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TV Everywhere
Ali C. Begen
Video and Content Platforms Research and Advanced Development
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Agenda
 Motivation and Examples for TV Everywhere (TVE)
 TVE Business Models
 Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
 Deployment Issues and Solutions
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Consumer Internet Video Composition
25
Video Calling
20
Internet-Video-to-TV
EB/Month
Internet-Video-to-PC: Long Form
15
Internet-Video-to-PC: Short Form
Internet-Video-to-PC: Live
10
Ambient Video and Internet PVR
5
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Source: http://ciscovni.com, EB: 1e18 bytes
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First Things First
IPTV vs. IP Video
IPTV
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IP Video
Managed delivery
Best-effort delivery
Emphasis on quality
Quality not guaranteed
Linear TV plus VoD
Mostly on demand
Paid service
Paid or free service
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Motivation and Examples for TV Everywhere
Experiences Consumers Want Now
Yet Service Providers Struggle to Deliver
Online Content on
TV/STB
Intuitive Unified Navigation
for All Content
Multi-screen TV
Experience
Web 2.0 Experiences on
TV/STB
Support an increasing variety of services on an any device and
deliver a common experience everywhere
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Three Dimensions of the Problem
Content, Transport and Devices
Managed and
Unmanaged Content
Managed and
Unmanaged Transport
Managed and
Unmanaged Devices
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From Totally Best-Effort to Fully-Managed Offerings
Challenge is to Provide a Solution that Covers All
Design to the most general case
Optimize where appropriate
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Two Separate Networks are Colliding
Internet
Next
Generation
Internet
Services
Network
• Simple access business model
• Varied business models
• Flexible business models
• Built for scale
• Focused on services
• Massive scale and performance
• Limited security/privacy • Secure, privacy option, guaranteed
• Built for performance
• Services anywhere on any device
• No SLAs
• Security, privacy, SLA guarantees
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HBO GO
Delivery of TV Content to IP-Enabled Devices
 Subscribers can watch HBO content via the Internet or 3G (only in the US)
First launched in Feb. 2010 with Verizon FiOS
Later expanded to AT&T U-Verse, DirecTV, DISH Network, Suddenlink, WOW!, and Comcast Xfinity (Beta
available for Cox and RCN)
Time Warner Cable and Cablevision announced agreements in Dec. 2011
Content includes more than 1,400 titles, every episode of every season of HBO series
http://www.hbogo.com/
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DISH Network TV Everywhere
Using Sling Technology
 What can you watch?
Live TV: Unlimited access to watch any channel in your subscription
DVR Content: Any TV show or movie recorded on your DVR
Online Content: Access to thousands of TV shows and movies at DISHOnline.com
 Where can you watch it?
Smartphone, laptop, or tablet anywhere you can connect to high-speed Internet or over a
3G cellular data plan
http://www.dishnetwork.com/tveverywhere/
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Cablevision Launches Live TV iPad Application
Optimum (April 2011)
 Cablevision released an iPad app with support for almost 300 linear TV channels,
access to 2,000+ VoD titles and a DVR control feature
 The app works only within reach of a customer's home Wi-Fi connection
Programming is piped over from headend to the cable modem
Cablevision does not require customers to have Internet access
http://www.optimum.net/ExploreOptimum/product?name=Internet
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Cablevision Launches PC-to-STB Application
Delivery of IP/Local Content to STB
 A new service that lets subscribers relay content from their PCs to their TV screens
One can even relay videos from Hulu and Netflix but the service does not support blurays or
protected DVDs
 The service streams content to channel 641 on one digital cable box at a time, and
only one PC can stream at a time
http://www.optimum.net/ExploreOptimum/product?name=Internet
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BBC iPlayer
Available (Almost) Globally
 Statistics for September 2011
Total Requests
90M for TV programs (13% of the requests were for live streams)
40M for radio programs (77% of the requests were for live streams)
Devices
65% computers, 15% Virgin Media, 5% game consoles, %6 mobile devices, %3 tablets
 3G streaming is still unavailable on some platforms/operators
Source: BBC iStats
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Content Owners are Going Directly to Consumers
The Lines are Blurring between TV and the Web
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Disney Movies
Paramount Media Store
Free digital copy of DVDs,
purchase or rent online
Entertainment portal and
storefront
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Service Provider’s Multi-Screen Challenges
Content Rights
Based on specific technologies and devices
Content security
Audience measurement
Monetization
Consumers are not willing to pay extra
Currently fueled by desire to promote premium video subscription
Technology
Fragmented consumer experience
Siloed delivery from current VBO
Online video impact on network infrastructure
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Videoscape Architecture for TV Everywhere
Metadata Preparation
Media Suite
Feature
Description
Provides linear functionality to power
screen EPG unmanaged device experiences around live
channels
EPG Info
EPG
Manager
Entitlement
Schedule
Ingestion
Schedule, configure and monitor the ingest of
EPG data from source
Channel
Creation
Create channel bundles with entitlement and
additional enhanced rich metadata/links/etc.
Channel
Entitlement
Manage consumer access to channels utilizing
Media Suite entitlement module
Discovery
Search across EPG and VoD, blend the linear
and on-demand experience
DRM
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Clients
PORTAL
Multi-
CMS
Assets Metadata
Interaction with End Devices
Content Preparation
Content Distribution
Transcode
Encapsulate
Encrypt
CDN
Acquirer
Streamer
Service
Routing
Streamer
OS
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TVE
Clients
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TV Everywhere Business Models
TV Everywhere
Revenue Model
Content
Provider
Operator
Advertiser
Content
Delivery
Network
Consumer
Delivery of traditional TV content to IP-enabled devices can reduce
customer churn and help raise ARPU
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Typical Commercial Model Today
Content
Voice
Expenses
Video
Data
Operator
Bundles
Churn
Advertising
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Consumer
Non-consumer
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Primary TVE Business Models
Model #1 – Additional Subscriptions / Transactions
• Monthly fee or per transaction purchases (E.g., download to own, rental)
• Good first step for data SPs who want to expand service offering into video space
Model #2 – Bundle Uplift (Raise ARPU, Reduce Churn)
• TVE offered to higher-end service tiers at no additional fee
• Revenue is indirect through encouraging greater stickiness in higher service tiers
• Further revenue lifts via pull-through business
Model #3 – Advertising Based (OTT)
• Typically an OTT solution, which does not have to be affiliated with consumer SPs
• Revenue is via advertising, typically as price per click and inserted ads in
programming
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Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
Pull-Based Video Delivery over HTTP
Progressive Download vs. Pseudo and Full Streaming
• Server sends a file
as fast as possible
• Client starts playout
after a certain initial
buffering
Progressive
Download
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Pseudo
Streaming
• Server paces file
transmission
• Client can seek
• Some metadata is
required
• Client requests small
chunks enabling
adaptation
• Live streaming and
dynamic ads are
supported
Full
Streaming
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Adapt Video to Web Rather than Changing the Web
 Imitation of Streaming via Short Downloads
Downloads desired portion in small chunks to minimize bandwidth waste
Enables monitoring consumption and tracking clients
 Adaptation to Dynamic Conditions and Device Capabilities
Adapts to dynamic conditions anywhere on the path through the Internet and/or home network
Adapts to display resolution, CPU and memory resources of the client
Facilitates “any device, anywhere, anytime” paradigm
 Improved Quality of Experience
Enables faster start-up and seeking (compared to progressive download), and quicker buffer fills
Reduces skips, freezes and stutters
 Use of HTTP
Well-understood naming/addressing approach, and authentication/authorization infrastructure
Provides easy traversal for all kinds of middleboxes (e.g., NATs, firewalls)
Enables cloud access, leverages existing HTTP caching infrastructure (Cheaper CDN costs)
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Multi-Bitrate Encoding and Representation Shifting
Contents on the Web Server
Movie A – 200 Kbps
Start quickly
Movie A – 400 Kbps
...
Movie A – 1.2 Mbps
...
Movie A – 2.2 Mbps
...
Keep requesting
Improve quality
Movie K – 200 Kbps
Movie K – 500 Kbps
...
...
Segments
Loss/congestion detection
Movie K – 1.1 Mbps
...
Movie K – 1.8 Mbps
Revamp quality
Time (s)
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DASH Media Presentation Description
List of Accessible Segments and Their Timings
Segment Info
Media Presentation
Period id = 1
start = 0 s
Period id = 2
start = 100 s
Adaptation Set 0
Period id = 2
start = 100 s
Adaptation Set 1
Representation 1
Rate = 500 Kbps
Representation 2
Rate = 1 Mbps
Adaptation Set 1
Representation 3
Rate = 2 Mbps
Period id = 3
start = 300 s
Adaptation Set 2
Period id = 4
start = 850 s
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Initialization Segment
Representation 3
Rate = 2 Mbps
Resolution = 720p
http://abr.rocks.com/ahs-5.3gp
Media Segment 1
start = 0 s
http://abr.rocks.com/ahs-5-1.3gs
Segment Info
Duration = 10 s
Template:
/ahs-5-$Index$.3gs
Media Segment 2
start = 10 s
http://abr.rocks.com/ahs-5-2.3gs
Representation 4
Rate = 3 Mbps
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Smart Clients
Client manages
- Manifest(s)
- HTTP transport
- TCP connection(s)
Client monitors/measures
Request
Response
- Playout buffer
- Download times and throughput
- Local resources (CPU, memory, screen, etc.)
- Dropped frames
Client performs adaptation
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Major Players in the Market
 Microsoft Smooth Streaming
http://www.iis.net/expand/SmoothStreaming
 Apple HTTP Live Streaming
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming
http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/networkinginternet/conceptual/streamingmediaguide/
 Netflix
http://www.netflix.com/NetflixReadyDevices
 Adobe HTTP Dynamic Streaming
http://www.adobe.com/products/httpdynamicstreaming/
 Move Adaptive Stream (Acquired by Echostar)
http://www.movenetworks.com
 Others
Octoshape Infinite Edge
Widevine Adaptive Streaming (Acquired by Google)
Vidiator Dynamic Bitrate Adaptation
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Example Request and Response
Microsoft Smooth Streaming
 Client sends an HTTP request
GET 720p.ism/QualityLevels(572000)/Fragments(video=160577243) HTTP/1.1
 Server
1.
Finds the MP4 file corresponding to the requested bitrate
2.
Locates the fragment corresponding to the requested timestamp
3.
Extracts the fragment and sends it in an HTTP response
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Media Data
(mdat)
Fragment
Movie Fragment
(moof)
Media Data
(mdat)
Movie
Metadata
(moov)
Movie Fragment
(moof)
File Type (ftyp)
Fragment
Movie
Fragment
Random
Access
(mfra)
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Manifest
Media
Manifest
HTTP
Origin
Module
TCP Sender
Request
Response
Data / ACK
Resource
Monitors
Streaming
Application
Inner and Outer Control Loops
TCP Receiver
Origin Server
Client
There could be multiple TCPs destined to potentially different servers
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Interaction of Inner and Outer Control Loops
Microsoft Smooth Streaming Experiments
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Bitrate (Mbps)
4
Steady State
3
Periodic requests
2
1
Buffering State
Back-to-back requests
0
0
50
(Not pipelined)
100
150
Available Bandwidth
200
250
Time (s)
Requests
300
350
Fragment Tput
400
450
500
Average Tput
Reading: "An experimental evaluation of rate-adaptation algorithms in adaptive streaming over HTTP," ACM MMSys 2011
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End-to-End Over-the-Top Adaptive Streaming Delivery
Production
Preparation and Staging
Studio
Distribution
Consumption
VoD
Content &
Manifests
News
Gathering
CDN
Sport Events
Multi-bitrate
Encoding
Encapsulation
Protection
Origin Servers
Live
Content &
Manifests
Premium
Content
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Adaptive Streaming Content Workflow
Today
Source
Transcoding
Encapsulation
Encryption
Encoder Appliance
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Origin
Server
Helper
3rd Party Web Server
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Distribution
Client
CDN
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Source Representation
Container
Manifest
Packaging Tools
Move
2-s chunks (.qss)
Binary (.qmx)
Proprietary
Apple HLS
Fixed-duration MPEG2-TS segments (.ts)
Text (.m3u8)
Popular encoders
Adobe Zeri
Aggregated MP4 fragments (.f4f – a/v
interleaved)
Client: XML + Binary (.fmf)
Server: Binary (.f4x)
Adobe Packager
Microsoft Smooth
Aggregated MP4 fragments (.isma, .ismv – a/v
non-interleaved)
Client: XML (.ismc)
Server: SMIL (.ism)
Popular encoders
MS Expression
MPEG DASH
MPEG2-TS and MP4 segments
Client/Server: XML
Under development
 Source containers and manifest files are output as part of the packaging process
These files are staged on to origin servers
Some origin server implementations could have integrated packagers
 Adobe/Microsoft allow to convert aggregated containers into individual fragments on the fly
In Adobe Zeri , this function is called a Helper
In Microsoft Smooth, this function is tightly integrated as part of the IIS
 Server manifest is used by Helper modules to convert the large file into individual fragments
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Staging and Distribution
Origin Server
Packager  OS Interface
Distribution
Move
Any HTTP server
DFTP, HTTP, FTP
Plain Web caches
Apple HLS
Any HTTP server
HTTP, FTP, CIFS
Plain Web caches
Adobe Zeri
HTTP server with
Helper
Integrated packager for live and JIT
VoD
Plain Web caches  Helper
running in OS
Offline packager for VoD (HTTP, FTP,
CIFS, etc.)
Intelligent caches  Helper
running in the delivery edge
WebDAV
Plain Web caches
Microsoft Smooth
IIS
Intelligent IIS servers configured
in cache mode
MPEG DASH
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Any HTTP server
HTTP, FTP, CIFS
Plain Web caches
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Delivery
Client
# of TCP Connections
Transaction Type
Move
Proprietary Move player
3-5
Byte-range requests
Apple HLS
QuickTime X
1 (interleaved)
Whole-segment requests
Byte-range requests (iOS5)
Adobe Zeri
OSMF client on top
Flash player
Implementation dependent
Whole-fragment access
Byte-range access
Microsoft Smooth
Built on top of Silverlight
2 (One for audio and video)
Whole-fragment requests
MPEG DASH
DASH client
Configurable
Whole-segment requests
Byte-range requests
 In Smooth, fragments are augmented to contain timestamps of future fragments in linear delivery
Thus, clients fetch the manifest only once
 In HLS, manifest is continuously updated
Thus, clients constantly request the manifest
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Deployment Issues and Solutions
Issues for Content and Service Providers
 Technologies that enabled rapid innovation for IP video delivery to diverse CE endpoints has
also created incompatible implementations
Players
Streaming methods
DRM methods
Screen sizes, etc.
 Innovation is being driven by CE vendors, not by service or content providers
SPs have a significant investment in MPEG2-TS infrastructure and want to leverage existing investments
where possible
 Serving each client in its native technology requires creation, storage and delivery of multiple
formats and representations
Two high-level options for service delivery
•
•
Transform in the cloud to create media for each client in its native media format
Serve a common format from the cloud and transform client behavior via apps/plugins
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Mixed Client Capabilities in Today’s Market
Device
Native Media
Format
Native Streaming Format
Additional Player via
Software
Content Protection via
Software
Comments
PC Browser
H.264/AAC
Lots more
None
Smooth
RTMP
Lots more
Many supported via
browser. Most common is
PlayReady (CTR)
Mac Browser
H.264/AAC
Lots more
HLS (Safari)
Smooth
RTMP
Lots more
Many supported via
browser. Most common is
PlayReady (CTR)
iPhone/iPad
H.264/AAC
HLS
Smooth
AES-128 CBC mode
decryption is supported
natively (HLS key
exchange)
PlayReady/PIFF uses
AES-128 CTR mode
Android 3.x
H.264/AAC
WebM
HLS
Widevine (diff for VOD,
Live)
Smooth
PlayReady (CTR)
Widevine
Secured streaming support
via NexPlayer plugin
Microsoft Xbox
H.264/AAC
Lots more
Smooth
PlayReady (CTR)
HLS
Marlin (CBC), PlayReady
(CTR)
MPEG2-TS
Legacy CAS
Sony PS3
Legacy Set-top Box
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H.264/AAC
MPEG2/AC3
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Marlin to support CTR in
DECE implementation
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Transform Content in the Cloud
Pros vs. Cons
Pros
Cons
 Optimal performance on clients by using
their native formats and delivery methods
 Additional encode/encapsulation/encrypt
processing resources
 Potentially better customer experience
through integration with the native player
capabilities
 Additional storage for multiple
representations
 Development effort to support new formats
 Easier to manage services in the cloud than
to manage client app versioning
 Better service velocity (re-use existing client
capabilities)
 Ability to transform content for use across
multiple client platforms (future-proof)
 Ability to reach across new and legacy
systems
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Transform Content at the Client
Pros vs. Cons
Pros
Cons
 Minimized cloud processing resources for
encoding, encapsulation and encryption
 Some target devices will not be using their
native player
 Minimized content storage in the cloud due
to a single representation
 Suboptimal rendering quality, battery life, etc.
by not using hardware optimizations
Codec
Encapsulation
Encryption
 More efficient cache utilization in the
distribution network
 Potentially, common player ingest from the
cloud drives common behavior across client
platforms
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 Harder to integrate with native media player
features and leverage inter-app capabilities
 Ties the service provider tightly into a thirdparty relationship
 Third-party tools may not exist across all
client platforms
 Unknown willingness of some client
manufacturers for approval process
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A Hybrid Approach
Combine common formats for encoding and storage in the cloud
with dynamic creation of client-specific formats in real time
Features
1. The majority of processing budget is required for the common encoding
stage
2. Encapsulation/encryption is a relatively lightweight process
3. A Common Intermediate Format (CIF) for storage that is readily adaptable
to future encapsulation and encryption methods
4. An open standard media descriptor used to describe the CIF and assist in
the encapsulation/encryption functions
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UltraViolet – Buy Once, Play Anywhere
Use the Internet for Retail and Delivery of Digital Media
Retailer




Retailer
Retailer
Retailer
Cross-platform / DRM interop
Interoperable Rights Locker, device registration
Remote access streaming, sharing within a household
Bundled digital/physical offers
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UltraViolet (DECE) Common File Format (CFF)
 CFF is based on ISO Base Media File Format (BMFF)
CFF is naturally streaming friendly
CFF supports download, progressive download and adaptive streaming with optimizations
for trick mode playback
 It defines a common encryption approach with interoperable (not
common) DRM
Studios, CE vendors, SPs and retailers have ratified the common encryption standard
CFF is the only multi-DRM standard with support for five major DRM systems
PlayReady, Marlin, Widevine, Access, OMA DRM 2
 DECE effort has not focused on linear features but efforts are underway to
address deficiencies
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MPEG – Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
A New Standard: ISO/IEC 23009-1
 Problem
No standard for HTTP-based streaming or progressive download of MPEG media
 Goal
Develop an international, standardized, efficient solution for HTTP-based streaming
 The Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) Standard
Defines the MPD (manifest) format and delivery formats using ISO BMFF and MPEG2-TS
Support for ISO BMFF content is richer than MPEG2-TS
Is not a system, protocol or codec specification and does not specify
Size and duration of segments, number and bitrates of representations, frequency of RAPs
Download times of segments, switching between different representations
Transport of MPD
Supports
Live, on-demand and time-shifted content delivery and trick modes
Splicing and ad insertion, byte-range requests
Content descriptors for protection, accessibility and rating
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Scope of MPEG DASH
Control Engine
MPD
MPD Transport
MPD
Parser
HTTP Client
HTTP 1.1
DASH Client
HTTP Server
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Segment
Parser
...
MPD
...
...
MPD
Media Engines
Shown in Red
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Which is Appropriate for the CIF?
 Today’s client devices can consume neither UV nor DASH-specified formats
Some support MPEG2-TS and some support ISO BMFF format
 We better create a CIF based on the most currently common format
CIF should be described by DASH MPD, which is already standardized
CIF should be easily encapsulated into client-specific wire formats on the fly
 Adaptive Transport Streams (ATS) vs. ISO BMFF
ATS
Being developed by multiple encoder vendors (interoperability)
More easily leveraged for creating MPEG2-TS output than an ISO format
Readily supports linear metadata carriage (SCTE35, closed caption, subtitles, etc.)
ISO BMFF
Published standard (ISO/IEC 14496-12)
Supports non-multiplexed AV, requires a bit more logic on the client player to synchronize tracks, but
more efficient to support multiple tracks (multi-audio)
In-line metadata approaches still need to be defined (Timed text, ad insertion markers, etc.)
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Which is Appropriate for the CIF?
A Workable Trade-Off
Future
• DASH-indexed
Conditioned TS
Format
• DASH-indexed
ISO BMFF
Today
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ATS Format
Manifest/Segment
Request
JIT
Processor
Indexer
Recorder
Formatter
Storage
Storage Savings
(Store common format only)
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Desired Format
(Deliver requested format only)
Just-in-Time Encapsulation Flow
49
Summary
 We covered
Motivation and Examples for TV Everywhere (TVE)
TVE Business Models
Deployment Issues and Solutions
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Acronyms
ATS: Adaptive transport stream
MPD: Media presentation description
BMFF: Base media file format
OS: Origin server
CDN: Content delivery network
OTT: Over-the-top
CFF: Common file format
TVE: TV everywhere
CIF: Common intermediate format
UV: UltraViolet
CMS: Content management system
VBO: Video back office
DASH: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
VoD: Video on demand
DECE: Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem
VOS: Virtual origin server
DRM: Digital rights management
DVR: Digital video recorder
EPG: Electronic program guide
HLS: HTTP Live Streaming
JIT: Just in time
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Thank you.
Further Reading and References
 Articles
“Watching video over the Web, part 2: applications, standardization, and open issues,” IEEE Internet
Computing, May/June 2011
“Watching video over the Web, part 1: streaming protocols,” IEEE Internet Computing, Mar./Apr. 2011
“Mobile video delivery with HTTP,” IEEE Communications Mag., Apr. 2011
 Special Sessions in ACM MMSys 2011
Technical Program and slides: at http://www.mmsys.org/?q=node/43
VoDs of the sessions are available in ACM Digital Library
http://tinyurl.com/mmsys11-proc
(Requires ACM membership)
 W3C Web and TV Workshops
http://www.w3.org/2010/11/web-and-tv/
http://www.w3.org/2011/09/webtv
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Source Code
 Microsoft Media Platform: Player Framework
http://smf.codeplex.com/
 Adobe OSMF
http://www.opensourcemediaframework.com/
 OVP
http://openvideoplayer.sourceforge.net
 LongTail Video JW Player
http://www.longtailvideo.com/players/jw-flv-player
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Demos
 Akamai HD Network
http://wwwns.akamai.com/hdnetwork/demo/index.html
http://bit.ly/testzeri
Also watch http://2010.max.adobe.com/online/2010/MAX137_1288195885796UHEZ
 Microsoft Smooth Streaming
http://www.iis.net/media/experiencesmoothstreaming
http://www.smoothhd.com/
 Adobe OSMF
http://www.osmf.org/configurator/fmp/
http://osmf.org/dev/1.5gm/debug.html
 Apple HTTP Live Streaming (Requires QuickTime X or iOS)
http://devimages.apple.com/iphone/samples/bipbopall.html
 OVP
http://openvideoplayer.sourceforge.net/samples
http://openvideoplayer.sourceforge.net/ovpfl/samples/as3/index.html
 Octoshape Infinite Edge
http://www.octoshape.com/?page=showcase/showcase
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