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CONTRIBUTORS
Cobbs and Mitchell Building Historic District Study Committee
Gwen DuBravec
Jerry Faloon
Timothy Knaggs
Nan Taylor
Cadillac City Council
Mayor William Barnett
Douglas Mellema
Tiyi Schippers
Shari Spoelman
Art Stevens
Community Development Department
Gerald Adams – Community Development Director
Andrew Haglund – Assistant Planner / MI Cool Cities Intern
Brian Schweigl – Community Development Analyst
Data Collection
Albert Meshkin – President, Michilake Corporation
Pat Meyer – Pat Meyer Restoration, LLC
CONTENTS
I. Charge of the Historic District Study Committee…………………………………...……………….. 1
II. Study Committee Members………………………………………………………...……………….... 1
III. Boundaries of the Proposed District……………………………………...…………………………. 1
IV. History of the Proposed District……………………………………………………..………………. 2
V. Description of the Proposed District……………………………………………………...…………..4
VI. Significance of the Proposed District………………………………………………........................ 5
VII. Resources of the Proposed District………………………………………………………………… 7
VIII. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………..… 8
IX. Images…………………………………………………………………………………....................... 9
Attachment 1: Visual District Boundary Description
Attachment 2: Aerial Image of Surrounding Area
Attachment 3: Aerial Image of Proposed Historic District
Attachment 4: 1871 Plat of the Village of Clam Lake
Attachment 5: Cobbs and Mitchell Building Main Floor Plan
PRELIMINARY HISTORIC DISTRICT STUDY COMMITTEE REPORT
COBBS AND MITCHELL BUILDING HISTORIC DISTRICT
CADILLAC, MICHIGAN
I. Charge of the Historic District Study Committee
The Historic District Study Committee was established by Resolution Number 1917 of the
Cadillac City Council on April 19, 2010. The committee is charged with determining whether or
not a single-site local historic district should be established at 100 East Chapin Street in Cadillac,
a property commonly known as the Cobbs and Mitchell Building.
II. Study Committee Members
Gwen DuBravec is a Cadillac resident and serves as president of the Cadillac Preservation Guild,
which is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of historic structures in the
Cadillac area.
Jerry Faloon is a Cadillac resident and a senior real estate sales agent with Coldwell Banker
Schmidt Real Estate in Cadillac. Mr. Faloon has actively participated in a variety of community
development projects including the formation of the Courthouse Hill Historic District, Wexford
County Master Plan, downtown development design projects, and other planning and
development projects. He has taken an active interest in the preservation and maintenance of
the Courthouse Hill Historic District and in the marketing of historic properties.
Timothy Knaggs is a Cadillac resident and owner of a local insurance agency with offices in
Cadillac and Manton. Mr. Knaggs is a former chairperson of the Cadillac Planning Commission
and has been an active participant on a range of community development projects involving
downtown development, historic preservation, the development of a citywide master plan, zoning,
and higher education.
Nan Taylor is a Cadillac resident, a member of the Courthouse Hill Historic District Commission,
and a past president of the Wexford County Historical Society and Museum. She is a field
representative for the Michigan Historic Preservation Network (MHPN) in Lansing and the
National Trust for Historic Preservation. Ms. Taylor holds a Master’s Degree in Historic
Preservation from the Savannah College of Art and Design in Savannah, Georgia.
III. Boundaries of the Proposed District
A. Written Boundary Description
The proposed Cobbs and Mitchell Building Historic District consists of the property commonly
known as 100 East Chapin Street and officially known as the following parcel:
10-086-00-212-00
The proposed district occupies the northwest end of lots 2-6 of Block 8 of Mitchell’s Revised Plot
of the Village of Clam Lake (now the City of Cadillac), located in Section 3, Town 21 North,
Range 9 West in Wexford County, Michigan. The proposed district is bounded to the north by
1
East Chapin Street, to the west by Mitchell Street, to the south by the parcel commonly known as
323 South Mitchell Street, and to the east by the public alleyway referenced above.
B. Visual Boundary Description
See Attachment 1
C. Boundary Justification
The proposed district includes a single parcel of land containing the Cobbs and Mitchell Building.
When originally platted in the 1871 Plat of the Village of Clam Lake (See Attachment 4), the land
was split into five separate parcels. Since that time, the parcels have been combined to form the
single parcel described herein. The area around the proposed district is characterized by newer
commercial structures (visible in Images 20-22).
IV. History of the Proposed District
While the new Grand Rapids-to-Traverse City state road was opening up the western side of
Wexford County to settlement in the mid-1860s, a handful of men were prowling the hills on the
eastern side of the county for different reasons. Some of them were railroad surveyors; the
others, land-lookers, were scouting out choice commercial pine lands for speculative purchase.
Northern Michigan was a vast reservoir of raw material for the building industry. Even before the
Civil War, Michigan’s coastal cities were shipping large quantities of pine. Everyone knew that
after the war, railroads would open up the state’s interior. Earlier, in 1850, Congress passed the
first land grant act to encourage economic development. More would quickly follow. The usual
grant gave the railroad alternate sections of land, amounting to half of all the acreage, for a
distance of six miles either side of the railroad right-of-way. Many railroads were built for the
money to be made from the sale of the land; not because of anticipation of operating profits.
The Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad (G.R. & I.) was awarded a grant to build a railroad from
Grand Rapids to the Straits of Mackinaw. The war and other factors delayed construction, but
finally in 1867 the first track was laid. The originally planned route would take the railroad
between Little Clam Lake (Lake Cadillac) and Big Clam Lake (Lake Mitchell); west of the present
site of Cadillac. However, that section of the original route would soon be changed.
George A. Mitchell was the youngest son of William Mitchell from Kendallville, Indiana. William
was a man of considerable influence. He was a U.S. Congressman, founded a bank in
Kendallville and fortuitously for Cadillac, he was also a G.R. & I. Railroad investor. In the summer
of 1869 George Mitchell started north from Grand Rapids to explore the proposed route of the
G.R. & I. He was particularly interested in the area surrounding Clam Lake (Cadillac). As a
lumberman he soon recognized establishing a settlement at the east end of Little Clam Lake
would take advantage of the prevailing westerly winds to float the logs eastward to the mills and
the lake would provide a large floating storage area for the logs. The “river” connecting the two
lakes would also open lands to the west of Big Clam Lake. George influenced the railroad to alter
its route along the east end of Little Clam Lake. Soon thereafter, he was able to acquire
considerable land in the area, including the site where he envisioned a new city.
2
At the beginning of 1871, the site presently occupied by the Cobbs and Mitchell Building Historic
District was covered by a dense pine forest. There was nothing to indicate the presence of
humans except the occasional government survey markers and blaze-marked trees. Before the
summer was over, the central part of Mitchell’s plat of the Village of Clam Lake (officially filed in
October, 1871) had been cleared and decisions were made as to the major lines along which the
streets would run. Little Clam Lake provided the west boundary, Park Street the east boundary
and Howard Street the south boundary.
George, like his father and brothers, was a visionary with a strong commitment to community.
Every civic need was anticipated by Mitchell. His plat included not only business and residential
lots, but public places like a city park. Every church organized during his lifetime was given a free
lot. The city’s Maple Hill cemetery was a gift. His plat also included a block designated for a
county building; somewhat presumptuous considering the county seat was already established in
Sherman, 20 miles away.
The first supply train arrived in Clam Lake on January 8, 1872. That same year a newspaper
account indicated that the village was home to 60 families, a total of 300 people. The village
contained two hotels, four general stores, one hardware, blacksmith shops, wagon shops, and
shoe shops.
Mitchell, by using a strong power of persuasion and inducements, was able to attract mill
operators and other businessmen to the new community. In 1874 Jonathon W. Cobbs bought an
existing mill. Both Mitchell and Cobbs played an instrumental role in the city’s development that
became a prosperous hub of the lumber industry in northern Michigan. The Cobbs and Mitchell
families were the prominent founders of the city. In 1887, Cadillac became a city and George A.
Mitchell became its first mayor. In 1880, Cobbs & Mitchell, Inc. was founded and was among the
largest lumber processing companies in Michigan. Its “Electric” Maple Flooring was its dominant
product, but hemlock and other woods from the company’s vast land holdings were also sawn
into trims, paneling and specialty flooring. Cobbs & Mitchell warehouses could hold over 3 million
square feet of finished flooring; additionally, Mitchell Brothers Company (a separate entity) was
processing over 25,000 acres of hardwood into flooring and other products. In 1902, Cobbs &
Mitchell furnished maple flooring incorporated in the renovation of the White House. At the high
point of production, 100,000 feet of raw lumber was being shipped into Cadillac daily to supply
Cobbs & Mitchell’s flooring mills.
In 1905, George DeWitt Mason, whose office was in Detroit and who was a well-known architect
throughout Michigan, designed the two-story, 11,762 square foot, Neoclassical Cobbs & Mitchell
Building that was completed in 1907 on the southeast corner of South Mitchell and East Chapin
Streets. The Cobbs and Mitchell Building was built at a cost of $80,000 and as it opened in
January of 1908, it was hailed as the “largest building used exclusively for office purposes in
northern Michigan” and a “dignified and permanent exhibit of the finer use of Michigan woods.” It
was also a leading example of the lumber industry in which it played an important role in the
i
commerce and architecture of the area. Located prominently in downtown Cadillac, the Cobbs &
Mitchell Building has served for nearly 90 years as a symbol of the prestige and wealth that
lumber brought to the city at the turn of the century. It was jointly owned by different parties after
completion including Cobbs & Mitchell, Inc. and the Mitchell Bros. Company, both of Cadillac, MI.
Each company used the building for office space and sales departments. Cadillac Chemical
Company also leased office space for their executive offices.
i
“Industrial Cadillac.” Hardwood Record. Chicago, IL. September, 1907.
3
In 1938, the Cobbs and Mitchell Building was sold to the Michigan State Highway Department
and served as the District No. 3 headquarters as the State Highway System was expanding
northward. The building served as a pivotal place for the planning of commerce and tourism for
ii
the area during the post-depression and post-war years.
The building was occupied by the Michigan Department of Transportation until May, 2008. The
City of Cadillac acquired the building from the State in 2010 for the intent of reuse by the private
sector. It was sold to the Michilake Corporation, a private developer, in 2010.
New ownership has the building heading in a direction that will showcase this site for many years
to come. The developer’s goal for the re-use of the Cobbs and Mitchell Building is to “preserve
and restore the building to its former grandeur while adapting it for modern use. Restoration for
adaptive reuse allows for the reuse of historic structures to fit present-day needs. With new
electrical and data systems, heating and air conditioning, and handicap accessibility, the Cobbs
and Mitchell Building will be equipped to meet the requirements for modern use while maintaining
the elegance of a turn-of-the-century building. The main floor will continue to function as office
space while the garden level will serve as a unique restaurant serving local fare and live music.
The third level may become an art gallery with generous space to allow for banquets and events.”
V. Description of the Proposed District
The proposed Cobbs and Mitchell Building Historic District is located in the heart of downtown
Cadillac, east of Lake Cadillac and southwest of the previously-established Courthouse Hill
Historic District (See Attachments 2 & 3). The proposed district is comprised of a single parcel of
land approximately 0.83 acres in size (144’ x 250’ lot). The property is characterized by a single
permanent structure (the Cobbs and Mitchell Building), a paved parking lot, lawn areas, and two
prefabricated, foundationless sheds. The building’s is oriented to the north-northeast toward East
Chapin Street. The paved parking lot is located behind, or south of, the building. Lawn areas are
located between the building and East Chapin Street, between the parking lot and South Mitchell
Street, and as a median in the parking lot. A mix of deciduous and coniferous trees grows in the
lawn areas. The two wooden sheds are located at the southeast corner of the parcel.
Currently, the building consists of just over 13,000 square feet including a main floor, basement
and unfinished attic (See Attachment 5) for the building’s main floor plan). Its façade is
symmetrical and features a grand central entryway adorned with decorative garland molds. The
exterior of the building is characterized by an eight-foot smooth limestone base at the threequarter basement level, brick exterior walls, a Greek key cornice, terra cotta window surrounds
with prominent keystones, and a segmented hip roof. The main floor serves as the principal
office area and features six executive offices and a director’s room on the west wing. The interior
of this building is lavishly finished in nine varieties of Michigan woods: clear hemlock, gray elm,
white maple, bird’s-eye maple, clear birch, clear red birch, curly red birch, clear red beech, and
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clear red oak.
Three marble fireplaces remain in the upper level private offices, and the heavily embossed wall
coverings with fleur-de-lis and other abstract organic patterns, typify the early 20th century highend wall coverings. Most used were famous brand names, new to the market: Sanitas and
ii
iii
Cadillac Evening News. “State Highway Building Dedicated Today.” June 14, 1939.
American Lumberman. “Michigan’s Woods Intelligently Exploited.” February 25, 1911.
4
Leatherole. All of the original interior doors remain, as well as some of the original light fixtures.
The original wood flooring is intact on the main (upper) level; and the tile floors are original and
iv
remain intact on the garden (lower) level. The Mitchells’ private offices, located side by side,
were an exemplification of the possibilities of curly birch in its natural color, as shown in Image 2,
while the director’s room is finished in red birch stained to a mahogany tone. No two of the more
important rooms in the building are finished alike, as it was the intention of the designers to create
a harmonizing effect throughout, showing the possibilities of the various types of finish under
suitable decorative treatment.
The east wing contains less elaborate offices, two vaults, and storage rooms. The basement,
which once featured a dining room and adjoining club room, served as open office space when
the Michigan State Highway Department occupied the building. The dining room features clear
v
hemlock, a wood uncommon in decorative design, with a Dutch brown stain as shown in Image
1. The basement also includes additional offices, a vault, mechanical rooms, and the only two
bathrooms in the building. The attic is spacious and unfinished and has served primarily as
storage space. Most rooms feature wood wainscoting, wide crown molding, and window and door
trim finished in a variety of stains. Wood is not the only significant feature on display at the Cobbs
and Mitchell Building as the main floor executive offices and director’s room are appointed with
marble-faced decorative fireplaces and heavily embossed English wall coverings.
The first floor is clad with a gray-white brick laid in English bond pattern surmounted by a terra
cotta frieze with an ornamental fret. The building’s principal façade is classically influenced,
featuring a prominent limestone stairway with double flights, a large landing, and paired
decorative lights leads to the main entrance with a stained glass transom. The entry bears the
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bronze plaques denoting the original tenants.
The parking lot is paved with concrete, and it provides 39 angled parking spaces. Vehicles enter
and exit the parking lot via a public alleyway that connects East Chapin Street with Stimson
Street.
VI. Significance of the Proposed District
A. Summary of Significance
The proposed Cobbs and Mitchell Building Historic District is significant under National Register
Criterion A, for its association with a pattern of historical events, namely the rise of the lumber
industry in Cadillac, again under Criterion A, for its association with the Michigan State Highway
Department as the highway system expanded to northern Michigan, under Criterion C, for its
association with a master architect (George DeWitt Mason), and again under Criterion C, for its
embodiment of the distinctive characteristics of Neoclassical Revival design. The proposed
district has two periods of significance: from 1907 to 1930 when it was associated with the lumber
industry and from 1939 to 1969 when the Michigan State Highway Department owned the
property as it was expanding the state highway system northward.
iv
City of Cadillac, “RFP for the Rehabilitation of the Cobbs and Mitchell Building,” 2008.
Ibid.
vi
“Facility Master Plan Study: MDOT District 3 Offices,” Birtles & Hagerman Architects, Cadillac, MI: 1993, page 5.
v
5
B. The National Register Criteria
The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture
is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location,
design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and:
A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns
of our history.
The Cobbs and Mitchell Building is eligible under Criterion A for its association with the lumber
industry in Michigan during its first period of significance (1905-1930). Cadillac has a long and
interesting history. Cadillac is the largest city in Wexford County, which was originally named by
Native Americans as “Kautawabet” meaning “Broken Tooth”, after a Potawatamie chief who
signed the Great Peace Treaty of 1825. Cadillac was first organized in 1872 by William Mitchell (a
lumber baron) and was named Clam Lake Village. The county seat, however, was in the village of
Sherman, although Manton briefly held the honor. In 1882 there was a political dispute to change
the location of the county seat. A group of politicians thought to change the name of Clam Lake
Village to Cadillac, after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, an early Michigan explorer and founder of
Detroit. Changing the name tricked the legislators and Cadillac became the “new” county seat.
Lumber was the prime industry in the late 1800s, and the population of Cadillac grew to about
10,000. Four main families helped to settle Cadillac, including the Mitchells, Cummers, Diggens’,
and Cobbs’. These names are prevalent throughout Cadillac; streets, buildings and other
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landmarks are named after them. The homes of Frank Cobbs (son of Jonathan) and of Charles
Mitchell (brother of George; son of William) are listed in the Michigan State Register of Historic
Sites.
Cadillac was one of the few non-river lumbering communities that grew and prospered. The main
reason for this was the invention of the Shay Locomotive, invented and constructed in Cadillac by
Ephraim Shay. The Shay was instrumental in the success of the logging industry because of its
ability to climb steep mountains grades effortlessly and to maneuver sharp turns and
imperfections in the track. Until the invention of the Shay Locomotive, horses were used to
transport the logs. This was a slow, costly and often dangerous process. Cadillac is fortunate to
have a restored Shay Locomotive displayed at City Park.
The structure is also eligible under Criterion A for its association with Transportation and Tourism,
as it housed the Michigan Department of Transportation’s District No. 3 Headquarters during its
second period of significance (1939-1969) when the State Highway system was expanding the
highway system northward in Michigan. The State Highway Department acquired the building for
$18,000.00 in April of 1938, and through Works Progress Administration funding invested an
additional $20,000 in renovations to the building’s lighting and mechanical systems.
C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that
represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant
and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
The Cobbs and Mitchell Building is eligible under Criterion C for its association with prominent
architect, George DeWitt Mason (who also designed the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island and
vii
“Portrait and Biographical Record,” Record Publishing, Chicago: 1895.
6
many prominent Detroit buildings), and for its association with prominent local businessmen
Jonathan Cobbs and William Mitchell – lumber barons of the Cadillac area. The Cobbs and
Mitchell families had a direct and phenomenal impact of the City of Cadillac.
The Cobbs and Mitchell Building is also eligible under Criterion C for its architectural significance
as a design of prominent architect George DeWitt Mason, and as a clear example of Neoclassical
Revival design in Cadillac.
The Cobbs and Mitchell Building has been recognized as an historic place in the State of
Michigan. On February 27, 1980 it was placed on the Michigan Register of Historic Sites with a
marker erected on March 25, 1981. The market reads:
COBBS & MITCHELL BUILDING In 1905, George D. Mason of Detroit designed this
brick and limestone building as a showplace for the products of Cobbs & Mitchell,
Incorporated, a nationally-known lumber company. Completed in 1907, the
building's interior is finished in nine varieties of native Michigan wood-elm, white
maple, bird's-eye maple, sap birch, red birch, curly red birch, red beech, red oak
and hemlock. The company was named for Jonathan W. Cobbs (1828-1898), and
William W. Mitchell (1854-1915). Their families were prime movers in the growth of
the city of Cadillac and developed much of northern Michigan's lumber industry.
The building also housed the Mitchell Brothers Company and other lumbering
interests before it was purchased by the State Highway Department in 1939.
The Cobbs and Mitchell Building is currently a pending nomination for inclusion in the National
Register of Historic Places. The application is in a group of considered listings that were received
by the National Parks Service before June 5, 2010.
VII. Resources of the Proposed District
A. Resource List
Contributing: 100 East Chapin Street. Two-story, neoclassical office building comprised
of concrete block and brick. Built 1907.
Non-contributing. Two prefabricated, foundationless wooden sheds. Contemporary.
B. Count of Historic and Non-Historic Resources
The proposed Cobbs and Mitchell Building Historic District contains one historic (contributing) and
two non-historic (non-contributing) resources.
7
VIII. Bibliography
City of Cadillac. RFP for Rehabilitation of the Cobbs and Mitchell Building. 2008.
Facility Master Plan Study: MDOT District 3 Offices. Birtles & Hagerman Architects,
Cadillac, MI: 1993.
Highway District Headquarters to be Dedicated June 14. Mason County Press, June 8, 1939.
Industrial Cadillac. Hardwood Record, Chicago. September, 1907.
Local Men Invited to Highway Affair. Cadillac Evening News, June 12, 1939.
Mahan, A.F. Cadillac Structure Monument to Lumbering Era. The State Journal, October
31, 1963.
Michigan Department of Transportation. Grand Old Days Live on in District No. 3 Office. “The
Road” (department newsletter). October, 1966: 2.
Michigan Department of Transportation. History of Cadillac District Office: 1938-1950. Collected
Papers of MDOT Communication, etc.
Michigan Department of Transportation. Souvenir Program: Rededication of Cobbs and Mitchell
Building as State Highway Building. June 14, 1939.
Michigan Historic Sites Online. Listing of the Cobbs and Mitchell Building, Wexford
County, Michigan. [http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/17421.htm] (accessed August
28, 2009).
Michigan’s Woods Intelligently Exploited. American Lumberman, February 25, 1911.
Portrait and Biographical Record. Record Publishing, Chicago: 1895.
Powers, Perry. A History of Northern Michigan and Its People. Lewis Publishing, Chicago:
1912.
Rydquist, Jason. Cobbs & Mitchell, Inc. 2010.
[http://jasonryd.com/retrospect/abandoned/cobbs-mitchell-inc/] (accessed June 15,
2010).
State Highway Building Dedicated Today. Cadillac Evening News, June 14, 1939.
8
IX. Images
Image 1 Dining room door finished in clear
hemlock under a Dutch brown
stain
Image 2 Directors room finished in red birch
stained to a mahogany tone and
floored with red oak
Image 3 Detail of wall-covering and
woodwork
Image 4 Main corridor finished in white
maple stained silver gray
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Image 5 Detail of mantle
Image 6 Dining room
Image 7 Private office trimmed in clear
hemlock and stained to mahogany
tone
Image 8 Two office rooms finished in curl
red birch and red beech in its
natural color (offices of the
Mitchell Brothers)
10
Image 9 Front (north) elevation of building;
taken from across East Chapin
Street
Image 10 Front staircase and entryway
Image 11 Another view of front (north)
elevation of building; taken from
across East Chapin Street
Image 12 Detail on cornice above front
entryway
11
Image 13 Rear (south) elevation of building;
taken from parking lot
Image 14 West elevation of building and
rear lawn area; taken from
across South Mitchell Street
Image 15 Another view of rear (south)
elevation of building; taken from
lawn between parking lot and
sidewalk
Image 16 West elevation of building
12
Image 17 Public alleyway located east of
building; taken from East
Chapin Street looking south
Image 18 West half of parking lot; taken
from rear of building looking south
Image 19 East half of parking lot; taken from
rear of building looking south
Image 20 View of surrounding area; building
is visible on left side of street
halfway down; taken from South
Mitchell Street looking south
13
Image 21 View of surrounding area; building
is at right; taken from
intersection of Chapin and
Mitchell looking east
Image 22 View of surrounding area; building
is at far right; taken from East
Chapin Street looking east
across South Mitchell Street
Image 23 East shed south of parking lot
Image 24 West shed south of parking lot
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ATTACHMENT 1
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ATTACHMENT 4
1871 Plat of the Village of Clam Lake
ATTACHMENT 5
Cobbs and Mitchell Building
Main Floor Plan