Terra Australis Ingonita

Transcription

Terra Australis Incognita - Atlantis
It is argued that Terra Australis Incognita, the ‘imaginary’ southern continent which appears on
virtually all early maps of the world, was a real continent that matches Plato’s mythical Atlantis
in many respects. Maps showing three different forms of Terra Australis suggest a continent of
which the central plain was gradually being flooded before it ultimately disappeared under the
water. The submarine topography of New Zealand closely matches one of these maps and
ancient legends of South America suggest that disappearance of the continent was caused by
the impact of a comet. It is argued that Antarctica must have been ice free up to 12,000 years
ago, when the impact of a comet caused a tsunami which nearly caused the extinction of
mankind, the tsunami having been recorded in the Bible as the Great Flood.
Description of Atlantis, the sunken continent
Plato, in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias1, relates the legend of a powerful nation that
around 9500 BCE inhabited a continent greater in size than ancient Libya and Asia combined.
This nation attacked and conquered Europe and Asia, with only the Greeks being able to
prevail against them. Sometime after the invasion, however, the Greeks and the Atlanteans
were ‘swallowed up’ by the sea in a single grievous day and night.
The continent, which lay beyond the Pillars of Hercules, is described as having had a central,
“rectangular and oblong” shaped plain with a 3:2 length-to-width ratio, surrounded by
mountains but with an opening to the sea. A mountain that was “low on all sides” ran through
the centre of the plain. Atlantis had ten states or provinces, each with its own king and capital
city. The fabulous royal city of Atlantis was surrounded by circles of sea over which bridges
had been built.
The royal city of Atlantis alone had a standing army of
what based on calculations must have been close to 1 million soldiers and a fleet of 1200
2. The capital cities of the other states had
warships
armies of varying sizes, with a total population of between 64 and 100 million people
3
.
What one would be looking for ...
As Plato appears to be the only source of information on Atlantis, many scholars doubt the
1 / 32
authenticity of his reports, or in other words, Atlantis is nothing more than a myth. If, however,
Plato’s account is based on a real continent that once existed, but sank below the ocean in a
single day, there simply has to be other evidence suggesting its existence. What we would be
looking for is evidence in the form of ancient maps, the first choice, and then also in ancient
legends, archaeology and, with any luck, modern geography.
Ancient maps showing a vast continent that no longer exists
Many early world maps have one oddity in common, namely a vast southern continent
generally called Terra Australis Incognita (The Unknown Land in the South). During the middle
ages there appears to have been a widespread belief that this continent not only existed, but
that it used to be home to a people who must have dominated the world
4
. This belief gradually diminished and was discarded altogether following James Cook’s
second voyage from 1772-1775 CE
5
.
The idea of a southern continent appears to have been introduced by Aristotle, a student of
Plato, no less, in his Meteorology6,
“But it is the sea which divides as it seems the parts beyond India from those beyond the
Pillars of Heracles and prevents the earth from being inhabited all round. Now since there
must be a region bearing the same relation to the southern pole as the place we live in bears
to our pole, it will clearly correspond in the ordering of its winds as well as in other things.”
One would be tempted to conclude that Aristotle is here implying that Plato’s Atlantis, which
“lay beyond the Pillars of Hercules” and which Aristotle would have been familiar with, was
indeed the southern continent! Did Plato have additional information to this effect, not recorded
in his dialogues? Later cartographers like Mercator used the argument that the landmasses in
the northern hemisphere had to be balanced by similar landmasses in the south7. Mercator
admitted having based some aspects of his maps on the work of earlier cartographers and as
such it is still conceivable that the southern continent could have been no more than a figment
of their imagination. However, a closer look at other shapes of this vast continent suggests
that this continent was anything but imaginary.
2 / 32
Although most depictions of Terra Australis show a vast, continuous landmass, two other maps
show a ring-shaped continent and a C-shaped continent, respectively. Figure 1 shows the
azimuthal map projections by Schöner (his 1533 globe)8, the so-called Vatican Map9 and
Schöner’s 1515 gores globe
10
, here transformed into a continuous map. The creator of the Vatican map is unknown and
despites its name (Terra Incognita), it contains numerous place-names. This suggests that the
southern continent was not as unknown as an entirely fictitious map would demand. By
implication also, if Terra Australis Incognita did exist, an event of unimaginable proportions
must have caused it to sink to about 4000 to 6000 m below sea level. Henceforth a depth of
4000 m will be used as reference.
Schöner’s 1533 Globe Vatican Map 1530 Schöner’s 1515 Globe Figure 1. Early maps showing Terra Australis as a continent with a flooded central plain
These three presentations clearly show a continent with a central plain which has become
flooded (see Figure 2). There is simply no other interpretation. It is almost impossible that
these three correlated shapes could otherwise have been ‘imagined’ independently of the
others. Could this continent have been Atlantis? In the first instance, Terra Australis is the
only documented record of a vast continent which has disappeared under the ocean (is no
longer visible today).
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Comparing the last form of Terra Australis (the C-shaped map) to a NASA bathymetry image11
of the South Pole, one is immediately struck by the close correlation between Australia and
sub-marine New Zealand and the end points of the C-shaped Terra Australis (Figure 4).
Figure 4. End points of C-shaped Terra Australis compared to Australia and sub-marine New
Zealand
Also evident from the NASA bathymetry map is the high-lying sub-marine region, called Regio
Patalis on some maps of Terra Australis (e.g. Schöner’s 1533 globe) which connects Australia
and New Zealand. If the entire region had once been above sea level, it would match the
4 / 32
ring-shaped continent (Vatican map) shown in Figure 1.
The correlation between the C-shaped map of Terra Australis and actual geography does not
end here. A huge lake is shown in the middle of the Australian end of the C-shaped Terra
Australis, but no such lake exists in Australia today. In order to establish whether such a lake
might have existed had Terra Australis received sufficient rainfall, I digitally filled up the
12 (overlaid onto a
low-lying region on the NASA topography map of Australia
Geoscience Australia bathymetry map
13
), which, as shown in Figure 5, resulted in a huge lake corresponding in size and location of
the Terra Australis lake (Figure 6).
The Geoscience map is plotted in Lambert conical conformal projection, whereas the NASA
topography map is in Mercator projection. The dark blue areas in Figure 6 are not covered in
the original Geoscience map, which was converted to Mercator projection. Returning to Figure
6, even the mountain ranges agree relatively well (Figure 7). The lake on Schöner’s 1515 map
is incidentally inscribed as “the lake in the mountains”, which would only make sense if the
entire region surrounding the lake was considered to be part of a mountain range. This would
have been the case if the inhabited central plateau on the medieval maps had been 4000 m
above its present level. In other words, before Atlantis ‘sank beneath the ocean’, Australia
would have been more than 4000 m higher than it is today.
"
Figure 5. ‘Lake’ being filled up until flow-over occurs
5 / 32
Figure 6. Digitally filled lake which would exist should Australia receive continuous, pouring
rain.
Figure 7. Mountains on the 515 Schöner map superimposed onto a NASA Digital Elevation
Map of Australia
The digitally created lake overflows in Australia’s Spencer Gulf and the sub-marine canyons on
the edge of the continental shelf plunge to the ocean floor 4000 m below sea level. The
reason for choosing this particular seabed profile (the Geoscience map) is the high resolution
in which it is presented, as shown in Figure 8. The most prominent feature of the graded slope
between the Australian continent and the ocean floor 4000 to 6000 m below is the presence of
numerous submarine canyons. The canyons at the mouth of the Spencer Gulf canyon (region
A) are more concentrated and significantly deeper than those further away to the sides
(regions B and C), suggesting the presence of a sloped waterfall of incredible proportions. The
colour altitude scale of the map is somewhat misleading - the slope is about 4 km (drop) over a
6 / 32
range of 40 km to more than 100 km. Figure 9 shows a 3D bathymetric view of western
Australia, emphasizing the steep continental slopes. Other areas of the continental shelf
display similar canyons, as can be seen on the insert in Figure 8 - this represents the top left
corner of Figure 6. Plato described Atlantis as having numerous lakes and rivers in the
mountains and that a ditch or canal had to be dug around (parts of) the plain to receive the
streams coming down the mountain, to channel the water to the sea. One can imagine the
streams that would have been running down these steep slopes, had the region been exposed
to intense and continuous rainfall.
Figure 8. Canyons formed by water rushing downward from the central lake to the plateau
below
Figure 9. 3D bathymetric view of western Australia14,15
The submarine canyons along the continental shelf of Australia could in my opinion only have
been carved out over millions of years by water running from the continental shelf down to the
plateau 4000 m below, meaning that the entire area shown in Figure 6 had once been above
water. The modern theory is that these canyons were formed through the turbidity currents16,
which are described in the Encyclopedia Britannica as
“underwater density current(s) of abrasive sediments. Such currents appear to be relatively
7 / 32
short-lived, transient phenomena that occur at great depths. They are thought to be caused by
the slumping of sediment that has piled up at the top of the continental slope, particularly at the
heads of submarine canyons. Slumping of large masses of sediment creates a dense slurry,
which then flows down the canyon to spread out over the ocean floor and deposit a layer of
sand in deep water. Repeated deposition forms submarine fans, analogous to the alluvial fans
found at the mouths of river canyons. Sedimentary rocks that are thought to have originated
from ancient turbidity currents are called turbidites.”
This theory appears to have been developed due to the absence of a mechanism other than
conventional river flow to explain how these canyons were formed17,18, and is depicted in
Figure 10.
Figure 10. Formation of submarine canyons by turbidity currents19
There is no question that turbidity currents do appear in nature, but it is unlikely that these
currents would have been able to carve the immense sub-marine canyons on the Australian
continental shelf. As an example, a sub-marine canyon runs down New Zealand’s Bounty
Trough (Figure 11), and this canyon was supposedly also carved by turbidity currents. The
canyon is about 900 km long and ends at a depth of about 7 km. This gives an average slope
of only 0.4ö, and we are expected to accept that the turbidite deposits kept on rolling and
carving into the ocean floor for 900 km, amid ocean cross currents. The turbidity currents will
lose speed as the depth increases and the heavier, abrasive particles will be deposited near
the continental shelf. Other forms of sedimentary erosion of the canyon must certainly be
equally unlikely. The only logical explanation is that this canyon must have been formed by a
river cutting through the rock of the Bounty Trough. In other words, it must have been above
sea level.
8 / 32
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5 How did Atlantis sink?
According to Plato, Atlantis disappeared under the waters of the ocean within a single day. Is it
possible for a continent to sink 4 km below sea level in one day? There are probably only two
possibilities – either an impact by a huge comet or asteroid, or continental drift resulting in a
sudden movement of overlapping continental shelves. Either way, the result would have been
a massive tsunami, which no doubt was the Great Flood as recorded in the Bible23 and in
numerous similar but entirely independent legends in other cultures
24,25
. The biblical
9 / 32
26
and other
27
creation myths must surely be based on the aftermath of the comet impact and the Great
Flood, which respectively caused darkness over the entire planet and left mud everywhere after
the flood waters had receded.
This flood would have wiped out almost all forms of life on earth, including the Greeks in their
low-lying country. According to the Bible, God warned Noah about the impending flood and
Noah obediently built an Ark as instructed. Torrential rain that lasted for 40 days brought the
flood and only Noah and his family survived. The fact that Noah was ‘warned’ precludes a
flood caused by tectonic movement, as there is no way of knowing when a slip between two
continental plates will occur. On the other hand, one can clearly see a comet approaching if it is
close enough. It may also have been observed long before and depending on how long the
Atlantean civilization had existed, it is possible that they may have been able to calculate the
most likely time of impact, like we can do today.
The tail of a comet always points away from the sun28, and if a comet was approaching the
earth 12 000 years ago from the direction of the sun, its tail would have entered the
atmosphere of the earth before the final impact. The tail of a comet can be hundreds of
millions of kilometres long, so it is possible that the Atlanteans long observed the meteor
shower which occurred when the tail began moving through the atmosphere of the earth.
They realized that they had to leave their motherland, hence the numerous ‘Noah and the Ark’
legends.
Only in boats and ships would they be safe, as the tsunami would form a giant wave in the
middle of the ocean on which their ships would be able to survive. Only when the tsunami
reached land would it have caused total destruction.
If the earth had been struck by a comet big enough to have nearly extinguished all forms of life
on earth, there must certainly be a crater or other evidence of such an impact. Furthermore,
with Terra Australis having been identified as Atlantis, one would expect this impact to have
occurred either on or near this continent. Figure 15 shows South America as depicted by
Mercator and Ortelius, along with a WorldSat bathymetry image of South America29.
Immediately obvious is the fact that the narrow strait separating South America and Terra
Australis on the maps has been replaced by a huge gap, the Drake Passage. Underneath the
waters of the Drake Passage lies the Scotia Plate, a more detailed image of which is shown in
Figure 16. The Scotia Plate appears to present the crater formed by a comet striking the earth
at a low angle from the west, and the fractured continental blocks on the ocean floor suggest
that it had penetrated through the crust of the earth. If this is true, one can understand how the
crust of the earth could have been forced down by 4000 m or more. This would then explain
how an entire continent could ‘sink’ below the waters of the ocean in an instant. The continent
10 / 32
of Antarctica, which would have formed part of Terra Asutarlis Incognita, lies high above sea
level, which would seem to contradict that part of Terra Australis forming part of the central
plain. However, it may simply have been an extremely high part of Terra Australis, or
alternatively it may have been raised to its current altitude as a result of the impact.
Figure 15. South America on early world maps compared to MODIS bathymetry image
Figure 16. Google Earth image of the Scotia Plate
That a comet impact occurred near Southern America is suggest by geographical and
archaeological anomalies like millions of fossilized sea shells littered around Lake Titicaca on
the border of Peru and Bolivia, 3812 m above sea level30. Although Hancock argues that this
area must have been below sea level before the cataclysm which led to the upheaval of the
continent, a more likely scenario is that these shells and other evidence of marine life was the
result of the massive splash when the comet ploughed into the ocean.
It is interesting to note that some Creationists have been arguing that the Grand Canyon was
formed by the Great Flood of the Bible. The impact of a comet at the Scotia Plate would have
created a tsunami that would probably have been high enough to do just.
It should be noted that the sea passage between South America and Terra Australis appears
to have been known to mapmakers long before the discovery of a passage around the
southern tip of South America by Magellan in 1520
31
(for instance on Schöner’s 1515 globe). According to tradition Magellan had only a partial
drawing of the channel on his journey, having memorized the other part for fear of the map
falling into Spanish hands (see Section 8).
11 / 32
Another strange phenomenon we observe today is the fact that the magnetic North and South
Poles are not co-located with the geographic North and South Poles. The magnetic poles are
defined by a wandering point where the earth’s geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically
32. The earth’s
upwards
magnetic field lines are presumably formed over millions of years by the rotation of earth and
the magnetization of the molten iron alloys in the Earth’s outer core
33
, but presumably also of the iron alloys in the mantle and crust.
One would therefore expect the magnetic and geographic poles to align perfectly. However,
the impact of the comet into the crust and upper mantle of the earth, which ‘floats’ on the outer
core, could easily have resulted in the crust moving relative to the outer core. The wandering
effect of the magnetic North and South Poles may be seen as the steady re-alignment of the
earth’s magnetic field with its geometrical axis.
It is also interesting to note that the North Magnetic Pole is estimated be located at 82.7öN
114.4öW and the South Magnetic Pole at 64.5öS 137.9öE
34
. The North Magnetic Pole therefore is about 812 km removed from the geographical North
Pole, while the South Magnetic Pole is a massive 2838 km from the geometric South Pole.
Assuming that the South Magnetic Pole was located at the geometrical South Pole before the
impact, an impact at the Scotia Plate seems to have moved the crust and therefore the
magnetic poles in the direction and to the position shown in Figure 17. The entire crust would
have rotated in that direction and this appears to be confirmed by the direction of movement of
the North Magnetic Pole. The fact that the North Magnetic Pole moved a significantly smaller
distance can probably be explained by the likelihood that the continental plates in the south
would have moved relative to each other much more than in the north.
For all we know the slow wobbling of the earth around its axis every 26 000 years, a process
known as precession
35
, may also have been caused by this impact. It must certainly be more than coincidence that
the earth’s precession angle (Figure 18) is 23.5ö corresponding to a latitude of 66.5ö, very
close to the South Pole latitude of 64.5ö. Either way, the ancients remembered that the
relative position of the stars had changed after the flood
36
, which would confirm a change in the orientation of the earth relative to the stars.
12 / 32
South Magnetic Pole North Magnetic Pole Figure 17. Movement of magnetic poles after impact
Figure 18. Precession of the earth37
It should be noted that the movement of the crust and magnetic poles to its present position
would not have been instantaneous. Instead, the impact would have caused an initial impetus
in that direction and the continental shelves would eventually have come to rest in the present
location.
Probably the most important objection to my theory that Terra Australis was Atlantis must
certainly be the results of ice core dating, specifically of the Antarctic ice sheet. The ice sheet
has an average depth of about 2160 m and a maximum depth of about 4776 m38. Ice core
data from Antarctica suggest that the ice sheet may be up to 800,000 years old
39
. Antarctica would have formed part of Terra Australis and an 800,000 year old ice sheet must
contain a huge layer of the debris from the impact of the comet. If it does not, there are only
two possible explanations, namely that Antarctica was never inhabited and a comet impact had
never occurred, or that the ice core dating method is completely inaccurate and by implication
that the ice sheet only developed after the impact. To my knowledge none of the ice core
samples taken from Antarctica show any signs of a cataclysmic event around 12,000 years
ago, and I do not have the scientific background to challenge any of these results. All I really
can do is to present circumstantial evidence that a major natural catastrophe must have
occurred around 12,000 years ago and that its extent would have been so enormous that it
must be visible in ice core data.
13 / 32
Apart from these geographical anomalies pointed out above, ancient legends from South
America include numerous reports that sky had fallen, that the sea was boiling and the sole
survivor of the human race, like the biblical Noah, had to hide from the fire in a cave40. The
falling sky must certainly be the approaching tail of the comet entering the earth’s atmosphere,
and the fire seen by the sole survivor of the human race must have been fires lit by the
associated meteorites. That the sea was boiling most likely refers to the impact crater at the
bottom of the sea, where lava would have become directly exposed to sea water. Large
meteorites falling into the sea would have had a similar but much smaller effect. Had a comet
indeed hit the earth at the Scotia plate as argued here, the entire earth would have been
covered in darkness for a significant period of time, causing a severe drop in temperature
everywhere and specifically around the polar regions. It is impossible to tell how long the dust
particles in the atmosphere would have blocked out the sun before it gradually began to let
sunlight through. In the Antarctic region, where the sea ‘boiled’ according to South American
legends, this constant supply of water vapour, accompanied by the extreme cold, would have
cause the ice cap of Antarctica to grow very rapidly. Could this not be an alternative
mechanism by which the polar ice caps were formed?
While searching for information about ice core dating methods, I soon came across and
ordered a copy of a book called The Frozen Record by Michael Oard41, which provides an
excellent introduction to the novice about the majority of issues at stake in ice core data
interpretation. Even though written from biblical Flood perspective, Oard lists and discusses
most of the theories pertinent to ice core dating methods and is therefore a must-have for those
who are not familiar with this scientific field, but wish to learn more. A response to the
arguments presented by Oard can be found
here
, with Oard's subsequent responses
here
and
here
.
While paging through this book, I noticed the bedrock elevation map of Antarctica42,43 as
shown in Figure 19(a) below. What struck me was the similarity between the rather peculiar
coastal outline of the Schöner 1515 map in the region of Antarctica as encircled in red in
Figure 19(b), and the encircled area in Figure 19(a). Figure 19(c) shows the Schöner map
transposed onto the bedrock map of Figure 19(a). Could this be pure coincidence, or did
Schöner extract this part of his map from an older map?
14 / 32
(a) Bedrock map of Antarctica (b) Schöner’s 1515 map (c) Schöner map transposed
Figure 19. Details of Schöner’s 1515 map seemingly matching the bedrock outline of
Antarctica
It should be noted that the age of the ice caps has been question by Creationists44,45, who
attempt to prove that the earth could have been created less than 10,00 years ago. This is
definitely not my objective. Figure 20 shows a possible outline of what Terra Australis may
have looked like if it had indeed been a real and not imaginary continent (there is indeed a
mid-ocean ridge or mountain which is “low on all sides”, running through the centre of the
plain). However, as Antarctica is the highest continent in the world, one would expect
Antarctica to stand out on the maps of Terra Australis Incognita, implying that Schöner’s 1515
map needs to be modified somewhat to coincide with the present location of the high lying
Antarctica. Conversely, as hypothesized earlier, the Antarctica subcontinent may have been
raised to its present altitude by the impact of the comet.
Figure 20. Possible outline of actual Terra Australis Incognita (Atlantis) superimposed onto
azimuthal projection of southern hemisphere (equator +20ö), following flooding of central plane
That a cataclysmic event had most likely occurred thousands of years ago is possibly attested
to by the end of the Younger Dryas period46, also called The Big Freeze, which lasted from
approximately 10,800 to 9,500 BCE. The onset of this period corresponds closely with Solon’s
account of the sinking of Atlantis, which he dated to 9,500 BCE.
7 The lakes in the middle of the Sahara desert
Perhaps the best argument for the existence of an “Atlantis” is the fact that a civilization once
existed which possessed certain technologies that were essentially impossible for them to
have in terms of what we know today. I discuss these anomalies the Ancient Enigmas and
Anomalies
section on my
15 / 32
website, including the pyramids of Giza, ancient stone cutting and drilling and the Nazca lines
and Palpa mountains. A key argument is the issue of the weathering of the Sphinx, which could
only have been caused by continual rainfall. The Sahara desert experienced high levels of
rainfall 5,000 to 10,000 years ago, and
“a vast lake covered the region, and a whole network of lakes and Neolithic fishermen
occupied the Sahara.” 47
These conclusions are based on eroding fragments of lake sediments found in the heart of the
Sahara that contain the skeletons of fish and crocodile bones. Figure 21 (top, Mercator’s 1569
map) shows two huge lakes and numerous rivers in the middle of the Sahara desert. One of
NASA satellite images of the Sahara desert (centre) shows what appears to be a lake
corresponding to Mercator’s eastern lake (encircled), while it is absent on another (bottom).
The lake on the centre map may have been due to flash rains or floods in the area (can
anyone comment?), but it should be noted that there is a permanent group of lakes north west
to the encircled lake, albeit smaller in size. This group of lakes, called the lakes of Ounianga
in Chad, are sustained by underground aquifers and not rainfall. The lakes formed part of a
much larger lake that existed during the “Green Sahara” period, estimated to have existed from
7500 – 3000 BCE
.
The other lake on Mercator’s map is shown enlarged in Figure 22. This lake would have
disappeared probably around 3000 BCE at the latest (5,000 years ago), if not millennia
earlier. Mercator’s map is astonishingly accurate not only in terms of the location and relative
size of the lake, but also the location of the rivers that fed it (coloured blue by me). All that
remains today are dry riverbeds. Where did he get his information from? He most certainly
must have had access to ancient maps. Who were these mapmakers? Neolithic humans who
had only just mastered stone tools? These mapmakers would have possessed a method to
record latitude and longitude, otherwise it would have been near impossible to map an entire
continent.
16 / 32
Figure 21. Sahara desert lakes on Mercator’s 1569 map and NASA satellite images
Figure
It
less
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rivers
obtain
should
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while
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22.
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the
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lakes
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23,or
17 / 32
Figure 23. Sahara desert on Ortelius’ world map (1570, top) and his map of Africa (1571,
bottom)
8 The arbitrary discovery of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
From the discussion presented so far, it is evident that a civilization must once have existed,
who had the ability to map the world, long before we were able to do so. It will next be
demonstrated that many of the discoveries of the New World, by explorers like Christopher
Columbus (the Americas in 1492-1500), were not discoveries in the sense that these explorers
had no idea of what they may find, but rather that they had existing maps, though probably
ancient and relatively inaccurate, to guide them. In other words, they went looking for these
continents and islands.
Possibly the clearest indication that “all is not well” with the arbitrary, completely-by-chance
discovery of several islands in at least the Atlantic ocean, is the discovery of the islands St
Helena, Trinstan du Cunha and Trinidad (off the coast of Brazil). Before delving into the history
of these discoveries, we must first take a look at the practicalities of the early exploration of
the oceans, particularly during the early 1500s.
The typical ship of that time would have had masts with a crow’s nest at a height of about 16 to
20 m above sea level (like Christopher’s Columbus’ Santa Maria). One then needs to
determine how far a person with good eyesight would be able to spot an island beyond the
horizon, a problem similar to the modern concept of a ‘radar’ horizon, or line-of-sight
detection. The geometry of the problem is shown in Figure 24. Here we have a sailing ship
with an observer point Ho meters above sea level, trying to spot a target (island) of height Ht
meters above sea leavel. The distances Do and Dt, in kilometres, are given by the equations
shown in Figure 23. For a sailing ship like the Santa Maria, Ho=16 m and Ht=800 m for St
18 / 32
Helena island48. On a perfectly clear day, with the sea perfectly level, a look-out on the Santa
Maria would therefore only just be able to spot the island at a distance of 115 km. In practice
the tip of the island would have to extend several meters above the horizon to be spotted.
Nevertheless, the Santa Maria would have had to sail past the island within a range of 115 km
or less, otherwise it would never be able to spot St Helena island. St Helena was discovered by
49, and the shortest distant to Africa (the
Portuguese explorers around 1502
Namibian / Angolan west coast) is about 1890 km. This means that 8 sailing ships sailing side
by side at a spacing of 2x115=260 km, the first ship 115 km off the coast of Africa, would only
just be able to spot St Helena (the furthest one).
How easily would the island have been spotted, given that it could only be observed during 12
hours of a 24 hour day (actually less, as visibility is reduced during dusk and dawn), and that
rain or mist or any haziness on the horizon would drastically reduce the line of sight? And the
look-out would have had to be fully alert all the time, constantly scanning at least the forward
180ö sector.
Figure 24. Line-of-sight problem for detecting a target (island) from a sailing ship
The same applies to the discovery of the island Tristan da Cuna50 in 1506 (sighted only), by
the Portuguese explorer Tristöo da Cunha
51
. Da Cunha was appointed commander of a fleet of 15 ships sent to the east coast of Africa, on
a mission to conquer Socotra and build a fortress there, hoping to close trade in the Red Sea.
Tristan du Cunha rises 2062 m above sea level
52
, and if da Cunha’s ship had a look-out point 20 m above sea level, the tip of the island would
become visible at a distance of 178 km. The shortest distance between Tristan da Cunha and
the African coast is about 2750 km. Figure 25 shows the most likely route da Cunha would
have taken to reach Socotra, Given his specific mission and instructions, why would he have
veered so far off course into the unknown, unless to go looking for an island he believed to
exist and hoped to find? Purely by chance? Would he not have stayed relatively close to the
African coast all the way?
19 / 32
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20 / 32
Figure 28. Piri Reis map (1513)
9 Greenland ice free?
Mercator's map of the arctic appeared first as a vignette in his 1569 world map. An enlarged
version was published posthumously by his son in the third and final part of his atlas, the first
publication to be so named. The arctic had yet to be explored at the time Mercator created his
map and is, therefore, based upon commonly held beliefs about the region55. Could these
“beliefs” have been based on earlier, distorted maps of the region? To see if this may have
been the case, I first mapped Mercator’s version of the arctic region (Figure 29, left) onto a
NASA bathymetry map of the region (Figure 29, centre), and then transposed Mercator’s
coastal outlines to coincide with actual coastal outlines (Figure 29, right).
Figure 29. Mapping of Mercator’s North Pole map onto Arctic bathymetry map
Virtually all the medieval maps of the Arctic region depict Greenland as free of ice. In order to
see if there might be a correlation between Mercator’s transposed map of Greenland and an ice
free Greenland, the latter has to be compared to a bedrock elevation map of Greenland. This is
done in Figure 30, which shows an arguably marked correlation between the two maps. If true,
it would prove, like the ice free maps of Terra Australis, not only that an ancient, prehistoric
21 / 32
map-making civilization once existed, but also that the ice core dating technique is
fundamentally flawed, or at least, the interpretation of the ice core data.
Figure 30. Greenland bedrock map56 compared to transposed Mercator map
Conclusion
If Atlantis had indeed existed as argued above, the question that remains is who exactly they
were, and if any trace of the Plato’s surviving Atlanteans can be found. Since Atlantis itself has
reportedly been swallowed up by the ocean, the next place to look for evidence of “Atlanteans”
would be ancient Egypt, where according to legend the Atlanteans had settled. Egyptian
mythology dates back to the gods who ruled Egypt at the beginning of time - Ra, who ruled all
parts of the created world, the gods Osiris and his wife Isis, and several other deities57,58.
According to Tacitus
59
, the Jews flourished in Egypt under Isis, but were later driven from Egypt to adjacent
countries. If this is true (why else would such a ridiculous legend have come into existence?),
then chances are good that these “gods” would have been the Atlanteans who had settled in
Egypt – those who perceived them as gods would have been the native Egyptian population.
In the last chapter of my book Thera and the Exodus I present a link between Abraham, the
father of the Israelites, and the race referred to as the Giants, the Watchers and also the
Nehphilim. It can be shown that Abraham, as ab-Ra-‘am, can be translated as
father-Ra-of-the-people, or in other words, Abraham is synonymous with the Egyptian god Ra.
This hypothesis is strengthened by a curious inscription
on the 1593 De Jode map of Terra Australis Incognita
60
(Figure 31). It reads “Chasdia, called by others Tierra del Fuego”. Thanks to the miracle of the
Internet, it was not hard to find a connection to Chasdia. Abraham came from the city Ur of the
Chasdim
22 / 32
61
. The land of the Chasdim was also called Chasdia or Chusdia and significantly, according to
Berosus, the land was governed by ten kings before the Flood
62
. Bryant goes to great lengths to dispute this claim, but it matches the ten kings who ruled
Atlantis according to Plato, and the De Jode map places Chasdia in Terra Australis Incognita.
The ten kings of Atlantis also ruled Egypt and certain parts of Europe according to Plato, and
their rule must have included the land of the Chaldeans.
In other words, Abraham is linked unequivocally to the Atlanteans, and through the De Jode
map to Terra Australis Incognita. It should be noted that this particular naming of Terra
Australis (as Chasdia) appears to have originated from the French Arabic scholar Guillaume
Postel, who named the continents of after the sons of Noah. Terra Australis was named
Chasdia after the son of Cham (Africa), “For in that part of the coastline that has been
discovered, men were seen of great blackness.”
63
However, the fact both Chasdia and Atlantis were ruled by ten kings cannot be pure
coincidence – there must be some ancient link between the two accounts.
Incidentally, one region of Terra Australis is called Regio Patalis (Figure 1, Schöner’s 1533
globe). The language used on most of the ancient maps appears to be Latin, and the Latin
word ‘patalis’ means ‘broad-horned’, typically used in conjunction with the word ‘bos’, meaning
ox or bull
64
. Regio Patalis was therefore the region of the broad-horn bulls, probably referring to cattle in
general. Atlantis was known for its bull-worship, a form of religion that had also manifested
itself in ancient Egypt. Regio Patalis therefore provides another probable link between Terra
Australis Incognita and Atlantis.
23 / 32
66
67
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is
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was
that
Fire”
time
protective
by
the
Egyptian
of
these
attested
hot
Greek
the
ancient
the
Manetho’s
destroyed
are
these
correct.
in
fire
linked
shores
rulers
continent
Spanish.
are
Greeks.
Serpent
upper
they
found
in
god
to
metal
images
Serpents
also
alegends
directly
The
of
in
may
cave,
Zeus
body
here.
claim
by
Egypt
said
So
plates
is
The
be
the
and
to
ofto
24 / 32
74
Figure
With
myths
interest
ancient
Ibased
Australis
also
the
present-day
For
coincidence. to
greatest
20-27).
whatsoever
simply
Even
era.
the
have
recommend
same
those
Great
Who
the
this
the
on
to
no
35.
about
Only
legends
into
mapping
must
very
concede
technology
were
Incognita
real
sceptical
token,
Pyramid
idea
Zeus
that
this
geographical
the
people
brief
certainly
events
reading
they,
at
battling
fascinating
nothing
the
Jews,
there
of
all
that
represented
summary
about
was
the
and
Great
of
who
they
that
are
my
there
how
Serpents
be
“solid”
with
more
constructed
why
have
appear
the
occurred
features
other
stone
Pyramid
Ancient
aspect
these
and
are
and
existence
were
than
no
continent
aaspects
some
monuments
defeating
and
to
areal
ancients
of
grasp
of
fantasies
few
their
thousands
had
have
Enigmas
as
ancient
Egyptian
the
continent,
potential
perhaps
aof
some
astonishing
of
whatsoever
used
Antarctic
tomb
an
Typhon,
were
Figure
the
dreamt
and
of
ancient,
history,
unknown
gods,
for
of
(Figures
maps
problems
Egypt
haphazard
able
the
Anomalies
years
1
aregion.
aonto
pharaoh.
most
up
Iof
technological
to
Feathered
the
of
merely
highly
(Figures
engineering
scientific
ago?
construct
28-40)
Terra
by
the
world
important
with
This
whomever?
references
advanced
If
ocean
section.
There
wish
Australis
my
certainly
of
is
so,
16-19)
Serpent
purpose.
hypothesis
simply
these
mythology.
capabilities
what
tocould
can
floor,
being
pique
Of
and
to
that
civilization,
Are
would
megalithic
be
cannot
these
mindboggling
apossibly
etc.
Today
ice
elsewhere
no
the
they
closely
couple
Were
that
core
However,
lost?
that
enigmas
doubt
readers
be
not
we
Terra
imagine
Iof
mere
story
dating,
structures.
all
match
would
perhaps
have
ancient
(Figures
these
for
but
the
be?
that
like
but
that
by
11 References
1. The Atlantis Dialogue, Plato, Shepard Publications, 2001.
2. See here for calculations.
3. See here for discussion.
4. Terra Australis , see “Alexander Dalrymple”.
5. James Cook , 2nd voyage.
6. Aristotle, Meteorology II.5.
7. Alfred Hiatt, Terra Incognita – Mapping the Antipodes before 1600, University of Chicago
Press: Chicago and London, 2008, p. 228.
8. Schöner 1533 map .
25 / 32
9. Chet van Duzer, ‘Cartographic Invention: The Southern Continent on Vatican MS Urb.
Lat. 274, Folios 73v-74r (c.1530)’,
Imago Mundi Vol. 57, Part 2, 2005, pp. 193-222.
10. Schöner 1515 map at atlantismaps.com .
11. NASA bathymetry map .
12. NASA Topography map of Australia .
13. Australian Government – Geoscience Australia – Geological Map (file size 9.74 MB).
14. Whiteway, T.G., “Australian Bathymetry and Topographic Grid”, Geoscience Australia,
GeoCat # 67703, June 2009.
15. AusGeo News
16. Turbidity current .
17. Sandiford et al, “Tectonic framework for the Cenozoic cratonic basins of Australia”,
Australian Journal of Earth Sciences (2009) 56, (S5–S18).
18. Hill et al, “Ancestral Murray River on the Lacepede Shelf, southern Australia: Late
Quaternary migrations of a major river outlet and strandline development”, Australian Journal of
Earth Sciences (2009) 56, (135–157).
26 / 32
19. School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph .
20. Nature 450, 541-544 (22 November 2007), from the article “Onset of submarine debris flow
deposition far from original giant landslide”, by P. J. Talling, R. B. Wynn, D. G. Masson, M.
Frenz, B. T. Cronin, R. Schiebel, A. M. Akhmetzhanov, S. Dallmeier-Tiessen, S. Benetti, P. P.
E. Weaver, A. Georgiopoulou, C. Zöhlsdorff & L. A. Amy.
21. Ortelius world map .
22. Mercator 1569 world map , Bibliothöque nationale de France.
23. Genesis 6.
24. Flood myths .
25. Graham Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods, 2001 edition, p. 208.
26. Genesis 1.
27. Creation myths .
28. Comet tail .
29. South America, WorldSat International Inc.,Canada, 2000.
27 / 32
31. Magellan’s Strait .
32. Magnetic poles .
33. Earth’s outer core .
34. South Magnetic Pole .
35. Precession .
37. Shift of the Age .
38. Australian Antarctic Division .
39. Ice core data .
40. Philip Freund, Myths of Creation, Peter Owen Publishers, 2003 edition, pp. 9-13.
41. Michael Oard, The Frozen Record: Examining the Ice Core History of the Greenland and
Antarctic Ice Sheet
s, Institute for Creation Research, Technical Monograph,
28 / 32
2005.
42. Ibid., Figure 1.8.
43. Drewry, D.J., Ed., Antarctica: Glaciological and Geophysical Folio, Scott Polar Research
Institute, University of Cambridge, 1983, folio 6.
44. Larry Vardiman, Ice Cores and the age of the Earth , Institute for Creation Research, Acts
& Facts. 21(4),1992.
45. Michael J. Oard, “ Do Ice Cores Show Many Tens of Thousands of Years? ”, Frozen in
Time
, Master
Books, 2004.
46. Younger Dryas
47. John E. Kutzbach, ‘Historical perspectives: climatic changes throughout the millennia’, Glo
bal Change and Our Common Future – Papers from a Forum
, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1990, pp. 50-61.
48. Saint Helena topography .
49. Saint Helena .
50. Tristan da Cunha .
29 / 32
51. Tristöo da Cunha
52. Tristan da Cunha topography
53. Behaim before Magellan .
54. Piri Reis map .
55. The Folger Institute – Mapping the Early Modern World .
56. Topographic Map of Greenland Bedrock .
57. Egyptian god Ra .
58. Egyptian god Osiris .
59. Tacitus, The Histories, 5.2-5.
60. De Jode map, 1593 .
61. Jacob Bryant, New System or an Analysis of Ancient Mythology, Part 1, 1774, p. 133.
62. Jacob Bryant, New System or an Analysis of Ancient Mythology, Part 3, 1776, p. 114.
30 / 32
63. Peter Barker et al., Mapping Our World: From Terra Incognita to Australia, National Library
of Australia, 2013, p. 92.
64. Morell, Thomas. An Abridgement of Ainsworth’s Dictionary, English and
Latin. Camden Town, London: A. Wilson, 1817.
65. Genesis 1.
66. Antiquities 1.1.4 (50).
67. Serpent Sata .
68. Barbara Watterson, Gods of Ancient Egypt, Alan Sutton Publishing, Ltd., 1999, colour
plates.
69. Bastet and Apophis .
70. Bastet and Apophis .
71. Second Intermediate Period of Egypt .
72. Piri Reis translation
31 / 32
73. Quetzalcoatl
74. Zechariah Sitchin, The Wars of Gods and Men, Avon Books, 1985, Fig. 14, p. 57.
32 / 32

Terra Australis Ingonita

Transcription

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