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Riparian Thresholds: a product of
Water RAPIDS
Groundwater Climate and Stakeholder Engagement (GCASE)
Milestone Workshop 2 – November 20, 2013
Jacob Prietto
Water Resources Research Center
[email protected]
Funded by the Sectoral Applications Research Program (SARP) of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office.
wrrc.arizona.edu/GCASE
Thresholds:
Based on Scientific Data
• Critical Thresholds
– Limits where response is impossible without dramatic change to system
(Lite & Stromberg, 2005)
• Thresholds of Probable Concern
– Warnings to potentially undesirable changes (Rogers and Biggs, 1999)
• Used to help define management goals
– Not predictive values for desired conditions (Lite & Stromberg, 2005)
2
Santa Cruz Active Management Area
Third Management Plan
• Management Goals (1.3.2.2)
– safe yield
– prevent local water table
declines long term
– unique hydrologic conditions
• Target Water Levels (1.3.2.2)
–
–
–
–
younger alluvium
multiple use objectives
sensitive to water levels changes
majority of region’s water supply.
• Emerging Challenges (1.7)
– protection of core aquatic and
riparian habitats
Santa Cruz Active Management Area 1997-2001 Hydrologic
Monitoring Report (ADWR)
3
4
Santa Cruz River near Amado, AZ
San Pedro River near Tombstone, AZ
5
Riparian Vegetation
www.saguaro-juniper.com
• Cottonwood
• Willow
• Tamarisk
• Mesquite
www.nasa.gov
en.wikipedia.org
6
Hydrologic Variables
Depth to Groundwater
• Greatest depth measured over year
• Spatially averaged over floodplain
Groundwater Fluctuation
• Dry Season: January to June
• Estimate of annual fluctuation
Surface Flow Permanence
• Percentage of year with surface flow
• Strongest indicator of forest composition
Hydrologic Index
• Index = – (100 – Permanence %) * Maximum Depth * Fluctuation
(Lite & Stromberg, 2005)
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Riparian Health
“wet”
Seedling
Establishment
Sapling
Survival
• Specific &
Narrow
Conditions
Species Dominance
“dry”
Mature
Survival
• Tamarisk
• Co-Dominant
• Cottonwood & Willow
 Maximum Depth
 Depth Fluctuation
 Flow Permanence
• Cottonwood
• Willow
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•
Watershed management and planning that integrates natural resources,
water resources, and community development
•
Stakeholder engagement process design and facilitation services for
communities seeking feedback on water resources issues or in need of
assistance to address water-related conflicts
•
GIS analysis of water and natural resource issues
•
Innovative approaches and tools for increasing household water
conservation, while building awareness of the relationship between natural
resources and water use
•
Contact: Kelly Mott Lacroix ([email protected])
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Database Methodology
Ecology
Hydrology
Relationship
Biological
Element
Natural Flow
Regime Element
Flow need
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abundance
Age structure
Composition
Diversity
Health
Survivorship
Reproduction
•
•
•
•
Depends upon
Does not depend on
Uses
Associated with
Flow response
• Influenced
• Enhanced
• Harmed
•
•
•
•
•
Magnitude
Frequency
Duration
Timing
Rate of Change
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Findings: 111 Studies (July 2013)
Study Subject
Number
of
Studies
Populous
fremonti
27
Salix gooddingii
15
Tamarix
ramosissima
14
Prosopis velutina
13
Cottonwood/
Willow Forest
7
11
Database Example
• What quantitative information is
available on the ecological flow
needs or responses of cottonwoods?
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www.cals.arizona.edu
Freemont Cottonwood
Age
Ecology
Relationship
Abundance
Depth (m)*
Rate*
Citation
#
<0.8 to <1.6 < 4.4 cm/day
11
Associated with
Survivorship
<1.0
2 cm/day
13
< 2 to 3
cm/day,
<0.5 m/year
5, 16
Seed
Juvenile
Abundance/Survivorship
Enhanced by
0.5 to < 2.6
Abundance/Survivorship
Associated with
0.2 to 2
Abundance/Composition
Abundance/Survivorship/
Heath
Adult
Abundance
1 to 3
*active monitoring necessary
< 1m/ year
Associated with
4, 7,
8, 14
0.1 to 5.1
2, 13
Enhanced by
< 1.5
< 2.6 to 2.7
0.5 to 2.3
Harmed by
>2 to 3
6
1, 5
15
2, 12,
15
Health
Survivorship/Health
8, 13
abrupt > 1m
13
Goodings Willow
Age
Ecology
Relationship
Abundance
Associated with
Depth (m)*
<0.8 to <1.4 <3.1 cm/day
1 to 2
Seed
Survivorship
Abundance
Abundance
Citation
#
11
12
Associated with
< 1m
Juvenile
Rate*
Associated with
Associated with
Adult
2 cm/day
13
0.1 to 2
13
0.1 to 3.2
13
0.5 to 3.3
14
2.2 to 4.2
16
3.5 to 4.0
2
Associated with
<3
Survivorship
< 1m/year
> 2.5 to 3
4
2, 4
Harmed by
abrupt 1 m
*active monitoring necessary
12
14
Velvet Mesquite
Age
Ecology
Relationship
Depth (m)*
Abundance
Abundance, Composition
Juvenile
Abundance, Health
Associated with
Abundance, Composition,
Survivorship
Abundance
Associated with
Rate*
Citation
#
0.6 m/year
10
2.9
13
3.6
13
0.7 to 6.6
13
> 2.2
16
2.0 to 4.8
14
0.9 to 1.3
m/year
Adult
Abundance, Composition
Abundance, Composition,
Survivorship
Associated with
Abundance, Health
Survivorship
*active monitoring necessary
Harmed by
10
3.4
13
0.9 to 8.0
13
5.2
13
14
3
15
Cottonwood*
*active monitoring necessary
16
Kelly Mott Lacroix (2013)
GCASE Threshold Considerations
Species Age
Ecologic
Relationship
Hydrologic
Variable
• Adult:
Cottonwood, Willow, Mesquite
• Survivorship Harmed By
• Maximum Groundwater Depth
• Rate of Decline
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Riparian Thresholds: A
product of Water RAPIDS
Jacob Prietto
Water Resources Research Center
[email protected]
Photo by Kelly Mott Lacroix
Citation
Author(s)
#
1
Busch & Smith (1995)
2
Horton et al. (2001)
3
Leake et al. (2008)
4
Leenhouts et al. (2006)
5
Lite & Stromberg (2005)
6
Merritt & Bateman (2012)
7
NPS (2008)
8
Pima County (2009)
9
Shafroth et al. (1998)
10
Springer et al. (1999)
11
Strafroth et al. (1998)
12
Stromberg (2008)
13
Stromberg et al. (1996)
14
Stromberg et al. (2009)
15
Turner & Haney (2008)
16
Williams & Scott (2009)
18