (1911) Observations on Marasmius oreades and Clitocybe
gigantea as parasitic fungi causing fairy rings. J. Econ. Biol., 6, 111-32.
Hydrophobic soil
associated with Lycoperdon
fairy ring in bentgrass green
Why is fairy ring so difficult
to control?
Control of the fungus or the symptoms?
• It is very difficult to eradicate any fungus,
especially soil-borne
• In some cases we can suppress the fungus with
fungicides
• Sometimes some success with masking symptoms
with fertilizer / soil penetrants
Fairy Ring: Management
• 3 Basic Concepts:
– Suppression
• cultural practices, fungicides,
• soil surfactants/wetting agents
– Antagonism
• mixing soil
– Eradication
• fumigation or removal of soil (destructive)
• 2 Basic Strategies:
– Preventive --Curative
Fairy Ring: Management
F Curative/Preventive Program:
F Cultural practices
Fspike or aerify area to be treated
Firrigation - wet soil profile (root zone or depth of 6 in)
Fother practices (reduce thatch, proper fertility (N can mask
fairy ring), etc.)
F Apply soil surfactant
Falleviate hydrophobic soil conditions
Fsoil surfactants (Primer, Revolution, Surfside…)
F Apply a fungicide
Ffungicides (optimum control w/ 4 to 5 gal water/1000 sq ft)
F Do not allow soil to dry-out
F Repeat if necessary
Patience
ØThe fungus is in the root zone and/or
thatch
Økilling the fungus causes desiccation of
the mycelium
Øthe mycelium must deteriorate/decay for
soil structure to improve
Ødeath or decay of the mycelium may result in
“release” of nitrogen (“green or ring flaring”)
This process will take time, surely more than 1 or
2 days and quite possibly up to 4 to 6 weeks!
Fungicides for Fairy Ring
FAzoxystrobin (Heritage)
FFlutolanil (Prostar)
FPyraclostrobin (Insignia)
FFluoaxostrobin (DisArm)
FPolyoxin D (Endorse)
FSome states with 2 ee label
for Bayleton, preventively
FTriticonazole (Trinity)
F Metconazole (Tourney)
Suppression of Lycoperdon with Prostar
Martin, 1993
Suppression of Lycoperdon with Heritage
Martin, 1998
Steve Kammerer
Syngenta Professional Products
1 Aug, 2005
Heritage for Fairy Ring Suppression in
Bentgrass - Percent Ring Symptoms
70
a
a
Check
Surfactant
60
Herit./0.2
50
Herit./0.2+Surf.
Herit./0.4
40
30
Herit./0.4+Surf.
Prostar/3
b b
20
b b b b
b
b
Prostar3+Surf
Prostar6
10
Prostar6+Surf.
0
Percent Ring
Martin, 1997
*surfactant was Primer @ 6 oz/1000 sq.ft.
Fairy ring, % Incidence (Lycoperdon sp.).
Myrtle Beach trial site #1. Martin, Clemson Univ.
1998
Fairy ring control w ith Heritage
Prostar 6.0 oz+Prim er
Prostar 6.0 oz
Heritage 0.4oz+Prim er 28d irrig
Irrigated 0.25 in
2 w ai
Heritage 0.4oz 28d irrig
3 w ai
6 w ai
Heritage 0.4oz+Prim er 28d
Not Irrigated
Heritage 0.4oz 28d
Untreated
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% fairy ring
Test initiated 6/11/98, all materials applied on 28 day interval
irrig=irrigated after application with 0.25”
70
80
Fairy ring, % Incidence (Lycoperdon sp.). Myrtle Beach
trial site #2. Martin, Clemson Univ. 1998
Fairy ring control w ith Heritage
Prostar 6.0 oz+Prim er
Prostar 6.0 oz
Heritage 0.4oz+Prim er 28d irrig
Irrigated 0.25 in
14 dai
Heritage 0.4oz 28d irrig
19 dai
39 dai
Heritage 0.4oz+Prim er 28d
Not Irrigated
Heritage 0.4oz 28d
Untreated
0
10
20
30
40
50
% fairy ring
Test initiated 6/11/98, all materials applied on 28 day interval
irrig=irrigated after application with 0.25”
60
% Plot Area with Type-I Fairy Ring
Fairy Ring Control on Perennial Ryegrass Fairway – PA, 2006.
40
30
20
10
0
Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage Prostar Prostar Prostar Prostar Check
+ Rev
+ Rev
+ Rev
+ Rev
88 gpa
176 gpa
88 gpa
176 gpa
Products/1000 sq ft: Heritage 0.4 oz; Prostar 4.5 oz; Revolution 6 fl oz - Fidanza
% Plot Area with Type-I Fairy Ring
Fairy Ring Control on Perennial Ryegrass Fairway – PA, 2006.
40
30
20
10
0
Endorse Endorse Endorse Endorse Insignia Insignia Insignia Insignia Check
+ Rev
+ Rev
+ Rev
+ Rev
88 gpa
176 gpa
88 gpa
176 gpa
Products/1000 sq ft: Endorse 4 oz, Insignia 0.9 oz; Revolution 6 fl oz Fidanz
Lycoperdon Fairy Ring Control 2005
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Heritage TL/Cascade
Revolution
Heritage/Revolution
Heritage/no surfactant
DMIs for Fairy Ring Control: Background
F Fairy ring activity observed during development of
triadimefon (Bayleton)
F Superintendents in Gulf Coast states have been using
Bayleton for preventative fairy ring control
F Bayleton received 2(ee) label for fairy ring control in 16
states in Feb. 2006
F How do DMIs compare to other chemistries for
preventative control?
F Do soil surfactants influence preventative control?
Fairy Ring Severity (0 to 9)
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Lycoperdon
perlatum in creeping bentgrass (June 22, 2006): DMIs
All treatments applied twice in March and April
Treatments were watered in immediately with 0.25” of irrigation
Revolution applied at 6 fl oz/M
Miller and Tredway, 2006
Fairy Ring Severity (0 to 9)
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Lycoperdon
perlatum in creeping bentgrass (July 11, 2006)
All treatments applied twice in March and April
Treatments were watered in immediately with 0.25” of irrigation
Revolution applied at 6 fl oz/M
Miller and Tredway, 2006
Untreated Control
Miller and Tredway, 2007
Bayleton (2 oz) applied 3/22
and 4/19
Miller and
Tredway, 2007
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% Fairy Rin
Bayleton and Lynx for Lycoperdon
Fairy Ring Control 2006
Conclusions: Preventative Fairy Ring
Control with Bayleton
F Spring applications of DMI fungicides can provide longterm control of fairy ring
F Other fungicides require tank-mixing with a soil
surfactant and re-application during the season
F Some injury noted from Bayleton applications – ensure
that bentgrass is growing and risk of hard frost is
minimal before application
Preventative Control of Turf Root Diseases:
Timing
Application Timing is Based on Soil Temperature
✓ Spring Dead Spot: apply in fall when soil
temperatures are between 60°F and 80°F
✓ Summer Patch: inititate applications in spring when
soil temperatures are above 65°F
✓ Take-all Patch: apply in fall and spring when soil
temperatures are between 40°F and 60°F
✓ Fairy Ring: ??????
Rate and Timing of DMIs for Fairy Ring Prevention
Fungicide / Rate
Miller and Tredway, 2007
F Bayleton - 1 oz/1000 ft2
F Bayleton - 2 oz/1000 ft2
F Lynx - 1 fl oz/1000 ft2
F Lynx - 2 fl oz/1000 ft2
Soil temperature at initiation
F(5-day average) - 50°F, 55°F. 60°F, 65°F, 70°F, 75°F
• USGA putting green established in 2004 with ‘A-1’ creeping
bent
• All treatments watered-in immediately with 0.25” of irrigation
• Cascade soil surfactant (8 fl oz/1000 ft2) applied on 3/20, 5/2,
and 7/25
Average 5-day average soil temperature (ºF)
Five-day Average Soil Temperature, 2007
May 29th:
Fairy ring
start
E: May 2
C: Mar 28
D: Mar 30
B: Mar 25
A: Mar 14
F: May 30
Bayleton, D, 2 oz
Lynx, D, 1 fl oz
Miller and Tredway,
2007
June 22, 2007
Bayleton, D, 1 oz
Untreated
Miller and Tredway, 2007
Fairy Ring Severity (0 to 9)
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Lycoperdon
perlatum in ‘A-1’ creeping bentgrass with DMIs,
2007
a
a
ab
b
b
a
b
b
b
b
b
b
c
c
**Data is averaged across all application timings
c
Miller and Tredway, 2007
Prevention of fairy ring caused by Lycoperdon
perlatum in ‘A-1’ creeping bentgrass, 2007
Fairy Ring Severity (0 to 9)
a
b
b
a
ab
b
b
a
b
bc
c
b
c
c
b
**Data is averaged across all fungicides and
rates
b
b
b
Miller and Tredway, 2007
Conclusions: Fairy Ring Prevention with DMIs
F One spring applic of Bayleton or Lynx will not control fairy
ring throughout the summer.
F 1 fl oz of Lynx controlled fairy ring just as well as 2 fl oz.
F Except at the earliest application timing (50ºF), 1 oz of
Bayleton also controlled fairy ring just as well as 2 oz.
F Preventive applications most effective when made in late
March, when 5-day average soil temperatures were
between 55ºF and 65ºF.
Current Recommendations for
Fairy Ring Prevention
Miller and Tredway
FInitiate applications when 5-day average soil temps reach
55ºF.
FMake two applic of triadimefon (Bayleton) at 1 oz/1000 ft2 on a
21 to 30 day interval.
FOnce released, tebuconazole (Lynx) may also be applied at 1
fl oz/1000 ft2
FWater in the application immediately with 0.25” of irrigation.