fPNR - ECNR

NIRS: Functional Neuroimaging
in the regulation of eating behavior
Neuroscience Models of Obesity
Jean-Claude Vouakouanitou
ECNR
16133 Ventura Blvd, 7th Floor
Encino, CA 91436
(818) 279-2490
Acknowledgements
Hershel Toomim, Biocomp Research Institute, Los Angeles
Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
E. Mark Haacke, Wayne State University
Vladislav Toronov, University of Illinois
E.Roy John, NYU School of Medecine
Joel Lubar, University of Tennessee
Song Lai, University of Connecticut
Hanli Liu, Group3 - BME 5345
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Introduction
Most studies in psychophysiology research have
used physical variables.
For example: heat and temperature, movement
and speed, pressure and force, etc. Among
forces, that of gravity has been somewhat
neglected.
This work was done to promote an interest in the
principles of electrophysiology using the framework
of behavioral therapy.
In thinking about individual personal weight the saying goes:
“You are what you eat!”
which we understand as "you weigh what you eat"
Your weight is determined by the quantity of the food you eat.
We realized that in order to make this method known
to the public and to emphasize its real significance,
one should propose a simple example, usable by
anyone and everyone.
People who use it are able to operate alone with a
minimum of instrumental support, whether or not
they are under the observation of a monitor or a
therapist.
In the following discourse we will use "weight" and its
measure as a unique physical variable.
Then comparing with a model to be emulated, there are
repeating trials that reduce the gap between variables and the
model.
Finally, one learns the progressive correction of errors to be
obtained in an instant gratification for each successful
performance.
All these things contribute to the basis of the electrophysiology
method.
Obesity is an international
scourge…
We wanted:
- to assess side effects such as weight gain of patients
treated with antipsychotic medications
-
to explore the use of body weight or that of the daily
food ration as a physical dimension inserted in a
feedback loop.
This is another way to combat weight gain which is a pressing
social issue, especially in the United States where 127 million
adults are overweight, 60 million obese, and 9 million severely
obese.
…a public health problem, a plague, a world
epidemic.
-
64.5% in the USA
-
8% in France
-
2% in China
-
Developing countries are
also affected by obesity.
Go up from
Current weight of your
body
To your ideal weight
Reducing proportionally at K
the
Current
weight of your
food ration
To weigh the pounds which we must weigh eliminates a
certain number of immediate or future dangers:
the fatigue of the heart and/or the cardiovascular system,
the fatigue of the heart and/or the cardiovascular system,
the fatigue of the heart and/or
the cardiovascular system,
the overload of the vessels in
lipids or usable deposits,
the accumulation of body fat,
a shortened life expectancy…
Jim Pozarik / Getty Images file
We present a new approach, “Ponderal
Neurobiological Regulation”, to explore the
use of body weight in relation to the daily food
ration.
A big person is a person
who eats too much
Others say: “Let’s eat less sugar; let’s eat less fat; or don’t eat meat; so don’t
absorb so many calories…”
I say: Weight is much easier to measure than calories.
If a person begins eating too much of the wrong food and stops exercising, he
or she will develop habits that are difficult to change. Before long, obesity
will take over.
To be slim, it is necessary to be less big
- To be less big, it is necessary to weigh less
- To weigh less, it is necessary to eat less.
-
Biopensum (from latin
“pendere” = weight) is a
method of assistance to the
weight decrease and its
control.
This method is not a
regimen. It is only a
question of being or of
becoming very conscious of
the weight of what one eats,
and to connect this weight to
the pounds that one weighs.
Person Balance Food Balance Person
Our ponderal neurobiological regulation method
of weight control is simple. It involves balancing
the amount of food you eat with the amount
you weigh.
Person Balance Food Balance Person
It involves becoming conscious of the amount
you eat and the amount your body will absorb.
if (Wa) = average current Weight,
(Ra) = Ration average current day,
(Wi) = ideal Weight (weight corresponding to largest
life expectancy)
(Ri) = ideal Ration (ration corresponding at the
maximum great life expectancy) (Ra)/(Wa) = ka,
expresses the current proportionality
or (Wa) = (Ra)/ka,
ka being a constant, personal and current. It has been
able to be different in the past, when you were two
younger time.
Thus for the same reasons, there is a balance, i.e. a
relationship quite as fixed between your ideal weight, or
reference weight, and that of your ideal ration:
(Ri)/(wi) = ki
or (wi) = (Ri)/ki,
ki being also a personal constant.
This second ratio is practically the same one
with little of thing close that the precedent but
however not completely. In any event one can
to write
K = ka/ki (close to 1)
and (Ra)/(Wa) = K. (Ri)/(Wi)
This relation has the merit to provide a first
approximation of the weight of the ration which
should be henceforth your daily ration ideal, at
least with to leave the moment when you will
have carried out your adjustment ponderal, i.e.
still when you lose sufficient to weigh your ideal
weight. Here this ration:
(Ri) =
(wi). (Ra)/(Wa). K.
Who can benefit from
Ponderal Neurobiological Regulation ?
If your excess weight does not exceed 36% of
your ideal weight, Ponderal Neurobiological
Regulation program can help you successfully
lose excess weight and keep it off for good!
For example, if your ideal weight is 120 – 150 lbs,
and your weight 160 – 200 then we can help you
achieve your weight goal.
No regimen, but strong motivation is needed.
A simple formula can help you: you weigh 55
times (45 to 55 times, average is 50) what you
absorb
In other words, if you weigh 121 pounds,
you absorb 2.42 pounds of food a day (121
lbs divided by 50).
If you want to weigh 100 lbs instead your “ideal”
body weight would require that you absorb 2 lbs of
food a day. (100 divided by 50).
To gradually lose the 21 lbs over time, you would
need to reduce your intake by .40 lbs per day (2.42
lbs less 2 lbs).
Average: In one week, you will lose 2.2 lbs. It
corresponds with a daily reduction of between 220440 oz.
Current ingestas
in ascending thick
lines :
B (breakfast),
L (lunch) and
D (dinner)
Excreta in
downward violet
lines :
M (micturitions),
micturitions),
Ms (motions),
etc.
But in the course of 24 hours, the significance of each
weighing of body weight could seem difficult to
understand because weight is constantly changing.
Materials and Methods
We use two electroneuropsychobiological
approaches :
Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG)
Functional Near IR Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
To implement relationships between
Synaptic Activity and Hemodynamic
Responses, we used an integrated
system combining Near Infrared
Spectroscopy (NIRS) and
electroencephalographic activity
(EEG).
How to merge these two technologies ?
conventional radio-frequency RF wireless and
optical fibers.
We have mathematical solutions
Poisson Equation &
diffusion equation
1∂
ψ k (r, t ) − ∇ ⋅ D(r )∇ψ k (r, t ) + µabs (r )ψ k (r, t ) = S(t )δ (r − sk )
c ∂t
−1
D(r ) = [3(µ abs (r ) + µ scat (r ))]
The spectral range is 660 – 1100 nm.
With different-measurement approaches we can
cover most of the adult head, especially to
collect optical data from prefrontal,
sensorimotor and visual cortices in both
hemispheres simultaneously.
We also can provide 3D images which offer high spatial and
temporal resolution of the brain and images of hemodynamic
parameters, such as:
cerebral changes in oxygenated (∆O2Hb)
deoxygenated hemoglobin (∆HHb)
total hemoglobin (∆cHb = ∆O2Hb + ∆HHb)
the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase (or
cytochrome aa3) (∆CtOx) in µ mol, calculated with LambertBeer's Principle.
We carried out simultaneous EEG-NIRS recordings
We developed a reflectance continuous-wave nearinfrared spectroscopy topography system with multisource (48 laser diodes) and six or eight objective
lenses.
Some wavelengths were emitting red and others near
infrared.
An integrated whole-head optical system combining
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and
electroencephalographic activity (EEG) shows:
A correlation between cognitive paradigms and
hemodynamic signals.
A collection of optical data from prefrontal, sensorimotor,
and visual cortices in both hemispheres simultaneously.
48 light sources and six lenses video camera can
also be placed in the NB Optical Head to
provide tomographic imaging of the brain.
This combines two technologies: conventional
radio-frequency RF wireless and optical fibers.
Light sources:
660/820 (2)
660/980 (2)
664/848 (2)
664/830 (1)
758/830 (8)
760/840 (3)
779/834 (1)
780/870 (2)
780/960 (2)
782/830 (1)
To have good
quality of
changes in
concentration 24
pairs of laser
diodes with
intensity
modulated at
110 MHz were
combined
between 660 and
980 nm.
Optical fibers snake over the scalp so
that we can cover most of the adult
head.
6 or 8 objective lenses of infrared
video camera.
For acquiring high quality EEG and NIRS…
Our whole-head optical system combines Near
Infrared Spectroscopy and electroencephalographic
activity so, the optical and electrical signals were
recorded simultaneously.
Top, Front and Side of the
Neurobek box.
The sensor image inside the
camera uses advanced realtime signal processing.
To test the models, a psychophysiological experiment
was carried out with five groups:
Healthy volunteers (BMI < 24 kg/m2, 3M/5F, age 46 ± 9 y, body fat 21
± 6%),
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and PAD (n 5, 2M/3F)
Obese only (BMI>35 kg/m2, 5M/7F, age 45 ± 6 y, body fat: 42 ± 5%).
Bipolar disorder (n 6, 2M/4F)
Schizophrenia (n 5, 3M/2F)
Group
BMI
N
Age
Body Fat
Healthy volunteers
24 kg/m2 3M/5F
46±9 y
21±6%
Type II diabetes
35 kg/m2 2M/3F
65±7 y
33±7%
Obese
35 kg/m2 5M/7F
55±6 y
42±5%
Bipolar disorder
30 kg/m2 2M/4F
63±8 y
35±9%
Schizophrenia
30 kg/m2 3M/2F
29±5 y
37±8%
Subjects in this study consumed
an herbal tea containing pBFKT
750 (kolokoto tea, 0.39 US gal)
daily for six months.
BFKT™ imported from Congo under
CITES & USDA.
MicroCog
Glycosylated hemoglobin
(HbA1C)
Liver and renal functions
Body fat measurements
The measuring tape
were assessed and
compared at the baseline,
at a 3 month and at a 6
month period.
Prisca, 28 y. o Weight: 264 lbs, Height: 5’7” BMI = 40.91
The daily body weighing of Prisca and the immediate notation of the
resulting weight.
Became her motivational desire to obtain a progressive and finally
sufficient weight loss. She achieved this, thanks to a daily adjustment
and an adapted food rationing.
1st target
2nd target
3rd target
4th target
lost : between 119 and 75 lbs
Beginning on
November 1st 2006
End on May 30th 2007
Target Period
Intake solution
214 lbs Jan.30th
3.15 2.23 Av.2 ,7
187 lbs Feb 28th
2.90 2.56 Av 2.7
161 lbs March 30th
Av 2.65
152 lbs May 15th
Av. 2.56
Average: 97 lbs 16 lbs per month.
Whatever long the
reduction period has
been, it has to be
followed by a
Stabilization period.
For many people, the
end of a weight loss
period or that of a
diet of ponderal
reduction means the
end of a small torture.
Many will return at
last to previous
habits. In a very short
time they will be back
to their initial weight,
the one at which they
were before ponderal
reduction.
Prisca showing her weight lose
October 2006
5’7” 264 lbs
January 2007
175 lbs
April 2007
145 lbs
Results
Results shown an increase (p < 0.005) in
cerebral blood volume and COV in areas of the
prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortex.
This blood increase occurs during a calculation
and verbal-fluency tasks while it decreases in the
orbito-frontal of an obese individual compared
to a healthy volunteer (P < 0.05).
This study provides preliminary evidence that
patients suffering from type II diabetes and
obesity had higher fasting plasma glucose (85.2
± 5.4 vs. 82.5 ± 8.5 mg/dl; P = 0.0003)
and insulin concentrations (6.9 ± 4.1 vs.
2.8 ± 1.9 microU/ml; P < 0.0001).
Other changes values from 8.2 to 4.7 for
HbA1C whereas for BMI from 35 and more to
24 and 22.5 were observed.
Some tasks of Horatherapy such as the “1” and
cognitive enhancing exercises increase both
CBV and COV in the affected prefrontal cortex
of patients with obesity.
Quantitative analysis of [O2Hb] & [HHb]
Subjects
[O2Hb]0
(µM)
[HHb]
0
(µM)
∆[Ο2Ηb]
(µM)
∆[ΗΗb]
(µM)
∆P
%
CP
∆R%
CR
AP/AR
r2
with R
r2
without
R
Type II
diabetes
Mellitus
00.6
±1.2
-1.19
±0.27
0.007
-0.25
±0.25
0.97
0.95
0.83
0.90
2.40
±1.18
0.784
0.784
Obesity
30.1
±2.7
6.0
±1.8
0.52
0.23
3.49
0.96
0.920
0.96
2.64
±0.35
0.976
0.9375
Bipolar
disorder &
Shizophrenia
0.009
±4.3
6.3
±1.5
0.41
0.25
3.57
0.94
0.57
0.45
2.37
±1.64
0.989
0.8937
Healthy
31.5
±3.2
12.7
±1.4
0.39
0.37
3.39
0.82
0.82
-0.26
0.8685
0.8451
3.72
±0.89
Statistics of physiological parameters
Total
Scalp
Right
Middle
Left
Brain
Scalp
Brain
Scalp
Brain
Scalp
brain
StOx
(%)
61.25 62.38
± 3.57 ± 5.82
61.69
± 3.04
64.73
± 5.78
60.78
± 3.14
64.38
± 5.93
61.07
± 3.85
65.68
± 5.83
tHb
(µM)
47.12
±10.7
56.67 78.96
± 8.13 ± 12.14
53.67 75.65
66.73
75.93
± 12.8 ± 14.29 ± 12.64 ± 14.96
O2Hb 37.38 54.71
(µM) ± 7.81 ± 11.5
43.61
± 5.75
58.34
± 9.05
38.42 56.29
38.93
56.57
± 8.23 ± 12.60 ± 9.14 ± 12.63
HHb 15.59 19.56
(µM) ± 3.25 ± 5.84
15.83
± 3.25
19.87
± 5.62
14.69
± 3.53
19.67
± 5.89
15.79
± 3.46
19.71
± 6.95
6.09 ± 4.89 ± 6.17 ±
0.71
1.35
0.85
4.76 ±
1.26
6.15 ±
0.67
4.66
± 1.92
5.98
± 0.91
4.75
± 1.35
DPF
λ=75
8nm
73.85
± 12.8
conclusions
Obesity is mostly caused by overeating.
Ponderal neurobiological regulation (pBFKT) can be
used as an effective way to combat weight gain with
motivation.
Bridelia ferruginea have been validated for treating
type II diabetes, overweight and obesity.
Near Infrared Opitical Imaging can be used to
pinpoint the regulation of eating behavior.
ACKOWLEDGEMENT
This research is supported by Electrophysiology & Clinical Neuroscience
Research (ECNR).
© Los Angeles, Encino, 2006, 2007
Thank you very much !