IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR WLAN ACCESS POINTS

Transcription

“NETWORK OF DANUBE WATERWAY ADMINISTRATIONS”
South-East European Transnational Cooperation Programme
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR WLAN ACCESS POINTS
BASED ON NEWADA PILOT IMPLEMENTATION EXPERIENCES
Document ID:
O 5.39
Activity:
Act.5.5 WLAN
Author / Project Partner:
Date:
Version:
Mező / RSOE
15/02/2011
Draft template
Mező / RSOE
21/06/2011
Final template
21.10.2011
Input from partners
Mező / RSOE
17.10.2011
Final draft
Mező / RSOE
15.11.2011
1.0 final version
Fromwald / via donau,
Mező / RSOE
Spaic / APP
Lukic / Plovput
Tanasescu / AFDJ
Manescu / ACN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................................ 5
SCOPE OF DOCUMENT .................................................................................................................................. 6
NEWADA pilot implementations ................................................................................................................... 7
General information ................................................................................................................................. 7
Experiences gained, Suggestions for future Danube installations ................................................................ 8
General experiences and remarks ............................................................................................................ 8
Special advices for lock installations ......................................................................................................... 8
Special advices for urban area installations.............................................................................................. 9
ANNEX A - Austrian pilot networks – Abwinden, Freudenau ................................................................. 11
Location(s), purpose of network ........................................................................................................ 11
1.1.1.
Locations in Austria ............................................................................................................. 11
1.1.2.
Purpose of WLAN network .................................................................................................. 12
System architecture, used equipments .............................................................................................. 13
1.1.3.
General system architecture ............................................................................................... 13
1.1.4.
Implementation concept ..................................................................................................... 14
1.1.5.
Installation on lock Freudenau ............................................................................................ 16
1.1.6.
Installation on lock Abwinden ............................................................................................. 20
Coverage results and user test experiences, lessons learned ............................................................ 22
1.1.7.
Objectives and pre-conditions ............................................................................................ 22
1.1.8.
Test procedure and set-up .................................................................................................. 24
1.1.9.
Test results on lock Freudenau ........................................................................................... 28
1.1.10.
User/receiver test experiences ....................................................................................... 37
1.1.11.
Lessons learned ............................................................................................................... 39
ANNEX B - Hungarian pilot network – Mohács ....................................................................................... 41
The centre ................................................................................................................................................... 43
AP 1 and AP 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 46
AP3 and AP4 ................................................................................................................................................ 51
Test with omnidirectional antennas ........................................................................................................... 56
Test with panel antennas I .......................................................................................................................... 56
Test with panel antennas II ......................................................................................................................... 60
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 64
ANNEX C - Croatian pilot network – Vukovar ......................................................................................... 65
Infrastructure location ............................................................................................................................ 66
Coverage plans ............................................................................................................................................ 67
Equipment ................................................................................................................................................... 69
Antenna 1 (90 deg) ................................................................................................................................. 69
Antenna 2 (Omnidirectional) .................................................................................................................. 70
Antenna 3 (sector) .................................................................................................................................. 70
Antenna 4 (sector) .................................................................................................................................. 71
Wireless Access Point ............................................................................................................................. 72
Used access points.............................................................................................................................. 73
Server/firewall ........................................................................................................................................ 73
Testing equipment.............................................................................................................................. 74
Coverage tests .................................................................................................................................... 74
Receiver tests ..................................................................................................................................... 75
Lessons learned .................................................................................................................................. 76
ANNEX D - Serbian pilot network - Iron Gate I (RS side)......................................................................... 77
Coverage ............................................................................................................................................. 80
ANNEX E - Romanian Danube pilot network – Iron Gate I (RO side) ...................................................... 85
Coverage results : ............................................................................................................................... 93
Implementation Guide for WLAN Access Points
Page 3 of 111
ANNEX F - Romanian Danube-Black Sea Canal pilot networks (Cernavoda, Agigea, Ovidiu, Medgidia) 95
WLAN System Description........................................................................................................................... 95
WLAN System requirements ................................................................................................................... 95
Cernavoda Lock .................................................................................................................................. 96
Hardware implementations .................................................................................................................... 97
Lock installations..................................................................................................................................... 98
Port installations ..................................................................................................................................... 99
Coverage results and user test experiences, lessons learned .......................................................... 102
WLAN Tests ............................................................................................................................................... 102
1.
Agigea Lock .................................................................................................................................... 103
Spectrum analysis ............................................................................................................................. 103
WLAN Coverage ................................................................................................................................ 104
IP Throughput tests .......................................................................................................................... 107
2. Medgidia Port ................................................................................................................................... 108
WLAN Coverage ................................................................................................................................ 108
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................... 110
Page 4 of 111
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Act.
Activity (same as SWP)
AP
Access Point (WLAN)
DGNSS
Differential Global Navigation Satellite System
European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (satellite based
EGNOS
augmentation system of Europe)
HWL
High Water Level
ISP
Internet Service Provider
LWL
Low Water Level
POE
Power Over Ethernet
RIS
River Information Services
RF
Radio Frequency
RSS
Received Signal Strength
SSID
Service Set Identifier (id name for WLAN networks)
VHF
Very High Frequency (30MHz-300MHz)
VPN
Virtual Private Network
synonim word for WLAN service (based on IEEE 802.11 standard), rhymes to
WiFi
Hi-Fi
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network (based on IEEE 802.11 standard)
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SCOPE OF DOCUMENT
NEWADA Act.5.5 Partners have implemented pilot WLAN networks along the Danube and executed
coverage and user/receiver tests. The experience gained shall be documented in this document in order to
facilitate similar installations on the Danube river in the future. This guide shall transfer the know-how
acquired at the installations and suggest technical solutions for further Danube installations.
Page 6 of 111
NEWADA PILOT IMPLEMENTATIONS
General information
During the project the partners have implemented WLAN networks at the following locations:
#
Location
Type of
location
Coverage area (rkm)
1.
Abwinden (AT)
lock
2.194,54 rkm Danube
2.
Freudenau (AT)
lock
1.921,05 rkm Danube
3.
Mohács (HU)
border
checkpoint
1447-1443rkm
Danube
4.
Vukovar (HR)
port
5.
Iron Gate I (RS)
lock
1336-1334 rkm
Danube
943 rkm Danube
6.
Iron Gate I (RO)
lock
943-935 rkm Danube
7.
Cernavoda (RO)
lock
59,94 canal km
8.
Agigea (RO)
lock
1,58 canal km
9.
Ovidiu (RO)
lock
12,15 km on the
north branch of the
canal
10.
Medgidia (RO)
port, lock
37,51 canal km
Used equipment
(AP)
Mikrotik
RB433AH
Mikrotik
RB433AH
Mikrotik RB433
Implemented
by
Uplink solution
leased line to
DoRIS centre
leased line to
DoRIS centre
Microwave 5,8
GHz point-topoint to
PannonRIS
backbone
station
via donau
via donau
RSOE
Zyxel NWA1100
via LAN to ISP
APP
Mikrotik RB433
Motorola
AP 650
via LAN to ISP
Optical fiber to
ISP
Optical fibre
from RoRIS
network
Optical fibre
from RoRIS
network
Optical fibre
from RoRIS
network
Optical fibre
from RoRIS
network
Plovput
Cisco Aironet
1300
Cisco Aironet
1300
Cisco Aironet
1300
Cisco Aironet
1300
AFDJ
ACN
ACN
ACN
ACN
For the coverage tests the partners agreed to use InSSIDer software and also agreed on the following Service Coverage
Categories:
Category
Signal strength
Data throughput for all users
Excellent
higher than -65dBm
more than 1 Mbit/sec
Average
Poor
between -65dBM and -80dBm
below -80dBm
more than 0,5 Mbit/sec
-
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EXPERIENCES GAINED, SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DANUBE INSTALLATIONS
General experiences and remarks
Coverage test general experiences:
1,5-2 km good coverage in one direction can be reached with proper antennas, equipment and settings.
Measurement ship speed is important, lower speed provides more valuable data.
Extreme measured data (e.g. -10dBm or +160dBm) can be caused by failure of network cards
It is a conclusion that field strength determines the bandwidth as well. Where values were above -80dBm file download
speed was suitable for the defined aims (e.g. 200k/sec).
Antenna experiences and suggestions:
The chosen antennas and their characteristics are important for the coverage and the quality of the provided network.
In general, flat panels are recommended for locks as their characteristic (angle of radiation, etc.) perfectly fit the
requirements for a complete coverage of the lock dimensions. Depending on the set up of the WLAN network special
focus should be turned on the vertical angle of radiation of the used antenna. For example, a higher angle of radiation
(e.g. with a 60° emission) may ensure a sufficient reception quality on both water levels in case of only one antenna is
being used for lock chamber.
It is better to separate the uplink and access point antennas to avoid the loss of gain because the focus of the antenna
signal will cause interruptions in data flow. The antenna has to be specifically dedicated to the connection between the
two locations.
It is very probable that, when discussing installed antennas, quantity outweighs quality. Instead of a small number of
powerful directed antennas a number of inexpensive smaller antennas, placed at critical junctures , could provide both
better coverage and better reliability and user experience.
Distance and height from water is very important. It has been noted that although high buildings offer high signal reach,
they add to data packet loss since the full distance between on-shore equipment and clients is larger. Additionally,
highly directed antennas are not used to their full potential when used from a high position to cover area in relative
proximity.
Water level major changes can affect the coverage.
Omni-directional antennas do not perform well from higher places but panel directional antennas were successful.
Panel directional has good performance to opposite side of the river as well, better than omni-directional.
Omni-directional antennas are not practical if settlement is on the shore (interferences with other WLAN networks in
town)
Omni-directional: far distance, lower field-strength; Panel antenna: smaller distance, higher field-strength
Special advices for lock installations
Minimum set-up suggestion for WLAN network at a lock (230 – 275 m x 24 m)
The tests executed during the installation (adjustment of WLAN antennas) and the coverage tests (pre-tests and regular
test runs) showed that one access point and two antennas are sufficient for the installation and operation of a WLAN
network on lock Freudenau (275 m x 24 m, max. head of 10,68 m). But in case of locks with a higher head between the
high and the low water level the reception quality may increase as a deterioration of the RSS was noticed during the
tests with only one antenna adjusted to a lock chamber. This means that for those locks two antennas adjusted to one
lock chamber are recommended. An indication at which maximum head an installation of 2 antennas per lock chamber
(one adjusted to each water level) should be considered can be probably given after some further installation and tests
on other locks (e.g. at lock Aschach with a max. head of 16,87 m).
Shadowing effects of group of vessels for a lockage
A grouping of vessel for one lockage may lead to shadowing effects for specific vessels. For instance, a vessel of a higher
construction like a passenger vessel can shadow the line-of-sight connection to the antenna of lower vessels (typically
cargo vessels). Such shadowing effects are possible especially for installations limited to one access point and one
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antenna per lock chamber. An installation of another access point at the other end of a lock chamber minimizes the risk
of shadowing. Depending on the chosen WLAN antenna and its characteristic also an installation on an as high as
possible location can be minimize shadowing effects as well as improve the RSS at the WLAN receivers.
Special advices for urban area installations
In urban areas a lot of WLAN networks are already in operation. Therefore the installation and configuration of the
network should take into account other existing networks. The surrounding networks can be inspected to troubleshoot
probably competing access points or to identify the best-possible configuration. For example, physically overlapping
coverage should be avoided by using available free canals respectively free carrier frequencies.
Comparison test experiences between 802.11g and 802.11n draft 2.0
The throughput was much higher in the area near the AP using 802.11n protocol. Also, for the same throughput of
1Mbps the coverage area increased very much, up to twice the distance measured using 802.11g protocol. The protocol
802.11n is using MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) technology with patch antennas (three antennas for spatial diversity)
and provides a much better throughput and coverage using the same frequency band.
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ANNEXES
Page 10 of 111
ANNEX A - Austrian pilot networks – Abwinden, Freudenau
Location(s), purpose of network
1.1.1. Locations in Austria
A WLAN network was implemented on two of the nine locks located on the Austrian section of the Danube
ranging from rkm 2223,2 to rkm 1872,7. In order to ensure a smooth allocation of the WLAN hot spots along
the Austrian Danube the locks Freudenau (rkm 1.921,05 – right shore) and Abwinden (rkm 2.194,54 – left
shore) were chosen for the pilot implementation. The locations of the hot spots ensure ease and early access
to WLAN for both navigation directions as lock Freudenau is located in the Eastern part of the Austrian
Danube in the vicinity of Vienna while lock Abwinden is located close to Linz in the Western part. Moreover
most of the vessels and convoys departing from the ports and terminals at Linz can make use of the WLAN
network in order to obtain important data and information for their pending transports and the voyage.
LOCKS ON THE AUSTRIAN DANUBE
In the following a detailed overview about the WLAN locations and the coverage area is given:
#
1
2
Location
Freudenau
Abwinden
Type of
location
lock
lock
Dimensions
length x width
[m]
No. of lock
chambers
275 x 24
230 x 24
2
2
Maximum
head
[m]
10,68
10,91
Coverage area
(Danube rkm)
from
1.921,05
2.119,54
to
n/a
n/a
Length
covered
[km]
0,275
0,230
WLAN LOCATIONS IN AUSTRIA
Page 11 of 111
The Austrian locks are constructed as double-chamber lock, which means that the lock chambers are located
in parallel and can be operated simultaneously. The coverage area shall comprise both chambers, whereas
certain coverage with respect to signal availability, field strength or data throughput must be guaranteed on
both water levels (lower and higher water level).
LOCK FREUDENAU (LEFT) AND LOCK ABWINDEN (RIGHT)
It should be noted that the right lock chamber on lock Freudenau can be separated in two shorter,
subsequent chambers by means of an intermediate gate. This intermediate gate was build to decrease the
water consumption and the passage times of small vessels being locked in a single lockage not grouped with
others.
For the pilot implementation in Austria an overall WLAN coverage (i.e. availability of signal) of 95% in one
single lock chamber was defined as appropriate coverage indicator besides of the within NEWADA agreed
service coverage categories. Based on this a different approach for the implementation of the WLAN
equipment on lock Freudenau compared to the installation on lock Abwinden was necessary.
1.1.2. Purpose of WLAN network
The main goal was to implement WLAN hot spots on selected locks in order to provide access to specific RIS
information important for navigation and the further transport/voyage planning and execution. This means
that the WLAN network should provide an open, free of charge access to the internet limited to certain
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websites comprising fairway information and other relevant data. The following services and/or information
portals are supported within this pilot:
Service
NEWADA Danube FIS Portal
Yes/no or name
Yes
DoRIS
IWT portals
E-mail services
Local information
Touristic information
Open internet access
Other
ELWIS
No
No
ZAMG
No
No
No
Link
www.danubeportal.com
www.doris.bmvit.gv.at
www.doris-info.at
https://iris.doris-info.at/IRIS_WEB/index.zul
www.elwis.de
www.zamg.at
-
SERVICES SUPPORTED IN THE PILOT
System architecture, used equipments
1.1.3. General system architecture
The NEWADA pilot is fully integrated in the infrastructure and network of the Austrian RIS system. This
means that existing infrastructure and equipment is being used for the purpose of the pilot as well as certain
service levels concerning network availability, performance and available bandwidth, etc. can be ensured on
a long-term basis. The basic system architecture for the NEWADA pilot includes at least the installation of
one access point at each of the locks providing access to the internet and in a further consequence to
unlocked websites for the RIS user on board of a vessel or convoy. A firewall installed behind the access
point at a lock ensures that only the unlocked websites can be invoked by the user. Another task of the
firewall is to limit the theoretical bandwidth of the internet connection to 256 kbps in order to ensure a
proper remaining bandwidth for the other RIS systems and services respectively the internal via donau
network. The infrastructure and network at the lock is connected to the VPN network which ensures the
traffic from and to the internet, monitored and protected by another firewall. The bandwidth between the
RIS user on board and the access point installed at the lock is limited to the capability of the Wireless LAN
network interfaces in use on shore and on board of the vessel.
The general system architecture of the network infrastructure including the NEWADA pilot at a lock can be
depicted as follows:
Page 13 of 111
GENERAL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The different situations at the locks, as for instance the different lock chamber dimensions (275m x 24m and
230m x 24m) or the intermediate gate on lock Freudenau which could have lead to gaps in the coverage
respectively bad results in terms of signal strength on the low water level in one of the short chambers, were
taking into account from the start. Therefore it was decided to install 2 access points on lock Freudenau
while on lock Abwinden only one access point is installed.
The installation concept of both, the one for lock Abwinden and the other one for lock Freudenau are briefly
described in the succeeding section.
1.1.4. Implementation concept
Two directional flat panel antennas for 2,4 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b/g/n) are installed on lock Abwinden
connected to a single access point. The access point is installed indoor a lock building on the higher water
level of the lock. Each of the directional antennas is adjusted to one of the lock chambers in order to cover
the complete usable length of the lock chambers.
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1 Gbit/s (connected to firewall)
IEEE 802.11
g
canal 11
right lock chamber
AP 1
left lock chamber
IEEE 802.11
g
canal 1
IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT FOR LOCK ABWINDEN
The single access point is connected to a firewall which is responsible for the limitation of the available
bandwidth within the VPN network to a defined value, the access to specific defined websites and the
isolation of the WLAN users to the rest of the network.
In Freudenau one access point is located on a building close to the high water level and the other one on
another building (here the lock tower) close to the low water level of the lock. The connection between the
access points is established via air interface using the 5 GHz band (IEEE 802.11 a). Each of the access points
also comprises two directional flat panel antennas for the 2,4 GHz band which are adjusted to one of the
lock chambers. The slope of the 2,4 GHz antennas is higher than at Abwinden since the location and
emission can be optimized taking into account that another access point also emits the WLAN signal from
the opposite side of the lock chamber.
Page 15 of 111
1 Gbit/s (connected to firewall)
IEEE 802.11
g
canal 11
Short chamber II
Short chamber I
(right lock chamber)
(right lock chamber)
IEEE 802.11
a
IEEE 802.11
g
canal 4
AP 1
AP 1
left lock chamber
IEEE 802.11
g
canal 1
IEEE 802.11
g
canal 7
IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT FOR LOCK FREUDENAU
The technical details can be summarized as follows:
Freudenau
IEEE 802.11 standard supported
Number of access points (APs)
Interface between APs
Local server
Data link to feed WLAN network
Security
SSID name
Abwinden
b, g
2
1
air interface, IEEE 802.11a
n/a
No
No
Private VPN network; bandwidth limited to 256 kbps
Open, no encryption
NEWADA_LOCK_FREUDENAU NEWADA_LOCK_ABWINDEN
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE WLAN PILOT
1.1.5. Installation on lock Freudenau
Two access points of the type 433AH from Mikrotik are installed on lock Freudenau. The first access point is
installed inside the lock tower, which is itself located inbetween the lock chambers surveying the lock
chambers in the upstream direction. 2,4 GHz antennas (12,5 dBi directional flat panel antennas with a V/H
emission of 60°/60°) as well as a 5 GHz antenna (19 dBi flat panel antenna with a V/H emission of 16°/16°)
are installed outside on the outer wall of the lock tower. Loss HDF cables are used for the connection
between the antennas and the access point.
The following figures and pictures document the installation of the first access point on the lock tower of
lock Freudenau.
Page 16 of 111
Short chamber II
Short chamber I
left lock chamber
usable length of lock chamber
SCHEMATIC DEPICTION AND LOCATION OF THE ANTENNAS
ANTENNA INSTALLATIONS ON THE LOCK TOWER
The access point and the firewall of the type Fortigate 50B are installed behind the cable lead-through in the
telecommunication room of the lock tower. The telecommunication room also hosts the other via donau and
RIS equipment which ensures that the cable length of the antenna cable is kept to a minimum as the access
point is located in close proximity to the lead-through of the cable from the outer wall.
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INSTALLATIONS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION ROOM
As mentioned previously, a second access point is installed on another building at the other end of the lock
in order to ensure the envisaged WLAN coverage of 95% within both lock chambers. The connection
between the access points is established via the air interface using the 5 GHz band. Therefore access points
are equipped with an additional WLAN interface as indicated in the hardware list.
Short chamber II
Short chamber I
left lock chamber
The following figures and pictures document the installation of the second access point at lock Freudenau.
Page 18 of 111
SCHEMATIC DEPICTION AND LOCATION OF THE ANTENNAS ON THE SECOND BUILDING
ANTENNA INSTALLATIONS ON THE SECOND BUILDING
The second access point is installed behind the cable lead-through of the 5GHz antenna. The cables are
routed via existing cable ducts to the access point. The power supply is also routed from an existing
switchboard to the access point which is installed in a specific outdoor case.
INDOOR INSTALLATION IN THE SECOND BUILDING
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The installation on the second building may be used in the future for another AP covering the waiting area of
the higher water level on lock Freudenau. The existing infrastructure, as for instance the cable ducts, does
support the extension and improvement of the installation depending on whether a coverage of the waiting
area is requested by the RIS users or not.
The following hardware is being used for the pilot installation on lock Freudenau:
#
1
2
3
4
type
Access point
WLAN interface
Indoor case
Outdoor case
manufacturer
Mikrotik
Mikrotik
Mikrotik
No name
product
Routerboard 433AH
R52 mini pci
Indoor case CA/433U
Outdoor case CA/OUT V2
5
2,4 GHz antenna
Airwin
PAA-24-125
6
5 GHz antenna
Airwin
PAC-55-195
7
Cable
Draka
200 N-N MM 3.0
8
Cable
Draka
HDF 400
9
Firewall
Fortinet
Fortigate 50B
Description/comment
802.11 a/b/g
12,5 dBi directional flat panel
antenna; 60°/60°
19 dBi flat panel antenna,
16°/16°
HF-low loss HDF-200 cable
HF-low loss HDF-400 cable;
21,7db/100m
-
1.1.6. Installation on lock Abwinden
The installation of the WLAN network is limited to one access point based on the results of specific tests
executed during the installation on lock Freudenau. These tests proved that 95% signal coverage of excellent
or average signal quality, according to the agreed performance categories within the WLAN pilots of
NEWADA, are possible for lock dimensions of 275m x 24m. Thus only one access point - to which two 2,4
GHz antennas are connected - is installed on lock Abwinden since the length of the lock chambers at lock
Abwinden is only 230m. Each of the antennas is adjusted to one lock chamber responsible for the WLAN
coverage within the related chamber.
Page 20 of 111
right lock chamber
left lock chamber
SCHEMATIC DEPICTION AND LOCATION OF THE ANTENNAS
INSTALLATIONS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION ROOM
As on lock Freudenau the WLAN equipment is installed in the telecommunication room of the lock. In
Abwinden, the telecommunication room is located in a separate building in front of the lock tower. The
cables are routed inside the building and the telecommunication room by means of using existing cable leadthrough holes (initially used for the display board). The cables are routed directly into the 19” rack of the (via
donau and RIS) network which hosts the access point and the firewall used for the WLAN pilot.
Page 21 of 111
The following hardware is being used on lock Abwinden:
#
1
2
3
type
Access point
WLAN interface
Indoor case
manufacturer
Mikrotik
Mikrotik
Mikrotik
product
Routerboard 433AH
R52 mini pci
Indoor case CA/433U
4
2,4 GHz antenna
Airwin
PAA-24-125
5
Cable
Draka
HDF 400
6
Firewall
Fortinet
Fortigate 50B
Description/comment
802.11 a/b/g
12,5 dBi directional flat panel
antenna; 60°/60°
HF-low loss HDF-400 cable;
21,7db/100m
-
Coverage results and user test experiences, lessons learned
1.1.7. Objectives and pre-conditions
Within NEWADA the following service coverage categories for external and internal receivers are agreed:
Category
Excellent
Average
Poor
Signal strength
higher than -65 dBm
between -65 dBm and -80 dBm
below -80 dBm
Data throughput
more than 1 Mbit/sec
more than 0,5 Mbit/sec
-
NEWADA SERVICE COVERAGE CATEGORIES
For the Austrian pilot it was additional defined that an excellent or average coverage of 95% in total for the
usable length and width of a lock chamber must be reached. In fact, the usable length of the lock chambers
varies from lock to lock depending on the specific lock construction. In addition, a safe distance between the
vessels and the walls can be considered because of the WLAN receiver will not be located in this fringe area.
The usable length and width of the lock chamber as well as part of the network configuration (SSID, MAC
address) are illustrated in the following figure:
Page 22 of 111
LWL1
LWL2
AP 1 (LWL):
SSID:
NEWADA_LOCK_FREUDENAU_l
wl
MAC: 00:0C:42:64:99:5C (LWL-1)
00:0C:42:64:9A:1B (LWL-2)
AP2 (HWL):
SSID:
wl
MAC: 00:0C:42:64:9A:27 (HWL-1)
00:0C:42:64:9A:53 (HWL-2)
Usable length in Freudenau:
275m x 23,5m (275m x 24m in total)
HWL2
HWL1
ILLUSTRATION OF THE INTENDED COVERAGE (USABLE LOCK DIMENSIONS) AND THE NETWORK CONFIGURATION FOR THE TEST
The following coverage tests with support of a vessel were executed within NEWADA:
•
Pre-tests on lock Freudenau with one outdoor access point and a single 2,4 GHz antenna located at
the downstream end of the right lock chamber and centrally placed in the middle of chamber width
•
Coverage tests on lock Freudenau based on the final installation of the WLAN infrastructure
Page 23 of 111
Short chamber II
Short chamber I
left lock chamber
PRE-TESTS ON LOCK FREUDENAU
No coverage tests with support of a vessel are executed on lock Abwinden. The best possible adjustment and
the basic coverage were tested with the same test equipment on shore moving up and down along the edge
of the lock chamber walls with the test equipment (internal receiver, inSSIDer).
1.1.8. Test procedure and set-up
For the coverage tests the following test equipment was used:
Set up of test equipment on vessel
Measurement unit 1
Internal WLAN receiver
EGNOS receiver
Software
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2200BG
TIM-LL GPS receiver module
inSSIDer 2.04.1015
hp Compaq nc6120 (notebook older than 3
years)
ANTARIS Evaluation Kit
Measure and log the required indicators
such as the signal strength, position, etc.
Measurement unit 2
Microtik 433AH
External WLAN receiver
R52 mini pci
OMB-24-050-Magnetic
EGNOS receiver
Software
TIM-LL GPS receiver module
-
Routerboard 433 with 680MHz Atheros
CPU, 128MB RAM
802.11 a/b/g miniPCI card
5 dBi omni antenna incl. magnetic base and
1,5m LLC100 cable
ANTARIS Evaluation Kit
Internal logging in the routerboard by
means of a specific script
Page 24 of 111
Measurement unit 2
External receiver
EGNOS
receiver
signal strength,
data throughput
dGPS data
Measurement unit 1
Internal receiver
signal strength,
data throughput
WLAN
dGPS data
SET UP ON TEST VESSEL
Measurement unit 1
The free and open-source Wi-Fi scanning software “inSSIDer” was configured in such way that the main
parameters of the available WLAN networks are logged in a log file together with the dGPS data provided by
the EGNOS receiver. The log interval was set in the software configuration to 1 second. inSSIDer supports the
identification, illustration and documentation of the WLAN signals transmitted by different access points
and/or antennas of the same WLAN network. This, in principle, enables the software user to troubleshoot
competing access points or to optimize the location and adjustment of antennas. In the context of the
coverage test, a complete validation of each antenna was possible as the signal quality and availability of
each antenna was recorded. The following figure shows the illustration of the signal strength [dBm] for the
different antennas1 of the access points installed on lock Freudenau.
1
lwl is an identifier for the access point isntalled on the lock tower (close to the lower water level) while hwl stands for
high water level, the access point installeld on the second building close to the higehr water level.
Page 25 of 111
GRAPH EXAMPLE OF THE RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS)
Measurement unit 2
The external WLAN receiver was used as reference receiver to eliminate all doubts about the results of the
internal receiver probably caused by unexpected influences as for instance the present situation in the
control cabin of the vessel due to metal or other electronic devices. Therefore the omni antenna was
installed outside on the roof of the cabin on a favourable place. The Mikrotik routerboard was configured to
log the signal strength of the WLAN network to which the interface of the routerboard was connected. In
difference to the inSSIDer, the used script for the logging didn’t support to log the signal strength of all
visible WLAN networks. Because of this the external receiver was configured that a new connection to the
NEWADA WLAN network was automatically established in case of the signal strength fell below -65 dBm. In
other words, a connection to the NEWADA network of another access point or another antenna of the pilot
installation was automatically established in case of the signal strength fell below the defined threshold of 65 dBm.
Page 26 of 111
INSTALLATION ON BOARD OF THE TEST VESSEL
Test procedure
The coverage tests took place during the regular operation of the lock with the main restriction that the
smoothness and safety of the lockages must have been ensured. Therefore it was decided to measure the
WLAN network only on the border of the walls of the lock chambers where a weak signal quality or gaps in
the coverage are more likely. Further, a test run was executed on both water levels, on the high water level
(HWL) and on the low water level (LWL).
Test run 1 (low water level):
Time:
Lat:
Lon:
MAC:
SSID:
2011-06-16T08:36:41.0Z
48,17709
16,47724
00:0C:42:64:99:5C
wl
Test run 2 (high water level):
TEST PROCEDURE WITHIN A LOCK CHAMBER
Page 27 of 111
It should be noted that the position of the vessel during the test runs was as close as possible to the lock wall
but due to multipathing effects the course of vessel is often off-centred as illustrated in the figures of the
test protocol.
1.1.9. Test results on lock Freudenau
The coverage tests were executed on June 16th of 2011. The main conditions during the test runs were:
•
Head btw. HWL and LWL: 9,8 m
•
Weather condition
o Clear sky, 24 °C
o Wind strength: 2 m/s
o Wind direction: E
Summary
The test results of the coverage test on lock Freudenau with the regular test equipment can be summarized
as follows:
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
[higher than -65dBm]
[btw. -65dBm and -80dBm]
[lower than -80dBm]
Class 1 + 2
100 %
99,27 %
0%
0,73 %
0%
0%
100 %
100 %
99,62 %
85,39 %
0,38 %
14,61 %
0%
0%
100 %
100 %
2
Internal WLAN receiver
High water level (HWL)
Low water level (LWL)
2
External WLAN receiver
Test protocol for measurement on high water level (HWL)
General information
Water level
Lock chamber
Start of logging
End of logging
Duration within lock chamber
Number of visible WLAN networks
SSID of interest
High (HWL)
Left chamber
16.06.2011 around 10:36:40
16.06.2011 around 10:48:17
10:36:40 – 10:46:39
14
NEWADA_LOCK_FREUDENAU_lwl,
NEWADA_LOCK_FREUDENAU_hwl
Interpretation of measured values
#
2
Unit 1 (internal receiver)
Unit 2 (external receiver)
Data (i.e. logged signal strength) outside of the lock chamber is I the test results excluded.
Page 28 of 111
Measured points in total
Measured points within lock chamber
No.
589
510
%
n/a
100
No.
625
527
%
n/a
100
Class 1 [higher than -65dBm
Class 2 [btw. -65dBm and -80dBm]
Class 3 [lower than -80dBm]
510
0
0
100
0
0
525
2
0
100
99,62
0,38
Class 1 + 2
Average signal strength within lock chamber
510
100 %
-50,36 dBm
527
100 %
-50,72 dBm
Page 29 of 111
Illustration of coverage within lock chamber
Right lock chamber
high water level (HWL)
Page 30 of 111
Right lock chamber
High water level
Test protocol for measurement on low water level (LWL)
General information
Water level
Lock chamber
Entrance time
Exit time
Duration within lock chamber
Number of visible WLAN networks
SSID of interest
Low (LWL)
Left chamber
16.06.2011 around 09:45:00
16.06.2011 around 09:59:40
09:46:20 – 09:59:40
3
NEWADA_LOCK_FREUDENAU_lwl,
NEWADA_LOCK_FREUDENAU_hwl
Page 31 of 111
Interpretation of measured values
#
No.
%
757
n/a
689
100%
No.
%
856
n/a
801
100%
684
5
0
99,27
0,73
0
684
117
0
85,39
14,61
0
Class 1 + 2
689
100%
-54,51 dBm
801
100%
-57,18 dBm
Page 32 of 111
Right lock chamber
Low water level (HWL)
Page 33 of 111
Right lock chamber
Low water level
Received signal strength (RSS) of a specific access point and/or antenna
The by means of unit 1 measured signal strength of the specific WLAN antennas and the access points of the
NEWADA network are summarized and highlighted in the following.
Page 34 of 111
RSS of the specific antennas (interfaces) on the low water level
LWL-1
00:0C:42:64:99:5C
No.
%
#
LWL-2
00:0C:42:64:9A:1B
No.
%
HWL-1
00:0C:42:64:9A:27
No.
%
HWL-2
00:0C:42:64:9A:53
No.
%
Measured points (within lock chamber)
689
100 %
689
100 %
689
100 %
689
100 %
567
82,29
491
71,26
315
45,72
612
88,82
122
17,71
198
28,74
374
54,28
77
11,18
0
0
0
0
0
Average signal strength
0
0
-60,32 dBm
LWL1
LWL2
HWL2
HWL-
0
-62,74 dBm
-66,64 dBm
-59,21 dBm
Left
chamber
Vessel
Page 35 of 111
RSS of the specific antennas (interfaces) on the high water level
LWL-1
00:0C:42:64:99:5C
No.
%
#
LWL-2
00:0C:42:64:9A:1B
No.
%
HWL-1
00:0C:42:64:9A:27
No.
%
HWL-2
00:0C:42:64:9A:53
No.
%
Measured points (within lock chamber)
510
100 %
510
100 %
510
100 %
510
100 %
505
99,02
474
92,94
224
43,92
175
34,31
5
0,98
36
7,06
286
56,08
335
65,69
0
0
0
0
0
Average signal strength
0
0
-52,79 dBm
LWL1
LWL2
HWL2
HWL-
0
-53,94 dBm
-64,83 dBm
-65,95 dBm
Left
chamber
Vessel
RSS peak per interface/antenna3
3
Note that a RSS peak is possible for more than one antenna/interface.
Page 36 of 111
LWL-1
00:0C:42:64:99:5C
No.
%
#
LWL-2
00:0C:42:64:9A:1B
No.
%
HWL-2
00:0C:42:64:9A:53
No.
%
269
35,54
91
12,02
43
5,68
405
53,50
289
49,07
282
47,88
55
9,34
32
5,43
In total
42,3 %
1.1.10.
HWL-1
00:0C:42:64:9A:27
No.
%
29,95 %
7,51 %
29,47 %
User/receiver test experiences
Additional tests of WLAN receivers during the test runs of the coverage tests comprised tests with internal
WLAN receivers of other notebooks or some spot tests with mobile devices as for instance a mobile phone
or a tablets PC.
Internal WLAN receiver’s of notebooks
On the higher water level (HWL) additional measurements of the signal quality with other internal WLAN
receivers of other notebooks were taken. For example, the signal quality was measured in order to verify the
results of measurement unit 1 (Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2200BG) with the following notebook respectively
WLAN interface: Panasonic Toughbook, Model No. CF-18 – Intel® PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Network
Connection.
Interpretation of measured values and comparison with unit 1
#
No.
%
589
n/a
510
100 %
510
0
0
100
0
0
Class 1 + 2
510
100%
-50,36 dBm
Toughbook (internal receiver)
No.
%
483
n/a
483
100 %
453
30
0
93,79
6,21
0
483
100 %
-53,45 dBm
The results show that the reception quality between different WLAN receivers of notebooks is comparable.
In fact, the reception quality mostly depends on the following basic conditions:
•
Location of the notebook/internal WLAN receiver – The notebook should be located on an
appropriate place not close to metal constructions or other electronic devices using the 2,4 GHz
frequency band (e.g. such as a microwave or Bluetooth devices). Shadowing affects should be
excluded or minimized by means of a proper location of the notebook during the connection to the
WLAN network at a lock.
Page 37 of 111
•
The construction of the notebook, meaning whether the WLAN receiver respectively the antenna is
located in the display or in the case. The pre-tests on lock Freudenau showed that notebooks in
which the antennas are installed in the display have a better reception quality than the others. Note
that the antennas of state-of-the-art notebooks as well as the last generations are usually installed in
the display.
Spot tests with WLAN receiver of mobile devices
A lot of applications for Android or iOS, the main operating system of the state-of-the-art mobile telephones,
do support the detection and analysis of all wireless networks around the mobile device. Preliminary, those
apps are developed to help the user to quickly identify channel conflicts or overlaps as well as other factors
that may affect the performance of the used wireless network.
One of the open source application was used for short spot tests during the test runs in order to identify the
coverage and signal quality using a mobile device for the connection to the NEWADA network. Unfortunately
none of the identified applications supports a logging of the signal strength for which reason a detailed
comparison to the results of the measurement units were not possible.
The following findings and/or experiences were collected during the above mentioned spot tests:
•
The signal strength of the mobile devices was always below the measured signal strength (RSS) of
the test equipment.
•
The average signal strength for 20 spot tests was about around –75 dBm, whereas the best value for
the signal strength was -66 dBm which is only category 2 in the NEWADA coverage category.
•
Already minor movements of the mobile device can increase or decrease the reception quality.
Page 38 of 111
INDICATION OF THE RSS USING THE HTC DESIRE4
1.1.11.
Lessons learned
Minimum set up for WLAN network at a lock (230 – 275 m x 24 m)
The tests executed during the installation (adjustment of WLAN antennas) and the coverage tests (pre-tests
and regular test runs) showed that one access point and two antennas are sufficient for the installation and
operation of a WLAN network on lock Freudenau (275 m x 24 m, max. head of 10,68 m). But in case of locks
with a higher head between the high and the low water level the reception quality may increase as a
deterioration of the RSS was noticed during the tests with only one antenna adjusted to a lock chamber. This
means that for those locks two antennas adjusted to one lock chamber are recommended. An indication at
which maximum head an installation of 2 antennas per lock chamber (one adjusted to each water level)
should be considered can be probably given after some further installation and tests on other locks (e.g. at
lock Aschach with a max. head of 16,87 m).
Antenna characteristic
The chosen antennas and their characteristics are important for the coverage and the quality of the provided
network. In general, flat panels are recommended for locks as their characteristic (angle of radiation, etc.)
perfectly fit the requirements for a complete coverage of the lock dimensions. Depending on the set up of
the WLAN network special focus should be turned on the vertical angle of radiation of the used antenna. For
example, a higher angle of radiation (e.g. with a 60° emission) may ensure a sufficient reception quality on
both water levels in case of only one antenna is being used for lock chamber.
Configuration of WLAN network in urban areas
In urban areas a lot of WLAN networks are already in operation. Therefore the installation and configuration
of the network should take into account other existing networks. The surrounding networks can be
inspected to troubleshoot probably competing access points or to identify the best-possible configuration.
For example, physically overlapping coverage should be avoided by using available free canals respectively
free carrier frequencies.
Impact of the vessel speed to the reception quality
No impact of the vessel speed to the reception quality and the measured RSS was noticed during the tests.
For example, there was no noticeable difference in the measurement results between a speed of 4-5 km/h
and 9-11 km/h of the test vessel in the lock chamber.
4
Image was created by Wifi Analyzer (Andrid App).
Page 39 of 111
Shadowing effects of group of vessels for a lockage
A grouping of vessel for one lockage may lead to shadowing effects for specific vessels. For instance, a vessel
of a higher construction like a passenger vessel can shadow the line-of-sight connection to the antenna of
lower vessels (typically cargo vessels). Such shadowing effects are possible especially for installations limited
to one access point and one antenna per lock chamber. An installation of another access point at the other
end of a lock chamber minimizes the risk of shadowing. Depending on the chosen WLAN antenna and its
characteristic also an installation on an as high as possible location can be minimize shadowing effects as
well as improve the RSS at the WLAN receivers.
Use of mobile devices
The provided network can be used problem-free by mobile devices although the average RSS of the mobile devices is
usually below those of internal WLAN receivers of notebooks, which means that a signal strength of -85 dBm or even
higher can be still used for browsing at accessible websites. As for the internal receivers the reception quality strongly
depends on the location of the mobile device as well as the basic conditions with respect to shadowing effects, etc.
Page 40 of 111
ANNEX B - Hungarian pilot network – Mohács
In NEWADA project RSOE decided to install the pilot network in the area of Mohács (1447-1443 Danube rkm), where all
ships and boats shall stop for the Schengen external border control procedure. Due to it is a border area the vessel
traffic is higher and waiting times allow ships to use the WLAN network for gathering information before entering or
leaving the country.
Map indicating the location of Mohács on the Danube
The area is basically flat and the river is more or less straight except the curve upstream of the border checkpoint port.
The pilot area is a mix of town, industrial and natural terroritory zones. Therefore the disturbance of the network is also
different.
Page 41 of 111
Mohács Border Checkpoint area (1447 rkm right bank)
The main purpose of the network is to provide free and easy access to inland navigation related information like water
level, notices to skippers and other relevant data. The main target group are the professional skippers who are using
the Danube waterway for their daily work.
Within the NEWADA project, on the Danube at Mohács, a local WLAN network, complying with the standards 802.11b /
802.11g, has been operating for test purposes since July 2010. The WiFi network consisting of 3+1 AP-s is connected to
the Internet through a microwave backbone network owned and operated by RSOE and through the web server of
RSOE.
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Block diagram of the WiFi system
The centre
The centre of the WIFI network can be found in Újmohács, at the same site where the microwave network of RSOE
(EOV coordinates of the telecommunications tower: 72715/623261). Here, three ANT57-GDA24E type antennas were
mounted (frequency: 5.4-5.8 GHz; gain: 22 dBd). These three antennas operate as link antennas: they keep contact with
the AP-s installed on the right Danube bank. The installation height of the antennas is ~ 50 metres from the earth
surface. This installation height was necessary as in a link connection the reliable radio connection needs direct optical
Page 43 of 111
visibility between the sending and receiving antennas. Antennas could have been installed at a lower height as well,
however, in the case of a long-term operation of the system the growth of trees on the Danube bank has to be taken
into consideration therefore the present height of the antennas is 15-20 metres above the tree stratum.
Tower at Újmohács
The RB433 routerboard of MikroTik manufacture (radio unit) being responsible for data tramsmission was placed at the
same height as the antennas. Between the CM9 cards connected to the routerboard and the link antennas jumper
cables of low attenuation (Ecoflex 10) were mounted.
The MikroTik Routerboard 433 contains three Ethernet ports and three miniPCI slots thus one RouterBoard can handle
three radio directions at the same time.
Page 44 of 111
MikroTik RB433
In the case of radio data transmission it is practical to place the antenna and the RF stage as close as possible. (In the
case of a long supply line the sensitivity of the radio equipment is deteriorated and the radiated output also decreases
due to its loss through the cable.) Due to the rigours of weather, equipment were placed in an external and water-proof
box.
External, water-proof metal housing
Page 45 of 111
Power supply to the RouterBoard and the cards is realised through POE (Power Over Ethernet). The supply unit of POE
is installed in the container at the tower foot. Data transmission and power supply get to the RouterBoard through an
external FTP cable.
The installation of RF equipment took place by using industrial alpine technique. When fitting the following devices and
equipment were installed:
2 hot dip galvanized antenna consoles;
1 Routerboard RB433 + 3 CM9 cards, mounted in external box;
3 ANT57-GDA24E microwave antennas.
As an external FTP cable was available, which left from a previously installed and in the meantime disassembeld
technique, the installation of a new cable was not needed.
The centre at Újmohács with 3 antennas and a radio unit
Names of the antennas in Figure from top to bottom:
top: link antenna of AP 1 (Border Port Mohács);
medium: link antenna of AP 3 (DKV, police port);
bottom: link antenna of AP 2 (National Transport Authority).
The picture also shows that cabling between the antennas and the Routerboard was implemented via the shortest
possible route thus its RF attenuation is minimal, 1-2 dB with connectors. RF connectors were coated with selfvulcanizing tapes, which prevents leakage at the connectors. For fixing the jumper cables, UV-proof cable bundlers
were used.
AP 1 and AP 2
The design of AP 1 and AP 2 is identical:
contact with the centre at Újmohács is maintained by the link antenna;
the signal received from the link antenna is processed by the first CM9 card connected to the BR433 RouterBoard;
contact with the supplier antenna is maintained by the second CM9 card of the RouterBoard: communication between
the ships and the centre takes place through this;
power supply is provided by POE.
Due to the coverage of the cells, sites had to be selected in a way that they are situated at nearly identical distances
from one another, however, close enough to provide proper overlap between the cells (~ 10%) and serve the Danube
section where ships typically anchor. In order to protect the technique it was important to find a site where equipment
could be placed safely (closed or guarded site), whereas sites integrally connected to shipping were preferred
(increased willingness to install and operate it).
Page 46 of 111
Therefore, Border Port Mohács was selected for the installation of AP 1. Border Port is a closed complex, with 0/24hour reception service. A further advantage of the Border Port is that a 20 metres tall steel structure tower is available
for installation, at the bottom of which 0.4 kV feeding and grounding are implemented.
Here, in an external metal box one RouterBoard BR433 and two CM9 cards were installed with a link and a radiating
antenna. A stainless steel pipe was fixed to the basket at the top of the tower, and the above equipment was mounted
onto this. All external metal elements used for the construction are corrosion resistant due to their surface treatment
or material.
Power supply is provided through POE. The external FTP cable needed for POE was conducted near the cables on the
tower, along the already existing cable route, whereas the supply unit was installed at the bottom of the tower, in its
own waterproof cabinet. Border Port requested to have an own consumption meter for the mounted technique.
Finally, due to the costs of the electricity used, at all the three sites (AP 1, AP 2, AP 3) separate 230 V consumption
meters were installed to measure the consumption of the individual AP-s. Along with the consumption meters, cut-outs
were also mounted at all sites to prevent voltage cut-offs in other equipment at the given site due to a possible failure
of the WIFI supplier. With the present usage (test operation) one AP has a monthly consumption of ~ 2 kWh.
The height of the antenna from the water level of the Danube is ~ 30 metres therefore the use of an omnidirectional
antenna can be problematic due to its small horizontal angle so when examining the coverage, we used both
omnidirectional and panel antennas for stations AP1 and AP2.
Page 47 of 111
Radiating station AP 1 with omnidirectional antenna
Page 48 of 111
Radiating station AP 1 with panel antenna
The linear distance between AP 1 and AP 2 is ~ 1,120 metres. AP 2 was implemented on the National Transport
Authority’s building (closed building with guarding). Previously, an antenna console was fixed on the building’s wall due
to a VHF band antenna, which could be used for the installation of the WiFi network (wall breakthrough was not
necessary, console grounding is solved). Its greatest height from the earth is ~ 13 metres, however, due to reasons as
mentioned for AP 1, here we did not aim at installing at the highest possible point. The height of the antenna is 22
metres above the water level.
Page 49 of 111
The building of the National Transport Authority with the antenna console
Omnidirectional antenna and WiFi supplier on the NTA building
Page 50 of 111
Panel antenna and WiFi supplier on the NTA building
AP3 and AP4
The operation of AP3 is different from that of AP1 and AP2 in that the latter ones handle one link direction whereas
AP3 is responsible for the communication of two link directions.
Similarly to AP1 and AP2, one link connection keeps contact with the centre, whereas the other link direction keeps
contact with the centre to the mobile AP4 station. There were several reasons for this design:
the RB433 RouterBoard can handle maximum 3 radio connections at the same time therefore it would have been
necessary to fix further equipment onto the tower at Mohács (all the three radio directions are placed here); the first
three AP-s are located on the right Danube bank, and in the case of these sites direct optical visibility between the AP-s
and the centre is available, whereas AP4 can be found on the left Danube bank, and direct optical visibility to the tower
at Újmohács is not possible due to the forest belt at the riverbank.
Due to the additional function of AP3, its operation is modified as follows:
the first link antenna keeps contact with the centre at Újmohács, and the second one with AP4;
the signal received from the first link antenna is processed by the first CM9 card connected to the BR433 RouterBoard;
the signal of the first link antenna is forwarded by the second CM9 card of the RouterBoard to AP 4;
contact with the supplier antenna is kept by the third CM9 card: communication between the ships and the centre
takes place through this;
power supply is ensured through POE here as well.
The linear distance between AP2 and AP3 is ~ 1,340 metres. AP3 was installed in the port of the Mohács Water Police.
Here installation was practically possible on a wooden post:
Page 51 of 111
The original post at the police pontoon
The wooden post was not suitable due to several factors therefore it was replaced by a new, 6 metres tall, hot dip
galvanized post. The wooden post used to hold a 3*230 V cable, which was relocated to the new post, and
disintegrated, thus 230 V needed for feeding is available.
Page 52 of 111
The newly installed post at police pontoon
The height of the AP3’s supplier antenna is ~ 11 metres above the water level, which may provide good coverage even
with an antenna of small angle thus no antenna was replaced here during the measurement.
The design and power supply of AP4 is different from the AP-s described earlier.
Along the Danube section at Mohács, landing is possible at several places for the different controls therefore coverage
has to be provided at least 4 km long along the river. The north end port in Mohács is kept for ships transporting
hazardous material. At this place, opposite to the left Danube bank there is an island where no appropriate
infrastructure for the installation of a fixed radiating station is available, whereas a link connection in the centre at
Újmohács could only be provided with significant financial investments. Accordingly, installation on the left bank
seemed to be a practical solution: from here, there is direct optical visibility to AP3, where there was one still free radio
direction. This area of the left bank is also undeveloped therefore network feeding is not available. The concept of a
supplier operated from a solar cell arose in order to solve the above problems. It has the advantage that it is able to
operate even without external electric supply thus it may be installed practically anywhere. However, this also means a
disadvantage: in an abandoned area it could be subject to the danger of injury and theft.
In the case of AP4, POE is not needed as the solar cell charges a 12 V battery and the RouterBoard receives power
supply directly from this. Supply voltage depending on the charging level of the battery does not mean a problem as
between 10-28 Volts any necessary voltage can be switched to the jack input of the RouterBoard, which is converted to
the appropriate voltage level by the equipment itself.
The maximum current drain of a RouterBoard is 25 W, which means ~ 2A in the case of 12 V supply voltage. In the case
of a battery of appropriate size (12V/100 Ah) the station can operate for several days even without solar cell charging.
The goal of the NEWADA project to provide WiFi coverage for an appropriate area of the Danube section at Mohács,
which can be used by the ships landing here for accessing Internet portals for determined, shipping purposes (water
level report, shipping information…) is fulfilled by putting the solar cell station into operation.
(At the moment, the solar cell AP 4 station is not installed.)
Page 53 of 111
Following the installation of the AP-s, a measurement was necessary to check the area covered by the individual
radiating stations. The measurement had to be carried out under such conditions, which can be considered average for
ships travelling along the Danube. For this purpose, we used the ship called Bendegúz of the Border Port Mohács.
MS Bendegúz – test vessel
Bendegúz is a passenger ship with a transporting capacity of 36 persons. Its greatest flotation is 70 cm and its cruising
speed in upstream and downstream navigation is 12 km/hour and 17 km/hour respectively. The height of the
pilothouse is ~ 4.5 metres above the water surface (with 10 persons on board). Measurements were carried out at
normal water level (Mohács: 300-350 cm). During the examination of the coverage (network testing) we only used
devices that are available to anyone in commercial distribution. The computers used in the measurement are not
specified individually. Regarding the portable computers, for this measurement the RF sensitivity of the WLAN card is
important only, of which changes are shown in the table below with an average deviation of +/- 1-3 dB:
Available bandwidth
[Mbit/s]
54
48
36
24
11
6
Reception level needed for this
[dBm]
-68 -68 -75 -79 -85 -88
5.5
-88
2
1
-91 -94
Average sensitivity of WiFi cards available in commercial distribution
Measurement configuration for machines provided with external WLAN link:
Page 54 of 111
external
antenna
RF cable
external
WIFI card
USB cable
external
GPS
USB cable
hardware: IBM T23
software: inSSIDer
Measurement configuration
Equipment used in the measurement configuration:
portable computer
WiFi software: MetaGeek inSSIDer v2.0.4.1015
external GPS: NaviLock NL-302U
external WIFI: TP Link TL-WN422G
external antenna: TP Link TL-ANT2405C, Secron WiFi 11
External antennas used for measurement (left side: TP Link TL-ANT2405C; right side Secron WiFi 11)
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Frequency range
Gain
Horizontal angle
Vertical angle
Price
Data of external antennas used for measurement
TP Link TL-ANT2405C
2.4-2.5 GHz
5 dBi
360°
32°
€ ~ 10
Secron WiFi 11
2.4-2.5 GHz
11 dBi
55°
55°
€ ~ 35
Test with omnidirectional antennas
During the first measurement, in the case of all three AP-s, omnidirectional antennas were mounted. Their outputs
were identical, 15 dBm (30 mW). Measurement was carried out at normal water level and under normal weather
conditions (slightly cloudy, temperature ~ 10 C°).
During the measurement, experience showed that the size of the area radiated by AP1 and AP2 considerably fell behind
the expectations. Only station AP 3 was able to establish a coverage that met former calculations. This station was able
to provide signals exceeding -80 dBm in both directions of the Danube up to a distance of ~ 1.5 km. With the
measurement configuration as specified above, the quality of the connection became weak in the Southern direction at
1,444 rkm, and in the Northern direction at 1,448.5 km.
(See pictures at the next measurement.)
Test with panel antennas I
Due to the non-compliance of the measurement results as described in the previous point, the following changes were
made in the system:
AP1: Firstly, only the omnidirectional antenna was replaced by a panel antenna. In response to this, the received signal
improved by ~ 10 dB as compared to the previous results measured by omnidirectional antenna (measured on the site).
However, it was still insufficient as compared to what was expected. Within troubleshooting, the pigtail connected to
the CM9 card was replaced first. At this time we already experienced a field strength, which already corresponded with
the calculations: at the distance of the Border Port it was ~ 60 dBm, in Northern and Southern directions the strength of
the signal fell below -80 dBm after travelling ~ 2 km.
AP2: First, the omnidirectional antenna was replaced by a panel antenna. During on-site measurements it turned out
that the panel antenna did not significantly improve the situation. Therefore, in this case we changed the pigtail and the
jumper cable (between the antenna and radio unit). Following the replacements, we measured appropriate field
strength at the station. (The reason of the problem was not found as the specific parts worked properly individually.)
Following the replacement of the antennas and fixing the errors of the RF units, the measurement was configured
again. At this time, in the case of the AP1 and AP2 panels, and in the case of AP3 omnidirectional antennas were
mounted. Their outputs were identical, 15 dBm (30 mW). Measurement was carried out at normal water level and
under normal weather conditions (slightly cloudy, temperature ~ 0 C°).
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Measurement 1 at AP1
Difference between measurements 1 and 2 at AP1
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Difference between measurements 1 and 2 at AP2
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Measurement at AP3 (AP3 unchanged)
As a result of the measurement, it can be stated that with three radiating stations, from river kilometre 1,451 up to
river kilometre 1,444, approximately 7 km long, appropriate radio connection can be established with an external
antenna – WiFi coverage reached signals below -80 dBm at these river kilometres. It was a positive experience that
even the WiFi-compatible laptop with an internal antenna, which was located in the pilothouse, could be connected to
the network in good quality and the cell change was smooth during travelling.
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Measurement results with panel antennas along the whole route
(green: P > -65 dBm, yellow: -65 dBm < P <-80 dBm)
It is evident from the measurement results that the quality of the connection is excellent in the close environment of
the AP-s (U>-65 dBm). At a greater distance from the AP-s, radiating stations provide coverage for a relatively great
area. Measurement results also clearly show that panel antennas (AP1 and AP2) result in high quality connection in a
greater width of the Danube.
Test with panel antennas II
With the third measurement, the goal was to find a solution for the problem caused by the lack of coverage, using the
results and experiences of the previous measurements.
The measurement was carried out by using the same ship already described above, Bendegúz, and 5 different laptops,
out of which 3 computers were connected to the network by integrated WiFi adapters and the remaining two by
external WIFI cards.
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Laptop
Network device
Antenna
ASUS UL20A
Intel® WiFi Link 5100 Series
integrated
Dell LAtitude D520
Intel® PRO/Wireless 3945
integrated
Fujitsu Siemens P7010
Intel® PRO/Wireless 2200
integrated
IBM T23
TP Link TL-WN422G
TP Link TL-ANT2405C
IBM G40
TP Link TL-WN422G
TP Link TL-ANT2405C
The laptops used for the measurement
nd
Measurement configuration was identical with that of the 2 measurement.
While examining the results recorded by the laptops in detail, we concluded the following:
-
The program receiving the measurement results records the signals from the detected network at almost
identical intervals. As the speed of the ship is considerably greater in downstream than in upstream navigation,
considering the same distance section, significantly more data are available for the part covered in upstream
navigation.
-
Measurement results are considerably influenced by the type of the network device and/or antenna integrated
into the different computers. The best results were delivered by the computer type Fujitsu Siemens P7010 (a
nearly 5-year-old construction), whereas the new type ASUS UL20A laptop (a one and a half year-old model)
typically received 5-10 dB weaker signals. This difference
-
o
results in a smaller bandwidth regarding the quality of the connection,
o
means a smaller covered area as far as the radiating stations (AP-s) are concerned.
During the measurement the Fujitsu Siemens laptop detected 35 WiFi networks whereas the ASUS detected
valuable signals from 23 networks during the same travel only. The ASUS laptop recorded the signal of network
coverage in approximately every 2nd second, whereas this took place with the Fujitsu Siemens portable
computer in every second. (The reason for this is unknown.)
-
In the cases of the ASUS and DELL laptops we found several times during the measurement that they received
unreal strong signals for some seconds (signals of a magnitude of -10 dBm and +160 dBm may not occur at the
line of the Danube – see Table 6). The incorrect results were measured by the two portable computers at
different places and times (i.e. 3 computers were recording real results at the same place and time parallel)
thus it may be stated that incorrect values are not typical of the coverage but the operation of the computer’s
network device.
-
In the cases of WIFI cards with external USB-s, no significant deviation can be seen between the antenna with
external magnetic base and the own antenna of the device (own antenna of USB WIFI card 4 dBi, antenna with
external magnetic base 5 dBi). The antenna with magnetic base cannot achieve better results despite the
greater antenna gain as the “extra” gain is lost through the cable belonging to the antenna. The antenna with
magnetic base can be used with very good results when connection to the network has to be established in a
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strongly shielded place, however, it is possible to place an external antenna (e.g. ship cabin). At this time there
is no obstacle in the direct optical visibility between the WIFI antenna placed in a free-space and the antenna
of the radiating station thus 2.4 GHz waves travel between the two equipment without any difficulty. In this
frequency range the quality and strength of the connection is basically influenced by the obstacles in the way
of the transmission (e.g. a ship) thus it is important to properly place the portable computer in the room.
Based on the evaluation of the results of the third measurement it can be stated that coverage recorded by the
different laptops changes to the same extent depending on the place. The difference is that different laptops recorded
signals of different values at the same place from the same network depending on the given antenna and/or network
device, however, the difference between the signals measured by the laptops is nearly the same everywhere.
It is an important observation that panel antennas establish a better coverage in a small area (the network can be
reached in a smaller area with a greater bandwidth), whereas omnidirectional antennas can establish lower field
NORTH
SOUTH
strength in a greater area:
Measuring the WIFI network with Fujitsu Siemens P7010 laptop in upstream navigation, illustrated in a diagram
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Measuring the WIFI network with Fujitsu Siemens P7010 laptop in upstream navigation in Google Earth
(green: P > -65 dBm, red: -65 dBm < P <-80 dBm)
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Conclusions
Within the NEWADA project, along the Danube section near Mohács, a three-cell network, complying with the standard
IEEE 802.11 b/g is operating for test purposes. As a result of this, the websites necessary for safe shipping and route
planning are available 7 km long along the Danube. This distance can be extended by further 1-2 km in the Southern
direction by putting the mobile station into operation.
Field strength measured during the second and third measurements meets the expectations which were calculated by
using the equation of free-space attenuation. Considering the fact that typically there are no obstacles in the way of
direct optical visibility along the Danube, based on the preliminary calculations, one supplier has to generate signals
above -80 dBm in a circle with a radius of ~1800 metre.
Due to the size of the covered area, ships have enough time to download the appropriate information even without
landing.
WiFi-compatible devices are available to everyone today, almost all smart telephones or portable computers have
factory-integrated wireless network cards. WiFi networks operate in a free frequency band therefore their use is not
subject to authorisation. Consequently, this band part may become overcrowded in certain cases, thus it is highly
recommended to prepare a survey before installation to assess how occupied the WiFi band is in a certain area. In
order to ensure that our network will not disturb others, and others will not disturb us, it is recommended that panel
antennas are installed – in this way it is less probable that interference occurs with the wireless networks used in
Mohács – which increases the availability of the network.
It can be seen from the above measurement results that the network devices of the computers show different results.
However these are identical as far as the nature of the coverage is identical. The three base stations along the Danube
section at Mohács provide coverage along a distance of minimum 5 km and at a data transmission speed of at least 11
Mbit/sec. Commercially available portable computers and the technical parameters of their integrated wireless
network cards (antenna location, sensitivity of the RF part of the network card, etc.) are different. Depending on the
various network devices, the network can be used even 7 km long and at a speed of 54 Mbit/sec in several sections
(near AP-s).
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ANNEX C - Croatian pilot network – Vukovar
Overview
To enable wireless access near the port of Vukovar best location for antennas had to be chosen. The clear choice was a
tall apartment building close to the port of Vukovar. To avoid additional monthly cost for Internet access the building of
the Agency for Inland Waterways was chosen as the location for the server part and internet access provided by the
WLAN network.
There are two installation locations to cover port of Vukovar, and will be referred by their purpose in the rest of the
document to be more understandable in the context of the system architecture:
Main location – a tall apartment building close to the port
Infrastructure location - the Agency for Inland Waterways building
Both locations will be using 2.4Ghz band and are connected using the same wireless network. In the case of a very high
network load the system can be upgraded so a separate wireless network is used to connect the two locations. The
amount of network traffic that would require this upgrade is not anticipated in the near future.
Main location
This is the highest building in the surrounding area, and
also very near the river bank.
It is the central point of the covered area and contains
all of the antennas for connecting wireless clients to the
system. Two directional antennas will be placed on each
side of the building. The upstream facing one (in port
direction) will be used to cover the most of the planned
area. The other will be exclusively used for the
connection with the “Infrastructure Location”. The third
antenna will be omnidirectional and will be used to
cover the area near the building. Each antenna will be
connected to an access point with an antenna cable.
The access points will be located in a dedicated room
with appropriate power supply, cooling and connected
to each other with CAT 5 LAN cable. The internet
connectivity will be provided by the “Infrastructure
Location”.
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Infrastructure location
This location holds internet connectivity and a
dedicated server for filtering the internet traffic. The
server enabling the internet connection with filtering
will be located in the server room with appropriate
power supply, cooling and internet connectivity. The
server will be connected with the access point using
CAT 5 LAN cable, and the access point will be located in
utility box near the antenna. The antenna will be on the
top of the building mounted on a provided metal pole.
The relatively high location this building provides will
provide a clear line of sight, and enable uninterrupted
connection to the “Main Location”.
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COVERAGE PLANS
The Main Location contains 3 antennas in the same place to properly cover the designated area and provide connection
to the “Infrastructure location”.
The 90 degree directional antenna covers the river area approximately 1km+ upstream, which includes the whole port
area.
The directional antenna has a narrow vertical angle so an omnidirectional is placed beside it
to cover the area near the antenna location.
Main location provides the access for the wireless clients into the system network. From there the connections are
routed to the server which is the bridge between the system network and the internet. The server is also responsible
for filtering all traffic to allowed websites.
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The filtering options of the server are configurable to allow adding more websites to the list, as well as other firewall
options. This requirement is crucial for sustainability of the service in the future. Due to the fact that future
requirements are likely to change, not having the ability to adapt can seriously damage the service value.
Although not all requirements for filtering are known, and it is not possible to anticipate them, there is a set of
requirements that will be the base for the final version.
Service is already known to be limited to a list of allowed websites and those websites will be using standard http ports
(80, 8080) and HTTPS (443). Some additional ports can be enabled as well if needed, but the effects of opening the port
should be considered. HTTP traffic can also contain PROXY traffic which must be disabled since it allows accessing any
website, and would make website access restrictions void.
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EQUIPMENT
Antenna 1 (90 deg)
This is the antenna used to provide signal coverage in remote parts of the port and mooring area. It has a relatively
narrow vertical beam width, resulting in low coverage in immediate vicinity of the antenna location (due to its high
position on the building). Since that area is covered by the omnidirectional antenna, this directional one is aimed at the
other side of the planned coverage area, purposefully missing immediate surroundings in order to improve signal
strength in other areas.
Horizontal beam width
90 deg
Vertical beam width
30 deg
Gain
9.5 dbi
Connector
N
Front to back
25 dB
Mechanical downtilt
45 deg
Weight
0.7 kg
Dimensions ( L x W x H )
254 x 165 x 63.5 mm
Frequency range
2400 – 2485 Mhz
Input return loss
-14 db
VSWR
1.5:1
Impendance
50 OHM
Input power
Max 100 W
Pole diameter
25 mm
Operating temperature
Min -40 Max 70 C°
Antenna patterns
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Antenna 2 (Omnidirectional)
This antenna is used to cover immediate surroundings of the “Main location”, where the signal of the directional
antenna is not strong due to its narrow vertical beam width, as well as mooring area at approximately the same river
hectometre as “Main location” (which is very close to the river bank).
360 deg
Vertical beam width
14 deg
Gain
9 dbi
Connector
N
Radome
UV stable fiberglass
Dimensions ( L x D )
685 x 25 mm
Frequency range
2400 – 2485 Mhz
VSWR
1.5:1
Impendance
50 OHM
Input power
Max 100 W
Pole diameter
25 mm
Min -40 Max 70 C°
Antenna patterns
Antenna 3 (sector)
This is the antenna with the narrowest beam and its main usage is interconnection between the locations. The narrow
beam allows for a high gain enabling better through output, and this is needed to provide better service for multiple
clients connected to the wireless network. The antenna is installed at the “Main location” and is coupled with the
antenna 4 to form a stable and reliable data connection between the two locations.
10 deg
Vertical beam width
8 deg
Gain
24 dbi
Connector
N
Front to back
22 db
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Dimensions ( W x L )
107 x 61 cm
Weight
5.5 kg
Frequency range
2400 – 2485 Mhz
VSWR
1.5:1
Impendance
50 OHM
Input power
Max 100 W
Pole diameter
25 -50 mm
Min -40 Max 70 C°
Antenna patterns
Antenna 4 (sector)
This is an antenna with a very narrow beam and its main usage is interconnection between the locations. The narrow
beam allows for a high gain enabling better through output, and this is needed to provide better service for multiple
clients connected to the wireless network. The antenna is installed at the “Infrastructure location” and is coupled with
the antenna 3 to form a stable and reliable data connection between the locations.
17 deg
Vertical beam width
11 deg
Gain
19 dbi
Connector
N
Front to back
22 db
Dimensions ( W x L )
419 x 610 mm
Weight
2.7 kg
Frequency range
2400 – 2485 Mhz
VSWR
1.5:1
Impendance
50 OHM
Input power
Max 100 W
Pole diameter
25 -50 mm
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Min -40 Max 70 C°
Antenna patterns
Wireless Access Point
The access points will be the core of the wireless part of the network,
allowing users to connect and interconnect the locations. Each access point
its own antenna and will be connected between each other either with
cable or wireless connection. Both locations provide placement of the
access point protected from external elements, providing the possibility to
indoor access point equipment. The placement for the access points on
location is such that there is no need for an antenna cable longer than 10
meters again minimizing the benefits of outdoor units.
has
LAN
use
each
Additional security setup is beneficial without compromising performance.
Disabling communication between clients on the wireless network.
Benefit: protection of the users from hacking activities of third parties connected to the wireless network.
This is a desired option because the network is open and there is no way to recognize legitimate users from malicious
ones.
1. Blocking certain ports on the access point.
Benefit: reduce the traffic on the network and the main firewall.
Service is already known to be limited to a list of allowed websites and those websites will be using standard
http ports (80, 8080) and HTTPS (443). Some additional ports can be enabled as well if needed, but this will
nevertheless significantly reduce unwanted traffic.
Standard Compliance
IEEE 802.11b / IEEE 802.11g, MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output)
Frequency Range (MHz)
2,412 – 2,462
Antenna
1 x external
Wireless security
WPA-PSK (AES, TKIP), 128/64-bit WEP, MAC Address Registration
Adjustable output power
Yes
Temperature
0° – 40° C
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Humidity
Max 80%
Wired LAN
Standard compliance
IEEE802.3u(100 Base-TX) IEEE802.3(10 Base-T)
Data Transfer Rates
10/100 Mbps (1000 Mbps if available is welcome)
Connector Type
RJ-45
Number of Ports
2 or more
Used access points
For the needs of interconnection between the two locations two coupled 3com 7760 wireless access points are used.
These access points have a number of advantages compared to non-professional equipment. Notably, they can work in
full bridge mode and they can be connected via MAC addresses. They also have extended range technology which
allows them to offer better service in situations where two remote locations have to be connected. This is the very
need of the port of Vukovar WLAN implementation.
For the side of the network oriented towards users an additional access point has been obtained. This is a Zyxel
NWA1100 access point which is capable of utilizing two antennas, cancelling all possible problems of multiple SSIDs and
client roaming issues.
All used access points meet or surpass requirements listed in the above table.
Server/firewall
Server is the central point of the system and is responsible for all the traffic from clients to outside world and back. The
server is responsible for filtering all of the traffic and allowing access only to predefined websites. The server is also
responsible for forcing the users to agree to the Terms of Service before accessing any website.
Server hardware is specialized hardware for filtering network traffic, dedicated exclusively to network activity
monitoring.
The provided solution is able to manage and filter traffic under full network load, which will be the maximum the
wireless link can provide.
Most advanced part of the filtering is done by the server and it includes filtering by content. The server is assisted in
filtering by adding some low level rules to the access points, which reduces traffic inside the network and aids the
server in certain extent.
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Testing equipment
The tests have been conducted on two laptop computers, using both integrated wireless network adapter and external,
USB adapter with dedicated antenna. The testing equipment comprised of:
Notebook Toshiba Satellite U400-12P using integrated wireless network adapter
Intel® Wireless WiFi™ Link 4965AGN, Wireless communication Compliancy : Wi-Fi™
Network Support : 802.11a/b/g/Draft-N
Wireless Technology : Wireless LAN (802.11a/b/g/Draft-N)
Notebook Acer Ferrari One 200 using external wireless network adapter
USB stick TP-LINK TL-WN722N 150Mbps High Gain Wireless USB Adapter
Standards: IEEE 802.11n,IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11b
Additional tests in terms of user experience were conducted on other devices, such as mobile phones and additional
laptops. Mobile phones were used to test the possibility of utilizing basic protocols like http (for web access) and
pop/smtp (for email).
Coverage tests
Coverage tests are used to determine the area covered by the signal of the wireless network. The tests are conducted
in such a way that signal strength on the whole area planned to be covered is measured. According to the
implementation Master plan for NEWADA activity 5.5 three levels of signal strength have been defined with borders at 65 and -80dBm. Although signal strength is in this way defined as low for any level worse than -80dBm, it is important
to note that even significantly worse signal strength can still provide a completely satisfactory user experience.
Coverage tests were performed using a vessel of the Agency for Inland Waterways, covering during the procedure port
area of the Port of Vukovar as well as the mooring area at the same stretch of the river and also a stretch of the
Danube fairway along the port area.
Coverage tests have shown that the whole planned area is covered by wireless network signal, although absolute levels
of signal strength are not in the high band. However, receiver tests (covered in the next chapter) have shown that this
signal strength fulfils all the needs of users utilizing the network.
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Coverage map of the Danube stretch along the port area. Locations of the Agency for Inland Waterways building
(Infrastructure location) and the residential high building with communication equipment towards users (Main location)
are depicted.
Receiver tests
Unlike coverage tests which are aimed strictly towards signal strength measurement at different locations throughout
the planned area, receiver tests are used to provide a more realistic idea of usability of the network in everyday
situations.
Several different tests were conducted in this phase:
Connectivity test: data link reliability and proneness to breaks; the percentage of lost packets within a specified time
frame was calculated. This percentage can show directly what level of quality can a user expect in the network. Ideally,
no data packets should be lost.
Speed test: download and upload capacity of the network were tested. This is very important since it can show the
quality of data communication within the network. Download speed depends mostly on shore-side equipment and is
therefore usually limited only by the network administration rules. Upload speed, however, depends heavily on
capabilities of client-side equipment and is therefore a good measurement of network usability.
Connection performance under heavy load: bitorrent protocol was used for this test in order to maximize the number
of data packets within the network, thus generating a situation in which noticable losses can be expected.
User experience test: finally, a simple test of user experience was conducted at different positions along the tested area
by loading of pages such as htttp://www.ris.eu , http://www.vodniputovi.hr , http://www.vukovar.hr and similar.
Locations of conducted receiver tests.
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Receiver test results:
Location
Connectivity test
Speed test (up)
High load
User experience
1
16% loss
0.26Mbps
25kbps
OK
2
not measured
not measured
30kbps
OK
3
2% loss
0.51Mbps
60kbps
OK
4
13% loss
0.97Mbps
60kbps
OK
5
8% loss
not measured
not measured
OK
6
0% loss
0.05Mbps
10kbps
OK
7
0% loss
not measured
not measured
OK
8
14% loss
0.9Mbps
80kbps
OK
9
2% loss
0.9Mbps
80kbps
OK
10
not measured
not measured
not measured
OK
Lessons learned
A number of problems occurred during the implementation and testing phase of the activity. Certain pitfalls have been
identified and these are listed here for future reference. Although some of them are most likely specific to the
implementation in the port of Vukovar, summarized data can be useful within the full scope of the project.
Antenna location
It has been noted that although high buildings offer high signal reach, they add to data packet loss since the full
distance between on-shore equipment and clients is larger. Additionally, highly directed antennas are not used to their
full potential when used from a high position to cover area in relative proximity.
Antenna interconnection
Initial plans of using one antenna at the Main location in port of Vukovar to act as both data channel towards the
Infrastructure location and the access point for clients (initially planned to offer simetrical coverage of the area around
the Main location) had to be abandoned since the loss of gain and focus of the antenna signal caused interruptions in
data flow. The antenna had to be specifically dedicated to the connection between the two locations.
Number of antennas
It is very probable that, when discussing installed antennas, quantity outweighs quality. Instead of a small number of
powerful directed antennas a number of inexpensive smaller antennas, placed at critical junctures , could provide both
better coverage and better reliability and user experience.
The wireless network in the Port of Vukovar has been shown to satisfy initial conditions. The network can be used along
the port area as well as within the mooring area. Since both omnidirectional and directed antennas are installed at the
same location on one end of the port area, the far end is, although covered by the signal, not provided with a signal of
convincing reliability. It has been noted that there is a case for adding another antenna on the far end of the port area.
With this action, full coverage and quality of signal would be ensured.
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ANNEX D - Serbian pilot network - Iron Gate I (RS side)
The Serbian WLAN installation is located at Iron Gate I lock, at river kilometer 945 of the Danube River. The lock is the
part of the barrage which is symmetrical in the common Serbian Romanian stretch of the Danube. In other words, the
same structure of the barrage and lock can be found on both Serbian and Romanian side.
The lock itself has two chambers – meaning that it is so called two step lock. In front of lock at both sides, upper and
lower there is a mooring place for vessels waiting for locking operations.
The dimensions of the lock chambers are the following: length 340m, width 30m.
The height difference between upper and lower water at the lock is approx 30 meters, depending on actual waterlevels.
The idea of the network is to provide access to the navigation related web pages and web services.
The implementation is scheduled for October 2011.
Picture – upper side of the lock, mooring place
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Picture- lower lock chamber
There are 5 access points to be installed and configured. The exact schema is presented at the picture below.
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The position of access points are at camara masts, marked with numbers 1-5 at the diagram. All access points are
connected wirelessly with control tower, which is connected to the internet. Due to large dimensions of the lock
chambers, the interconection between access points is made wirelessly. AP1 and AP2 are covering upper chamber. AP3
and AP3 are covering lower chamber. AP5 is used to cover mooring area in front of lower lock chamber. AP1 has also
antenna which is covering the area in front of upper chamber.
Network coverage is estimated on the basis of the pilot test conducted earlier. Due to later start of the Project for the
Plovput as IPA partner (9 months compared to ERDF financed partners) coverage results for final installation are not yet
available.
Nevertheless the results of the coverage tests for separate access points are available using the same hardware
(Mikrotik 433) and given in separate chapter.
Each access point 1-5 is based on Mikrotik routerboard, model 433. The router at control tower is Mikrotik 433AH.
At the server side, in Belgrade, Mikrotik router model 1100 is used. Dedicated Server controls the connection and host
applications/webpages that are available to users.
The uplink is achieved via wireless internet link to the provide, with symmetrical speed of 1Mbit/s.
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Coverage
Coverage tests results can be assumed on the basis of trial using same hardware, but on a single location. The results of
trial are given here, within this chapter.
Two cases were supposed, one at the law water situation (empty lock) and second at the high water situation (full lock).
For the visualization of the WLAN signal strength a specific graduation was set as shown in the table 1.
Legend
Signal strength
-50db to -65db
-65db to -80 db
-80db to -90db
Table - Signal strength graduation
Measurements using onboard internal antenna (integrated notebook wireless receiver)
Lock and lock entrance basin measurements
The results are visualized using AutoCAD Map 2011 and can be seen on the picture below.
Picture- Lock basin measurements at low water with internal antenna
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Picture -Lock basin measurements at high water with internal antenna
Picture -Lock entrance basin measurements with internal antenna
Results in the lock basin were excellent in any condition and in any position inside the lock. Measurements are showing
that the position, orientation and the vertical angle of the antenna were properly set and that it could be use for the
permanent installation of the WLAN equipment.
Lock downstream basin measurements
For the measurements of the WLAN signal strength in the wider area downstream of the Iron Gate I lock the antenna
was placed at the lower part of the pier. The orientation of the antenna was downstream and the radiance diameter
was approx. 120°.
Results of the measurements of the Panel 15 antenna and the internal WLAN antenna (notebook antenna) are shown in
the pictures below. Approximately 900 m downstream of the onshore antenna the WLAN signal reception was usable.
Page 81 of 111
Picture - Lock downstream basin measurements with internal antenna
Page 82 of 111
Measurements using onboard receiver with external wireless antenna
Lock and lock entrance basin measurements
Picture - Lock basin measurements at low water with external antenna
Picture - Lock basin measurements at high water with external antenna
Lock downstream basin measurements
Page 83 of 111
Picture- Lock entrance basin measurements with external antenna
Page 84 of 111
ANNEX E - Romanian Danube pilot network – Iron Gate I (RO side)
Romanian Danube Pilot network was implemented at the Iron Gates I on the Romanian shore. Wi-Fi network will
provide access for navigators to the following services:
Public access to FIS Newada Portal.
Public internet access and other RIS Portals (e.g. www.afdj.ro , www.roris.ro ).
Secured access (VPN) to AFDJ internal network.
Wi-Fi network was designed to be :
Modular – minimum MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) or upgrade with minimal expenses
Configurable - limit/permit access to services/ users
Scalable - extending coverage and future Wi-Fi networks integration just by adding additional modules.
IRON GATES I - Romania
Wi-Fi network Performance criteria considered was :
1 Mbps minimum bandwidth for users
Wi-Fi coverage to be ~ 1 km away from the end of the lock for the waiting area.
Mobility and roaming between Aps
All 802.11 standards 802.11a/b/g/n
The Iron Gates I Romania Wi-Fi Network Pilot was implemented on June 2011 because it was necessary to consider
that the lock will enter into repairs for a period of one year . For this reason we could not do coverage tests in the
upstream lock . but we believe that the coverage is similar to downstream area as long as land geography and
equipments are similar.
Network topology is “Star” configuration Adaptive Wi-Fi network consisting of :
Four Motorola AP650 Access Points(AP)
Two Motorola Dual Band Panel antennas (75° /9dBi) connected to each AP, total of eight antennas
Page 85 of 111
One Motorola RFS4000 Wi-Fi Controller/Router for convergence between wired and wireless services and for roaming
and mobility .
Two UBNT Point To Point (PTP) radio links.
Iron Gates I NEWADA Network Architecture
Connection to web server that will host the FIS and other national and international RIS servers will be done over the
Internet. Connection to the internal AFDJ network will be done over an encrypted VPN and will use separate VLANs for
traffic separation and security.
Page 86 of 111
WiFi network is divided into two sub-networks:
A. Access Network
Access Network is to ensure through the standard 802.11 a / b / g / n users access (skippers) to required
services.
Access Network is composed of four (Access Point sites) noted MAP1, MAP2, MAP3, MAP4 in the picture
above.
B. Transport Network
Transport Network is to provide transport of data between Wi-Fi network (APs) and Motorola RFS4000
Controller.
Transport Network is composed of two PTP radio links 802.11a standard UL1 - UL2, UL3 - UL4 exemplified
in the picture above.
Page 87 of 111
Equipments used :
MOTOROLA AP650
- Dimension : 24.13 cm L x 18.916 cm W x 4.36 cm H
- Power Consumption : 13W
- Weight :1 Kg
Key Features:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dual Band MIMO(2x3) AP supporting all Wi-Fi standards : 802.11 a/b/g/n
SMART RF feature that automatically optimizes power and channel selection so each user
gets always-on high-quality access and mobility.
300 Mbps bandwidth
Used in conjunction with powerful RFS4000 Motorola Wi-Fi controller the user is
automatically associated with the best AP. The hand-over between AP’s is made
automatically and transparent to the user, no need for AP re-association and data flow
interruptions .
QoS Wireless services
IDS/IPS Services and Firewall
Can work in many network topology : mesh network, adaptive network, hot-spot
High radio receiver sensitivity (-95 dBm@1Mbps) increasing the AP radio coverage
MTBF over 40 years
ML-2452-PNL9M3-036 MIMO Dual Band
- Dimension : 25.9 cm L x 25.9 cm W x 3.3 cm H
- Weight :1 Kg
Key Features:
Page 88 of 111
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dual Band MIMO(2x3) AP supporting all Wi-Fi standards : 802.11 a/b/g/n
Frequency : 2450-2500/5150-5875 MHz
Gain (dBi) 8.0 / 10.7
Polarization Linear, Vertical
Azimuth 3dB Beamwidth: 75° / 55°
Elevation 3dB Beamwidth: 70° / 60°
Cable Length (in.) 36
Cable Type Low Temperature Plenum
Connector Type RP-SMA Male
Motorola RFS400
- WiFi Integrated Service Controller
- Layer 3 routing capability
- Encrypted VPN capability
- Security, Firewall, QoS
- PoE capability
Key Features:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Integrated Service controller for Wi-Fi networks.
Router L2/L3 functionalities (include IPSEC VPN,DHCP Server, Radius, IDS/IPS engine, Anomaly
Analysis engine).
Manage all the users connected to each AP, so the network will be transparent to the users.(no
need to re-assocciate each time to other network AP).
Supports up to 24 different WLANs in the same network.
Optimized Wireless QoS.
Optional 3G modem for backup.
Wireless IDS/IPS and Firewall for wireless interfaces.
MTBF over 65000 hours.
WMM Power Save
Dynamic Load Balancing with bandwidth management
Possibility for future cluster configuration . (integrates two or more networks in one cluster
transparent to the user).
PTP Radio Link
Page 89 of 111
UBNT NanoStation M5 Locco
- Dimension : 16.3 cm. L x 3.1 cm. H x 8cm. W
- Power Consumption: 5 W
- Weight : 0,18 Kg
Standard : 802.11a
Antena Gain : 8.5 dBi
Integrated antenna
PoE 802.af
Installation Pictures :
MAP1
Page 90 of 111
MAP2
MAP3
Page 91 of 111
MAP4
For the visualization of the WLAN signal strength a specific graduation was set as shown in the Table 1.
Legend
Signal strength
-50dbm to -65db
-65db to -80 db
-80db to -90db
Table 1. Signal strength graduation
Because the lock is in repair for one year, radio coverage tests were performed only in downstream and inside the
downstream lock (low level water situation only) . However, radio coverage tests have been performed on the side
(shore) of the upstream lock. The complete radio coverage tests will be performed after the lock will be repaired and
reopened for naval traffic .
Test hardware :
Downstream and downstream lock : DELL STUDIO1535 with integrated antenna . Standard 802.11g
Page 92 of 111
Side(shore) of the upstream lock : LinkSys Dual Band WUSB600N – Standard 802.11n
Coverage results :
Upstream coverage – MAP3
Upstream coverage – MAP1
Page 93 of 111
Upstream coverage – MAP1, MAP3 composite coverage
Upstream lock radio coverage – The test equipment was used only on side(shore) of the upstream lock because of lock
maintanance repairs.
Page 94 of 111
ANNEX F - Romanian Danube-Black Sea Canal pilot networks (Cernavoda, Agigea, Ovidiu,
Medgidia)
W L AN S yst em D e sc r i pt ion
The countries of Central and South - Eastern Europe base their river transport system on the employment of
Danube as a waterway.
The Danube Black Sea Canal ensures a connection between Constanta Port and Rotterdam Port on the
Trans-European Waterway System Rhine-Main-Danube, between North Sea and Black Sea.
The Administration of the Navigable Canals S.H. holds in patrimonies the navigable canal Danube-Black Sea
and the navigable canal Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari, including related infrastructure, consisting of four
locks located at Cernavoda, Agigea, Ovidiu and Navodari and four ports located at Basarabi, Medgidia,
Ovidiu and Luminita
At waiting points such as berths, ports and locks wireless access points were implemented to be able to
provide updated data out of the FIS Portal to the users. Coverage and user test will be carried out which
serve as a basis for guidelines on the implementation and the usage of such access points.
The location were the access points was installed are:
Agigea Lock coordinates: 44 05.9826N/28 38.4831E
Cernavoda Lock coordinates : 44 20.9138N/28 01.3856E
Ovidiu Lock coordinates : 44 16.0574N/28 33.5429E
Medgidia Port coordinates: 44 11.8740N/28 18.0275E
WLAN System requirements
NEWADA WLAN pilot network agreed minimum requirements:
802.11b and 802.11g as mandatory service and 802.11a and/or 802.11n as optional
The agreed common approach is to access the NEWADA Danube FIS Portal as a minimum content
Public network is suggested in NEWADA without using any encryption keys (WEP,WPA)
Power output limitation regulations:
2,5 GHz: 100mW
5,8 GHz: 1W
5,9 GHz: 4W
Proposed Services for WiFi pilot network
Access the NEWADA Danube FIS Portal using un unencrypted public WiFi network
Access internet and other RIS portals – using un encrypted WiFi network
Secure access for ACN personnel to ACN VTMIS network
A minimum bandwidth of 1Mbps is required in all data transfers in the specified areas (locks, port)
802.11b/g standard services in Locks : Agigea, Cernavoda, Ovidiu
802.11a/b/g and 802.11n draft 2.0. standards services for Medgidia Port
Page 95 of 111
Agigea
Lock
Ovidiu Lock
Medgidia Port
Cernavoda Lock
Page 96 of 111
ke
La
ul
sa
Ta
P ro p o s e d W L A N n e tw o rk
ac
Bl
kS
utg
Si
O vidiu
L ock
ea
e
ak
lL
hio
N av odari
L ock
AP
AP
E xisting co m m un ic ation N etw ork
VLAN
C ernavo da
L ock
AP
AP
VLAN
V LA N
AP
A gigea
L ock
B asarab i
H arbo ur
M edg idia
H arbo ur
AP
AP
AP
VLAN
F IS P o rta l
Fig.1 ACN NEWADA WLAN architecture
The systems are installed in the following waiting areas:
Locks: Cernavodă, Agigea and Ovidiu.
Standard: 802.11 b/g
Two Acces Points in each lock
Port: Medgidia
Standards: 802.11 a/b/g and 802.11n draft 2.0 both 2,4GHz and 5GHz for testing purposes
Two Access Points (APs) to cover the entire port area
The system will use the existing communication infrastructure between Locks. This VLAN network is
implemented by ACN in a different project.
The WLAN network is connected in Agigea to the Internet in order that the clients will be able to
access the FIS Portal. The access will be restricted to FIS portal and other relevant RIS websites.
Hardware implementations
WiFi equipments specifications
Outdoor equipments
PoE (Power over Ethernet)
Cvasidirectional antennae: 30-40 degree sector antennae with 10-14 dBi gain
Page 97 of 111
WiFi security standards accepted: WPA2 with TKIP and AES
Possibility to create more parallel WiFi networks using the same AP
Standard: 802.11 b/g for Locks
Standards: 802.11 a/b/g and 802.11n draft 2.0 for Medgidia Port
Lock installations
Two WiFi Access Points were installed on the pilot locations Agigea, Ovidiu and Cernavoda. The
equipments used for this location are:
Cisco Aironet 1300 - AIR BR1310G-E-K9
These Access Points have an integrated sector antenna with these main
characteristics:
13-dBi gain for the main lobe
36° E-plane by 38° H-plane (3-dB beam width)
Standard compliance: Standard: IEEE 802.11 b/g
The AP’s were configured with a non encrypted broadcasted SSID.
In order to obtain level 3 communication, the AP’s were configured as DHCP servers to automatically assign
IP addresses to clients.
The AP’s are installed on the Lock tower, one on each side. In the following figure is presented the
orientation of the antennae main lobe.
Fig. 2 - The orientation of the main antennae lobe
Page 98 of 111
Port installations
The equipments used for this location are:
Cisco Aironet 1250 Family - Access Point AIR-AP1252AG-E-K9
Has two radio modules which work simultaneous
Two diversity antena one for 2,4GHz band and one for 5GHz
band
Used antennas:
Cisco Aironet 5-GHz MIMO 6-dBi Patch Antenna
Cisco Aironet 2.4-GHz MIMO 6-dBi Patch Antenna
Main Specifications:
- 6-dBi gain
- 65° E-plane by 65° H-plane (3-dB beam width)
Medgidia Port area installations:
Page 99 of 111
Fig. 3 – The proposed sector antennae orientation in Medgidia Port
Page 100 of 111
Medgidia Port equipment installations:
Fig. 4 Medgidia Harbour installations
Fig. 4 Medgidia Port AP1 installation
Page 101 of 111
Fig. 5 Medgidia Port AP2 installation
WLAN Tests
There were two series of tests that were preformed:
Page 102 of 111
• WLAN Network Coverage
• Throughput tests
1. Agigea Lock
Tests performed
• Spectrum analysis
• WLAN Coverage
• IP Throughput tests
Spectrum analysis
Test Methodology
A FLUKE AnalyserAir WiFi Spectrum Analyzer was used in order to identify possible interference
sources in 2.4 GHz band.
RF spectrum tests will be conducted for a 10 minute interval looking for interference signals that
could affect the number of interfering WiFi networks or the RF interference sources.
Fig. 6 - The equipment employed for the field tests
Test Results
The tests were performed on 13 November 2010 in Agigea Lock.
No major interference sources were identified. There were no CW continuous carriers identified in
the 2,4 GHz band in the Lock area. The 2.4 RF environment practically not used in the area. Only 2 other WiFi
APs was identified in this zone.
Maximum power level received for the whole band does not exceed -55dBm and the maximum
power received is from NEWADA AP’s.
Page 103 of 111
Fig 7 - Spectrum analysis for the 2.4 GHz band
WLAN Coverage
Test Methodology
The signal level was recorded in the lock area.
Two laptops were used with internal antennas. The tests were done inside the ship cabin.
The inSSIDer v2.0 program was used for recording the signal, connected with an external Bluetooth
GPS for localization.
The tests were performed in the most disadvantageous scenario, at the lowest level of water in the lock.
Page 104 of 111
Fig 8 – Coverage Tests Performed
Page 105 of 111
Test Results
Fig 9 – Test results for Agigea Lock in low water conditions
Page 106 of 111
IP Throughput tests
Test Methodology
IP throuput tests were performed over the WLAN link.
A laptop with an Iperf Server was connected to the Acces Point and throughput was measured using an
Iperf Client running on the laptops on the boat.
Iperf v2.0.5 software was used.
Test Results
Fig 10 – iperf throuput tests
The Iperf software has no possibility to record also GPS position, but from the time recording
analysis a throughput rate of minimum 0,5Kbps was obtained in all the points inside the lock.
There was a spot at the entrance gate near the lock wall where due to the low level of water there was no direct
visibility to the AP the signal was -85/-86 dBm and the association was lost
2. Medgidia Port
WLAN Coverage
Test Methodology
The signal level was recorded in the port area. Laptops were used with internal antennas. The tests were done inside the ship cabin.
The inSSIDer v2.0 program was used for recording the signal, connected with an external Bluetooth GPS for localization.
Test Results in 2,4GHz
Fig 11 – Test results for Medgidia Harbour AP1
Fig 12 – Test results for Medgidia Harbour AP2
Page 109 of 111
Conclusions
For Lock WLAN services, the installations with two AP’s, one installed for each chamber is a
suitable solution, assuring a complete coverage for the entire chambers area even in low water level.
The tests performed in locks demonstrate a good WLAN coverage with a signal level higher than
-80dBm in most cases and an IP throughput range of more than 500Kbps in all cases.
It was one black spot identified in Agigea lock at the entrance gate, near the wall, and in low
water conditions.
For the Medgidia Port a rectangular area of 1000 x 300 meters was covered using two access
points, one on each side. A good signal level was measured for each access point up to a distance of
aprox. 600m from the access point. Also the association was continuously in this area, to one access
point or to the second.
Comparison between different laptops
For testing the WLAN signal level and coverage area different laptops were used:
• SONY VAIO VGN-S170P – Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2200BG Network Card
• DELL Latitude D630 - Intel 3945 WLAN 802.11a/g)mini Card
• TOSHIBA Satellite – L650-177 – Broadcom 802.11b/g/n
All the laptops had internal antennas and tests were performed in the same conditions. The
signal level received from different laptops was very different. The most sensitive one was SONY VAIO
with a reception signal level of +6dB respectively +8dB more than the other two laptops.
All the tests were performed with the laptops inside the cabin in normal operating conditions. Some tests were
performed with the laptops outside and the reception signal level and association distance increased significantly.
Comparison between 802.11g and 802.11n draft 2.0
Some comparative tests were performed in Medgidia Port between 802.11g and 802.11n draft 2.0 both
in the 2,4GHz band. The throughput was much higher in the area near the AP using 802.11n protocol.
Also, for the same throughput of 1Mbps the coverage area increased very much, up to twice the
distance measured using 802.11g protocol.
The protocol 802.11n is using MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) technology with patch antennas (three
antennas for spatial diversity) and provides a much better throughput and coverage using the same
frequency band.
- End of document -
Page 111 of 111

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR WLAN ACCESS POINTS

Transcription

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