Addiction Science Congress

Transcription

Invited
Oral
Presentations
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A S C O N G R E S S . C O M
Subgroups of Substance misuse among medical university Students: a Latent Class
Analysis
Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo1, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar2, Akbar Fotouhi3, Hojjat Zeraati3
1
School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: Substance use is one of the major causes of preventable disease and premature
death in the world. The aims of the present study were to determine subgroups of substance
misuse among medical university students based on pattern of prescription drugs and
substance use with Latent Class Analysis (LCA).
Method and material:A cross-sectional study was done on a randomly selected sample of
1992 students of medical sciences in 2012-2013. Data analysis was done using Chi-square
test in SPSS. The LCA were performed in SAS 9.2 by using proc LCA.
Results: The prevalence of cigarette smoking(last year), hookah smoking(last year),
prescription drug misuse (use of opioid medications and sedatives or tranquilizers at least 3
times a week for the last month or last year use of methylphenidate), last year alcohol use,
and ever illicit substance use was 8.8, 17.3, 4.9%, 6.9%, and 2.9%, respectively. ،Twelve
dichotomous variables were used to assess latent classes. Three latent classes were
identified: (a) low risk, (b) hookah smoker, and (c) high risk. About 83 % of students are
“Low risk”, 14.5 % of them are “Hookah smokers” and 2.2 % of them are “High risk”.
Conclusion: Our results suggested that the prevalence of some substance use is relatively
low, though still significant, among students. Also in categorize of students with LCA, illegal
drugs have no essential role. The findings of this research can be used for planning and
evaluating interventions in universities.
Key words: substance misuse, substance use pattern, medical university students, latent class
analysis.
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The Effect of Substance Legalization on Drug Prices
Amin Afshar, MD, PhD Candidate, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
The criminalization approach to drugs has always followed the policy to further rise the drug
prices with harder sanctions on availability of drugs and, therefore, further limit tendency to
drug use. Decriminalization and legalization policies, however, do not seem to automatically
lead to lower prices and further encouraging people to use drugs. The economic explanation
of how this dynamic would take place and the available evidence are discussed in this
presentation.
ATP-dependent potassium channels are involved in opioid-induced hyperalgesia
Shamseddin Ahmadi and Fatemeh Miraki
Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj,
Iran
Background and Objective: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is a state of nociceptive
sensitization which is induced by repeated exposure to opioids and is believed to be different
from tolerance in some aspects. This response limits the utility of opioids, as well as our
ability to control chronic pain. Mechanisms of opioid-induced hyperalgesia remains to be
understood. ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels are involved in some actions of
morphine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine possible involvement of K ATP
channels in opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
Method: We used male NMRI mice in these experiments. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia was
established under a regimen of morphine treatment including injections of morphine 20
mg/kg, i.p. twice per day on days 1–3 and 40 mg/kg twice per day on day 4. Opioid-induced
hyperalgesia was assessed on day 5 with a hotplate test of analgesia after injections of
different doses of morphine (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg). Then, effects of diazoxide, an opener of
KATP channels and glibenclamide, as a blocker of KATP channels on opioid-induced
hyperalgesia on day 5 were examined.
Result: The results showed that opioid-induced hyperalgesia was established with the
regimen of four days injections of morphine as revealed by decreases in antinociception of
different doses of morphine on hotplate test. Diazoxide at dose of 5 mg/kg and glibenclamide
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at dose of 10 mg/kg along with morphine 10 mg/kg prevented, at least partly, the
hyperalgesia induced by the opioid.
Conclusions: In can be concluded that KATP channelshave modulatory effects in induction of
morphine-induced hyperalgesia.
Keywords: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia, Diazoxide, Glibenclamide
Psychological Emergency Effects of Alcohol Abuse
Abdolkarim Ahmadi Livani
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center,
Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
[email protected]
One of the issues that led to the development of increasing concern in the field of healthis
alcohol abuse and dependency. According to the Iranian Ministry of Health, about one
million people everyyear consume alcohol at least once, and the prevalence of alcohol abuse
in societyis 1.7%. Ofthis percentage, 0.7% had alcohol dependency and only 0.3
percentposed a threat ofalcohol abuse.One of the concerns about alcohol abuse is
emergencies associated with it. Although,the actual number of alcohol-related visits is
probably higher. Comorbidity of substance use disorders and other mental illnesses is
common too.About 30% of patients with a mental illness consume either alcohol or other
addictive drugs. Morethan 35% of alcohol abusers and 59% of drug abusers have oneor more
serious mental health disorders.Mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and
schizophrenia are the most common, to name but a few. Emergency departmentshold a
potentially pivotal position to detect and refer to patients who misuse alcohol. The effects of
alcohol vary according to the level of consumption: low dosespromote mild euphoria and
uninhibited behavior, while substantial consumptionmay trigger irrational thinking,
problematic behavior, psychomotor difficulties, andin rare cases, coma. The first step in
evaluating a patient with a drinking problem isto identify possible predisposing factors for an
episode of withdrawal. Thesefactors include high blood alcohol levels, history of withdrawal
or seizure,concurrent use of sedating agents, and co-occurrence of acute or chronic
medicalproblems.Most people with alcohol dependence will experience mild signs and
symptoms ofwithdrawal within 24 hours after their last drinking episode. These usually
includerestlessness, anxiety,tachycardia, tremors, GI discomfort, and insomnia.Symptoms
may last for about a day and usually remit without major consequences.
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If done properly, the assessment of alcohol and substance use disorders in theemergency
department (ED) or psychiatric emergency service can be the first steptoward recovery. A
proper assessment, however, can be extremely taxing for boththe clinician and the patient.
Populations Size Estimation Using Zero Truncated Count Data (Single Source CRC)
Hossein Akbari1, Kamran Yazdani1
1
Sufficient and accurate information on the population size and its distribution is one of the
most important and challenging aspects of Public Health policy-making especially in
sensitive issues such as drug abuse. Epidemiologic studies for Population Size Estimation
(PSE) are usually conducted in two ways: Direct estimation by sampling or census in source
population and indirect estimation from the same or other data sources. Although general
population surveys (as a direct method) are considered as Gold Standard for Population Size
Estimations, but it is known that most of them are inaccurate and underestimation of real
population size, so indirect methods for PSE are established for coping with these
inadequacies [Under-coverage (inaccessibility of addicts as hidden population) and Underreporting].
Generally indirect methods for PSEs could be categorized in two main categories 1) Primary
Data based Methods which are based on Sampling and collecting data from hard to reach
population and 2) Secondary data based methods which are based on modeling and
correcting registered or existing data. One of the well-known and accepted indirect methods
of PSE based on secondary data is using registered count data sources that is statistically
distributed as zero-truncated Poisson distribution (such as number of attending persons to
methadone maintenance therapy centers) which also known as single source Capture-ReCapture data. The most popular method for dealing with this type of data is zero-truncated
Poisson model which is based on estimation of distribution parameter and using that for
calculating the hidden population by a population size estimator such as Horvitz-Thompson
estimator. This approach is developed recently to involve uncertainty and population
heterogeneity (observed and un-observed heterogeneity) by using regression models such as
robust model of Z.T Zelterman regression and heterogeneous models such as Z.T Negative
Binomial Regression which should be elected depending on appropriateness and fitness with
data.
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Key words: indirect estimation, single source, capture-re-capture.
Using local strengths for substance abuse prevention
Leila Arshad
Social worker active in social NGOs
It is constantly heard that there aremany obstaclestoworkagainstaddiction. We social workers
are taught to focus not on barriers but on little strengths and legal loophole to assist at-risk
people. We also work to improve quality of life for people who are not normally defined as
social injured. With a strengths-based perspective, social workers avoid wasting time on
negative points and, instead, search for assets which can be applied for making life better.
Social workers believe that even in high-risk communities and neighborhoods numerous
resources can be found. Strengths are assumed at micro to macro level. For example, working
with young drug-users, community social workers scrutinize any neighborhood to find, build
and support social groups to strengthen collective spirit, social integration, and social
identity.
Drug Use Prevention Strategies Among Street Children
Hamed Bahari
Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and
Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Definitions &Goals
Addiction prevention means how to prevent the factors and processes which can lead to
addiction such as drug use tendency, tentative use, between times use, drug abuse and
dependency. Reduction of the incidence rate of addiction and at least 40% coverage of
population by standard preventive programs during 2011-2015 have been determined in
national preventive document. Our goal is to define evidence-based preventive methods for
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street children and select the most practicable interventional packages based on them and
offer them to authorities to come in to effect.
Prevention Principles
Addiction preventive programs among street children are selective but the main targets of
almost all of them are the protective and the risk factors. We can use the following formula to
define addiction preventive models.
Protective factors: stress + Normalization of Drug Use+ Drug Effect
Risk for Drug Use = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Risk factors: Attachments+ Coping Strategies+ Resources
According to the formula, an increase of the denominator and a decrease of the numerator
decrease the risk of drug use and conversely.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Attachments: contact with family, presence of adult mentor, …
Coping strategies: problem solving, …
Resources: information, health, recreation, …
Stress: major life events, …
Planning
In addition to the information of street children in Iran and also review of other countries'
activities, we should also pay attention to the following points:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Negative effects of programs on children's revenue
In the moment living of these children
Major problems in emotional discharge
No specific or permanent place for training
Different public, individual and selective addiction prevention programs for family, schools,
peer groups and society have been done up to now which were evidence-based and were
actually so effective:
a.
b.
c.
d.
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Life Skills Training
Skills, Opportunity, And Recognition (SOAR)
Project ALERT
Project STAR
What are the barriers for Iranian Journals to improve their qualities and Indexing?
Nour-Mohammad Bakhshani
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences-, Zahedan, Iran
Abstract
Nowadays, journals contribute greatly to all dimensions of human life, especially in
development and directing scientific fields. They are also considered as the most important
methods of publishing original research. Thousands of journal titles are now published in
different areas that can be categorized into three groups:
1. Professional or commercial (trade) journals: They are dedicated to a profession or industry
where the practical advices, viewpoints and news are published.
2. Public journals: They mostly contain stories, viewpoints and editor-in-chief’s speeches.
Their main purpose is to inform and entertain the readers.
3. Scholarly journals: These include academic and scientific journals known usually as peerreviewed Journals. Some of their prominent properties include:
-Regular, periodical publication
-Focused on a particular field or subject
- Have an editorial board
-Have a publication policy and guidelines for both reviewers and authors
-Have an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
-Ascribe a Digital Object Identifier ( DOI )to each article
-Publish reviews, original etc. articles
-Adherence to international publication rules and guidelines
The academic scientific journals have four main functions:
A) registration , B)dissemination ,C)certification and D)archival record
Despite the above-mentioned functions, all journals are not equally valid in the
scientific community and many of them have little influence on knowledge boundaries.
Hence, journal publishers always seek mechanisms to be able to improve the ranking of their
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journals and index them in international indexes so that they would be more influential in the
scientific world.
Although much attention is paid to perform scientific research and publish different
types of scholarly journals in Iran during recent years, so that more than 1460 scholarly
journals are now published, authorized by both Ministry of Science, Research and
Technology (MSRT) and Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) of Iran, but
only about 150 journals are indexed in first and second-ranked indexes.
Evaluating the process, content and structure of Iranian scholarly journals indicates
that they are facing many problems and obstacles. The current article will discuss some areas
that are important factors for improving the quality of scholarly journals, indexing them in
first rank indexes and also increasing their Impact Factors:
-Title and language of journal
-Journal structure and its website
- Content and structure of articles
-Editor-in-chief and reviewer characteristics and qualities
-Financial status of journal
-Interaction with international authors and researchers
-Reviewers’ and authors’ guidelines
-Adherence to international publication rules
-Indexing journals
-Article citations and Impact Factor of journal
Substance abuse treatment in DK from a user point
Birgitte Thylstrup
Associate professor, Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Copenhagen
S, Denmark
[email protected]
Research has shown positive associations between treatment satisfaction and treatment
outcome. Despite the growing emphasis on consumer perspectives, studies that identify
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predictors of patient satisfaction mostly use structured instruments. By excluding the
patients’ subjective perception of service quality this approach risks overlooking areas and
processes that may not have been identified and addressed in treatment previously.
Consequently, some researchers argue that because user perspectives on treatment services
influence treatment outcome, it should be explored as a dimension of treatment.
This presentation concerns associations between measured treatment satisfaction and user
perspectives on substance abuse treatment services in Denmark. In Denmark, patient
satisfaction with treatment is in general high. However, there are still considerable challenges
to be met.
Based on results from mixed method studies on Danish outpatient treatment services, it is
discussed how the inclusion of user perspectives has the potential to generate important
information on whether the rationale and the means of treatment makes sense to the patients,
providing substance the organization of Danish abuse treatment services with valuable
information for future qualitative assurance strategies.
Addressing comorbidity and antisocial behaviour in substance abuse treatment
The keynote addresses the importance of targeting comorbid substance use and antisocial
personality disorder (ASPD) in substance abuse treatment. Patients with ASPD use a
disproportionate amount of resources in substance abuse treatment, and also drop out of
certain kinds of treatment, especially drug-free outpatient treatment, more often than other
patients. Available longitudinal evidence suggests that the prognostic significance of ASPD
is stronger than what short-term research suggests. Although ASPD constitutes a serious
disturbance that imposes a major burden on the individual, society and the clinic, there is still
much to be learned about how to improve substance abuse treatment for patients with this
disorder. However, there may be ways to include this challenging population in treatment and
reduce dropout from treatment. Providing psychoeducation within an outpatient setting may
increase the engagement of individuals with ASPD by raising their awareness and
understanding of the problems and dysfunctional beliefs related to their antisocial behaviour,
and it may support them in making informed decisions about seeking and receiving help for
their problems.
The Effect of Substance Legalization on Drug Use
Nader Charkhgard, MD, PhD Candidate, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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According to the criminalization approach to drugs, the ration of punishing drugs production,
distribution, and use, would further decrease the prevalence of drug use. By prevalence,
different patterns of use, including exploratory trial, recreational use, and dependence have to
be differentiated. Keeping in mind that criminalization policies have never resulted in
eradication of substance use, the effects of decriminalization are discussed in this
presentation with focus on aspects that might potentiate substance use and aspects that might
limit prevalence.
Fatal overdose and precautions in Denmark
Christian Tjagvad.
MD, PhD-student at Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF).
Since the 1990s, the Danish opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) program has focused
primarily on achieving high treatment coverage among opioid-dependent individuals by
ensuring easy access to treatment. Control measures have been regarded as potential barriers
to easy access. Therefore, the OMT strategy in Denmark has overall been “liberal” regarding
supervised intake, doses prescribed, and take-home doses. Although the improved OMT
coverage has contributed to a continuous reduction in heroin overdose deaths in the past
decades, a rising death rate from methadone has coincided, and the overall rate of overdose
deaths (heroin and prescription opioids combined) has been stable. In Denmark, methadone is
now the main intoxicant in 60% of all overdose deaths which is among the highest in the
world. The experiences from Denmark point towards the risk of only exchanging intoxicants
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in overdose deaths from heroin to methadone, not reducing overall overdose rates, if OMT
delivery is too liberal.
Street and work children addiction; Parts of medical management
Reza Daneshmand
Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and
Children and youth living on/of street have multitude health problems including abuse,
malnutrition, infections, mental illnesses and substance use. It is assumed that the rate and
pattern of substance use may vary in this population from others. A proper instruction for
street children addiction treatment, should consider major aspects of their specific needs like
social and legal support, psychosocial intervention and rehabilitation and accessibility and
feasibility of services. As a part of addiction treatment, the first step is crisis intervention for
managing intoxication, infections and so on. Walking through the continuum of harm
reduction – abstinence strategies should be considered by the available facilities and services.
Addressing psychiatric and physical comorbidities, providing main components of harm
reduction, organizing the inpatient service, and establishing various medical options from
short-term detoxification to long-term maintenance therapy are the major parts of medical
approach to this issue.
Utilizing Emotional Freedom (EFT) Techniques in Substance Abuse Treatment
Behrooz Dolatshahi, Ph.D.,
Member of the Board, Head of Clinical Psychology Dept., University of Welfare and
Rehabilitation Sciences
Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT)
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The Emotional Freedom Techniques are a group of brief therapeutic interventions and selfhelp tools, sometimes known as “acupuncture without needles” or “tapping therapy”. EFT
brings together the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, neuroscience and cognitivebehavioral therapy by combining stimulation of a series of acupressure points with cognitive
restructuring (specially worded affirmations), typically leading to shifts in thought patterns
and relief from both physical tension and excess negative emotions.
Uses of EFT in addiction recovery
Reducing / eliminating addictive cravings
Alleviating withdrawal symptoms
Managing anxiety, fear, grief, anger
Relieving physical pain and tension
Modifying unhelpful beliefs
Healing past trauma
Enhancing sense of control and self-efficacy
Reducing risk of relapse
Day-to-day emotional & stress management
How does EFT work?
There are several explanations of how EFT works. The creator of the technique and many
practitioners attribute its effect to balancing the energy in meridians, as in acupuncture, in
relation to a specific problem.
Some neurological explanations for its efficacy include balancing the activity of
parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of our nervous system, and facilitating “adaptive
information processing”. The areas of skin associated with acupressure points contain a high
concentration of mechanoreceptors, and brain scans of people whose acu-points are
stimulated show the limbic (emotional) part of the brain being impacted by EFT - including
the amygdala, which plays an important part in addictive and compulsive behaviors.
A 5 Stage EFT Recovery program
Stage 1 - emergency measures
Stage 2 - down shit alley
Stage 3 - obstacles to peace and sensing our power
Stage 4 - taking action
Stage 5 - 'fearless self acceptance' and The Personal Peace Process
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Strategies for Research and Knowledge Transferring of Addiction Sciences in Iran
Dr. Ali Ebadian
Iran drug control headquarters, Tehran, Iran.
In this presentation, we will be explaining the Iran drug control headquarters supported
research and their results. Also, drug control headquarters considers issues for future
research, will be discussed. Then, we are going to express hardship and problems of
addiction research and we are to introduce some suggestions and strategies for improving and
promoting research in the field of addiction. Keywords: Iran drug control headquarters,
Addiction, Strategy
FUTURES STUDY IN PREVENTION
MEHRDAD EHTERAMI – PSYCHIATRIST
Abstract
Futures study as a groups of method for finding possible, probable and, favorable futures is
the new method in IRAN. The main tools are based on scientific evidences, practices
individual or additive expert opinions and, creativity and an important method near to it (
scenario writhing). Events, trends, imagines, and, implementations (activities) are recognized
as main parts for defining the future(s).
We need the answers of some questions for drug prevention; what is addiction trend? , what
are changes in theories of addiction?, how general population will deal ?what are the
interactions of addiction risk and protective factors and technology development? What will
be the political approach to social problem? What are the effects of socio-environmental
(culture, climate, poverty,…) in addiction?.
These questions and some others like these can be answered by futures study methodology.
In this paper I will try to present a general review of this possible and useful interaction.
Key words: futures study, trend analysis , Futures study history , addiction, substance abuse,
Neurocognitive Rehabilitation for Drug Addictions
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Tara Rezapour1, 2, Javad Hatami2, Ali Farhoudian4, Reza Daneshmand4, Hamed Ekhtiari1, 2, 3
1. Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran,
Iran
3. Research Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical
4. Department of Psychology, Iranian Research Center for Substance Abuse and
Dependence, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
With the growing number of interest in the field of Neurocognitive Rehabilitation (NCR) for
progressive brain injuries, disperse efforts has been recently devoted to apply this therapeutic
methods for people with drug addiction. As a supplementary treatment, NCR has been
embedded in addiction treatment to primary improve neurocognitive deficits of patients and
secondary affect their treatment outcomes. With regard to the specific needs of addicted
patients and their high vulnerability to replace, application of NCR in this field is somehow
different from those used for other types of neurocognitive disorders. Therefore, with the aim
of examining the efficacy of applying cognitive rehabilitation as an adjunct treatment in the
field of addiction, the present study recruited 40 patients with substance abuse disorders
entering long-term residential care. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (a)
receiving treatment as usual (TAU) service and (b) TAU plus 32 one-hour session of paperbased cognitive rehabilitation (CRT). The package used for CRT was designed for addicted
patients to improve cognitive performance in areas such as memory, attention, visuospatial
function, calculation, verbal skills and problem solving. Both groups were assessed at
baseline, during treatment, at treatment completion, and 1 month follow-up. Results showed
that, the application of CRT as a supplementary therapeutic service can lead to positive
outcomes both for patients' cognitive performance and their addiction treatment outcomes.
Keywords: Cognitive Rehabilitation, Addiction, Residential Care.
Neurocognitive Aspects of Drug Craving as a Target for Interventions
Padideh Nasseri1, 2, Hamed Ekhtiari1, 2, 3
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Iran
Addiction as a brain disorder is described by constant drug-seeking and drug-taking
behaviors that lead to serious negative consequences in physical, emotional, social and
occupational aspects of individual’s life. Drug craving has been considered by many
investigators as one of the main cores behind these behaviors. In spite of recognized
importance of drug craving in addiction, models from different approaches were unable to
provide a through explanation of this phenomenon. In recent years, cognitive neuroscience
methods have increasingly been used to study the cognitive processes underlying various
neurologic and psychiatric disorders including addiction. Brain imaging techniques have used
cue–reactivity paradigms among different addicted populations to determine neural correlates
of drug craving. In the light of these studies, various explicit and implicit processes and
underlying brain regions involved in subjective feeling of craving have been identified,
leading to consider craving as a multidimensional phenomenon associated with a range of
neurocognitive functions mediated by different brain networks. It seems that the
neurocognitive dysfunctions of addictions are because of the disrupted functional
connectivity and abnormal collaborations between these networks. It seems that an
integrative model is required to describe the multidimensional nature of drug craving and
cover environmental, psychosocial, cognitive and neuroscience perspectives of it. Such an
integrative model of drug craving would be able to combine various available interventions
such as pharmacological, electrical and psychological therapies, propose assessment
protocols for treatment planning and monitoring and lead to design more efficient multidisciplinary treatment approaches by considering all aspects of drug craving.
Keywords: Craving, Integrative Model, Addiction, Intervention.
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Behavioral Activation as an Adjuvant Cognitive Intervention in Addiction Treatments
Sepideh Bakht1, Tahereh Mahdavi1, Enssieh Ghassemian1, 2,Hamed Ekhtiari1, 2, 3
Iran
The two-way relationship between addictive behaviors and depressive symptoms is wellestablished. Addictive behaviors, directly and consistently affecting reward pathway in the
brain, provide the basis for depression. The individual may also find that addictive behaviors,
sooth the depressive symptoms. The treatment of depressive symptoms has been an enduring
challenge in the addiction medicine. To address this issue, there have been lots of suggested
methods, among which behavioral activation has received considerable support. Behavioral
activation model encourages and enables the patient to engage in activities which meet
his/her basic needs (e.g. returning to work) or increases the possibility of receiving reward
from daily activities. The evidence supports behavioral activation as a relatively simple but
cost-effective and robust intervention. In this lecture, the behavioral activation and its basic
principles, assessment and evaluation, the structure, activity monitoring and activity
scheduling will be discussed.
Keywords: Addiction, Depression, Behavioral Activation.
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Mobile Apps as a New Media for Delivering Cognitive Interventions in Obesity
Fahima Farrahi1, Sepideh Bakht1, 2, Tahereh Mahdavi1, 2, Hamed Ekhtiari2, 3, 4
1. Mehrtan Project (Brain Services for Health Promotion), Mehrsa Research and
Publication Company.
Iran
Obesity and binging eating is one of the addictive behavior. It means, automatically, human
brain recur the act of eating. Mehrtan’s application, heuristically, is supposed, continuously,
as an accompanied coach, to help people to take food consciously and thoughtfully. This
application has 24 stairs which each of them covers one aspects of cognitive science. Also,
the teaching strategy of the application would continuously, orderly and systematically
follows the clients to empower both their brain power and cognitive functions, to manage
their weight. Moreover, in the first step the clients learn that the process of change is time
taking and it is not an instant method.
According to teaching technology, in order to ignite motivation and to provide the variation
in the process of losing weight, we would use different kinds of tools such as flash cards,
daily SMS, educational videos, animations, books, cognitive games and podcasts. All the
tools are complementary and each of them is related to one dimension of client’s educational
needs.
Each client should pass the 24 therapy steps. Each steps include defined tasks and
assignments which the clients would do on their smartphone and then would get feedback.
Also, each client has a personal profile which shows his/her progression within the period of
therapy.
Keywords: Cognition, Application, Treatment, Obesity.
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Cognitive Bias Modification for Addiction to Body Image
Negar Sammaknejad1
1. Institute for Cognitive & Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University
There are number of behaviors that although do not involve direct ingesting of drugs, but are
considered as potential addictive behaviors. One of these behaviors that recently attracted
attention of researchers is the issue of Body Image. Body Image refers to how the individual
perceive and feel about his/her body. The negative body image issue has plagued men and
women across the world. The influence of society, advertisements, marketing, and cosmetic
industry showing and admiring unrealistic and impossible images of beauty, shapes, and
sizes, especially in women, has biased the perception of perfection, caused beauty obsessions,
affected self-value and self-confidence, and resulted in social anxiety, eating disorders such
as anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by compulsive dieting to become thin
and has become a contagious obsession that mostly affects women. The opposite of the
Anorexia Nervosa that highly influences men’ perception of their body is Muscle
Dysmorphia, which is a condition that individuals characterize their body size small or weak
when they look normal or even fairly muscular. Both Anorexia Nervosa and Muscle
Dysmorphis are considered as “Addiction to Body Image” (ABI).
Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) studies have provided evidence that cognitive biases
play an important role in addictive behavior disorders. Considering that an addictive behavior
is defined as loss of control and there are growing evidence showing that such excessive
behaviors of all types of addiction share common attributes, we argue that the CBM method
can have implications for treatment of Body Image issue. Thus, the method can eventually
train away and manipulate the negative beliefs about ideal images and can be an effective
way to enhance self-esteem, self-evaluation, and change the standard beauty beliefs.
Keywords: Body Image, Addiction, Cognitive Bias Modification.
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Neurocognitive Interventions in Obesity
Asiyeh Rezaei1, Hamed Ekhtiari1
Almost 60 years ago, Randolph first defined food addiction as “a specific adaptation to one
or more regularly consumed foods to which a person is highly sensitive, produces a common
pattern of symptoms descriptively similar to those of other addictive processes”; addictivelike consumption of corn, wheat, coffee, milk, eggs, and potatoes was reported. With the
increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity over the past decades the concept of “food
addiction” has recently become popular both among researchers and the lay public as a
possible way to understand the impact of psychological factors on weight gain. Research has
shown that there are similarities between the symptoms of drug addiction and Food addiction
(Escalation of Use, Loss of Control, Social Consequences, and Personal Distress).
Neurocognition studies have shown an association between brain function (Attentional
biases) and food addiction. Furthermore, triadic neurocognitive model of addiction to drugs
and non-drugs, weakened “willpower” associated with these behaviors is the product of an
abnormal functioning in one or more of three key neural and cognitive systems: (1) an
amygdala-striatum; (2) a prefrontal cortex dependent system and (3) an insula dependent
system which in turn plays a strong influential role in decision-making and impulse control
processes related to uncertainty, risk, and reward. The described three-systems account for
poor decision-making and stimulus-driven actions, thus leading to a more elevated risk for
relapse. Studies show that this system is also active in food addiction. Cognitive
interventions designed to determine the impact on every part of the system can be an
effective aid in the treatment of obesity and food addiction.
Keywords: Obesity, Addiction, Decision-Making.
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Transcranial Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation for Addiction Medicine
Alireza Shahbabaei1, 2, 3, Fatemeh Yavari1, Hamed Ekhtiari1, 2, 3
1. Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
3. Research Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disorder. Despite its significant economical and medical
burden on the societies, there is still limited effective available treatment options. Better
understanding of the chemical, neuronal, regional, and network alterations of the brain due to drug
abuse can ultimately lead to tailoring individualized and more effective interventions. Noninvasive
brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) including transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (TES
and TMS) have been assessed in a growing number of studies for their therapeutic potential in
treating addiction. Preliminary positive results suggest that repetitive TMS and TES could be
effective in reducing drug craving and consumption and might represent potential therapeutic tools
for addiction treatment. Considering the limited number of existing studies, there are still some
critical open questions which need to be addressed before routine clinical utilization of NIBS
techniques in addiction medicine such as how to account for inter-individual differences, define
optimal cognitive and neural targets, optimize stimulation protocols, and integrate NIBS with other
therapeutic methods.
Keywords: Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Transcranial Electrical Stimulation, Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation, Addiction Medicine, Treatment.
Relationship between primary drug prevention programs and health system
Prof. Fabrizio Faggiano Associate professor of Public Health in UPO - University of Piemonte
Orientale – Novara (I)
Prevention of drug use and abuse implies to act on the determinants of a human behaviour. The main
determinants of drug use can be classified as environmental and individuals. Among the
environmental determinants, there are the availability of substances, but also the implicit norms of
the society in relation to drug use, as for example, the acceptability of drug use, the use of drug of
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persons recognised as models for people. These determinants can be modified through the
elaboration of explicit norms and behavioural rules, but also through mass media campaigns.
Among the individual determinants, the more important are knowledge, family behaviours and
norms, perceived prevalence of use among peers, and individual resistance skills.
For the multifactorial nature of this behaviour, the better strategy for prevention includes actions to
be carried out simultaneously at both levels.
Family or school-based interventions alone are not enough in order to have a real impact on the risk
of use. This can be reached by a comprehensive strategy including environmental interventions,
school and family interventions, and any form of the “activation” of the community aimed at
building a public “anti-drug opinion”.
The role of the health system is to coordinate the elaboration and conduction of multicomponent
strategies at a national, regional and local level. This strategy have to be aimed at reach a complete
coverage of the risk population, in order to ensure a measurable impact on drug use at a national
level.
Long-term Methamphetamine abuse effects on brain biomarkers
Mohammad Hassan Farhadi
Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center,University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Even after the acute abstinence syndrome terminates, cognitive, affective, and regional brain deficits
persistin Methamphetamine (MA) abuser. These deficits are more likely to reflect the long-term
effects of chronic MA abuse on micro-structure and brain biomarkers such as dopamine and
serotonin markers, and neuronal viability (NAA, CHO, MI and CR) markers.
One way to study
these deficits are noninvasive neuroimaging techniques have proven that clarify the effects of
methamphetamine (MA) on the human brain structure and related function. These techniques include
PET, fMRI, SPECT, MRS, VBM and DTI has helped form a more complete picture of the disorder
and its underlying neural substrates. Also quantitative immunoblotting and HPLC are another
techniques in human postmortem studies to investigating the issue of long-term effects of MA on
neural systems. Therefore many neuroimaging studies has been conducted to elucidate the neural
underpinnings of persistent deficits after prolonged abstinence. Taken together, the neuroimaging
evidence points to frontostriatal deficits, in particular in relation with the dopaminergic system,
Similarly, frontolimbic circuitry and the serotonin system remain impaired throughout prolonged
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abstinence. even with the controversies and unanswered questions, neuroimaging studies has
substantially contributed to revealing and describing many of the neurochemical, structural, and
functional deficits related with the abuse of MA. The continued use of advancing technologies in
neuroimaging help we in providing information that can finally be used to development of new
treatments for MA dependence. So, in this review article to clear the residual effects of
methamphetamine neural underlying, we will look at a number of neuroimaging studies that are done
in Methamphetamine abuser at prolonged abstinence period.
Keywords: Methamphetamine, Brain biomarkers, Neuroimaging, Residual effects
Introduction of new model for expansion of HIV Care and Treatment services towards 3 90s
Behnam Farhoudi MD.MPH. Assistant Professor for Infectious Diseases Department, AZAD
University of Medical Sciences
HIV care and treatment is an important priority as well as a global commitment, emphasized
at several UN general assembly meetings. As a service, it is completely cost-effective leading both to
prevention of early deaths in patients and improvement of their quality of life, as well as the
reduction of risk of transmission to others. The significance of this fact in the HIV epidemic control
is such that there is now international consensus on the 90, 90, 90 targets, meaning by 2020, %90%
of those infected are to have been identified, %90 of those identified are to be receiving ART and in
%90 of those receiving treatment, virus reproduction is to have been contained. Nevertheless,
treatment coverage remains inadequate in many countries across the world, as is the case in Iran.
In 2014, a study was conducted to more accurately determine the state of care and treatment
services, find the obstacles against their extension and put forward solutions for their qualitative and
quantitative improvement. The study, titled “an assessment of the cascade of HIV diagnostic, care
and treatment services,” helped illuminate the existing weaknesses and challenges and present
solutions to strengthen the chain of services. The present new model of this program aiming at
strengthening these services has been based of the findings of the said study in accordance with
Iran’s National Strategic Plan for HIV Control. In designing the program, inputs from all
organizations and bodies involved in the development of the NSP have been utilized.
Establishment of outpatient treatment centers for alcohol dependence in Iran: the first Report
Ali Farhoudian
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Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Alcohol consumption has increased slightly at recent years in Iran. Iran has developed a national
policy document on “Prevention, Supply Reduction, Treatment, Harm Reduction and Rehabilitation
of Alcohol Use, 2013-2017”.
In the pilot phase, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, at the University of Social
Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences planned to select 150 treatment centers from all over the country
among the volunteer’s existing outpatient treatment centers that have eligibility criteria and provide
them with a special training course on alcohol treatment for their staff including both general
practitioners and clinical psychologists.
This pilot project will investigate the effect of providing training courses on alcohol treatment for
physicians and clinical psychologists on their knowledge and skills to provide evidence-based
alcohol treatment services. Also In this project we are going to evaluate the feasibility and
effectiveness of providing outpatient alcohol treatment via a nation-wide network through a series of
indicators including retention/attrition of recruited patients, effect of treatment on level of alcohol
and other drug use, physical and mental health status, comorbid psychiatric conditions, familial, and
social functioning and quality of life.
This project will also assess the problems with referral of the patients, access to and quality of
services and the level of patients’ and policy makers’ satisfaction from the newly established system.
Methadone: Provision and Diversion
Ali Farhoudian, MD
Sciences
Opioid Substitution Treatment (OST) is the most efficient treatment for opiate addiction. In this
regard, Iran is one of the pioneering country in the world and the first in the region which launched
this services nationwide. Methadone as the main medication of this type is the key contributing
factor in reducing illicit opioid use, maintaining adherence to treatment, reducing injecting and
sharing of drug taking equipment, reducing mortality, improving employment prospects, and finally
improving total functioning.
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There are concerning issues on the reports of diversion from various levels of distribution system as
well as patients who consume it legally. Reports from all other area of world that deal with
methadone substitutions reveal that diversion for this medication always happen and is much more
prevalent than expected. preventing withdrawal before treatment, hoping to achieve abstinence, using
as a part of polydrug use, maintaining a secretive status and avoiding a bureaucratic process are some
reasons that attract addicts to diverted methadone instead of prescribed medication in approved
treatment centers.
Depriving from Psychosocial interventions and all medical services, self medication with lower
doses, injection related harm, accidental methadone intoxicity in family members, accidental or
intentional overdose, death and jeopardizing reputation of OST are some disadvantages of using
illicit methadone. Meanwhile the illicit methadone users may enjoy sooner return to society, access
to an alternative for patients who decline referring to a treatment, a cheaper alternative for patients
who do not really benefit from psychosocial interventions, or even a trigger for seeking an standard
treatment afterward.
In this lecture advantages and disadvantages of methadone diversion with regard to human dignity,
final aim of recovery and citizenship will be discussed.
Improving Outpatient Treatment Services in Iran: A Local Point of View
Ali Farhoudian, MD
Sciences
Drug use and its related consequences have become a disaster in Iran. However, in 2000 Iran proudly
enjoyed a great improvement in addiction treatment system alongside a widespread harm reduction
program which all concluded in controlling HIV infections and some other related calamities. These
accomplishments were derived from the positive changes in authorities' attitudes toward demand
reduction point of view instead of excessive supply reduction. This positive attitude toward demand
reduction activities led to launching thousands private treatment centers equipped with opioid
substitution treatments, drop in centers with low threshold methadone and mobile centers. The
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attitude also resulted in supporting numerous non-governmental organizations including self-help
groups.
There are over 5300 outpatient private treatment centers nationwide which deal with the treatment of
drug dependent people who are suffering from their own drug consumptions or addictions. In the
recent years these centers have encountered threats of integration into primary health system and
have had hard survival situation due to their abundant expansions. The threats have caused most of
these centers to choose survival strategy instead of qualitative improvement in their services. On the
other hand violations from tight control regulations and existence of diverted methadone in black
market hurt the images of these centers.
After over a decade of launching this expansive outpatient treatment services, we should promote the
system via new wave of advocacy for authorities and other stackholders, implementing more
intensive psychosocial supports, revising rules and criteria, applying hierarchical levels as well as
improving inspection and monitoring.
Clinical tools in cyber addiction
Rabert farnam
Member of Substance Abuse and Dependence branch of Iranian psychiatric association
The internet is an integral part of modern life and minority of people who use the internet evlovn
h iw ‘internet addiction’. This problem can be cause of negative impact on family and social life, as
excessive time spent online often results ennonei en family, social activities and interests. Although
‘Internet addiction’ is not yet recognized ICD–10 or DSM–V diagnostic category but Mental health
professionals need understanding of internet addiction so that they can recognize it early and
intervene appropriately. There are several possible outcomes for the evaluation of cyber addiction ;
identifying potential cases (screening tools), providing a definitive diagnosis and to assess the
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therapeutic needs of the cases (assessment tools) and deciding whether treatment is appropriate and if
eae select and design the most appropriate treatment for client/patient (treatment decision-making
tools). About twenty measurement tools for cyber addiction have been reviewed. Measurement
tools for cyber addiction are essential to plan for effective prevention and treatment programs. But,
no reliable and valid measurement tool has been developed for cyber addiction in Persian .Although
some of tools which were reviewed in this article comprehensively covered the diagnostic criteria,
cultural aspects of cyber-technological addiction are needed to be approached in Persian siid ns.
Inpatient Assisted Opioid Withdrawal of Street Children Admitted to Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric Ward: A Preliminary Case Series and Feasibility
Mahboubeh Firouzkouhi Moghaddam
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZAUMS),
Zahedan, Iran / Research Center for Children and Adolescents Health (RCCAH), Zahedan University
of Medical Sciences (ZAUMS), Zahedan, Iran
Introduction: About 10 million children worldwide living or working in street. Prevalence of
substance use among street children is between 14 to 92 percent. The substance use among
vulnerable children is associated with higher rate of mental disorders or high risk behaviors. In this
study we have reported outcomes of assisted withdrawal of opioid dependent vulnerable children
admitted to child and adolescent psychiatric ward of Ali Ebn e Abitaleb Hospital Hospital.
Participants and Methods: Clinical chart abstractions were performed on a convenience sample of 40
serial street opioid dependent child and adolescent (mean age 11.14±3.60 years) referred to child and
adolescent psychiatric ward of Ali Ebn e Abitaleb Treatment and Research Center from November
2014 to May 2015. Results: 24(60%) patients were male and 16(40%) were female. All patients used
drugs during last month before admission. Main drug of use for all patients was opioids. The crack
heroin (with street name of crystal in South East of Iran) was the most common (70%) main drug of
use followed by opium (10%) and opium residue (7.5%), respectively. Musculoskeletal pain and
diarrhea were most common withdrawal symptoms during admission. Discussion: To our knowledge
this is the first study reported the safety and feasibility of inpatient symptomatic pharmacological
treatment for assisted withdrawal among opioid dependent child and adolescents in Iran.
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Identification of undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients in counterfeit herbal
MohammadHadi Foroughi2, MaryamAkhgari M1, Farzaneh Jokar F1
1-Legal Medicine Research Centre, Forensic Toxicology Department, Tehran, Iran
2-Department, Tehran, Iran, d Toxicology graduate student, Islamic Azad University of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and aim: Adulteration of traditional herbal drugs with undeclared active pharmaceutical
ingredients is a global problem with increase in popularity of herbal-based medications. Many
unprofessional herbal stores introduce herbal medicines as traditional formulations, but there are poor
regulations for traditional herbal products consistency and safety in Iran.
The current study aimed to identify undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients in traditional herbal
medicines used as opioid substitution therapy.
Methods: In this research study systematic toxicological analysis was performed for the analysis of
80 traditional herbal medicine samples. Samples were prepared and analyzed by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrumentation.
Results: More than 96 percent of samples contained at least one pharmaceutical active ingredient.
Diphenoxylate and tramadol were detected in 90% and 67% of samples respectively. Moreover,
some other pharmaceutical ingredients such as acetaminophen, codeine, sertraline, and fluoxetine
were found in the samples. Quantitative analysis of samples showed that capsules contained
diphenoxylate and tramadol at concentrations of 1.4-4 mg/capsule and 67-150 mg/capsule
respectively.
Conclusion: Traditional herbal preparations are not regulated as medicines in Iran. Herbal drugs with
undeclared active ingredients are potentially dangerous for consumers; therefore serious safety
concerns must be associated with their production, distribution and use.
Keywords: Counterfeit herbal medicines, Forensic Toxicology, GC-MS
Twelve Step Programs and Addiction Recovery:
The Role of Social Support in Stabilizing Long-Term Abstinence.
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Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous are mutual help fellowships that are
represented worldwide by 59,000 and 100,000 weekly group meetings, respectively. Because of their
extensive availability, and because of the welcoming orientation they have for addicted people, they
represent a vast network of resources for engaging addicted people in programs that encourage and
stabilize drug and alcohol abstinence. An understanding of the nature of their operation and the
impact they have on people who join is an important way that clinicians treating addicted people can
make use of these resources. We undertook five empirical studies of large numbers of members in
both AA and NA in order to assess the nature of the addictive problems addressed, the duration of
membership and abstinence in these groups, and the psychological issues which serve to stabilize the
members’ sobriety. In this presentation, epidemiologic and clinical findings of these studies will be
presented, along with the assessments we made on measures of social affiliation and spiritual
orientation. These findings will be presented on Young People in AA (N=266), International Doctors
in AA (N=144) national sample of members of Narcotics Anonymous (N=527), and military veterans
who are members of NA (N=172).
A model will be proposed on the psychological nature of engagement and neural correlates of
sobriety among long-term members. In addition to quantitative findings, examples of induction,
stabilization, spiritual awakening, and long-term sobriety in respective members will be presented.
On this basis, attendees will be better able to use these resources for their patients.
The Twelve Step Recovery Movement
Two major Twelve Step programs, Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, are
worldwide fellowships, which altogether conduct over 150,000 weekly meetings They promote
lifelong alcohol and drug abstinence for their members, all of whom are addicts, who have joined
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together to support each other in achieving sobriety. This talk will address the following topics: how
AA and NA got started; their Twelve Steps toward recovery; whether the movements are cults or
religious organizations; how they get people to stop drinking and taking drugs; what neuroscience
can tell us about them; how AA and NA operate as organizations.
Investigation ofDeathsdue toSide Effects ofNarcotics and Psychotropic Substances
Referred tolegal Medicine Organizationin 2014-15
Mohamad Reza Ghadirzadeh1; Seyed Davood Mirtorabi1; Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari2
1. Legal Medicine Research Center 2.Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Objective:
Drug abuseas increasing phenomenain the worldis being changed to aserious problemindeveloping
countries. According tothe LisbonAgreementin 2000,the mortality rateis considered as oneof the
main indicatorsindexrequirementsofan information system. In Iran, the responsible authority to
declare all non-natural death cases including deaths due to side effects ofnarcotics and psychotropic
substancesis Legal MedicineOrganization. This study is planned to determinethe incidence rate
ofdeath due todrug abuse side effectsand considertheresults of theautopsy, paraclinic andpathologic
findings.
Materials andMethods:
Thisstudywas conductedinallprovincesandalldeath cases due todrugsand psychotropic substances
were imported to the study. Demographic variables, smoking history, medical history, psychological,
social and necropsyfindingswere evaluated. Two formswere designedto obtainthe necessary
informationandexpertise confirmation, in terms ofvalidity and reliability withinseveral sessions.
Forms were filled by the physician in charge in everyforensic medicine center separately and were
planned, controlled and confirmed by aprovincial official physician. The forms were sent to the
major researcher monthly and were analyzed after being collected.
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Results:
The number of deaths due to drug abuse in the year 2014-15 was equal to 2986 cases that show a
growth of about 1% in comparison to the previous year. Ninety percent of the dead were male. The
average age of the studied corpses was 36.87 years with the median of 35 years and the standard
deviation of 12.26 years and the standard error of the mean(SEM) was 0.25 years. Only 4 percent of
the deaths were homeless. More than a third of the deaths (35%) were married. About 75% of the
deaths were high school graduates and lower. The frequency and type of material used in the month
before death were respectively as: opium or opium sap (51.8%), Crystal (33.8%), heroin (32.3%) and
Crack (15.4%). The rate of mortality due to drug abuse was 38.4 deaths per one million populations
that were a little lower than the global average (40 deaths per million populations). The provinces of
Tehran (68.2), Hamadan (67.7), Kermanshah (64) and Zanjan (58.9) had the highest rates and the
provinces of West Azarbaijan (4.1) Bushehr (4.5) had the lowest death rate per million population.
Conclusion:
Considering the low average age of the deceased people and preventable nature of this type of deaths,
appropriate actions in this area can reduce the burden of addiction as a disease on society.
Extended amygdala and drug addiction
Hassan Ghoshooni, PhD,
Neuroscience Research Center, Baqyiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
According to the some suggestions, the extended amygdala is the brain interface of emotion
and locomotion. It is composed of several structures in the basal forebrain including nucleus
accumbens shell and central nucleus of amygdala. Considering the roles of shell region of the
nucleus accumbens and central nucleus of amygdala in positive and negative effects of abused drugs
respectively, it could be suggested that the extended amygdala has a crucial role for drug addiction to
be continued. Chronic cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, alcohol, and tetrahydrocannabinol abuse
leads to an increasing in brain reward system dysfunction and decrease in reward function. In
addition, withdrawal from chronic administration of cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, alcohol, and
tetrahydrocannabinol can raise the brain stimulation threshold. Investigations indicated the elements
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in the extended amygdala may mediate these changes which including decreases in dopamine and
serotonin neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens and increases in the CRF in the central
nucleus of the amygdala. These in fact may changes the brain allostatic load and induce compulsive
drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors which are among the characteristics of drug addiction.
HIV Care and Treatment, Challenges in Drug Users Subpopulation to reach three 90s goals
Mohammad Mehdi Gouya MD.MPH,
Assistant Professor for Infectious Diseases Department, Head of Center for Communicable Diseases
Control, MOH, I.R.IRAN
Adherence to ARV treatment among IDUs is always challenging and leads to suboptimal treatment
results and many studies show a significant difference in treatment outcome between drug users and
non drug users. But, recent studies show improvement in adherence to ART in mentioned group.
Considering the fact that still the most common mode of transmission of HIV in Iran is through drug
use, and of course they need to be treated by ARVs, we are facing with an important challenge with
their treatment in our country.
Some of the factors that may contribute to suboptimal treatment outcomes in IDUs include delayed
and poor access to ART, special life style of IDUs, homelessness, having other co-morbidities and
co-infections, psychosocial problems of IDUs, forgetfulness, drug interactions and more ARV side
effects, poor long-term adherence to ART and inadequate social support.
Title: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives in Food and Drug Craving
Speaker: Hamed Ekhtiari, MD, Head of Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for
Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Abstract:
Although craving has been included in DSM-V classification as one of the main criteria for substance
use disorders, there is a lack of consensus regarding its definition, biological nature and effective
therapies. Obesity and eating disorders are also highly inspired with craving terminologies from
addiction medicine. In recent years, neurocognitive studies have shed light on different explicit and
implicit processes and corresponding brain regions behind subjective feeling of craving. Now, the
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multidimensional nature of drug craving should be described by an integrative model that can take
into account the environmental, behavioral, cognitive, and neuroscience perspectives. There is a
wide range of interventions such as pharmacological, electrical and cognitive therapies proposed to
be effective for craving management and subsequently for behavioral changes. An integrative model
of drug and food craving should be able to combine different interventions, propose assessment
paradigms for treatment planning and monitoring and lead to design multi-disciplinary treatment
approaches that could efficiently cover all aspects of craving. In this talk, I have sought for
neuroscience evidences in the functional, regional and network levels toward this integrative model
of drug and food craving for addiction medicine.
Registration of Substance-Related Hospital Emergencies
Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam MD, FACMT
Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
Background: The socio-medical phenomenon ofdrug abuse remains among the most criticalissues
facing our society today.
Methods: Recent studies on substance related hospital emergencies were gathered through published
data from Loghman-Hakim hospital as the representative of busiest center of clinical toxicology in
the country. Also the last data on drug related mortalities were obtained from Legal Medicine
Organization.
Results: According to legal medicine organization annual report the trend of substance and drug
related deaths has been increased from 0.3 per 100,000 in 2002 to 0.7 per 100,000 in 2010. Although
there are not an available national study to show trend of substance related hospital emergencies
(SRHE) , but looking at toxicology referral centers data shows that the number of SRHE are
increased dramatically. In a pilot study on 1258 intoxicated patients who accept to be analyzed in
terms of common substance abuse 15.4% were referred due to SRHE. Whereas 31.6% were opioid
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abuser, 9.8% stimulant abuser, 1.7% hallucinogen abuser, 26.8% sedative abusers and 0.6% alcohol
abuser.
On the other hand another study showed that in SRHE, opium intoxication was more prevalent in
2006 but was replaced by methadone later. Heroin intoxication reduced from 4.3% to 1.2% and
psycostimulants from 16.5% to 21.5%.
Conclusion: There are noticeable amount of SRHE in the community which need suitable and
instant intervention.
Outreach treatment to homeless and other marginalized groups, the Copenhagen experience.
Henrik Thiesen MD,
Manager Copenhagen Community, External and clinical lecturer, Copenhagen University Medical
School
Following the closure of a homeless hospital in 1999, health-service for homeless and other without
access to proper healthcare was fragmented into shelterbased clinics without communication at the
same time an interprofessional team reseached possibilities and barriers in access to healthcare and
social services for homeless people.
Based on findings from this project a HealthTeam Copenhagen, which is organised as a extremely
mobile general practice was set to deliver healthcare to people who are for different reasons, not able
to receive systematic treatment for chronic diseases in mainstream health service. This team-structure
has also been applied on a clinic based in close proximity to the open drug-scene of the city.
In 2013 all out-reach and clinic services including safe injetion rooms and drug user training in
overdose-prevention with Naloxone was unified with the outreach team as a connecting hub.
Close cooperation between a dedicated out-reach team and clinics with out-reach in the immediate
environment has several synergistic effects in the treatment of people who are not able to stay or
receive treatment at the same place for a longer period of time.
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By following the patient, provide and coordinate health- and social care for the individual
everywhere in the community, use the cooperation between all the different and implementing
common standards of care we have avoided the earlier slips in care and secured best possible
treatment everywhere in the system.
The connected service system is based on small independent units and it works in close cooperation
and partnerships with official and NGO-institutions to secure fast access to treatment and thereby
preventing debilitating and expensive exacerbation of diseases.
The common healthsystem and especially HealthTeam has created a detailed overview of the general
health- and social status of the Copenhagen homeless in connection with biomedical data as well as
data on housing, access to health service and substance use which makes it possible to provide the
city with detailed data on the overall health situation.
General harm-reduction strategies has been developed, implemented in a general practice model and
applied towards chronic alcohol users, injecting drug users and double diagnosed substance users.
This presentation will encompass description of out-reach methods, basic data from more than 1500
patients and data from harm–reduction projects based in this framework.
MESH-terms: General practice, out-reach, health care, harm-reduction, substance use, homeless,
double diagnose, safe injection, overdose prevention, naloxone
Local societies and youth volunteer participation and in social health promotionintroducing a volunteering model for substance abuse prevention
Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hossein Javadi
Member of the Board of Directors of IASW
Drug abuse as a social problem is now so pervasive that threat health and development indexes. It
impact individuals, families and communities. Iran has a young society. Iran is a young society.
About 35% of the population is under 30 years of age. This could be either a threat or an opportunity.
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They are driving force of the society but, at the same time,the most importanttarget groupof
drugdistributors.
Social workers work professionally with individuals engaged in substance abuse as well as their
families. Community social work practice models, however, provide capacity building to deal with
drug use. The model that is being presented here has been designed totake advantage of local groups
andyouth participation in order to raise public awareness about drug abuse and its consequences.
Younguniversity student volunteers ofthe Red Crescentin the form ofT.O.T.learnabout type of drugs,
their consequences, and life skillswith an emphasis onproblem solving andresiliency. Then, theyare
being senttourbanrisky areasingroups of5to 10 members to teach people. This model has been
implemented in 15 provinces and nearly 2500 volunteer were trained in two phases.
Central amygdala and drug addiction
Tahereh Sadat Javadifar, PhD,
Abstract
The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) which is the part of the extended amygdala and is a
key component of the brain function during stress. The nucleuses receive inputs from some forebrain
areas including frontal cortex and hippocampus and send back its outputs to the nucleus accumbens,
VTA and hippocampus as well. Data indicated that the nucleus is functional during drug intake
suggested the role of the nucleus in drug seeking behavior and also during drug withdrawal. The
important neurotransmitters which are involved in these functions including noradrenaline, opioids
and nitric oxide. Some of the investigators believed that the nucleus also is a key structure in brain
stress system. The CRFergic projections of CeA increases neuronal activity in several parts of the
brain and their hyperactivity during withdrawal could lead to an increase in the severity of the
symptoms observed in the drug dependent animal.
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Training needs of under graduate medical students in the field of substance use treatment and
rehabilitation in Afghanistan
Dr Hayatullah Jawad, Associate Professor of Pathology, Director of Education
Development Center and member of curriculum committee in Kabul Medical University
Abstract
Background:According to Afghan National Drug Use Survey (ANDUS) inducted in May 2015, nearly
one-third (31%) of all households tested positive and over ten percent (11%) of the population tested
positive for one or more drugs. Opioids are the most prevalent class of drugs in Afghanistan and its use
is significantly higher in rural villages than in the urban centers. The use of such drugs causes
significant harm to people living in Afghanistan. Therefore, it is needed to take proper actions to reduce
drug use in Afghanistan, especially in rural villages where the availability of prevention and treatment
resources are currently limited. All over the Afghanistan there are seven public medical schools and
about eighteen private medical schools, which they belong to Ministry of Higher Education.
Unfortunately, for teaching of substance use disorders in undergraduate curricula in all medical schools
are allocated only one lecture (50mins). Actually it is not enough for general physicians. Furthermore,
only Psychiatrists have the knowledge and skills of treatment and rehabilitation of drug users in
Afghanistan. General practitioners (GP) who graduated from medical schools are not able to treat drug
users. The current undergraduate curriculum must be reviewed to have sufficient education content
related to substance use disorders. Medical professionals, doctors, nurses, psychologist social workers
working in the health sectors should take in-service courses that increase the capability and capacity of
them to treat the drug users. Essay availability of drugs should be checked and families and education
should be aware of hazards of drug use
Keywords: Drug use, treatment and rehabilitation, drug curricula
"Cannabis, the adolescent drug: from avoidance of reality to group membership, a French
psychoanalytical perspective ".
By Jean-Luc Vannier, Psychoanalyst, Lecturer at Nice Sophia-Antipolis University & Edhec
and Ipag P.G. Business School, Nice, French Riviera, France.
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9th Annual International Addiction Science Congress – Tehran, September, 9 – 11 2015
Abstract: The paper proposes to study and enlighten from a psychoanalytical point of view, the
various reasons why the French Youth are the most important consumers of cannabis among
Europeans. Based on facts and figures given by several and scientific social inquiries which
show an “addictogenic” environment such as, for instance, the use of the Internet, the
Freudian approach tries to understand the unconscious meaning of the cannabis for them and,
in this perspective, is to recall the main psychological explanations of the adolescence time
for a human being: a discontinuity, even sometimes considered as a psychotic moment in the
great cycles of human life. The use of drug at this time could emphasize the cleavage
between the physical body changes imposed by the reality of the pubertal sexual drive and
the reduced capabilities of the psyche still plunged in childhood, to understand their scope,
their significance. It means an asymmetric and unbalanced duality which reminds of the
"primary seduction" between the baby and his caretaker and the current reinvestment or
reactivation of the old suffering (trauma in two steps). Taking into account the fact that
France has one of the most repressive legislation on the subject, the paper will examine the
specific mental mechanism related to prohibition, it will also include the psychoanalytical
dimension of the major risks at adolescent time through the supreme paradox of adolescence:
admission into the adult world, which means the world of finiteness (death) and, at the same
time, the discovery of his capacity to give birth with genital sexuality aimed at the
reproduction of the species. With the help of some clinical cases being treated by
psychoanalysis, the presentation will insist of the “speech” hold by teenagers about drugs and
moreover cannabis since their first cigarette which opens the door to post poly-consumption.
This is very important to understand the practical use of cannabis according to the
adolescents themselves: 20 years ago cannabis which was already “the drug of the
adolescence” was used as the drug of the detachment. The effect of the drug appeared to
delay entry into this adulthood, stifling its multiple responsibilities and synonymous with a
non-editable trajectory, marked by finitude. Cannabis is now targeting teens as “insertion into
the social group” and the “sense of belonging and became today the “standard” psycho-active
substance. Associated to this absorption of drug substances is the “Binge Drinking” with a
remarkable increase of young female cases adding with a co-morbidity phenomena. The
paper will raise the issue on the kind of preventions the social system should promote. Strong
medical warning, especially about the danger of toxic cannabis “cut” with others “unnatural”
substances, did have a weird effect: the “boom” in France of the development of self
production plants. In these conditions, how could a teenager accept to confide in a person too
close to him, emotionally speaking? How to help parents to overwhelm their own denial
when they guess the emergence of their children suffering that could remind them of those
they have been enduring in their own history./.
38 |
39 |
Facts and Figures
France is the European country where the proportion of adults who have ever used cannabis is the
most important. More than four in ten French have already smoked a joint. Since 2003, which was a
kind of turning point, 52% of young people aged 15-25 are smoking cannabis. According to
preliminary results of the 2014 Health barometer published last June by the French Observatory of
Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT) and the National Prevention and Health Education Institute
(INPE), the use of cannabis and stimulants, such as ecstasy and cocaine, is increasing in France. This
barometer health which involved more than 15,000 people from 15 to 75 interviewed between
December 2013 and May 2014, is conducted every 5 years.
Cannabis is still the most consumed illegal substance in France, experienced at least once in their life
by four in 10 (42%) among 18-64 years in 2014. One in ten did consume in the year (11% against 8%
in 2010). This increase has been noticed in all age groups, but especially among women 18 to 40
years and men 18 to 55 years. But the use during the year peaked in the 18-25 years with 34% of
males and 23% of young women (29% and 17% in 2010).
An “addictogenic” environment?
In 2014, over a hundred new drugs have swept across Europe, the rate is of two a week. Consuming
stimulants, especially in a festive context or work, is also rising, including ecstasy, whether in tablet
or powder form and crystal methamphetamine (MDMA). 4.3% of 18-64 have already experienced it.
The use in the year increased from 0.3% in 2010 to 0.9% in 2014. The 18-25 years consume the most
(3.8%), three times more than the 26-34 years (1.3%). Regarding cocaine, 5.6% of 18-64 years had
experienced at least once during their life in 2014. They were only 1.2% in 1995. A higher
consumption occurs among 18-25 years (3.1%) and 26-34 years (2.2%) which then regresses clearly.
The survey also reveals much lower experiments for heroin, hallucinogenic mushrooms or LSD.
During the year, the consumption of these three products does not exceed 0.2% of the population.
Finally, 7.3% of 18-64 report use of poppers during their life. It is predominantly men under 35
years.
Despite the rise of the so-called new synthetic products (NSP), cannabis remains the most consumed
illicit substance in Europe where 23.3% of adults have ever used, says the latest report of the
Observatory European Drugs and Drug Addiction. In France, the figure rises to 40.9%.
According to other surveys conducted on the ground, including that of the ESPAD 2011 - Thirty six
countries scrutinized by the Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs - French
adolescents show record consumption cannabis. The experimentation with cannabis is up 25%, the
number of youth who consumed at least once the product from 31% to 39% in four years. The
increase is even 60% for consumption at least once a month. Clearly, the French youth which more
40 |
than one in two have already smoked the psychoactive substance since 2003, are the first recent
cannabis users in Europe. May be one should include other types of addictions like Social Network,
Internet and use of Smartphone.
How to enlighten the phenomena?
The geographic location can’t fully explain the high consumption in France: it would be a total
psychological denial only to take into consideration the fact that the country is geographically the
heart of the routes of cannabis trafficking, particularly from the Maghreb which makes the product
highly available. The most counterevidence is that the home growing cannabis plant has risen sharply
(see below).
Prohibition makes things so highly desirable
Last December, a study by the think tank Terra Nova, close to the left, restarted the debate on the
legalization of cannabis. Entitled "Cannabis: regulate the market to break the deadlock," the note
took part for stopping a "war on drugs" deemed "costly and ineffective" and recommended the
creation of a public monopoly of production and sale of cannabis, whose subsidies would go directly
into the State's pocket.
France has one of the most repressive legislation on the subject. The law of 31 December 1970 "on
health measures against drug abuse and repression of trafficking and the illicit use of poisonous
substances" provides for maximum penalties of one year imprisonment and a 3,750 euro fine for any
use of drugs. 65% of French are opposed to the decriminalization of cannabis, a large majority of
them (72%) declaring themselves even against the legalization of the substance. The debate on
decriminalization or legalization launched by Vincent Peillon, a former Minister of Education was
immediately closed by the Prime Minister.
According to the new Terra Nova proposals, the legalization of the production, sale and use of
cannabis as part of a public monopoly would set a higher price than today. An increase of 40% of the
selling price, compared to that charged on the black market, coupled with a decline in public
spending on law enforcement will allow the state to pocket 1.8 billion euro per year.
In order to support their idea of legalization, the authors relied on foreign example: “many OECD
governments have decided to abandon the all-repressive cannabis on the forehead." The Netherlands
(1976), Spain (1992) and Portugal (2001) were the vanguard of decriminalization. Culture is
decriminalized in the Netherlands, where consumption has exploded in recent years. Since 2006, the
Czech Republic, possession of small amounts is allowed. Some states in the US and Australia have
also decriminalized. In 2012, the states of Colorado and Washington have legalized their detention
and sale. The legalization of medical marijuana has been authorized in 20 other US states, where it is
more or less controlled.
41 |
A psychological link to the prohibition?
Since Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, we do know how tangled our relationship is to
our psyche. And to what is forbidden, especially at teenage time. St Paul tells us in one of his letter:
“I had knowledge of sin but by the law. I would not have had the idea of coveting if the Law had not
said: You shall not covet”.
One of our great philosophers, Pierre Michel de Montaigne is telling us a little story about his young
daughter aged of 15. Reading a book near her nanny, she stops at an unknown word and asked for the
meaning. Her child housekeeper reacted strongly and gave her the order to continue reading without
caring of the word in question. This world was simply meaning a tree trunk but in the mind of the
grownup, it has a full other signification. Montaigne who was attending the scene without interfering
into it just noticed that the ban to pronounce reveals in such the slang and sexual meaning of this
word.
What does “adolescence” psychologically mean?
- Discontinuity, Failure, psychosis among the great cycles of life.
-Cleavage between the physical body changes imposed by the pubertal reality (the sexual drive) and
the reduced capabilities of the psyche still plunged in childhood, to understand their scope, their
significance.
-Reminder of "primary seduction" (Body of an adult/ Psyche of a child) and reinvestment
(reactivation) of the old suffering (trauma in two steps).
The supreme paradox of adolescence: admission into the adult world, which means the world of
finiteness (death) and, at the same time, the discovery of his capacity to give birth (genital sexuality
aimed at the reproduction of the species).
-The commitment (this word itself scares teens) into working life constitutes acceptance of the idea
of death, which can explain the multiplication of experiences, trials and errors made by the
adolescent in a unconscious strategy to delay his entry into adult life.
Three needs of the adolescent are:
-To distinguish themselves from adults ("I love you")
-To test themselves in order to regain control of their bodies: the pubertal physical reality is
experienced as an active principle, an kind of “alien” which lead to different reactions between boys
(competition, performance) and girls (means of seduction).
-Being one with the peer group: finding new identifications and affiliations after exhausting those of
parents.
Adolescence also means a triple quest:
-To release oneself of experienced mental suffering by deviating this suffering toward self-inflicted
physical pain (“I do know now what I am suffering from”).
42 |
-To draw emphatically adults’ attention while waiting (more or less secretly) to be recognized and
contained by them (“hidden requests”: any delinquent act requires a strong response environment)
The three major risks at adolescent time are:
(1: Traffic accidents; 2: Suicide; 3: Psycho-active substances)
Use of psychoactive substances:
* The “first” cigarette is the gateway to the subsequent poly-drug use (initiation ritual in order to
belong to the group)
* The average path: cigarette, alcohol (through medical drugs) cannabis, "hard" drugs.
Any addiction to a psychoactive substance is a kind of crutch, a "companion" as the people who use
drugs do explain it. This "surrogate presence" demonstrates a terrible lack of being. Universality and
virtuality of the world require the individual dissolves in the group to which it subjects himself by
losing a part of its identity. Let’s recall an intangible affirmation of psychoanalysis, sometimes
difficult to grasp for the uninitiated: the more the human being violates the order, the more it means
he is calling for help.
Symptoms must be understood as evidence of failures in the relationship of the individual with
himself and with his family and social environment. The disorders of our patients reflect, said Freud,
those of the society. At 15 or 20, young people are not concerned by organic and corporal problems
but mainly psychic. Teenagers are physically healthy but entrance into puberty can cause serious
cataclysm order may disturb the psyche and lead them to put their bodies at risk.
What do adolescents tell us about the “fumette”?
To understand and provide an adequate response, we should hear what young consumers are telling
us about this topic. Or rather a “non-subject”: this drug has become for them the “standard” of living.
An usual, festive and social practice like alcohol absorption on a Sunday family meal.” 15 years ago,
to smoke cannabis was to draw up a protective wall, aimed at moving away from them the real adult
life perceived by them as “intrusive” and “scary”. Cannabis was the drug of the detachment. Many
accidents due to absorption of alcohol combined with cannabis were by the way related to mistaking
distance evaluation while driving. The effect of the drug appeared to delay entry into this adulthood,
stifling its multiple responsibilities and synonymous with a non-editable trajectory, marked by
finitude. Things changed drastically. Cannabis is now targeting teens as “insertion into the social
group” and the “sense of belonging”.
All this mean a change from the initiatory significance to an addictogenic and hyper-consumerist
environment, punctuated by a desire for immediacy – we want everything right now because the
death happens tomorrow? - and the illusory and magical thoughts which could provide an ability of a
change in personnel status as prompt and decisive as the computer keyboard reset: witness binge
drinking - the express drunkenness - not to “waste time” at socializing and to reach intoxication and
disinhibition with partners in one evening.
43 |
Alcoholic co-morbidity
As for tobacco, the figures on alcohol go to the same direction. For drinking, France is back in the
top ten countries in the Espad survey: 67% of 16 year olds have consumed alcohol in the month and
41% said “having been drunk at least once a year “. Trend identical tobacco: the first cigarette
happens in an average age of ten and a half. France now comes in 6th place, joining the camp of
countries where young people are strongly tobacco users. Ultimately, three outbuildings that in a
letter of 22 December 1897 to his colleague Wilhelm Fliess, Sigmund Freud, inveterate cigar smoker,
put away in the same bag: a substitute for the "primitive need”.
The development of self production
France is also in recent years become a land of production. According to estimates by the OFDT,
there would be 200,000 “cannibiculteurs” within the territory. We observed a “boom” in
consumption of grass, seen as more “natural”, less cut that cannabis resin in a country where bio
fashion is strong enough. Europe, situated on the "importing" side of the cannabis market is
becoming a major producer of grass, and France holds its own with a quota from 80 000 to 200 000
farmers among 17 millions in the world. Although from Morocco cannabis resin [shit] still
dominates the market, numbers of seizures are particularly illuminating. Until 2010, we discovered
an average of 50 000 to 60 000 plants per year in France. We seized 158,592 in 2014, the triple.
Binge Drinking: women's part sharply rises in alcohol consumption
While the whole French consumption of alcohol fall between 1970 and 2010 by more than 46 %, the
daily absorption and, above all, short episode of drunkenness rose sharply. In 10 years, the 18-25
years old teens who have experienced alcoholic peak reached 46 % (33% in 2005). 29 % admit
having being drunk three times a year in 2014 for only 15 % in 2005. 28 % of young girls have been
though three times drunkenness a year in 2014 (8% in 2005). Those girls who have been drunk 10
times a year doubled in 10 years. This is the most significant event of this all these investigation.
Difficult not to detect one of the avatars of the widespread worship of performance, that of the
omnipotence of the image and the requirement of immediacy: the first denies sexual difference, the
second creates an artificial dependency with respect to each other, the third rejects progressive and,
therefore, the ultimate castration. As a whole: a formidable psychological and social questioning of
the "feminine" in our modern world. The French society trends to "maternalize" people by
overprotecting the individual: the frenzied proliferation of laws signs the failure of the symbolic Law,
the only worth whiling one in the psychic construction. It remains only to girls to find another “exit”:
addictions to fill the female goal.
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Prevention? How?
Prevention among teenagers is certainly necessary but it is not sufficient because it is likely to remain
too theoretical. But what could speak and provide them with means of identifying and
metaphorization, that’s clinical considerations, a field approach and the use of scathing words like we
do in psychoanalysis session, to name a cat a cat. “The word is the murder of the alienating thing”,
Freud repeated. Are the SMS the best way to acquire the necessary vocabulary?
What should be the role of parents in such a context?
They are not, alas, in the best position. How could a teenager accept to confide in a person too close
to him, emotionally speaking. Love, hate, guilty debts are framing the relations of tens to their
parents. These parents must overcome their own denial when they guess the emergence of their
children suffering. Suffering that could remind them of those they have been enduring in their own
history. Dare a series of tips: avoid dramatization, show the strength of a good listener failing to hear,
encourage specialist consultation without fear of feedback. The young do not judge: he just wants to
understand.
Conclusion “open to revision” (Freud)
“We sell fun” recently boasted on France Info Radio a producer of great Bordeaux vintage to
differentiate themselves from other types of trade. While listening to young, marketing cannabis says
the same thing. Hypocrisy lit by recalling Freud in his study on the “generalized lowering love life”
(1912) the introduction "of all time" by humans conventional additional difficulties to enjoy where
the usual resistance to the satisfaction are not enough. Traditionally, the initiation rite in the
“primitive societies” was meaning a symbolic ceremony of passage through the absorption of
psychoactive substances to achieve the membership to the group. In other terms: the drug is still used
as a gateway to another world. But the act of crossing and selection of the destination have now
changed direction: once fled by adolescents, the reality has now become the social group, the “mold”
to live in. Adolescents now smoke no more to reject but to belong to. A unbelievable subterfuge of
the “standard”. /.
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[email protected]
00 33 (0) 6 16 52 55 20
http://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Vannier-Jean-Luc--3362.htm
http://www.editions-eres.com/auteurs/4794-jean-luc-vannier.htm
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Voucher-Based Reinforcement Therapy in Working with Substance Abusers Clients
Solmaz Jokar, Ph.D. Student in Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental
Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences
Voucher-Based Reinforcement Therapy
A novel and promising voucher-based reinforcement system has been developed for the initiation and
maintenance of cocaine abstinence (Higgins et al., 1991, Higgins et al., 1994). That system has been
used with considerable effectiveness to produce sustained cocaine abstinence in cocaine dependent
patients whose primary drug of abuse is cocaine (Higgins et al., 1994) as well as cocaine and heroin
abstinence in inner city methadone maintenance patients who continue to use heroin and cocaine
47 |
regularly during treatment (Silverman et al., 1996a; Silverman et al., 1996b). Under this abstinence
reinforcement system, patients receive a voucher each time they provide a drug-free urine sample.
The voucher has monetary value that can be exchanged for goods and services that are considered to
be consistent with the goals of treatment. Initially the voucher values are low, but the value of the
vouchers increases as the number of consecutive drug-free urines that the patient provides increases.
Cocaine or heroin positive urines reset the value of the vouchers to the initial low value. This
contingency of escalating incentives for sustained abstinence is designed specifically to reinforce
periods of sustained cocaine abstinence.
Results show that patients receiving vouchers for drug free urine samples achieved significantly more
weeks of abstinence and significantly more weeks of sustained abstinence than patients that were
given vouchers independent of urinalysis results. In another study, urinalysis positive for heroin
decreased significantly when the voucher program was instituted and increased significantly when it
was discontinued. While this intervention may not be in a form that is amenable to immediate
widespread application, the demonstrated effectiveness of this intervention further illustrates the
relevance of the principle of reinforcement and the utility of monetary-based incentives in the
treatment of drug abuse.
Voucher-Based Reinforcement Therapy in MMT, Helps patients manage and maintain abstinence
from illegal drugs by providing them with a voucher each time they provide a drug-free urine
sample. The voucher has monetary value and can be exchanged for goods and services consistent
with the goals of treatment. Initially, the voucher values are low, but their value increases with the
number of consecutive drug-free urine specimens the individual provides. Cocaine or heroin-positive
urine specimens reset the value of the vouchers to the initial low value. The contingency of escalating
incentives is designed specifically to reinforce periods of sustained drug abstinence.
Studies show that patients receiving vouchers for drug-free urine samples achieved significantly
more weeks of abstinence and significantly more weeks of sustained abstinence than patients who
were given vouchers independent of urinalysis results. In another study, urinalyses positive for heroin
decreased significantly when the voucher program was started and increased significantly when the
program was stopped.
Component analysis of Crystal (methamphetamine) samplesby GC-MS in Iran
Farzaneh Jokar 1, Maryam Akhgari1, Ahmad Shekari A2
1-Legal Medicine Research Centre, Forensic Toxicology Department, Tehran, Iran
2-Department,Tehran, Iran, d Toxicology graduate student,Islamic Azad University of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
48 |
Objective: Crystal methamphetamine is one of the most abused substances in Iran. Law enforcement
agenciesand police try to seize illicit methamphetamine. Crystal methamphetamine is an industrial
synthetic illegal substance which is made from many chemical reagents. The aim of this study was to
analyze methamphetamine samples qualitatively in order to determine the components of this
substance.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study 112 crystal methamphetamine samples referred to forensic
toxicology laboratory in one year (2012) were analyzed byGC-MS technique. Results: All of the
samples contained methamphetamine. The most frequently occurring synthesis active ingredients,
by-products and adulterants were Acetic acid, amphetamine and dimethyl amphetamine. Other
ingredients were N-formyl amphetamine, N-formyl methamphetamine, N-acetyl methamphetamine,
N-acetyl amphetamine, benzyl amphetamine, 2-6-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl pyridine,N-ethyl
methamphetamine, ketamine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. About 70% of samples contained
phenmetrazine.
Results: All of the samples contained methamphetamine. The most frequently occurring synthesis
active ingredients, by-products and adulterants were Acetic acid, amphetamine and dimethyl
amphetamine. Other ingredients were N-formyl amphetamine, N-formyl methamphetamine, N-acetyl
methamphetamine, N-acetyl amphetamine, benzyl amphetamine, 2-6-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl
pyridine, N-ethyl methamphetamine, ketamine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. About 70% of
samples contained phenmetrazine.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the chemical composition of crystal varies not only with
methamphetamine content, but also in the adulterants. Illicit manufacture of methamphetamine
results in the formation of some synthesis by-products. Identifying the composition of illicit
amphetamines based on the presence or absence of other pharmaceuticals and by-products is
presented in this study.
Key words: Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), crystal methamphetamine, forensic
toxicology
Role of Genetics in Susceptibility to Addiction and the Addiction Treatment
Hamid Reza Khoram Khorshid
Professor of Human Genetics, Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and
49 |
Addiction to alcohol, drugs and other Narcotic drugs, are among multicomponent or multi-factorial
diseases that affect the incidence and persistence of those are impacted by various factors such as
genetics, evolutionary and environmental factors. Various epidemiological studies showed that about
60-40% of addiction to drugs and narcotics are caused by genetic factors. Various genetic studies on
families, twins and foster children confirmed such epidemiological results. Since addiction is a
complex trait or a multifactor disease, it must be classified in the multi-factor diseases, so the pattern
does not follow the Mendelian inheritance pattern. Identifying the genes that are affecting such traits
or diseases is very difficult and time consuming and technology and facilities necessary for such
studies only got provided in the last decade.
Current study, tried to discuss below topics, in aim of increasing awareness of medical staff, careers
and other people involved with the addiction population:
1. Studies indicating a genetic predisposition to addiction.
2. The pattern of inheritance is multi-factor diseases.
3. The characteristics of multi-factor diseases.
4. The role of genetics in addiction to drugs.
5. The importance of genetics in addiction treatment.
Keywords:
Twins
Addiction, Multi-factor Traits, Association Studies, Longitudinal Studies, Studies on
Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) in Treating Patients with ATS Use Disorders
Fahimeh Lavasani, Ph.D.,
Member of the Board, Clinical Psychology Dept., Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health,
Iran University of Medical Sciences
BDRC comprises of a series of approximately 60-minute individual sessions, and several family
counseling sessions, which are offered to patients with substance use disorders. BDRC can be
delivered by drug counselors, nurses, medical assistants or other qualified medical or non-medical
personnel after they successfully complete BDRC specific training.
BDRC is highly structured and prescriptive. It focuses on a limited set of immediate problem areas
including treatment participation and adherence with treatment prescriptions; becoming abstinent,
maintaining abstinence, and preventing relapse; modifying or eliminating behaviors that increase the
risk of contracting blood borne or infectious diseases (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis, sexually transmitted
diseases); increasing engagement in non-drug-related social interactions and pleasurable activities. In
BDRC, the counselor educates the patient about a drug use disorder as a chronic medical condition
50 |
and about optimal treatment approaches while guiding the patient through the initial stages of the
recovery process. In addition to tools and techniques often used in cognitive-behavioral treatments,
BDRC uses explicit contracting procedures to engage the patient in a straightforward and structured
recovery which involves his/her active participation in treatment, learning how drugs affect important
brain processes, practicing skills to reduce or eliminate self-harm and risk behaviors, and developing
lifestyle changes supportive of sustained abstinence. BDRC educates the patient about effective use
of all treatment components and advocates the use of other available resources (e.g., psychiatric,
medical, social work, community resources) to maximize the overall effectiveness of the treatment
and to promote a sustained long-term recovery from drugs. BDRC puts strong emphasis on
prevention of blood borne and infectious diseases (HIV, Hepatitis, STDs) by increasing patient
knowledge of drug and sex related transmission/infection risks and teaching effective prevention
strategies.
BDRC was developed to help a patient suffering from a chronic relapsing illness, a substance use
disorder, that affects his/her physical, emotional, and social functioning, as well as his/her
relationships with family and friends, the larger community, and the society. BDRC targets multiple
areas of the patient’s needs in a comprehensive but focused manner. BDRC incorporates a disease
model of substance use disorders and is compatible with medication assisted treatments (MAT) of
such disorders. It utilizes behavioral change and skills-learning techniques that have proven to be
highly effective in initiating and maintaining prolonged abstinence from drugs and in fostering a
lifestyle supportive of sustained recovery.
In addition to the skills-learning and relapse-prevention procedures commonly utilized in cognitivebehavioral and other drug counseling approaches, BDRC makes extensive use of short-term
behavioral contracting and activation procedures to address the core problems associated with drug
use and to supplement the counseling sessions with guided exercises aimed at practical application of
the newly learned skills in the patient’s natural environment.
The treatment is designed to provide extensive education about drugs effects on important brain
functions and about available effective treatments or interventions; to increase the patient’s activity
levels and his/her engagement in rewarding activities not related to drugs, to increase the patent’s
self-efficacy, and to counter the patient’s belief that his/her actions will not lead to success in
accomplishing goals. The accomplishment of simple contracts targeting short-term behavioral goals
early in treatment promotes the patient’s experience of therapeutic success and increases the
likelihood of ongoing treatment adherence.
Empirically Supported Treatment and Social Work
Lena M. Lundgren, Ph.D. and Ivy Krull, Ph.D.
51 |
There is an urgent need for health professionals, including social workers, to be educated in alcohol
and other drugs (AOD) evidence-based practice (EBP) identification and treatment methods
(Broderick, 2009; Martino, 2010; McCarty, Edmundson & Hartnett, 2006; Warren & Hewitt, 2010).
Yet the shortage of clinical staff workers who are sufficiently trained, able to critically analyze the
evidence, and understand the implementation barriers and facilitators of these methods are significant
problems. Research has identified gaps in this process ranging from educational limitations, limited
access to quality training materials, limited access to suitable technology, and a lack of funding
(Krull, Lundgren & Beltrame, 2013; Lundgren et al., 2011; Wilkey, Lundgren, & Amodeo, 2012;
Martino, 2010; McCarty, Edmundson & Hartnett, 2006; McCarty et al., 2007; Warren & Hewitt,
2010).
In addition, the historical role of social workers in addiction has created a limited
expectation of expertise in this capacity which must be overcome (Lundgren & Krull, 2014).
Hence, the overarching aim of this presentation is to promote the understanding, critical review,
effective implementation and adoption of evidence-based AOD identification and treatment methods
among social workers. A sub-aim is to promote the understanding of how the social work
responsibilities and work environment affects implementation and adoption of EBPs; here the
environmental factors focused on include: (1) the legal responsibilities of social workers to protect
children and families; (2); the community environment; and (3) the organizational setting. For
example, with respect to the legal responsibilities of social workers, this presentation will include a
discussion of how family protective regulations may counteract the promotion of treatment for opioid
dependence with strong empirical support such as methadone or buprenorphine products. In
addition, this presentation will identify the shifting environmental factors that influence community-
52 |
based support, such as the dramatic increase in heroin use in many countries. Organizational settings
issues such as technology limitations and work-force expectations will also be covered, as they
related directly to the implementation of evidence-based AOD treatment.
Addiction to heroin as a bio/psycho/social condition: The role of social work in the treatment
process
Lena M. Lundgren, Ph.D. and Ivy Krull, Ph.D.
(Excerpts of this presentation are both included in a book manuscript for Oxford University Press, as
well as in Lundgren, & Krull, 2014).
Addiction is increasingly understood as a bio/psycho/social condition with multiple risk factors
(biological/genetic, familial, psychological (trauma and loss), peer influences) and other
environmental conditions that encourage early use (e.g., drug and alcohol availability), and
dependence (drug potency) (Fewell et al., 2011; Karila, Petit, Lowenstein & Reynaud, 2012;
Murphy, Taylor & Elliott, 2012). It can result in multiple consequences that are medical (e.g., liver
and heart problems), psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety) and social/economic (e.g., job loss,
homelessness, incarceration, child neglect) (Baldwin, Marcus, & De Simone, 2010; Buchholz et al.,
2010; Kuzenko et al., 2011; Lechner et al., 2013; NIDA, 2012). There is not one single route to
addiction and there are generally multiple consequences. Addiction can co-occur with medical (e.g.,
53 |
chronic pain, arthritis), psychiatric (e.g., depression or bipolar disorder) and environmental (e.g.,
divorce, homelessness, loss of parenting capacity, criminal justice activity) problems.
If we acknowledge addiction as a bio/psycho/social condition, the provision of treatment and related
medical and support services necessitates not only multiple treatment episodes, but multi-care
services responding to each of the spheres, including addiction treatment, mental health treatment,
medical services, unemployment services, housing services and family support services. Hence, it
important to acknowledge that one specific empirically supported treatment itself, not part of a more
comprehensive continuity of care model may have limited efficacy. It is also important to
acknowledge that all health professionals need to be trained in a range of empirically supported SUD
prevention and treatment and collaborate in these efforts cross-professions. This plenary talk will
specifically focus on the role of social work in cross-professional collaboration as a key to successful
recovery of individuals with opioid dependence. Unfortunately in many countries, social workers,
which is one of the key professions that encounter clients with severe substance use disorders, are not
trained to work with these (Wiley, Amodeo and Lundgren, 2014). Yet social workers can play a key
role in:
1. Promoting the use of a combination of medications, behavioral treatment and social support
services.
2. Promoting change in the content of compulsory care- key importance both of promoting
empirically supported treatment within compulsory care and reducing the punitive aspect of
this type of treatment.
3. Overseeing social support aspects of pregnancy, child birth and parenting of women on
methadone.
54 |
4. Advocating to other health professions the importance of the psycho-social needs of clients to
promote more advantageous treatment results.
Clinical Tools for Problem Gambling
Masoomeh Maarefvand
Problem gambling is a chronic disorder that has emerged as a public health concern. It has high
comorbidity rates with substance abuse, mood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), and antisocial personality disorder. There are several possible outcomes for the
measurement of problem gambling; identifying potential cases (screening tools), providing a
definitive diagnosis and to assess the therapeutic needs of the cases (assessment tools) and deciding
whether treatment is appropriate and if so to select and design the most appropriate treatment for
client/patient (treatment decision-making tools). As well as gambling behaviors and severity,
psychological distress and alcohol and substance use (including use, abuse and dependence) are
approached in screening and assessment tools. Fifteen measurement tools for problem gambling have
been reviewed and evaluated based on brevity, sensitivity and specificity and psychometric
properties in this article (4 tools for adolescents and children and 11 tools for adults). Measurement
tools for problem gambling are essential to plan for effective prevention and treatment programs.
But, no reliable and valid measurement tool has been developed for problem gambling in Persian.
Although evidences showed that most adults gamble without problems, millions of individuals
experience either problematic or pathological gambling. There is no estimation for problem gamblers
in Iran. Developing valid and reliable tools to screen and assess the gambling problem of Iranians,
facilitate to conduct surveys and design or adopt preventive and treatment intervention for Persian
population. Although some of tools which were reviewed in this article comprehensively covered the
diagnostic criteria, cultural aspects of gambling are needed to be approached in Persian tools.
Psychosocial Support for Drug Dependent Street Children
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Masoomeh Maarefvand
Psychosocial support addresses the ongoing psychological and social problems of Drug Dependent
Street Children (DDSC), their partners, families and caregivers. Working and living in the street
affect all dimensions of a child’s life: physical, psychological, social and spiritual. Psychosocial
support can help children and their caregivers involve more effectively in each stage of treatment and
enhance child’s quality of life. Little information is available on the psychosocial support for DDSC.
Such care is either infrequently provided, has not been documented – or is provided as part of overall
care and support of street children. There is no structured state support for DDSC and provided
services by NGOs are not comprehensive and sufficient. Guidelines for home care and outreach
services can be developed and should include the provision of long-term psychosocial care. Ethical
challenges and legal issues need to be considered in psychosocial support guideline. Case
management would be helpful approach to protect DDSC, to assist caregivers to make informed
decisions and involve in treatment process and to facilitate the interagency cooperation. Strategies for
providing psychosocial support can be developed for specific groups of DDSC (e.g. infants,
adolescents, refugees, etc.).
Prevention of substance abuse and addiction among childrenandadolescents
Framework,evidenceandlessons
Dr Nader Mansourkiaee
In this presentation, to review theframeworkfor the prevention ofaddictionamong
childrenandadolescentswill be discussed.To this Purpose, wereviewthe most importanttheories
andviews onthe prevention ofaddiction, someevidenceon how tovalidateand increasethe efficiency
and
effectivenessofdrugprevention
programsamong
childrenandadolescentsreferred
toandfinallylessonslearnedabout the challengesandsolutionsin this fieldwill be introduced.
From decriminalization to liberalization
Maral Mardaneh, MSC, PhD Candidate, Tehran University of Medical Science
Societies have traditionally taken specific legal approach towards substances. This happens to either
cover the whole range of production, distribution, and consumption of substances, or just focus on
specific areas of this chain. The legal stance, too, might be anything from full criminalization to legal
56 |
indifference. The most common regimes include criminalization, legalization, and liberalization.
Definitions of those regimes, there overlaps and interactions are discusses in this presentation.
An Overview of Street children in Iran and Drug Abuse among them
Omid Massah
Rapid social changes have the unpleasant social consequences and some social groups are more
vulnerable to this uncertainty. Children, especially street children, are one of these groups. There are
two groups of street children: 1. Children on street; who work during the day and come back home to
their families or caregivers at the night. 2. Children of street; who have no home, although it may
spend time in disciplinary institutions or care centers, but the streets are their home. This group as
they broke up with their families or no, divided into two subgroups. Demographic evaluations and
meta-analysis of them: More than 60% of them are Iranians and the rest are mainly Afghans. 25% of
them are girls. The share of 10 to 14 years and 15 to 18 years of them are around 45% and 49%
respectively. In Tehran, about 35% of street children are studying, 40% have dropped out and about
25% have never studied. Most street children sleep at night in their own homes or relatives (76.8%),
but some of them sleep at common home with friends, or in the street, support centers or work place.
On average, 81% of them are employed. Unfortunately, working conditions for street children are
often very poor because they are confined to working in the informal sector. Petty vending (72%),
porterage and busboy (8%), badger musician (4%), scavenging for recyclable materials, such as
plastic, paper, bread and metal (9%), Beggary (5%) and Drug dealing, sex working and Picking
(2%). The mean age of sexual activity onset is 12.5 years in girls and 13.7 years in boys. The earning
of street children fluctuate greatly, but they usually earn between 50000 to 500000 Rials per day.
Most street children in Tehran work in II (24.5%), XII (18%) and I (11.1%) municipal areas. 3.6% of
street children have no guardian. Poverty is the main cause of street children. Other related factors,
and sometimes intertwined in poverty, including unemployment parent or the loss of them, divorce of
parents, poor education of family, the number of family size, immigration, dropout children and etc.
The consequences of street children include: Introduction to criminal street gangs, smoking and drug
addiction, dropouts, lack of tips and support for parents and social networks, committing all kinds of
crimes and risky behavior, Sexual harassment, risk of psychosocial disorders and physical and
infectious diseases, drug trafficking and prostitution, etc. Smoking and substance abuse In Iran, rate
of street children smoking has estimated between 6.9% and 89% in different studies. There is
significant difference between drug use by children on the street and children of street (4.1% to
34.4%). 17.3% of street children have consumed alcohol at least once in life. Alcohol consumption in
the last six months is 11.7% and daily consumption 7%. 6.9% of them have used a substance at least
once. Under 12 years, opiates are the most used drug in street children. Over 12 years,
methamphetamine and heroin mostly are used by them. The likelihood of risky behaviors among
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street children is high due to the use of stimulants, alcohol and heroin. 4.5% of street children 10 to
18 years in Tehran are infected with HIV.
School-based Programs for preventing of drug abuse
Shahram.mohammadkhani (PhD)
Adolescence is an important growth period which is associated with identity formation
process. Part of this growth process is risk taking in the form of unhealthy sexual behavior, alcohol
consumption, smoking and other drug abuse. Results of various studies showed increasing trend of
risky behaviors among adolescents. Smoking, alcohol and other illegal drug abuse by adolescents in
one of the most important challenges and mental health problems of countries.
During recent years, many prevention programs are designed. School-based programs play an
important role in the prevention of drug abuse. Mental health experts believe that the most of
children and adolescents are in schools; therefore schools are suitable place for implementing of
preventive programs.
School-based Programs for preventing of drug abuse can be divided into three
categories: universal programs, selective programs and indicated programs. This project is a
selective program that target at risk students.
Studying the effectiveness of drug use prevention programs among teenagers indicates the
most effective programs are the ones that are designed on the basis of risk and protective factors of
substance abuse. Researchers have identified several risk factors for substance abuse and a series of
protective factors that are important for neutralization of the effect of such factors. Some of the
factors that put individuals at risk of substance abuse are socio-cultural factors and variables related
to social environment and individual and psychological factors.
Studying the effectiveness of drug use prevention programs among teenagers indicates the
most effective programs are the ones that are designed on the basis of risk and protective factors of
substance abuse. Researchers have identified several risk factors for substance abuse and a series of
protective factors that are important for neutralization of the effect of such factors. Some of the
factors that put individuals at risk of substance abuse are socio-cultural factors and variables related
to social environment and individual and psychological factors. Therefore, accurate identification of
students at risk needs for accurate screening tools, which are designed on the basis of the above
mentioned factors.
Principles and Management of Adherence to ART Especially among Drug Users
58 |
Minoo Mohraz MD.MPH, Infectious Diseases Specialist, Head of Iranian Research Center for
HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, I.R.IRAN
Katayoun Tayeri MD.MPH. Infectious Diseases Specialist, HIV Fellowship, Iranian Research Center
for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, I.R.IRAN
There are several strategies that can overcome the adherence barriers in IDUs including new
strategies in order to increase access to ART, expanding ART to DICs and MMT clinics, using
modern fixed dose combination and reducing the frequency of ARV use, using opioid substitution
treatment (OST), peer group support and social support.
We review several strategies for increase adherence to ART in IDUs in order to scaling up
appropriate treatment for mentioned group.
Perspective of Maintenance Treatment in Iran
Azarakhsh Mokri MD,
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS)
Psychiatry Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iran started a nationwide opioid substitution program since 2001. During the recent 15 years a
massive growth of services has occurred. Methadone, buprenorphine and tincture of opium programs
flourished and around 6,000 centers for offering the services were gradually implemented. Some
estimates show that up to half a million individuals are in some kind of opioid substitution treatment
(OST) mainly methadone maintenance treatment. According to domestic studies, implementation of
OST led to massive decrease in illicit opiate use, HIV transmission through injection especially in
prison settings where, the interventions were offered and acceptable retention rates in outpatient
settings, mostly ran by the private sector.
Despite the huge initial positive impact of the programs, concerns about negative issues has been
raised; lack of social rehabilitation and lingering improvement in interpersonal and socioeconomic
status of clients, despite years of OST and abstinence from illicit use has alarmed some policy
makers and health workers. Family members complain that their loved ones have stayed too much on
methadone and further improvement has been stalled. It will be discussed that the Iranian OST
campaign, being one the largest in its kind was successful in implementing a hindrance on illicit use
but due to incomplete understanding of addiction, some care providers neglected aspects of
59 |
rehabilitative care, behavioral activation and encouraging contructive roles in interpersonal domains
for their clients.
Selective Family based Prevention among Methadone Maintained Patients
Saeed Momtazi M.D.
Department of Psychiatry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)
In Iran there are more than a million drug abusers. A great number of them are married and have
children. These children are generally maltreated and have an increased risk of mental health
problems including drug abuse.
As we have a network of methadone maintenance treatment with more than 400,000 patients under
treatment we need to have selective prevention program for their children as an at risk group. There
are a number of preventive packages and programs for carrying out selective drug abuse prevention.
One of the evidence based preventive programs for these children is “Strengthening Family
Program” developed by Dr. Karol Kumpfer at the University of Utah. Thanks to Dr. David Foxcroft
and their colleagues for the Oxford Brookes University we have received SFP manual and DVD and
have done translation of its manual. After adaptation we are going to do a pilot study of this program
checking its feasibility and effectiveness for these children.
Opium Use in Emergency Department, Yes on No
Dr Seyed Mohamad Moosavi
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center,
Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
[email protected]
Opium and opioids are ancient drugs which used to manage a wide variety of disease, especially in
acute phase. They are still use and may more effective in comparison of other treatment in
emergency department.The principal concerns about the use of opioids regard the possible
association with an increased risk of medication-overuse and the risk of abuse and dependence.
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These risks have to be considered but not overestimated.The prevalence of prescription opioid
misuse in a discharged emergency department and Follow-up surveys contained questions about
opioid use and misuse even use for a reason besides pain. Prescription opioid misuse was prevalent
among emergency department patients. Researches should focus on the etiologies of misuse with
directed screening and interventions to decrease misuse. Appropriate use of long-acting opiates for
equivalent levels of cancer pain was influenced only by the availability of prescription coverage.
Compare healthcare resource utilization and costs between patients prescribed opioids and those who
were not during an emergency department or inpatient visit. Most patients were prescribed opioids
initially during emergency department/inpatient visits and incurred higher healthcare resource
utilization than those not prescribed opioids. Among those with diagnosed opioid abuse after
initiating opioids, time to diagnosis was rapid for patients with common diseases and procedures.
Racial and ethnic disparities in opioid prescribing in the emergency department are well described,
yet the influence of socioeconomic status remains unclear. Patients presenting to emergency
departments from lower regions were less likely to receive opioids for equivalent levels of pain than
those from more affluent areas. The public health indicators selected for this study were liver disease,
HIV/AIDS status, recent visit to an emergency room, treatment for pain, treatment for overdosing,
homelessness, residence with alcohol/substance abuser, and unemployment.Prescription opioid
injection may associate with health problems, psychosocial problems, and utilization of medical
services. This fact demonstrates the potential impact of injecting prescription opioids on public
health indicators. A positive association between injection of prescription opioids and public health
indicators suggesting a need for prescription opioid formulations that may inhibit injection of these
medications.
Opioid- containing analgesics use among adults formusculoskeletal pain. In the migraineacute attack
use of short-acting opioids is not recommended by the principalguidelines but is frequent in
emergency departments. Theirefficacy in migraine acute attack has not been extensively studied but
seems tobe similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs andtriptans. Theassociation between
frequent use and increased risk of chronic migraine has been observed. Compared tothe reference
category of acetaminophen, risk of chronic migraine for opioid use is only moderately higher. In
some cases, when treatment withtriptans, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or ergotamines
iscontraindicated or simply ineffective, a judicious prescription of a short-actingopioid for severe
migraine attacks can be considered.
The options for prophylaxis therapy ofmigraine have expanded and improved considerably over
recent years. Subarachnoid administration of opioids such as pethidine and fentanyl had been proven
safe. Intrathecal tramadol are effective in severe nausea and vomiting.Management of the acute
painful crisis of sickle cell disease remains unsatisfactory despite advances in the understanding and
management of acute pain in other clinical settings. The possibilities for improving management by
using intravenous morphine, for rapid onset of opioids in the emergency department. Prescribing
opioids among patients with acute phse of PTSD may possible but efforts are warranted to monitor
patients to prevent adverse events. According to above, harm or benefit, which is more?
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Evaluating the Living Experience of Homeless Drug Addicts; a Qualitative Study
Mohammad Hosein Javadi
PhD. Student of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Azam Pilevari*
PhD Student of Social Work, Alame Tabatabaei University (Corresponding Author)
Mahboobe Hamed
PhD Student of Social Work, Alame Tabatabaei University
Seyed Hadi Moosavi
PhD Student of Criminal Law and criminology
Background: Drug abuse is one of the major health problems of the homeless. People in the loop of
living homeless, often experience a substance abuse and abstinence cycle at the same. The
relationship between substance abuse and living homeless requires that these two phenomena get
evaluated simultaneously and not be considered independent and separate from each other. Studies
suggest that the number of research in this area is increasing, but most of such studies are fragmented
and incomplete. Development and improvement of means of intervention and prevention of the
increasing number of homeless substance abusers, requires further research in this area. The purpose
of this study was to describe the living experience homeless substance abusers, in aim of better
understanding of the factors affecting on the treatment of such groups.
Methods:Thisstudywas
based
on
the
field
theory.
Data
were
collected
throughinterviewswith20homelessdrug usersinrehabilitationproject ofthe New Year(1393) andthen
were analyzedusingcodingtheory.
Results: The results of the analysis of interviews included: social and family rejection, experience of
trauma, shame, social isolation, feelings of hopelessness and social apathy. The main issue of this
study is homeless patients becoming marginal . The paradigm model of this group becoming
marginalare also provided. Understanding these categories, enable us in planning, making policies
and effective interventions, in the field of addiction and homelessness.
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Keywords: Living Experience, Addiction, Homelessness
A history of drug policy making
Javad Morabbi, MD, PhD Candidate, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
The 20th century faced an evolutionary process of drug policy worldwide. This began with the 1909
Shanghai International Conference, where there were recommendations for national policies too. In
the following years, up to 1950s, countries tried to regulate substance-use-related processes. Later, a
set of triple treaties of 1961, 1971, and 1988 were adopted at international level to regulate drugs.
Meanwhile the UN General Assembly further discussed drug policies during two special sessions
in1990 and 1998. The trend of those policies are discussed in this presentation.
Impulsive Lifestyle Counselling for co-morbid substance use disorders and antisocial
personality disorder
Morten Hesse.
Associate professor, Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Copenhagen S,
Denmark
[email protected]
Co-morbid antisocial personality disorder is highly prevalent in population-based and clinical studies
of people with illicit drug use disorders. Yet, not tailored interventions exist to address this comorbidity in substance abuse treatment services. Using a randomized design, we tested the efficacy
of a brief psycho-educational intervention, the Impulsive Lifestyle Counselling [ILC] program in
community substance abuse treatment services. From 13 clinics all over Denmark, 181 patients were
randomly assigned to ILC or treatment as usual. Patients randomized to patients were at 38% less
risk of dropping out from treatment during follow-up (confidence interval[CI]: 4 to 60%) and had 4
more days abstinent at 3 months follow-up (CI: 0.22 to 8.24 days). Specifically tailored psychoeducational programs may improve outcomes of substance abuse treatment for patients with comorbid antisocial personality disorder.
63 |
Cardiovascular health and illicit substance use – emerging knowledge
The keynote address will present recent epidemiological findings concerning links between illicit
drug use and cardiovascular health. Clinicians have long suspected that psychostimulants may have
serious acute effects on the circulatory system. Additionally, several cannabinoids interact with the
cardiovascular system and have been suspected of causing acute and chronic disturbance of the heart
and circulatory system, a suspicion that has been supported by a number of case studies. Recently
however, large prospective studies from Australia, Iran and Denmark have provided suggestive
evidence that lifetime exposure to opioids may be at least as, if not more, pertinent to the longer-term
risk of diseases of the heart and circulatory system, whereas epidemiological research tends to find
that risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with stimulant and cannabis use that
are generally small and of limited public health significance. The findings suggest that the limited
resources available for secondary prevention and treatment for patients with drug use disorders
should be focused on opioid dependent patients and patients who inject drugs.
“Rather Text Than Talk”: The Changing Face of Addictive Behavior at The Age of Digital
Technology
Nahaleh Moshtagh, Ph.D
Today texting is becoming a common mode of communication. It makes it possible to immediately
contact “the other” regardless of time and place. Yet, more than cognitive communication of
information, texting seems to enjoy an evacuative function. Through texting, evacuation of one’s
unthinkable emotion or unwanted parts of the self is literally just a click away. The language of
texting has acquired specific characteristics and is acquiring the paralinguistic quality of tactile
contact rather than linguistic use of words. Using the language of Freud, for some, texting tends to
function as a medium of “thing presentation,” rather than “word presentation.” The immediacy that
text messaging provides, turns it into a seductive medium for those who may experience difficulty
regulating their impulses and emotional outbursts. Excessive and uncontrolled text messaging is
increasingly being observed in our clinical practice. Interestingly enough, in some people texting
may come close to meeting our conventional criteria for addiction behavior namely perceived loss of
control and continuous use despite some unwanted consequences. We should note that compulsive
texting is distinct from the so-called Internet addiction and the more recent category of smartphone
addiction. In this presentation via some short clinical vignettes, I will discuss the clinical picture and
theoretical interpretations of addiction to texting.
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Necessity Of Community Social Work In Addictive And Psychoactive Substances
Hassan Moosavi Chalak
Head of Iran Association of Social Workers (IASW)
Over the years, different strategies have been applied against drug abuse. In one period substance use
was ignored and even legal, then strictly restricted and illegal. Sometime users were offered quotas
and then arrested and possibly executed. Recently, with a strategic change in policy making
approach, drug users are considered a patient rather than completely offender. This was a turning
point to address drug abuse because more social rights are respected for patient contrary to offender.
Social workers are professionals that concern exactly social rights for those who are victims of
substance abuse. They believe that Opportunity for a high quality of life must be provided for all.
They believe not to underestimate the role of context if people tend to use addictive and
psychoactive. We believe the same as case work, social workers must emphasize on community
work and be equipped with skills to work with community. It is sufficiently evident from many
countries that if a community becomes empowered, citizenry are more likely to prefer normal and
positive social behavior. Community social workers make plan to raise public awareness and draw
citizens’ conscious cooperation (real participation) to make planning and implementation. They
observe situations from that window that community members observe. It facilitates internal and
sustainable development.
Behavioral rehearsal in trichotillomania
Ali Noroozi
Student of doctoral degree , University of Ahwaz
Abstract
Trichotillomania is a disorder characterized by repetitive pulling out of one’s hair that results
significant hair loss. Pulling can occur on any part of the body, however, the most common are scalp,
eyebrows, eyelashes, beard and other Pubic areas. Individuals with trichotillomania are likely to Feel
depressed, unattractive, irritable, and shameful, avoid doing common pleasurable activities and be
seen by their peers as less acceptable than theirnon-hair-pulling peersbecause of their pulling.
Behavior therapy includes “Habit Reversal Training,” which is designed to increase the person’s
awareness into the triggers, and create what are called “competing responses” to interrupt the pulling
response. In this article Components of Habit Reversal Training and advantages and disadvantages of
this treatment is discussed.
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Keywords: Trichotillomania, Habit Reversal Training, Behavior Therapy.
The Effect of Drug legalization on the Health System
Mohmmad Hasan Novin, MD, PhD Candidate, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
So far, and under the drug criminalization regime, the health system bears the burden of drug misuse
and dependence. With decriminalization or legalization in place, however, it might be expected that
this burden would ease. In this presentation the cautions that seem necessary to be taken by the health
system are discussed. This includes different prevention, treatment, and follow-up programs. In
preparation for this demand, appropriate refreshment courses for the health workers should also be
considered.
Current trends in opioid substitution treatment in the European Union
Alessandro Pirona, PhD
Scientific analyst
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)
Opioid substitution treatment (OST) is available in all countries of the European Union. Today, the
total number of opioid users receiving substitution treatment in Europe is estimated at 700 000 in
2013, up from 650 000 in 2008 and 500.000 in 2003. The current estimated number of people in OST
probably represents about 50% of problem opioid users in Europe, an estimated coverage rate that is
comparable to those reported for Australia and the United States. In Europe, however, large national
differences in coverage rates exist, with the lowest estimated rates (3–20%) reported in Latvia,
Slovakia, Poland and Hungary.
The issue that stimulated the accelerated growth and scaling up of OST from the mid-1980s on was
HIV/AIDS. Although substitution treatment was introduced 40 years ago, there were two decades of
slow development until the epidemic of HIV among IDUs in the mid-1980s. The year 1985 was of
particular significance as the HIV-test became available and made visible how far the HIV/Aids had
spread among drug injecting populations, prompting a relatively rapid diffusion of needle and
syringe exchange and OST across European countries.
OST is now the most common type of treatment for opioid dependence in Europe, typically
integrated with psychosocial care and provided at specialist outpatient centres. In a number of
countries, general practitioners play a significant role in the provision of this treatment, sometimes in
a shared-care arrangement with specialist treatment centres. Methadone is the most commonly
prescribed medication, received by up to three-quarters of clients, while buprenorphine is prescribed
to most of the remaining clients. Less than 5% of all substitution treatments in Europe rely on the
66 |
prescription of other substances, such as slow-release morphine or diacetylmorphine (heroin). The
available evidence supports opioid substitution treatment, combined with psychosocial care, for
retain patients in treatment, as well as reducing illicit opioid use and drug-related harms and
mortality.
Our epidemiological data confirm that along with other treatments, the scaling up and high coverage
rates of OST has helped to decrease mortality rates and increase the overall life expectancy of this
population. However, current challenges that Europe is facing with an ageing cohort of opioid users
in OST characterised by poor health and social conditions highlight the shortcomings of past and
current treatment monitoring instruments. As opioid medications such as methadone are controlled
substances, the focus of monitoring has largely been on controlling the misuse of these medications
rather than on the therapeutic process and outcomes. Future monitoring of OST clients should
consider these shortcomings in order to improve the overall effectiveness of OST at population level.
Cannabis Intoxication
Mehdi Pourasghar
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research center, Addiction
Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
[email protected]
Cannabis is the one of most widely used drug in the word and obtained from the planet Cannabis
savita.
The use of cannabis has been associated with several psychological, behavioral, and social problems
[2]. Besides the chronic effects of the continued use of cannabis, such as dependence, abstinence,
varying degrees of cognitive impairment, and increased risk of respiratory disorders, its acute effects
have also been related to significant physical and mental health problems [7,8],and an increasing
number of emergency admissions has been linked to cannabis use [9,10]. The intoxication by
cannabis is associated with subjective symptoms of euphoria, perceptual distortion, continuous
giggling, sedation, lethargy, impaired perception of time, difficulties in the performance of complex
mental processes, impaired judgment and social withdrawal [11]. In addition, physical signs of
onjunctival hyperemia, increased appetite, dry mouth, and tachycardia can develop in the period of
approximately two hours after the use of the substance [11], corresponding to the plasmatic peak of
Δ9-THC.
Panic and anxiety attacks are among the most commonly reported psychiatric symptoms related to
cannabis intoxication and are often responsible for the discontinuation of the use of the substance
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[23]. Acute psychotic episodes related to cannabis intoxication are described in terms of confusion,
disorientation, amnesia, depersonalization, delusions, hallucinations, paranoid ideation, psychomotor
agitation, labile affect, Delirium , flashbacks and hostility [25].
In some cases, psychotic episodes secondary to the use of cannabis can persist for a substantial
period of time after the acute intoxication and may have some of the features of acute
schizophreniform disorders [24,27,28
However scarce, the available evidence suggests that propranolol and rimonabant are valuable tools
in the herapeutic arsenal for the management of the physiological (pecially cardiovascular)and
subjective intoxication effects of cannabis.Flumazenil and cannabidiol were also found to counteract
comatose and anxious and psychotic states, respectively,although evidence in this regard still lacks
strength.
Hospitalization and supportive treatment and psychotherapy can be helpful in cannabis intoxication.
Methods in epidemiologic surveys on alcohol consumption: Global and Iranian aspects
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar1, Masoumeh Amin-esmaeili1
1
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
In Iran, as an Islamic country, speaking about alcohol use has been a very sensitive issue. Even
scientific community has had hesitations in conducting research or publishing the produced
information. It has been more than one decade that this conservative approach has been eliminated
for other illicit drugs; however, it is only for a couple of years that Ministry of Interior and Ministry
of Health started to plan on alcohol treatment and prevention and the subject is being discussed in the
mass media.
Although in Iran, study on alcohol use has been integrated in almost all epidemiologic surveys on
drug use and many health surveys; the scientific methods have been poorly developed. This
presentation is about the indicators of alcohol consumption that have public health importance, as
well as the methods and instruments for assessing each indicator. Then, major epidemiologic surveys
on alcohol use and the indicators and instruments used will be discussed.
There are several main aspects for assessing and monitoring level of use in the country. One is the
measurements of volume and pattern of alcohol consumption. Calculating Per Capita Consumption
(PCC) of alcohol is the main indicator for this purpose. There are several methods for calculating it;
however, since there is no sales data available and alcohol use is much less prevalent in Iran in
comparison to non-Islamic countries, we need to examine a variety of methods to verify the most
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accurate means of estimation. The usual “yesterday” method might greatly underestimate PCC in
Iranian population. There is also no estimation on average and spectrum of drink size and strength in
Iran. “Last 7 days” method or Graduated-Frequency (GF) might provide better estimations.
Measuring high-risk drinking for acute, as well as chronic problems are another challenge. Several
instruments have been developed in western countries and adopted in other countries. We need to
develop, adopt, or determine Iranian definitions, instruments and cut-off for this purpose. Screening
and diagnosis of alcohol use disorders are other important aspects in epidemiologic surveys and have
public health relevance. Diagnosis needs professional assessment by using standardized instruments.
In Iran, there are few large and tens of smaller studies that have assessed one or more of these
aspects. In almost all cases, the only assessed indicators have been history of alcohol use in lifetime
or in a recent period, like last 12 months or last month. PCC and diagnosis of alcohol use disorders
have been assessed in Iranian mental health survey (IranMHS). A review on methods utilized in
Iranian studies will be presented.
Keywords: Prevalence, monitoring alcohol use, method.
Substance use disorders in ICD-11
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, MD, MPH*
*Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran
Preparation of the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is in the
process. Improving the clinical utility of the classification is the priority for the section on Mental
and Behavioral Disorders.
ICD-11 keeps the categorical classification for substance use disorders; that is categorizing it to
harmful use and dependence. There is no major change in the ICD-11 definition for substance
dependence. The key features for the diagnosis are impaired control over substance use, substance
use becoming an increasing priority in life, and physiological features, like tolerance and withdrawal.
ICD-11 rejects legal and social consequences as criteria for diagnosis. Harmful substance use is a
pattern of psychoactive substance use that is causing clinically significant damage to physical or
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mental health. Intentional self-harm or clinically significant harm to physical or mental health of
others are central features. Harm to health of others has been suggested for addition to the definition.
Two other conditions that have clinical significance have been defined: single episode of harmful
substance use and hazardous substance use. Hazardous substance use is a pattern or quantity of
psychoactive substance use that increases the risk of harmful physical or mental health consequences
to the user or to others around the user.
The World Health Organization is organizing a multi-center field testing study for testing the new
classification in order to ascertain the added value of ICD‐11 when compared with ICD‐10 or earlier
versions. Field trials will focus on the key assessments of feasibility (applicability), reliability
(consistency) and utility (benefits). Iran has also been selected for field trials of the section on
substance use disorders. ICD‐11 field trials will guide the revision process and systematically test
and enhance it, before its envisaged approval by the World Health Assembly in 2017.
Key words: Classification of diseases, substance dependence, harmful use
Email: [email protected]
Can contingent rewards for reducing risky behavior play a role in ATS Harm Reduction?
Richard A. Rawson, Ph.D.
Professor and Co-Director, UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute, Geffen
School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
The development of effective harm reduction strategies for ATS users has been a priority in many
parts of the world since among some groups, ATS use represents a significant public health risk
resulting from addiction and associated transmission of infectious diseases. There are no effective
medications for use with ATS users and since a significant proportion of ATS users “smoke” crystal
and other forms of ATS, providing clean needles is not a useful/relevant strategy. Behavioral
research has documented that the systematic use of contingent positive reinforcement “rewards” can
effectively reduce ATS use and related risky behaviors. The presentation will review some of the
research supporting use of rewards (contingency management) and will discuss how the principles of
positive reinforcement can be employed to address ATS use in settings with limited resources.
Primary Prevention for Drug Use: A theoretical challenge
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Drug prevention is generally taken as an inseparable component of drug policies. However, not only
drug prevention may not be a logical deduction of every drug policy, but also it might be inherently
short of universality. A common approach to drug primary prevention is the “public health model,
where the interaction between the “host”, the “environment”, and the “agent” are intervened with the
objective of limiting or blocking the access of the “agent” to influence the “host.” While looking
straight forward, this may not be a correct deduction in the case of prevention of substance use. In
another instance, drug use is theoretically taken as a “rational” behavior. Under a “rational addiction”
model, meeting the objectives of primary prevention will determine very specific approaches which
may not be as broad as is taken generally. In this presentation those conflicts are discussed and
highlighted in hope for consideration in future prevention programs.
Critical role of cannabinoid CB1 receptor signaling pathway in nicotine reward
Ameneh Rezayof, Shiva Hashemizadeh
Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran
Nicotineis the principal component alkaloid of tobacco that acts on the brain to induce rewarding
effects.Due to significant overlapping anatomical distribution, there seems to be a functional
interaction between endocannabinoids (eCBs) and the cholinergic nicotinic system at both cellular
and neuronal network levels. The overlapping of eCBs and cholinergic nicotine system contributes to
some of the addictive properties of nicotine. A significant role of the eCB transmission on synaptic
plasticity in nicotine reward and addiction may be mediated by the abundance of cannabinoid CB1
receptors in the brain structures. It should be noted that neuroplastic changes in the reward regions of
the mesocorticolimbic system participate in mediating nicotine addiction.eCBs induce retrograde
synaptic signaling to inhibit neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic CB1 receptors at both
excitatory and inhibitory synapses with short- and long-term effects. eCBs are synthesized in a
calcium-dependent manner. Upon strong depolarization of the post-synaptic neurons Ca2+ influx, via
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels such as P/Q-type and N-type Ca2+ channel, rapidly activate enzymatic
machineryforendocannabinoidbiosynthesis. Considering that the intracellular Ca2+-concentration is
believed to be involved in the synthesis of ECs, it seems that the activation of Gq-protein-coupled
receptors such as group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can regulate endocannabinoid
synthesis. A Ca2+-dependent N-acyltranferase and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing
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phospholipase D are responsible for synthesizing N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA), while
phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase contribute to the biosynthesis of 2-AG. The enzymatic
system is responsible for eCB biosynthesis, uptake and degradation. Evidence suggests that the
rewarding effects of nicotine may depend in part on endocannabinoid-induced retrograde signaling
on synaptic transmission. Given the fact that nicotine administration can influence synaptic
transmission, and repeated or prolonged drug use leads to long-lasting changes in synaptic plasticity,
it is theorized that drug-induced synaptic plasticity mediates the development of nicotine
dependence.
Keywords: Nicotine; Endocannabinoids; Synaptic plasticity; Reward
Standards of Prevention
Mohsen Roshanpajouh
Psychiatrist, Faculty of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Deputy of prevention and treatment of
addiction, Welfare Organization
Selecting appropriate prevention strategy and planning effective programs are of the main challenges
of primary prevention of illegal drug abuse and addiction. In many countries including Iran, variety
of different programs are implemented and many actions are taken for primary prevention. Studies
show that these programs are mainly summarized in raising awareness programs to sensitize the
society about the effects and the side effects of using drugs or training to promote the knowledge and
awareness of different target groups. However, it should be noted that training and raising awareness
are not the only strategies for drug abuse prevention and should not be considered equal to it,
although they are very important.
Scientific evidences shows that for success in addiction prevention, different areas such as
individuals, families, societies and environment including work places, educational places, urban and
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rural localities should be tackled; and in addition to using different strategies; prevention should be
emphasized among youth, individuals with low socioeconomic status, and slum areas.
In this study, it was attempted that by introducing the main evidence based international standards for
drug abuse prevention, tackle one of the main challenges of addiction prevention meaning “selecting
effective interventions”, hoping that it would be a guide for policymakers and planners in selecting
more effective interventions.
Criminal responsibility in methamphetamine induced mental disorders
Saberi Seyed Mehdi M.D.
Psychiatrist
Academic member of legal medicine research center
Abstract:
In recent years the increasing numbers of the crime which are due to methamphetamine abuse is a major
problem in the courts and judiciary system. Our country is not excluded either, but we do not have any
reported statistics about this issue. In the United States, based on Batista's study, the crimes due to meth
abuse within the last 5 years of the 20th century, has raised about 500 percent. Malmquist showed that
meth abuse can raise the risk of assaultive behavior. According to a study In Washington, meth abuse is
the cause of 82% of domestic violence and 73% of assaultive behaviors against others. Perpetrations of
other crimes such as rubbery and financial crimes were more frequent as 3.5 to 6.7 times in meth
abusers.
A psychotic disorder with the symptoms like schizophrenia is one of the most important psychiatric
disorders that could be seen after meth abuse. This disorder is specified by auditory and visual or tactile
hallucinations and various delusions like persecutory or jealousy. Some psychiatrists believe that anyone
who is psychotic because of meth abuse is not criminally irresponsible, but you can consider the persons
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who have become mentally disordered as diminished responsibility. Many of older psychiatrists persist
on criminal irresponsibility for all kinds of mental disorders. It is apparent that the perpetration of the
crime by meth abusers is common but in most cases, the main reason is lack of insight due to psychotic
symptoms.
In Iran,we should judge criminal responsibility, in the condition, "no criminal intent before consumption
of the substance", which is stated in the law. The Islamic law of punishment in article 154 has explained
the attitude of the court about crimes during drunkenness as below: "drunkenness due to voluntary
consumption of inebriants, narcotics and psychotropic agents and so on doesn’t exclude punishment,
unless it could be proved that the person was totally involuntary when he/she has perpetrated the crime.
But, if it could be proved that substance abuse has been done for perpetrating that criminal behavior or
knowing about doing that, and the crime occurs, he/she would be punished for both crimes.
The challenging issue is; a criminal behavior (substance abuse) with the knowledge that using this
substance can lead to losing self-control or probability of behavior without control could initiate criminal
irresponsibility? Or we should consider diminished responsibility as some European countries? This is a
question that must be answered by reviewing previous and current law and by using opinions of the
persons who are expert in this field.
Keywords: Substance, Methamphetamine, Crime, Criminal responsibility
Role of amygdala in reward and stress: The Yin & Yang or Ping-Pong system?
Hedayat Sahraei, PhD, Neuroscience Research Center, Baqyiatallah University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran. Iran.
Abstract
The amygdaloid complex which lies in the rest of the forebrain comprises of several nucleuses with
different roles in the limbic system. Different parts of the amygdala have interconnections with each
other which enable them to function in a concert manner. Different investigations revealed that
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central amygdala plays a role in negative reinforcement properties of abused drugs including nicotine
and opioids. In addition, basolateral amygdala also may play a role in positive and/or negative
reinforcement properties of cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, and opioids. On the other hand, these
parts of amygdala which comprises input and output pathways to the amygdala also are involve in
natural rewards such as sex and food. Transient inactivation of central amygdala by GABAA
receptor agonist, musimol, reduces food intake in the male rats. These animals also show reduction in
their sexual activity. It is also revealed that basolateral amygdala is involved in the sexual behavior in
male rats. However, both basolateral and central amygdala are involved in responses to stress.
Inactivation of central amygdala reduces the fear conditioning and also inhibits stress-induced heart
rate increment. Basolateral amygdala also is involved in fear conditioning. The conclusions of the
results from different sources are indicated that involvement of amygdala in stress responses and
reward process is not equal. Whenever the role of amygdala in stress management is very clear, it is
not involve in reward process directly and it seems that involvement of amygdala in reward and drug
addiction may be due to its role in stress.
Baso-Lateral Amygdala and drug addiction
Nahid Sarahian, PhD,
Abstract
The baso-lateral portion of amygdaloid complex (BLA) comprise of two main nucleus
namely basal and lateral nucleuses which form one of the two main amygdala outputs. The BLA
composes of medium spiny GABAergic neurons and receives several inputs from different parts of
the brain including hippocampus. Its outputs which are mainly CRFergic axons terminate in several
parts of brain stem monoaminergic nucleuses including raphe Magnus and VTA. Experiments
indicate that nicotine or morphine administration can change the pattern and number of the BLA
terminals in those parts of brain stem involved in drug addiction including VTA, locus coeruleus, and
Raphe Magnus. On the other hand, drug addiction can change the shape and dendritic arborization in
the BLA, indicating that the neuronal activity may be different in the drug use state. Neuronal
activity within the nucleus also increased during drug withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats, which
emphasis the role of BLA in negative effects of drug abuse. These data indicate that drug addiction
can affect those areas in the brain which are not directly involved in the drug addiction. However,
because the BLA plays an important role in stress response, it could be concluded that the nucleus
may reduce the stress portion of drug addiction.
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Community social work models for psychoactive drug abuse prevention
Mr. Mehdi Sarvi Hampa
Member of the Board of Directors of IASW- director of Hampa Clinic of Social Work
Traditionally social work with communities is done by three models: social planning, community
development, social action. Community social work in working with young drug-, alcohol-users has
particular emphasis on empowering strategies to develop capacities of individuals and communities.
Social relationships are core in social work empowerment planning. If relationships are fully
addressed, we will have a multitude of forces that can be used to make the young more active and
direct them toward fruitful activities.
Maintenance treatment approach: is it a new solution for methamphetamine harm reduction?
Schwann Shariatirad
Students Research Center of International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Opiates are the most commonly reported substances of abuse in Iran and the government
implemented harm reduction programs such as opioid substitution therapy to address the growing
HIV epidemic among drug injectors. Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is one of the most
common treatments used for opioid substitution therapy and helps to reduce the risk of injection drug
use, the sharing of needles, risky sexual behaviors, and the chances of HIV infection.
In spite of positive effects of MMT, studies show that some MMT participants may co-use other
substances, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine and methamphetamine. Clinical observations
suggest that MMT participants with no prior history of stimulants use, have begun to use
methamphetamine to cope with MMT side effects. This problem is associated with risky sexual
behaviors and injection drug use, which can increase the risk of HIV infection, treatment failure and
other health consequences. Public health authorities in Iran are concerned about methamphetamine
use among MMT patients and its threat to HIV prevention efforts.
The aim of this lecture is to clarify how to choose the maintenance treatment program to protect the
patients from treatment failures in the future.
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Global objects towards HIV Care and Treatment (Three 90s Goals)
Abbas Sedaghat MD.MPH, National HIV/STI Program Manager, CCDC, MOH, I.R.IRAN
In recent decade the universal program of HIV control has been received global supports and this
caused to achievements such as 38% reduction in new infection totally, 58% reduction of new
infections in newborns and 35% reduction in mortality. These achievements occurred when Anti
Retro Viral Therapy (ART) has been increased to 40%. It is estimated with each 1% increase in
coverage of ART incidence of HIV, infection will reduce 1.1%. Today has been improved that with
appropriate treatment, HIV infected people will be live up to the seventies. Furthermore, ART leads
reduction in viral load; this will cause reduction in the risk of infection transmission from patients to
others. Impact of treatment on control of epidemic is so remarkable then global goals focused on
treatment services.
These goals for year 2020 mentioned as three 90s. It means up to end of 2020, 90% of alive patients
should be diagnosed, 90% of them should be under coverage of treatment and 90% of them have
appropriate response to treatment. Achieving these goals will be guaranteed the HIV control in
meaning of getting Zero new infections.
Substance abuse a threat to both abuser and others
Javad Setareh
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction
Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, [email protected]
Government and people are worried about increasing substance abuse in society. One of the most
important disorder in psychiatric field is substance related disorders which considered as differential
diagnosis for most psychiatric disorders. Each substance related to its chemical structure has a degree
of effect on human memory, mood, impulse control, perception, thought, reality testing, harm
estimation, coordination, social interactions, cardiovascular and …..
Threats in view of somatic changes are embedded in changes in cardiovascular, pulmonary,
metabolic, gastrointestinal, neurologicalfunctions andaccidents. The time between substance use and
this serious effects can be too short or too long. In most cases there is some relationship between
dose and toxicity, also tolerance develops in long term. Psychiatric emergencies symptoms
presentation, can be a range from a simple phobia to sever psychosis. Dangers can occurs soon after
first use to many years later, both for the patient and others. Depression and symptoms of anxiety
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cause distress for the patient but psychotic and impulse control symptoms are potential threats for
everyone. Symptoms can develop rapidly or gradually. Patient may deny any symptom and their
thinking considered as logic. Many of these patient deny instead of marked psychotic symptoms and
positive screening for drug tests and also report of family.
Aggression,homicide and suicide are the most important threats related to substance. Many of these
persons have personality disorder or disorders in axis I that make them at risk. These disorders
provides a tendency to substance use and harmful behaviors.
Risk of harm for patient and others in substance abuser are common and can be life threatening. In
clinical setting substance use should be evaluated carefully. People should take information about the
serious side effect of substances and their potential threats.
Behavioral Drug and Risk Counseling in Treatment of ATS Use Disorders
Hamidreza Taherinakhost, Psychologist, National Programme Manager, Drug Demand Reduction
Unit, United National Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Behavioral Drug and Risk Reduction Counseling (BDRC)
BDRC comprises of a series of approximately 60-minute individual sessions, and several family
counseling sessions, which are offered to patients with substance use disorders. BDRC can be
delivered by drug counselors, nurses, medical assistants or other qualified medical or non-medical
personnel after they successfully complete BDRC specific training.
BDRC is highly structured and prescriptive. It focuses on a limited set of immediate problem areas
including treatment participation and adherence with treatment prescriptions; becoming abstinent,
maintaining abstinence, and preventing relapse; modifying or eliminating behaviors that increase the
risk of contracting blood borne or infectious diseases (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis, sexually transmitted
diseases); increasing engagement in non-drug-related social interactions and pleasurable activities. In
BDRC, the counselor educates the patient about a drug use disorder as a chronic medical condition
and about optimal treatment approaches while guiding the patient through the initial stages of the
recovery process. In addition to tools and techniques often used in cognitive-behavioral treatments,
BDRC uses explicit contracting procedures to engage the patient in a straightforward and structured
recovery which involves his/her active participation in treatment, learning how drugs affect important
brain processes, practicing skills to reduce or eliminate self-harm and risk behaviors, and developing
lifestyle changes supportive of sustained abstinence. BDRC educates the patient about effective use
of all treatment components and advocates the use of other available resources (e.g., psychiatric,
medical, social work, community resources) to maximize the overall effectiveness of the treatment
and to promote a sustained long-term recovery from drugs. BDRC puts strong emphasis on
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prevention of blood borne and infectious diseases (HIV, Hepatitis, STDs) by increasing patient
knowledge of drug and sex related transmission/infection risks and teaching effective prevention
strategies.
BDRC was developed to help a patient suffering from a chronic relapsing illness, a substance use
disorder, that affects his/her physical, emotional, and social functioning, as well as his/her
relationships with family and friends, the larger community, and the society. BDRC targets multiple
areas of the patient’s needs in a comprehensive but focused manner. BDRC incorporates a disease
model of substance use disorders and is compatible with medication assisted treatments (MAT) of
such disorders. It utilizes behavioral change and skills-learning techniques that have proven to be
highly effective in initiating and maintaining prolonged abstinence from drugs and in fostering a
lifestyle supportive of sustained recovery.
In addition to the skills-learning and relapse-prevention procedures commonly utilized in cognitivebehavioral and other drug counseling approaches, BDRC makes extensive use of short-term
behavioral contracting and activation procedures to address the core problems associated with drug
use and to supplement the counseling sessions with guided exercises aimed at practical application of
the newly learned skills in the patient’s natural environment.
The treatment is designed to provide extensive education about drugs effects on important brain
functions and about available effective treatments or interventions; to increase the patient’s activity
levels and his/her engagement in rewarding activities not related to drugs, to increase the patent’s
self-efficacy, and to counter the patient’s belief that his/her actions will not lead to success in
accomplishing goals. The accomplishment of simple contracts targeting short-term behavioral goals
early in treatment promotes the patient’s experience of therapeutic success and increases the
likelihood of ongoing treatment adherence.
Latent class analysis of DSM-5 criteria for opioid use disorders: results from Iranian national
survey on mental health
Mohammad Javad Tarrahi1, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar2, Akbar Fotouhi3, Hojjat Zeraati3
1
School of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
3
2
Background and objectives: One of propounded problems in public health is opioid use disorders.
This study aimed to determine the number of latent classes in opioid users based on DSM-IV and
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DSM-5 criteria and assessment of the omitting legal problems and addition of craving as a new
criterion.
Method and material: Data came from the 2011 Iranian National Mental Health Survey (n=236).
We used the Persian version of the CIDI version 2.1 to assess OUD in all respondents who indicated
that they had used opioids at least 5 times in the previous 12 months. All analyses were done using
the R (version 14.2) software package.
Results: A three-class model provided the best fit of all the models tested. Classes showed spectrum
of severity and the subjects were separated based on the number and severity of symptoms. Legal
problems showed poor discrimination between classes and showed the least likely to respond.
Craving fit well with the other criteria. Despite the high prevalence persistent desire or repeated
unsuccessful attempt to quit (cut down) criterion had poor discrimination.
Conclusion: The results indicated that the criteria are not in two separate categories (abuse and
dependence). Legal problems criterion can be easily removed and craving criterion added to the
criteria set. Persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempt to quit (cut down) can also be removed
for use in Iran.
Key words: Latent class analysis, opioid use disorders, diagnostic criteria, DSM-IV, DSM-5.
Molecular and neurobiological basis of addiction vulnerability
Nasim Vousooghi
Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The term of addiction is often supposed to be equal to using specific drugs regularly and in large
quantities. However, from more scientific point of view, it is defined by the development of tolerance
and physical or psychological dependence which interferes with an individual's normal life and may
be continued despite its negative and harmful consequences. However, clinical and also
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epidemiological studies have shown that most people who experience drugs, do not develop
addiction. There are several environmental and non-environmental factors which may be involved in
an individual’s susceptibility to addiction. As an example for environmental effects, data have shown
that experiencing maltreatment and stressful events in the first few years of life may increase the
chance of drug dependence in early adulthood. A direct association of childhood maltreatment with
molecular biomarkers of inflammation and stress has been reported in previous studies. On the other
hand, non-environmental factors may also affect someone's vulnerability for drug addiction. Recent
researches have focused on the role of gene by environment interactions and on the effects of
polymorphisms in genetic pathwaysthat are critically involved in the neurobiology of addiction.
Genes that are involved in learning and memory, attention, stress, anxiety, impulsivity, sensitivity to
reward (for example, polymorphisms in the dopamine receptors) and differences in enzymes activity
(for example, alcohol metabolism) may affect addiction vulnerability. Genetic factors can account for
approximately 40% of the total variability of the phenotype. However, it should be noted that most of
the people who become addicted share comorbid disorders such as anxiety and mood disorders,
impulsivity and externalizing behaviors which are important factors in initiating drug use. Molecular
and neurobiological differences by affecting craving severity and the reaction to cue- or stressinduced relapse may also critically affect the outcome of treatment for addicted people. This review
summarizes and describes some molecular and neurobiological aspects of individual differences that
may lead to drug addiction.
Methamphetamine Emergencies
Mehran Zarghami
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Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine AND Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research
Center, Addiction Institute; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
Rapidly growing serious, pervasive, and expensive methamphetamine problem in recent years is a
malicious social phenomenon with widespread medical, psychological, familial and economic
adversities. Methamphetamine use is related to the substantial use of general medical and psychiatric
emergency services.High doses can lead to prominent serious toxic cardiovascular and CNS effects,
such asconvulsions and dangerous severe fever, which may be lethal. Cardiovascular symptoms
include chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, significant hypotension,
bradycardia, metabolic acidosis, acute and chronic cardiomyopathy, and CVA due to vasospasm,
cerebral vasculitis and hemorrhage. Methamphetamine users are significantly more likely to
experience a violent mechanism of injury, and their injuries are more severe. Recently, substantial
cases of acute psychiatric problems are increasingly seen following amphetamine use in the
emergency departments. They may exhibit panic attacks, anxiety, and compulsions; or alternatively,
talkativeness, hyperactivity, irritable mood, grandiosity delusions, and paranoia. Methamphetamineinduced intoxication delirium after high doses of the drug is also not uncommon. In a recent study of
methamphetamine users’ in emergency room setting, symptoms of agitation and tactile hallucinations
were the most common psychiatric presentations. Some others develop tactile stereotypic behaviors
(picking at clothing, arranging and rearranging items purposelessly or cleaning rituals).In general,
amphetamines are more psychotogenic, possibly even causing a spontaneously relapsing psychosis
that has not been reported with cocaine use. Some other emergency psychiatry referrals are chronic
regular users who have developed a variety of frank psychiatric syndromes, including major
depression, unpredictable aggressive outbursts, and paranoid psychosis.Some chronic abusers
develop insomnia and anorexia while binging (a “run”). They inject as much as a gram of
methamphetamine every 2-3 hours over several days until the running out of the drug or becoming
too disorganized to continue. Chronic abuse can lead to an intense paranoid psychotic behavior,
characterized by anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances, auditory and visual hallucinations,
formication (tactile hallucinations), out-of-control rages extremely violent behavior. The paranoid
psychosis can result in homicidal as well as suicidal thoughts. Some of these chronic psychotic
syndromes that resolves over time (months to years), are at increased risk to re-experience psychotic
symptoms if stressed or if re-exposed to amphetamines. Another group of methamphetamine-related
referrals are patients who demonstrate cognitive deficits in tasks of information processing, verbal
memory, executive function, and perceptual sleep that persist with enduring abstinence.
Amphetamine withdrawal symptoms include dysphoric mood, fatigue, vivid unpleasant dreams,
insomnia or hypersomnia, increased appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation, and impaired
functioning.
In a recent study, 14.4% of admitted cases in an emergency psychiatric department in north of Iran
were methamphetamine positive in urine screening. This high prevalence of methamphetamines
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abuse, which refers to the trend of change in substance use pattern in Iran should be regarded more
important.
Critical Appraisal of Papers Published in the Farsi Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Journals
, 2010-2015
Mehran Zarghami 1,2
Fatemeh Taghizadeh 2
1. Department of psychiatry, Mazandaran university of medical sciences
2. Psychiatry and Behavioral sciences research center, addiction institute, Mazandaran
university of medical sciences
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the articles published in 5 recent years in the Farsi
psychiatry and behavioral sciences journals dedicated to the 9th international congress on addiction
sciences.
Methods: A questionnaire was used which has been developed according to the design, evidence
level and recommendations to write scientific papers. Different parts of the articles, including title,
abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and references, were evaluated.
SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis.
Results: From spring 2010 to spring 2014, 240 articles in 5 journals were published, only 47 of
whom were related to addiction, and 37 of those were research articles. The most frequent subject of
research articles was “risk factors of addiction” (35%). 81.1% of the research articles were
descriptive, 5.4% were analytical, and 13.5% were clinical trials. In the abstract part, 35% had not
appropriate conclusion. In the introduction, 38% had no clear explanation of the problem, and 49%
had not mentioned the place of the study. The most prevalent problem in the materials and methods
was lack of exclusion criteria (92%), lack of randomization (68%), and lack of inclusion criteria
(57%). In 24% and 30% of the articles validity and reliability of the questionnaires have not been
mentioned respectively. The most prevalent problem in the results were presence of conclusion in
result section (76%) and repetition of results in different ways (41%). 13% had repeated the
introduction, and 27% had repeated the results in discussion part of the article. 35% did not mention
the limitations of study, and 46% did not disclose new questions. 58% had inappropriate references.
Conclusions: Much more effort is needed for these articles to approach excellence.
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Involvement of different neurotransmitter systems in drug abuse
Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
Drug addiction represents a major social problem where addicts continue to seek and take drugs
despite adverse social, personal, emotional, and legal consequences. The addictive state involves
disruption of the neurotransmitters level and activity in differentbrain parts including reward circuits
(nucleus accumbens, amygdala). The process of addiction is initiated in part by the fast and high
increases in dopamine, induced by acute drugs of abuse in different parts of brain.Chronic drug
consumption results in a marked decrease in dopamine activity.The noradrenergic system, which
uses norepinephrine as the main chemical messenger, serves multiple brain functions including
arousal, attention, mood, learning, memory and stress response. In pre-clinical models of addiction,
norepinephrine is critically involved in mediating stimulant effects including sensitization, drug
discrimination and reinstatement of drug seeking.At the neurochemical level, addictive drugs interact
with monoamine transporters and increase extracellular Serotoninactivity in the brain. Serotonin (5HT)
provides
an
important
modulatory influence over neurons of the prefrontal cortex, which is critically involved
in substance use disorders. Conflicting data have been demonstrated a role of histamine in the
psychomotor and rewarding effects of addictive drugs. Histaminergic system exerts an inhibitory
influence on drug reward processes, opposed to that of the dopaminergic system. Preclinical studies
and clinical trials carried out within the past few years have shown that gamma-aminobutyric acid
(GABA) transmission and GABA(B) receptors play a modulatory role in the mechanism of action of
different drugs of abuse.The present abstract suggests that the consumption of addictive drugs causes
alternation in the different neurotransmitters' system,and increase our knowledge about these
alternations may offer promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of opioid dependence.
Keywords: Addiction, Dopamine, GABA, Serotonin, Histamine, Norepinephrine
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How an article may get a better chance to be accepted in an international journal?
Hassan Ziaaddini MD
Neuroscience research center, Kerman University of Medical Science Kerman Iran.
1- How novelty or new the problem is.
2- The effectiveness of study is important to consider, therefor an attempt to maximize external
validity should be done making the results broadly generalized.
3- Methodology, sample size, statistical method, the validity and reliability of tools are also
important.
4- Principle of scientific writing should be considered, including scientific and literal aspect,
journal selectin and journal instruction & scope
Oral
&
Poster
85 |
Presentation
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That effectiveness of group therapy and relaxation on the mental health
of drug users
Ameneh Aalivand1, Rea Zilabi, Alireza Barani
1 AhvazPsychologistMA
Abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of teaching the meaning of Vtn slowly, mental health in four dimensions
(physical symptoms, anxiety, Bdkarkrdy, depression), referring to the drug rehabilitation center in Ahwaz
were investigated. The population consisted of all patients referred to the drug rehabilitation center in
Ahvaz. 100 of them were evaluated by GHQ and the people on the General Health Questionnaire score of
one standard deviation above the mean was their general health, accident, 36 people were selected. Then
randomly divided into two test and control groups. The experimental group, 9 sessions 1 hour therapeutic
techniques mean Vtn received slowly. The results of the study showed that the training sessions have
been effective mental health gain. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) significant
differences between the two groups in the Mankva Dad.ntayj of covariance analysis on the mean score of
physical symptoms, anxiety, Bdkarkrdy, depression showed that training and relaxation therapy mean
decreases Signs of physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression Bdkarkrdy experimental group compared
with the control group, the results mean follow-up period showed that therapy and relaxation training
sessions perpetuates symptoms, physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression is Bdkarkrdy.
Keywords: therapeutic, relaxation, mental health, drug consumers.
Presentation Type: Oral
Family Problems of Addicted Parents’ Children: Qualitative Study
Submission Author: Elahe Abafat
Elahe Abafat1, Robbeh- Nouri1
1. Kharazmi University - MA
Background and Aim: Present research seeks to determine family problems of children with
substance abusing parents.
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Methods: 40 of teenagers having substance abusing parent and participated in Nartin sessions
are selected purposely and through a snowball sampling method. They attended in-depth
individual interviews which were continued to reach the saturation point. Most teenagers are
girls (70%) who are 15.2 years old and high school students (35%). Half of them lived with their
parents. Half of the parents used several substances.
Results: It indicates that most teenagers deal with different social-economic anxieties in their
life. All of the research samples experienced violence and a kind of teens maltreatment and child
abuse. Neglect was evident. 75% of them claimed that they weren’t supervised by their parents.
50% reported that they are forced to sell and take drugs. 40% reported that they have to take
themselves the responsibility of their parents and 82% claimed that the parents used drugs while
they were present.
Conclusion: The findings declare the urgency implications of interventions in selective prevents,
special attention to children of addiction family and the necessity of planning for their various
problems.
Keywords: Substance abusing parents, Family, Child abusing, Selective prevention, Violence.
Presentation Type: Poster
The Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Alexithymia in
Substance Abusers in Methadone Maintenance Treatment and Normal
Persons
Submission Author: Nasibeh Abazari
Nasibeh Abazari1, Mehri Akhani2, Peyman Ansari3
1. Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, M.A.in General Psychology
2. AllameTabatabaei University, M.A.in Exceptional Psychology
3. M.A. in clinical psychology
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to compare of early maladaptive schemas and
alexithymia in substance abusers in maintenance treatment with methadone and normal persons.
Methods: In this causative-comparative study, the sample included 35 substance abusers
(maintenance therapy), that were participated through convenience sampling. Then they were
matched up with 35 normal persons according to age, sex, educational level, and marital status.
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Assessment tools consisted of the Young Schema Questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia
Questionnaire and data was analyzed using T-test and SPSS software.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between drug abusers and
normal persons in average of maladaptive schemas; abandonment, mistrust, social isolation, selfsacrifice, emotional inhibition, entitlement, self-discipline. There has been more average in
normal group in failure, vulnerability to harm and illness, subjugation, enmeshment; and there
was no significant difference between two groups in the defectiveness/shame and unrelenting
standard schemas. As well as in scores of alexithymia, there was a significant difference between
groups in difficulty in identifying feelings and difficulty in describing feeling subscale, and there
was no significant difference in external-oriented thinking subscale.
Conclusion: According to the study substance abusers have more maladaptive schemas than
normal persons and the importance of alexithymia was essential in substance abusers.
Keywords: Early maladaptive schemas, alexithymia, substance abusers, maintenance treatment
Family and High Risk Behaviors of High School Students
Submission Author: Farokh Abazari
Farokh Abazari1, Aliakbar Haghdoost2, Abbas Abbaszadeh3
1. Department of Community Health, Nursing and Midwifery Kerman, School of Razi, Kerman University of
Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
2. Research Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
3. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Family plays an important role in helping adolescent acquiring skills or
strengthening their characters. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the influences of family factors,
risky and protective, on adolescent high risk behaviors (HRB).
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, students of high schools in Kerman, Iran at all levels
participated, during November 2011 till December 2011. The research sample included 1024
students (588 females and 436 males) aged 15 to 19 years. A CTC (Communities That Care
Youth Survey) questionnaire was designed in order to collect the profile of the students’ risky
behaviors. Stratified cluster sampling method was used to collect the data.
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Results: Using logistic regression, 7 variables enrolled; 4 of them were risk factors and 3 were
protective factors. The risk factors were age, (linear effect, OR = 1.20, P = 0.001), boys versus
girls (OR = 2.33, P = 0.001), family history of antisocial behavior (OR = 2.29, P = 0.001), and
parental attitudes favorable toward antisocial behavior (OR = 1.72, P = 0.03). And, protective
factors were family religiosity (OR = 0.65, P = 0.001), father education (linear effect, OR = 0.48,
P = 0.001), and family attachment (OR = 0.78, P = 0.001).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that family has a very significant role in protecting students
against risky behaviors. The education level of the father, family religiosity, and attachment were
the most important factors.
Keywords: Parents; Risk Behaviors; Adolescent, students.
The Role of Social Capital in Social Groups in Preventing Drug Abuse in
Workers
Submission Author: Ebrahim Abbasi
Mahmood abbasi1, Ahmad abasi, Ebrahim abbasi2, Omid ali ahmadi3, Masome shojaee4, Milad
mashyekhi5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Legal medicine organization
Iran Drug Control Headquarters
Iran Drug Control Headquarters
Welfare Organization
Background and Aim: The role of social capital (social networks) in Strengthening the values
and norms of anti-addiction in Industries in workers.
Methods: The population is the worker between the ages 28-48 who are working in the center
industry of Arak. The sample volume with taking the COCRAN formula includes: 142 students
(men and women) which is chosen randomly, with gauging method and questionnaire technique.
Results: The more people in social communication groups (friendly circles, but not formal group
such as Islamic society, Basij or etc.) participated, the more reducing the risk of taking drugs
because of high social capital. According to the results from the correlation coefficient of
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Pearson between elements of informal social control in informal social communication groups
such as belonging to the group, maintaining the prestige in the group, frightening of not
confirming by the group, feeling of having a duty toward the group and taking drugs is a diverse
relationship. Also, participation, which is accepted by the people in the group the less trying to
take drugs for satisfying their needs.
Conclusion: It appears that the lost politic of addiction prevention is by two items: 1- lack of
attention to the social communication groups 2- not strengthening the social capital between the
target groups, because the influence of social informal communication networks is , because of
informal control, undeniable. Therefore, creating and strengthening matched groups, because of
increasing social capital, is more effective than other prevention method.
Keywords: Social Communication Group, addiction prevention, social capital.
Analyzing the Demographic Properties on Persistence in Treating
Psychedelic in Treating Addict’s People in Arak
Submission Author: Mahmood Abbasi
Mahmood Abbasi1, Ebrahim Abbasi2, Ahmad Abbasi
1. - Young Researchers & elite Club, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR
Iran.
2. Iran Drug Control Headquarters, Department of Social Sciences, Arak, Iran
Background and Aim: Spreading using drugs and changing the -using drug- pattern to
psychedelic and also decreasing the age of starting of using the drug is one of the biggest
challenges for human beings, especially in Iran. Therefore, along with preventing programs,
treating addict’s people to these drugs is efficient and necessary. The goal of this research,
analyzing the relationship between demographic properties and persistence of treatment of
addicted in Arak city.
Methods: From 100 of those who returned to the therapy centers, which 50 of them treated by
replacement medicine method like methadone, and also the other 50 with matrix method will
drug withdrawal, till 2 months they do not take any medicine, the urine test took by Rapid test
method and approval by TLC method. The results with SPSS analyzed.
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Results: From 50 persons who are treated with methadone, 26 after 2 month did not take any
medicine and the others somehow used drugs, but on the other side from 50 persons who are
treated by matrix method, 38 did not use and medicine or even not any willing to do.
Conclusion: The results of this research show that despite the efficiency of matrix method, the
other factors like age, job, duration and severity of addiction and the place of living and family
can effect truly on the persistence of withdrawal addiction on treating people.
Keywords: Matrix Model, Addiction, Treatment.
Analyzing the Testosterone Level in Addict’s People who are Taking
Methadone in Arak
Mahmood Abbasi1, Ebrahim Abbasi2, Ahmad Abbasi
1. Young Researchers & elite Club, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2. Iran Drug Control Headquarters, Department of Social Science, Arak, Iran
Background and Aim: Sex hormones may have a role in the pathophysiology of substance use
disorders, as demonstrated by the association between testosterone and addictive behaviors in
opioid dependence. Although opioid use has been found to suppress testosterone levels in men
and women, the extent of this effect and how it relates to Methadone treatment for opioid
dependence is unclear.
Methods: The present multi-center cross-sectional study consecutively recruited 231 patients
with opioid dependence from Methadone clinics across Arak, Iran between May until November
of 2014. We obtained demographic details, substance use, psychiatric history, and blood and
urine samples from enrolled subjects. The control group included 783 non-opioid using adults
recruited from a primary care setting in Arak, Iran.
Results: Average testosterone level in men receiving Methadone treatment was significantly
lower than controls. No effect of opioids, including Methadone on testosterone level in women
was found and testosterone did not fluctuate significantly between menstrual cycle phases. In
Methadone patients, the testosterone level was significantly associated with Methadone dose in
men only.
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Conclusion: We recommend that testosterone levels be checked in men prior and during
Methadone and other opioid therapy, in order to detect and treat testosterone deficiency
associated with opioids and lead to successful Methadone treatment outcomes.
Keywords: Methadone, Testosterone Hormone, Opioid addiction, Methadone.
Forensic Analysis of Seized Alcoholic Beverages
Mahmood Abbasi1, Kambiz Soltaninejad2, Seyed Jalil Monabbati3, Daruish Badakhshan4,
Hamed Shafaroodi5
1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch,
2.
3.
4.
5.
Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization of
Iran, Tehran, Iran
Iran, Arak, Iran
Iran, Arak, Iran
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch,
Background and Aim: Alcohol is a most commonly abused substance in the world. In spite of
medical, social and cultural dimensions of alcohol use/abuse; In the Islamic countries such as
Iran, alcoholic beverage drinks consider as a punishable and illegal act. In Iran, production,
business, use and importing of alcoholic beverages is illegal. Therefore, illicit production and
importation of alcoholic beverages has been frequent in the black market. Because of nonstandard procedures and lack of quality control on illicit alcoholic drinks, contaminants such as
methanol, isopropanol, and acetone have been reported in these products with mortality and
morbidity risks such as blindness, chemical hepatitis and death have been shown in the
consumers during acute and chronic abuse. From this view, chemical analysis of seized alcoholic
beverages in the forensic toxicology labs and determining its chemical profile will make a
critical role in prevention and decreasing of serious damages. The aim of this research was so to
determine chemical profile of illegal seized alcoholic beverages.
Methods: During 2014, homemade and illegal seized alcoholic beverages which sent to a
forensic toxicology laboratory of the Markazi Legal Medicine Center (Arak, Iran) have been
93 |
analyzed from forensic aspects. After physiocochemical and organo-leptic tests, quantitative
analysis of organic volatile compounds, including ethanol, methanol, isopropanol and acetone
have been analysis with gas-chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC- FID)(Yong-Lin,
South Korea).
Results: A total of 100 samples, ethanol has been detected in 95% of samples (23.9±13.2 %
V/V). Acetone was detected in 2% of samples (0.014±0.001% V/V), Methanol has been detected
in 6% of samples (0.21±0.12 % V/V) and isopropanol has been detected in1% of samples (Mean
±SE concentration 0.006±0.005 % V/V).
Conclusion: The results showed that the organic and toxic impurities in the handmade and
illegal alcoholic drinks are a threat for these products abusers. Therefore, public education
programs should be considered for the preventing of further medical problems in alcohol
abusers.
Keywords: Alcoholic beverages, Analysis, Forensic
The Effect of Anger Control Training on the Perception of Social
Support in Men with Substance Abuse and Their Wives
Submission Author: Samira Abbasi
Samira Abbasi1, Tayebeh Mehrabi2, Arash Jahanzadeh3
1. MSc in Psychiatric Nursing, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan
2.
3.
University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
MSc in Psychology, Isfahan university, Isfahan, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction is a physical and psychological disease that due to the
progressive nature, treats all aspects of life, health, family and society. Due to the influence of
addiction on the family, as the first social institution, assessing of the negative effects of drug
abuse on parents and children is essential. Physical, emotional and behavioral effects of
addiction are shown in different ways, such as violence, conflict between couples and low social
support. So this study aimed to determine the effect of anger control training on the perception of
social support in men with substance abuse and their wives.
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Methods: This experimental study was performed as two groups of experimental and control
groups, with the pretest and posttest. Random cluster sampling between Isfahan addiction clinics
was done and patients with substance abuse who were eligible for inclusion were selected. Thus,
25 couples were randomly divided into control and test group. In this study, anger management
training, with cognitive-behavioral therapy method, in 8 sessions and each for 60 minutes was
applied in the experimental group. The control group did not receive this intervention. The
instrument of this study was revised anger Spielberg and family social support questionnaire.
Data from this study was analyzed by SPSS-17 software.
Results: The results showed that the mean age of participants in the experimental and control
group was 38 years old. The highest withdrawal rate in this study was 7 times. The duration of
addiction was fluctuating from 3 to 24 years. The results showed that the mean scores of social
support in the test group compared to the pre-test scores have gone up. According to the results
of the study, in the case group the difference between pre-test and post-test perceptions of social
support for men with substance abuse and their wives were significant (p<0/05); which means
that anger control training had a positive effect on the perception of social support in men with
substance abuse and their wives.
Conclusion: According to the statistical analysis of this study, it seems that anger control
training in men with substance abuse and their wives can have significant impact on increasing
the social support of families. The cause of this effectiveness could be related to reduce the
malicious behavior with threats and aggression, which is the feature of this therapy that increase
safety in the person and family.
Keywords: Anger control, Social support, Substance abuse
Comparing High Risk Sexual Behavior of Addicted Men Before and
After Addiction Treatment
Ebrahim Abbasi1, Mahmood Abbasi2, Ahmad abbasi3, Sepideh Kamyani, Masome Shojaee4,
Omid Ali Ahmadi5, Hengame Ghorbani6
1. Iran Drug Control Headquarters, Department of Social Science, Arak, Iran
2. Young Researchers & elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
3. - Markazi Government, Arak, Iran
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4. Welfare Organization
Background and Aim: In this research, we compare the sexual behavior of men who are
abusing amphetamines before and after addiction treatment.
Methods: This study is a quasi-experiment. For that, we choose 166 addicted men, according to
research factors. We choose those who passed at least one month of treatment and their sexual
function analyses before and after treatment. For taking the information we use demographic
questionnaire and deep interview.
Results: There is a relationship between the kind of drug, and severity of using it and high risk
sexual behavior in addicted men. On the other side there is a diverse relationship between
persistence of treatment of addiction and desire to high risk behavior. More important desire to
have sexual behavior in the beginning of treatment is more than the period of taking drugs.
Conclusion: Men before treatment of addiction, because of taking amphetamines, try to have
sexual behavior that in this step, because of their need for sex, they are to have any kind of
unprotected sexual behavior, therefore after treatment the high risk sexual behavior will reduce,
but because of not informing enough of treatment and increasing the libido, mostly they have
sexual relation with others rather than their wife. After a period, the sexual desire will reduce, so
having the harm reduction centers for men in cities with a psychologist or social worker in those
centers, especially camps, with the goal of training men and informing them is necessary.
Keywords: High risk behavior, Sexual Behavior, Addiction Treatment, Drug abuse.
Comparing Sexual Dysfunction in Addicted Men Before and After
Addiction Treatment
Ebrahim Abbasi1, mahmood abbasi2, ahmad abbasi, omid ali ahmadi3, masome shojaee4, sepideh
kamyani, hengame ghorbani5, franak seidy6
1. Legal Medicine Organization
2. Young Researchers & elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Background and Aim: In this research, we compare sexual dysfunction in addicted men before
and after addiction treatment.
Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. duo to research factor, we choose 70 addicted
women who were in their treatment period (medically or not medically). We choose those who
passed at least one month of treatment and their sexual function analyses before and after
treatment. For taking the information we use demographic questionnaire and made questionnaire
(which its validity is approved) and sexual satisfaction questionnaire. For analyzing the data we
use descriptive statistics and tests.
Results: The level of sexual desire and sexual satisfaction in the period of taking drugs and in
the period of maintenance treatment has a big difference. In other words treated people have, the
more strengthful sexual desire and more qualified intercourse. Also by treating the addicted men
and therefore improving sexual function, family issues (like violence, disputations, illegal sexual
relations and etc.) will reduce.
Conclusion: Addicted men that are treated have less sexual dysfunction comparing to the time
that they were taking drugs. Then, because of not informing enough about addiction treatment
and increasing libido, the illegal sexual relation will increase, more important even by treating
the addiction and improving all sexual problems; The premature ejaculation problem is still alive
that if not being treated correctly, it increases the possibility of reusing drugs. Knowing this issue
will help to the experts and therapists who are working in the field of treating the addicted
people, in designing the appropriate interfering program.
Keywords: Sexual dysfunctions, Drug abuse, Addiction treatment.
A Qualitative Study on the Experiment of Addicts About the Influence of
Taking Drugs on Sexual
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ebrahim abbasi1, mahmood abbasi2, ahmad abbasi, masome shojaee3, sepideh kamyani, omid ali
ahmadi4, hengame ghorbani5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Legal Medicine Organization
Young Researchers & elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
Background and Aim: A qualitative study on Stereotypical beliefs and experiment of addicts
about the influence of taking drugs on sexual life and family Research method: the population
includes addicts who are taking an especial drug that are chosen by an available sampling
method. According to the research that is done qualitative, data gathered by empathic
observation and interview method. The method of analyzing data is by analyzing the content.
Methods: The population includes addicts who are taking a especial drug that are chosen by an
available sampling method. According to the research that is done qualitative, data gathered by
empathic observation and interview method. The method of analyzing data is by analyzing the
content.
Results: Most of addicts express the strengthening of sexual desire as the reason for taking
drugs, after a while of taking drugs, the relish of taking it will be double, however, after a period,
the sexual desire will reduce and therefore it leads to violence and disputation in the family.
Most of addicts get the positive influence of drugs from their friends, which are differing from
what they experience.
Conclusion: It appears that the last item in the prevention of addiction is not paying attention to
the positive influence at the beginning of taking drugs. In other words performing the risky
preventive programs not only cannot prevent from taking drugs, but acting as an antiadvertisement. It should be noticed that by reducing the sexual function, it affects the relation
with the spouse and leads to other problems (such as divorce, emotional divorce, illegal sexual
relation, violence, disputations, etc.). Also, most of addicts believe to their friends about the
positive influence of drugs rather than governmental organizations, so that Stereotypical beliefs
as a strong effect on addiction.
Keywords: Sexual, addiction, Taking drugs
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Factor Structure General Health Questionnaire GHQ Dependent on the
Material and non-Material Drivers of Kermanshah
Submission Author: Nasrin Abdoli
Nasrin Abdoli1, Vahid Farnia2, Ali Delavar3
1. PhD student assessment (psychometric) International University of Imam Reza in Mashhad and
2.
3.
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, IR Iran.
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical
Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran.
Professor of Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Across vehicles that are characteristic of civilization With the increase
in the number of accidents and deaths, has become a big problem in various social arenas has hit
show Says one death every five seconds a traffic accident occurs and it is estimated that in 2020
the third leading cause of death in road traffic accidents is Statistics of traffic accidents in ten
percent growth in the last decade, the mortality rate in developed countries is 15 times the level
of traffic accidents investigations show that in road accidents, the leading cause of mortality
below age 40 years is The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure (confirmation)
General Health Questionnaire was among the drivers in Kermanshah.
Methods: The study population consisted of all the drivers of the vehicles. The study had a
sample of 850 drivers the sample in this study were 850 drivers in the province. Sampling
volunteered to participate in the study were randomly selected. After data collection, data
through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using software lisrel8.7 SPSS22 and
analyzed
Results: Results: The internal consistency coefficient questions using Cronbach's alpha was
desirable KMO test with 91/0 and at an optimum level and significant Bartlett sphericity test was
the sum of four factors explained 44% of the total variance scale Confirmatory factor analysis
confirmed the results of the exploratory factor analysis and model obtained by fitting the data at
the end of the study, a questionnaire consisting of 28 statements were obtained with 4 subscales
The physical, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression
Conclusion: Conclusion: This study suggests that the good psychometric properties of the
questionnaire are in Persian culture.
Keywords: Public health, Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Structural equation
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Sociological Study of Addicts Admitted to Farabi Hospital in
Kermanshah
Jalal Shakri 1, Vahid Farnia2, Nasrin Abdoli3
1. Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
2. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical
Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
3. PhD student assessment (psychometric) International University of Imam Reza in Mashhad and
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences psychologist E : [email protected]
Background and Aim: Among the types of addiction, drug addiction can be named which
ultimately leads to misery addict and family destruction and degeneration of society without a
doubt, opium bang; it has long been known in Iran. But the widespread use of opiates in the last
century has been more common Unfortunately, the progress of science and technology and the
introduction of new types of drugs such as heroin, morphine, glass, cocaine, and so they tend to
be broader aspects of pollution and them As a factor of social order and the threat of serious
disturbances of various segments of society, especially the younger generation has. In our
country, the prevalence of addiction too witnessed the breakup of families, disturbing the public
order, the ebb and talents of people with social conflict have increased. The aim of this study was
to determine the characteristics of drug addicts is sociological.
Methods: This is a descriptive study. The study population of 102 patients are addicted Farabi
Hospital were admitted in the addiction. Samplings available in drug-addicted patients are
hospitalized. Therefore, patients with a questionnaire regarding demographic information such as
age, education, marital status, consumables motivated to quit. In the case of the patients included
were collected.
Results: The rate of addiction among the age group 25-18, the 24-18 he average age of 4/22 the
job 39% of the unemployed and 44 percent free and 5/16 in hundreds of other cases, the school
most of the high school diploma and a minimum of a diploma is Hundreds of others are more
married status. Most addicts who are living in Kermanshah. The majority of these people has
mentioned the use of multiple materials in different ways. The majority of these people has
mentioned the use of multiple materials in different ways. The tendency to addiction because of
bad friends and recreation and family pressure is the top reason to stop trying.
Conclusion: The age and diversity of drug addiction among youth are down more preventive
research so necessary today for us.
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Keywords: Addiction, sociological study, Farabi hospital
The Role of Aggression, Addiction and Mental Health of Drivers
Involved in Kermanshah 2013-2014
Nasrin abdoli1, Vahid Farnia2
1. Responding: PhD student assessment (psychometric) International University of Imam Reza in Mashhad
2.
and Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, IR Iran.
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical
Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: Across vehicles that are characteristic of civilization, with an increase in
the number of accidents and deaths, has become a big problem in various social arenas is a
Statistics show that every five seconds a death in a traffic accident occurs And it is estimated that
in 2020 the third leading cause of death in road traffic accidents is. Statistics of traffic accidents
in ten percent growth in the last decade, the mortality rate in developed countries is 15 times the
level of traffic accidents Research shows that in road accidents, the leading cause of mortality
age group under 40 years and more than 71 percent of total deaths in this age group related to
traffic accidents, the issue has led to four factors: man, road, vehicle and environment, humans
are the main cause of accidents in Iran Statistics show that every 25 minutes someone loses their
life in the country as a result of traffic accidents and road incidents of developed countries has
been announced several times On the other hand, according to official statistics, about one
million and 200 thousand and 150 thousand people in addiction include the number of drivers
and the speed and illegal passing on the road, The third factor in road accidents, drug addiction
driver or drinking alcohol addiction and drug abuse aim of this study was to evaluate the severity
of aggression and aggressive behavior in high-risk drivers is accidental.
Methods: In this study, 443 patients were studied high-risk drivers. The samples were randomly.
The instruments used in research questionnaires demographic questionnaire and Aggression
Scale, and a questionnaire of 30 questions, 28 questions AGQ public health (mental) GHQ is
Analyse the data, descriptive and inferential statistics, t -test and correlation were used to spss22.
Results: The results showed that 0.15 of subjects without offending driver’s license and 85 were
certified subjects range from under 20 years to 59 years. Subjects under 20 years of age to 59
years. The average age of 34/4with a standard deviation of 9 Justice Education, respectively, 4.8,
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4 .36, .41 .39, .11 Illiterate, elementary and junior high, high school or higher degree and the job
situation. 10.58., 13.96 , 53.37, and 19.57 percent, respectively, unemployed, employe, driver,
free worker between sample 15 percent of addictions (smoking Hookah, opium,
Methamphetamine ice,) And between aggressiveness and mental health of drivers and accident
risk was higher than the norm community. Aggressive behavior and aggressive in older drivers
with less. And percent is significant (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Conclusion: Overall, according to the statistics of accidents, traffic accidents and
the consequences of the economic and health care costs and more hospital beds are occupied by
young people are,
Keywords: driver’s accidental, aggression, addiction, mental health
Tendency to Addiction in Students of Payam Noor University (20132014)
Submission Author: Maryam Abdollahi
Maryam Abdollahi1, Soodabe Afra2, Sajad Farzaneh3
1. Payam Noor University, Department of psychology, Rasht, IR Iran.
2. Payam Noor University, Department of psychology, Rasht, IR Iran.
3. Noore Tooba, MBA Department, Tehran, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Drug use as a social habit and unacceptable in all societies, involved
countless men and women, particularly the young people. Studies in this field know affective
personal, social and family factors in tendency to drug use. This study aimed to assess affective
factors in youth’s tendency to drug use from the perspective of students.
Methods: Present research, descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 100 students of PNU
Rasht. Data were collected by a researcher made questionnaire. Design and set the questionnaire
were used indicators such as the emotional atmosphere of the family, social relations and
personal characteristics. Reliability of the test obtained by test-retest method (0.73). In order to
achieve the objectives of the study was used of the multivariate regression.
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Results: The study showed that young people believe that lack of a healthy leisure time (0.33),
lack of employment and unemployment (0.30), location (0.24), level of education (0.23) have the
greatest impact on the drug’s tendency.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this study, the most important factors of
personal, social and familial in tendency to drugs from the perspective of the students are: Not
healthy leisure, lack of employment and unemployment, poor living and level of education that
probably can prevent spread this problem with vocational training and developing healthy
cultural centers with diverse cultural, artistic programs.
Keywords: Addiction, Students, Tendency to addiction.
The Efficiency of Interventional Theory-based Education on HIV
Transmission Prevention in Drug Used Clients in Saveh Healthy City
Submission Author: Ahmadreza Abedi
Mahmood Karimy1, Ahmad Reza Abedi2, Mohammad Taher3, Hamid Abredari 4, Fatemeh
Zarei5, Zahra Rezaie shahsavarloo6, Afsaneh Arzani7
1. Ph.D. candidate of Health Education and Promotion, Academic member, Department of Health Education,
Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, IR Iran.
2. PhD. Candidate of Nursing Education, MSN, BSN,RN, Academic member, Department of Med–Surg,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Kaveh Industrial Estate company, Saveh, Iran, Postal code:
3914334911, Telefax:+988642343395, cell phone: +989122552012 , [email protected]
MSN, BSN, RN, of Nursing, Academic member of Saveh University of Medical Sciences. Kaveh Industrial
Estate Company, Saveh, IR Iran.
MSc, BSc of Midwifery, Academic member of Saveh University of Medical Sciences. Kaveh Industrial
PhD. of Nursing Education ,MSN, BSN,RN, Academic member, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Babol
University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: The nightmare of HIV/AIDS as a non-curable, grueling disease is a
destructive issue for every country. Drug use, shared needles and unsafe sex, are closely linked
to the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Modification or changing the unhealthy behavior through
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educational program, can lead to HIV prevention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
efficiency of theory-based education intervention on HIV transmission prevention in drug used
addict.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 69 men drug injecting users were entered in to the
theory-based educational intervention. Data were collected using a questionnaire, before and 3
months after 4 sessions (group discussions, lecture, film displaying, and role playing) of
educational intervention.
Results: The findings signified that the mean scores of constructs (self-efficacy, susceptibility,
severity and benefit) significantly increased after education and the perceived barriers decreased
(p< 0.001). Also, the history of HIV testing reported 9% before intervention, while the rate
increased to 88% after the intervention.
Conclusion: Present research offers primary founding for planning and implementation of
theory based educational program, to Preventing HIV/AIDS transmission in drug injecting
addicts. This research showed that health educational intervention had an influence on improving
the knowledge of HIV/AIDS subjects as well as preventive behavior.
Keywords: Drug abuser, Addiction, Substance abuse, Preventive health education, HIV.
Comparing of Personality Characteristics and Coping Styles with Stress
in Addicted Women and Normal
Submission Author: Azadeh Abedini
Azadeh abedini1
1. Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad Branch, Najaf Abad, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: Considering the important role of women in the family and the effects of
their addiction on family health and community, the purpose of the present study was comparing
personality characteristics and coping styles with stress in addicted women and normal women.
Methods: The research project is causal-comparative. In order to do this research, 30 women
(18-25 years) who refer in the period September 2013 to March 2014 to an addiction center in
Isfahan city, were selected by available sampling method. Also 30 normal women (18-25 years)
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with respect to Gender, education from students of Isfahan Payam Noor University were selected
by an access sampling method. They were completed NEO personality questionnaire and coping
styles questionnaire. Data analysis was done by central tendency indicators and dispersion
indicators and multivariate of variance.
Results: The results of the study showed that the subject obtained scores addicted women higher
than the scores normal women in Neuroticism and emotion-focused coping style and lower than
the Agreeableness, conscientious and problem-focused coping style.
Conclusion: Drug use among women is often associated with social problems. Addiction is not
only the involvement of women in society, but also affects children and causes the disintegration
of the elements of the family. According to the results of this study, women addicts have a
neurosis personality trait that can be irrational ideas, also they are unable to control their and
much weaker than others cope with stress, so educational appropriate programs and treatment for
Cognition and modification their personality traits and also coping with stressful situations skills
is effective step in prevention and control of addiction in addicted women.
Keywords: Addiction, Personality characteristics, coping styles,
Effects of Life Skills Training on Increased Assertiveness in people
Dependent on Methamphetamine
Azadeh abedini1, zohreh raeesi2, Ph.D.
Background and Aim : According to the Methamphetamine abuse is one of social damage and
also Life skills training to improve the functions of the personal and interpersonal for social
adjustment, problems solving and improving mental health, discover new aspects of this variable
and the relationship between them has theoretical and clinical particular importance. The present
research has been done with the aim determination of the effect of life skills training on the
assertiveness in people dependent on Methamphetamine.
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Methods: The method of this study was a semi experimental one used a three-phase test (pretest, post-test, follow-up test). Sampling included all of people dependent on Methamphetamine
were referred to an addiction center in Lahijan on the second half of 2013. So firstly, 30 subjects
were selected by purposive sampling method and then divided into the two groups of 15 cases as
the experimental and control groups by randomly. They had Criteria for admission to study like
satisfaction, Methamphetamine abuse for one month, the clinical observation based on DSM-IV
and don't have Psychotic disorder. Cases group received Life Skills training for 2 months (9
sessions, each session one hour, per week) but control group received any training. For Data
collection, Rathus assertiveness questionnaire was completed before and after the intervention by
both groups. Also follow-up test has been done for measure the effect of training after 3 months.
The data was analyzed using covariance analysis in SPSS.
Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that there were significant differences in
increased assertiveness between control and experimental groups (p≤0.0001) and continued after
3 months of intervention.
Conclusion: Life skills training is effective technique and necessary on increased assertiveness,
social adjustment, psychological satisfaction, increase the capacity and reduce negative behavior
in people dependent on Methamphetamine
Keywords: Assertiveness, Life skills training, Methamphetamine
Comparing Irrational Beliefs in Addicted Women to Methamphetamine
and Normal Women
Azadeh abedini1
Background and Aim: According to the methamphetamine statistics growing in women and
existence of multiple levels of cognitive factors underlying addictive behavior, the present study
has been done with the aim of comparing irrational beliefs in women with methamphetamine
abuse disorder and normal women.
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Methods: So firstly, 30 subjects were selected from two addiction treatment center clients in
Isfahan by access sampling method. They had Criteria for admission to study (Methamphetamine
abuse for three months and don't have Psychotic disorder). Control group consisted of 30
employee of Shariati hospital that were selected by simple random method and matching criteria
of age, gender and educational. They evaluated with clinical interview and symptoms check List90(SCL-90). Person out of control group, If the average one or more than one of these tests.
After selecting subjects, Jones (1969) irrational thought test was performed on two groups.
Results: The results were analyzed by t test for independent groups, it was specified that the
group misusing Methamphetamine has more irrational beliefs than control group. Also scores of
sick group relative to control group are higher in subtests with anxiety about future (AO),
avoiding from problems (PA), dependence (D), and disability relative to change(HC) (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Irrational beliefs in women with methamphetamine Abuse disorder lead to impaired
self-regulation behavior and Creation of different psychological consequences such as anxiety,
depression, fatigue, etc. So, the Coping and problem-solving skills are necessary for these
patients.
Keywords: Irrational beliefs, Methamphetamine abuse, Addicted women.
Histopathological Features of Iranian Crack Induced Tissue Injury in
Different Organs
Submission Author: Seyed Mohsen Aberoumandi
Seyed Mohsen Aberoumandi1, Pouran Karimi 2, Mohammadreza Saghatchi Zanjani3, Fatemeh
Afshari 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Clinical Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Department of histopathology, Tabriz Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Background and Aim: The health risks of heroin based Iranian crack on the different tissues
have not been widely researched. We aimed to present a histopathologic feature of Iranian crack
induced injuries in some important organs.
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Methods: fifteen male wistar rats (age 5-6 month) were included in this study and divided into
two groups: daily receiving normal saline (n=5) or Iranian crack (0.9mg/kg; n=10) for thirty
days. The plasma and tissue levels of IL-6 and TNFa were measured by ELISA. After anesthesia
different organs including: brain, liver, kidney, lung and heart had been brought out and
subjected to Hematoxilin and eosin staining and subsequent histological consideration.
Results: The results showed that production of IL-6 and TNFa was significantly (p<0.05)
elevated in the crack receiving group versus the healthy control group. Thirty days receiving
Iranian crack group showed markedly increase in kupffer cells in liver tissue. Infiltration of
mononuclear cell represented a severe inflammatory response in kidney tissue along with heroin
crystals in glomerulus. Brain injury in hippocampus and periaqueductal gray matter was has been
shown so much more than other zones.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that Iranian crack induced systemic inflammation that may
be lead to irreversible organ damage in long-term usage. Generally, crystal formation in kidney,
presenting with proteinuria and renal impairment, is PH dependent that could be treated with
electrolyte modification. This information suggested that these patients should be managed to
reduce inflammation reactions and electrolytic balance upon medication care.
Keywords: Heroin; Iranian crack; Inflammation; IL-6; TNFa
Viral hepatitis with symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease in IV
heroin abuser (case report)
Alireza Abidi, M.D.
Director of Gynecologic Oncology
Kaiser Permanente Riverside Medical center
Riverside, CA, USA
Abstract
Acute phase of hepatitis B induced by IV drug abuse can have unusual and unconventional
symptoms and be mistaken by other infectious or abdominal pathology such as Pelvic
Inflammatory disease.
Case:
22 year old female nulliparous female presented local urgent care center with sudden onset of
vague abdominal pain, high fever and nausea and vomiting. On detail history the patient
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admitted to be IV Heroine abuser for over one year. Patient denied any extra-marital sexual
activity and was in a monogamous relationship. Patient had tachycardia and an elevated
temperature up to 39 degrees. On physical exam the patient had right upper quadrant and right
lower quadrant tenderness with no rebound and on pelvic exam had mild right adnexal
tenderness. Patient was transferred to Emergency department with diagnosis of Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease and a gynecologic evaluation was requested. Gynecologic exam did not
reveal any cervical motion tenderness. On laboratory work up patient had elevated WBC and left
shift, normal pancreatic enzymes but elevated liver enzymes with AST of 1185 and ALT of 835.
CT of abdomen and pelvis was negative for appendicitis and abdominal and pelvic Ultrasound
showed normal uterus and ovaries and no evidence of cholecystitis.
Patient was admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of acute hepatitis and viral hepatitis and HIV
panel was ordered. Patient tested positive for Hepatitis B and C. Patient was observed and Liver
function test decreased, fever was resolved and patient was enrolled into narcotic addiction
rehabilitation program.
Discussion:
Sexual promiscuity secondary to decrease inhibition induced by narcotics and prostitution to
provide financial means for narcotics are known etiologies to induce an association between
sexual transmitted diseases with IV drug abuse. This increase association can increase clinical
suspicious for sexual transmitted disease, therefore any symptoms of infection would put pelvic
inflammatory disease in the differential diagnosis. On the other hand usage of narcotics can
make pain patterns different in IV drug abusers which may lead to unusual presentation of acute
abdominal infectious disease in these patients. It is important to consider hepatitis B and C and
HIV infection in the work up of patients with IV drug abuse history when presenting with any
symptoms suggesting infection since these patients can have significantly higher rates of these
blood borne pathogens and can present with unusual clinical symptoms.
Comparison Between Early Maladaptive Schemas in Hospitalizes
Patients with Substances-induced Psychotic Disorder, Self-referred
Substances Abuser Clients with non-Clinical Population
Submission Author: Kamran Abouzari
Kamran Abouzari 1, Sara Haghighat 2, Alireza Pirkhaefi 2
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1. Razi Psychiatric Center
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to compare between Early Maladaptive
Schemas in hospitalize substance-induced psychotic disorder patients, self-referred substances
abuser clients with non-clinical population.
Methods: For this reason, we studied 90 men(three samples each contained 30 persons) that
sampled from two clinical population (hospitalize substance-induced psychotic patients of the
Razi Psychiatric Center and self-referred clients with substance abuse disorder of outpatient
substance abuse treatment centers in Karaj and Islamshahr) and one sample non-clinical
population(volunteers that had no diagnosable mental disorder). The samples were selected by a
convenient sampling method and were studied on the basis of Ex post facto (Causalcomparative) research design. After selection of sample persons, we administered the short form
of the Young Schema Questionnaire, 2005 (YSQ-S3), General Health Questionnaire, 1972
(GHQ), and Personal Characteristics Questionnaire on them and the resulted data were analyzed
with Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), and Turkey's follow up test.
Results: Early Maladaptive Schemas may increase risk for substance abuse.
Conclusion: On the basis of these research findings, we concluded that between the three
research samples there are significant differences in eighteen schemas of this five domains of
early maladaptive schemas.
Keywords: Maladaptive Schemas, Psychotic Disorder, Self-Referred Clients, Substances Abuse,
Non-clinical Population.
Refugee Camp Substance Abuse Relapse: A Focused Ethnography
Submission Author: Bimal Acharya
Bimal Acharya1
1. Transcultural Psychosocial Organization
Background and Aim: Bhutanese refugee is staying in Nepal for 20 years. Due to protracted
refugee situation refugee in Eastern camps are falling in prey of substance abuse and alcoholism.
Alcoholism is more prevalent in camps, though majority of hard drug users and children sniffing
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glue are major challenges of this current situation. The aim of this study was to oversee causative
factors associated with alcohol and substance use and effectiveness of residential rehabilitation
treatment. Key informant interviews were conducted with the target group and also with service
providers. Happy Nepal, local NGO is providing 90-day residential rehabilitation program to
substance user referred. Twelve steps philosophy is a core component of the treatment center.
Hence, the study was more focused on recovery ratio, and its phenomenon.
Methods: Interview, Focus group discussion
Results: 1. Socioeconomic condition of the refugee population is a major hindrance in recovery
from alcohol and substance use. 2. Ongoing resettlement and split in families are creating
sufficient loop holes for relapse. 3. Nature of work and the working environment are fueling
relapse process of refugee recovering substance users.
Conclusion: Despite of intensive follow up system, relapse ratio is increasing in refugee camps.
Effective post retaliation care program was not offered means wastage of pre-defined resources.
Hence, the intervention in forcibly displaced population to mitigate addiction should be user
friendly and comprehensive.
Keywords: Refugee, Nepal, alcohol and substance abuse, relapse.
Drug Abuse Pattern and Frequency of High Risk Behaviors in
Outpatient Addiction Treatment Centers
Submission Author: Abolhassan Afkar
Abolhassan Afkar1, Said Omidi-Khalky2
1. Guilan university of medical sciences, Iran
2. Director of Department of Health Education and promotion, School of Health, Guilan University of
Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Background and Aim: Today, the issue of addiction to narcotics or drug abuse has evolved into
a global and universal problem. This study was performed with the goal of determining of the
drug abuse pattern and high risk behaviors among the clients to DIC of Private sector of Rasht.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in 2013.The questionnaire contained 10 general
questions about demographic characteristics and 30 specific questions about drug abuse and
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high-risk behaviors. This questionnaire was completed via interviewing the addicts. The
reliability of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach's alpha (α= 0.86). SPSS software
was used to analyze the results and, descriptive statistics such as frequency tables and inferential
statistics including the chi-square test were used.
Results: The average age of patients was 38.8. Opium and crack were the most widely used
narcotic among subjects, respectively, before referring to DIC centers. In addition, 9.8% of them
had a history of using injectable drugs, among which 20.6% had used shared needles for
injection. 80.9% had experienced sexual intercourse, among which 48.4% were unmarried. There
was a significant statistical relationship between men and women (p=0.001). There was a
significant statistical relationship between running away from home and the consumption of
narcotics (p=0.002). Results also indicated that committing suicide had a positive significant
relationship with the variations of age (p=0.001), the age of smoking onset (p=0.002) and
method of use (p=0.003).
Conclusion: This study knows the following items as the main high-risk behaviors of addicts:
taking narcotics by injection, using a common syringe and needle, blood playing background,
imprisonment background, making homosexual intercourses, suicide, and using no condom
during sexual intercourse.
Keywords: Drug abuse, High Risk Behaviors, Addiction Treatment
Investigation on Effective Components in Addiction Relapse: A Factor
Analysis
Submission Author: Abolhassan Afkar
Abolhassan Afkar 1, Abdolhosein emami Sigaroudi2
1. Guilan University of medical sciences, Rasht, Iran.
2. Guilan University of medical sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Background and Aim: Addiction is an internal behavioral syndrome accompanied with a
craving for narcotics, permanent consumption of narcotics and craving for re-use of narcotics
after taking no remedies. The purpose of the study was Measurement of effective components
the Addiction Relapse.
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Methods: This study is a descriptive – analytical research in 2013 that has been performed by
the factor analysis method. In the qualitative stage the process owners were 45 experts and in
factor analysis stage there were, 1850 people who were under treatment at addiction treatment
centers. The data collection tool was researcher-made questionnaire the content validity of which
was determined through expert panel and its construct validity was determined through
exploratory factor analysis by principal component analysis method with varimax rotation using
SPSS16 software. Its reliability was also confirmed by test-retest and internal consistency
method using Cronbach's Alpha (96%) and the most important Addiction Relapse factors were
identified through path analysis and structural equation modeling using LISREL software 8.8.
Results: In exploratory component analysis, 4 main components were identified; Individual
factors with 6 variables, 25.72% variance, and 17.81 eigenvalue as the most important factor and
Economic factors with 5 variables and 7.64% variance as the less important factor clarified the
Addiction Relapse changes; however, in the fitted model which is the most complete saturated
model, 4 factors of Individual factors with ß= 0.48, Family factors with ß= 0.23, Occupational
factors with ß= 0.2, Economic factors with ß= 0.12 had the highest predictive power in the order
of importance.
Conclusion: According to the findings, it is not enough only one factor in addiction relapse. But
addiction relapse was made with different ratios of individual, family, social, cultural and
economic factors. In order to prevent of relapse, we needs study on the design of the proper
method.
Keywords : Addiction Relapse, Factor analysis, Measurement
Effectiveness of Assertiveness Group Training for Social Adjustment
and Self-esteem on the Male Drug Criminals
Submission Author: Mohammad Afrasn
Mohammad Afrasn1, Mohammad Mazloumirad2
1. University of Tonekabon, Department of Psychology, Tonekabon, IR Iran
2. University of Tonekabon, Department of Psychology, Tonekabon, IR Iran
Background and Aim: The aim of this project is determining the effectiveness of Assertiveness
group training for social Adjustment and self-esteem on the male drug criminals.
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Methods: The statistical society of this research includes all the male drug criminals in the
central prison of Rasht that they were 274 people during 2014-2015. It was used the simple
random way for the sample test at first, the self–esteem test and adjustment was held among 159
people and 58 people were qualified. From these, 24 people have been selected at random and
they divided in 2 groups of 12. One of them was the experimental group and another them was
control group. For gathering the data, the cooper smith self-esteem questionnaire (1967) and bell
agreement questionnaire (1961) were used. The schedules of the Assertiveness skills were given
which were 6 sessions 90 minutes for a month and half. In this period, the experimental group
didn't experience any training. And then, there was a post-test from two groups after the end of
the sessions. Data were analyzed by covariance analyze statistical index.
Results: Findings indicate that the value of multivariate F is significant at level P<0.0001.
Therefore, it can be said that the hypothesis project based on Assertiveness group training on
social Adjustment and self- esteem of the male drug criminals was efficient.
Conclusion: the hypothesis project based on Assertiveness group training on social Adjustment
and self- esteem of the male drug criminals was efficient.
Keywords: Assertiveness, self-esteem, social Adjustment, Drug criminals
Effectiveness of Drug Abuse Community based Prevention on Psychosocial Health Promotion in Workplace
Submission Author: Bita Agahi
Bita Agahi1, Ali Akbar Ebrahimi2
1. University of Isfahan, Isfahan Welfare Organization, Isfahan, IR Iran.
2. MPH student, Control and Prevention of Addiction
Background and Aim: Workplace has very important effects on health and is field for staff
health promotion. The aim of study was to examine the effectiveness of drug abuse community
based prevention on psycho-social health promotion in the workplace.
Methods: The population was all of employed in Isfahan.350 employed were selected. The
method was quasi experimental and pre-post test. Instruments were staff attitude and awareness
about opioid, stimulant substances and consequence questionnaire. Data analyzed by SPSS 19.
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Results: Results showed that drug education and community based prevention, reduce drug
abuse in staff at the workplace.
Conclusion: Drug education and community based prevention effect of psycho-social health
promotion and reduce drug abuse in the workplace.
Keywords: Drug abuse prevention, community based prevention, Psychosocial Health.
Effectiveness of Drug abuse community based prevention on attitude and
empowerment to neighborhoods Isfahan city
Submission Author: Bita Agahi
Bita Agahi1, Ali Akbar Ebrahimi2
1. University of Isfahan, Isfahan Welfare Organization, Isfahan, IR Iran.
2. MPH student, Control and Prevention of Addiction
Background and Aim: The purpose of study was to examine the effectiveness of drug abuse
community based prevention on the attitude and empowerment of the neighborhoods Isfahan
city.
Methods: The population consisted of all communities that community based prevention newly
implemented and with non-random sampling, five communities selected. Instruments were
empowerment, participation and attitude toward drug abuse.
Results: The population consisted of all communities that community based prevention newly
implemented and with non-random sampling, five communities selected. Instruments were
empowerment, participation and attitude toward drug abuse.
Conclusion: Community based prevention effects on attitude and empowerment of
neighborhoods.
Keywords: Empowerment, Attitude, Community based prevention, Addiction
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The Comparison of Self-esteem and Mental Toughness between Addicts
and Ordinary People
Submission Author: Saeid Ahar
Saeid Ahar1, Saeid heidari2, Mohammad ali Aslankhani3
1. Faculty of physical education and sport science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IR Iran.
2. Faculty of physical education and sport science, Razi University, Kermanshah, IR Iran.
3. Professor of motor behavior, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: The human originates from physical and spiritual aspects and it is
necessary to consider them to have a healthy life. Self-concept, intention and motivation to
overcome with stress and anxiety, concentration on performance and style life, requisition the
psychological control, confrontation with physical limitation are some of the most important
characteristics of mental toughness people. Self-esteem is a psychological state that prepares a
person to react to personal determinations and expectation success and accept it. These are the
most important components in psychologically healthy people. So, this study has aimed the
comparison of self-esteem and mental toughness between addicts and ordinary people.
Methods: The Participants of study are all adults between 20 to 45 who are addicted at least 2
years and healthy adult without addictive background. It was chosen 12 addiction treatment
clinics and in each clinic was choose 10 persons as a sample. To compare them with ordinary
people, 120 students was participated at Allameh Tabatabai University. The instrument was
Klaf‘s mental toughness questionnaire (MTQ-48) that its validity and reliability was reported
0.94 by Afsaneh and Vaez Mousavi and Cooper Smith’s self-esteem inventory (SEI) that its
validity and reliability was reported 0.90 , 0.94 by Neisi Shoshtari and Shekarshekan. It was used
U Mann Whitney Test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test to analyze the data with significant level
0.05.
Results: The analyzing data showed that there is a difference between self-esteem and mental
toughness addicts and healthy people significantly (P= 0.02, P= 0.04).
Conclusion: With regard the special ways that were used in addiction treatment clinic, the result
showed that with regarding significant difference, psychological treatment and appropriate
intervention is planned to promote the psychological health so that help to treat addiction and
healthy life.
Keywords: Addiction, Self-esteem, Mental toughness, Healthy life.
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The Retention Rate of Patients with co-Occurring Opioid and
Amphetamine-type Stimulant Dependence (COATS), Admitted to the
Ward for Treatment in Kota Bharu, Malaysia
Submission Author: Imran Ahmad
Imran Ahmad 1, Mohd Azhar Mohd Yasin1, Sharifah Zubaidiah Syed Jaapar 1, Norzarina MohdZaharim1, Weng-Tink Chooi2, Vicknasingam Kasinather3
1. School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
2. Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
3. Center for Drug Research, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Background and Aim: Opioid (heroin or morphine) dependence and amphetamine-type
stimulants (ATS) abuse are highly prevalent and frequently co-occur in Malaysia. A large
proportion of patients receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment in
Malaysia have current ATS abuse or dependence. Treating subjects with co-occurring opioid and
amphetamine-type stimulant dependence (COATS) is very challenging. This analysis aims to
assess how good our current method is in retaining patient for treatment.
Methods: COATS dependent individuals were voluntarily admitted for treatment in Hospital
University Sains Malaysia in Kota Bharu for 14 days. The admission phase is a part of a 4
months clinical trial. They received both medication and counselling during the treatment period.
They were given suboxone (buprenorphine-naloxone) for their opioid dependence and extensive
individual counselling during the stay.
Results: A total of 90 COATS dependent individuals were recruited. About 65% have been
using heroin and 52% reported using ATS for more than 10 years. Around 35% of them injected
both drugs daily and a total of 74% injected heroin daily. Out of 90, 12 individuals requested to
be discharged before the completion of 14 days of admission, all during the first week of
admission. This gives a retention rate of 86.7%. Those who were not able to complete the 14 day
period were heavy ATS users.
Conclusion: A good retention rate of 86.7% was achieved among individuals with co-occurring
opioid (heroin or morphine) dependence and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) with the use of
suboxone and counselling support. Different approach in treating heavy ATS users is to be
explored further.
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Keywords: Opioid amphetamine dependence, Co-occurring Dependence, Retention Rate.
Blockade of NMDA Receptors by MgSO4 Induced Anxiolytic-like
Behavior in Mice with History of Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia
Submission Author: Shamseddin Ahmadi
Shamseddin Ahmadi1, Fatemeh Miraki2
1. Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
Background and Aim: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is a state of nociceptive sensitization which
is induced by repeated exposure to opioids. In addition, this response also affects cognitive
functions. The aim of this study was to examine blockade of NMDA receptors in mice with
opioid-induced hyperalgesia on anxiety-like behavior.
Methods: Male NMRI mice were used in which opioid-induced hyperalgesia was established
with injections of morphine 20 mg/kg (i.p.) twice per day on days 1–3 and 40 mg/kg (i.p.) twice
per day on day 4. On day 5 (one day after the last injection) anxiety-like behaviors was assessed
using an elevated-plus maze. The number of entries (with all four paws) into open and closed
arms, and the total time in the open and closed arms were recorded. The percentage of open arm
time (%OAT) and open arm entries (%OAE) used as the standard anxiety indices. Total closed
arm entries were also recorded for each rat as an index for motor activity of the animal.
Results: The results showed that MgSO4 at doses of 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg (i.p.) by itself did
not significantly alter anxiety-like behaviors in normal mice but it induced anxiolytic-like
behaviors in with a history of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. The results also showed that MgSO4
at a dose of 120 mg/kg (i.p.) along with morphine 10 mg/kg (i.p.) induced anxiogenic-like
behaviors in mice with history of opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
Conclusion: In can be concluded that morphine-induced hyperalgesia affects anxiety-like
behaviors at least partly via the NMDA receptor system.
Keywords: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia, NMDA receptors, Elevated-plus maze.
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ATP-Dependent Potassium Channels are Involved in Opioid-induced
Hyperalgesia
Submission Author: Shamseddin Ahmadi
Shamseddin Ahmadi1, Fatemeh Miraki2
Background and Aim: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is a state of nociceptive sensitization,
which is induced by repeated exposure to opioids and is believed to be different from tolerance
in some aspects. This response limits the utility of opioids, as well as our ability to control
chronic pain. Mechanisms of opioid-induced hyperalgesia remain to be understood. ATPdependent potassium (KATP) channels are involved in some actions of morphine. Therefore, the
aim of this study was to examine the possible involvement of KATP channels in opioid-induced
hyperalgesia.
Methods: We used male NMRI mice in these experiments. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia was
established under a regimen of morphine treatment, including injections of morphine 20 mg/kg,
i.p. Twice per day on days 1–3 and 40 mg/kg twice per day on day 4. Opioid-induced
hyperalgesia was assessed on day 5 with a hotplate test of analgesia after injections of different
doses of morphine (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg). Then, effects of diazoxide, an opener of KATP
channels and glibenclamide, as a blocker of KATP channels on opioid-induced hyperalgesia on
day 5 were examined.
Results: The results showed that opioid-induced hyperalgesia was established with the regimen
of four days injections of morphine as revealed by decreases in ant nociception of different doses
of morphine on hotplate test. Diazoxide at dose of 5 mg/kg and glibenclamide at dose of 10
mg/kg along with morphine 10 mg/kg prevented, at least partly, the hyperalgesia induced by the
opioid.
Conclusion: In can be concluded that KATP channels have modulatory effects in the induction
of morphine-induced hyperalgesia.
Keywords: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia, Diazoxide, Glibenclamide
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Predictors of Treatment Retention Among Drug-users Attending
Methadone Maintenance Therapy Clinics by Using Logistic Regression
Modeling
Submission Author: Mohammad Aram Ahmadi
Mohammad aram ahmadi1, qobad moradi2, narges shamsalizadeh3, naseh qaderi4
1. MSc of Biostatistics, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical
Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
2. PhD of epidemiology, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical
Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
3. PhD, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj,
4.
Iran
MSc, Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction is one of the problems in many parts of the world today as
well as Iran. In Iran methadone treatment programs are widely implemented as Methadone
Maintenance Treatment (MMT) is one of the most accepted treatments for opioid dependence in
Iran and continues to be the most cost-effective treatment for opioid dependence around the
globe. This study aimed to determine the variables affecting on retention and leave methadone
treatment between patients in the selected treatment centers and analysis of data with statistical
models and report on the current status of the patients was performed. This study aimed to
determine the variables affecting on retention and leave methadone treatment between patients in
the selected treatment centers and analysis of data with statistical models and report on the
current status of the patients was performed.
Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort and by checking records of 1008 patients from
six selected methadone treatment center in the Sanandaj city performed. This research performed
between period of May 2010 to July 2014 generally and attention to the available records,
variables descriptive and frequency status, Correlation of the qualitative variables as
demographic cases by Chi-square test and logistic regression modeling with determine the
factors influencing on the response variable by using SPSS version 20 on the data was
performed.
Results: Investigations show that only education and employment status from demographic
variables on the response variable by Pearson Chi-square analysis was effective significantly
(p<0.03) and after fitting the logistic regression model, significant variables was include
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employment status, Education level, treatment time numbering, addiction treatment methods,
suffering of special disease and using the drug diverse that are significant effects on withdrawal
and treatment retention among drug-users attending methadone maintenance therapy clinics.
Conclusion: According to the findings of study, high levels of education, better employment
status, the number of lower treatment time and accurate addiction treatment methods can create
hope that the People referred to treatment centers have made a complete and lasting treatment.
Also No patient suffering from Special illness and Lack of use Various drug may be shared.
Keywords: Logistic regression, Sensitivity, Specificity, Maintenance Methadone Treatment.
Effect of Resilience Training on Mental Health in Drug Dependency at
Touska Camp in Tehran
Submission Author: Reza Ahmadi
Reza Ahmadi1, Parviz Sharifi Daramadi2
1. MA in psychology of exceptional children, Hedayat Rehab Center, Tehran, IR Iran.
2. Associate Professor, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Introduction: researches show that some groups of people are below the
normal level in terms of mental health. It seems that people with drug dependency have risky
mental functions. Objective: The objective of present research is to determine the effect of
resilience training on mental health in people with drug dependency at Toska camp in Tehran.
Methods: The study was an applied research, and a semi-experimental method was used therein.
The Statistic population comprised all male teenagers and young people with drug dependency
participating in the 28 -day faith-based and resilience-based training program at Toska camp in
Tehran. Using the simple random sampling method, 42 subjects were selected. The instruments
used in this study included the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ28) as well as Conner and
Davidson s Resilience questionnaire by which group testing was performed.
Results: The results indicated that resilience training was effective on mental health in people
with drug dependency at Touska camp (P <0.01).
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Conclusion: The results of this research showed that resilience training played an important and
determining role in improvement of mental health in people with drug dependency. In other
words, it helps the drug patients become healthier. It is recommended that people with drug
dependency receive the training. Moreover, findings of the present research can be helpful in
prevention programs, educational planning and mental health in people with drug dependency.
Keywords: Resiliency, Mental health, Drug dependency
Effectiveness of Sexual Impulse Control Training-based Mindfulness in
Control of Sexual Behavior After Withdrawal of Methamphetamine: A
Case Report
Submission Author: Alireza Ahmadian
Alireza Ahmadian1, Soodabe Gharibi2, Susan Bahrami Kuhshahi3
1. Kharazmi University, Karaj, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: In atypical, in some cases, the sex addiction syndrome and obsessive
achieve orgasm after withdrawal of Amphetamine is seen, in which behaviors of suffering person
are associated with, compulsive impulse with permanent rumination toward intercourse. This
problem can also be classified under the category of behavioral disorder, perhaps by increasing
uncontrollable sexual impulses the risk of high-risk sexual behavior increase. The aim of this
study is an evaluation of effectiveness of sexual impulse control training based mindfulness in
reduction of addiction to sexual behavior after withdrawal of Amphetamine.
Methods: In this controlled study available, a 34-year single man, who had the syndrome of
addiction to sexual behavior. He was spending 3 months without drug abuse. He was trained
sexual impulse control techniques and studied as a single subject.
Results: This training method was due to reduction in cognitive symptoms of sexual thought
champ and sexual compulsive behavior, after 2 months.
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Conclusion: These findings suggest that sexual impulse control training based mindfulness can
be an effective method for controlling cognitive impulse and obsessive sexual behavior in cases
of atypical after withdrawal of Methamphetamine.
Keywords: Methamphetamine, Sexual addiction, Mindfulness, Sexual impulse
Illicit Drug Use Among Afghan Refugees in Iran
Submission Author: Mitra Ahmadinejad
Mitra Ahmadinejad1, Sattar Mehraban, Dr. Hossein Raghfar2
1. Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, USA
2. Professor, Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Iran is hosting the second largest refugee population worldwide.
Afghans flee to Iran from the country which is the main producer of opium in the country with
the highest number of users. We seek to explore the indicators contributing to illicit drug use
within the Afghan households residing in Iran. Using the collected data in 2011 through
interview with the heads of the Afghan households residing in the five most refugee populated
provinces in Iran. We reviewed, income poverty, education poverty, gender of the head of the
household and his/her marital status also household dimensions against the claim of the head of
the household regarding illicit drug use of at least one of the household members in the past one
month. Statistical calculation proved that education level of the head of the household is a
significant and meaningful indicator contributing to drug use in the household. We conclude that
integration of awareness raising and educational programs in specific literacy training in drug
prevention programs for the leaders of the at risk families in specific refugees and immigrants is
essential.
Methods: Data of this study has been collected through a survey conducted between August and
November 2011 through interview with 2,070 heads of Afghan households from a
geographically distributed sampling within five most refugee-populated provinces in Iran. The
sample was collected from capital cities and the outskirts of these cities in provinces of Tehran,
Khorasan-Razavi, Kerman, Isfahan and Fars. In this study the effect of the education level of the
head of household, residency area, gender of the head of the household and income on illicit drug
use in the household was reviewed through a Logic model.
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Results: Conducted analysis demonstrates a meaningful effect of the education level of the head
of the household, residency area and gender of the head of the household on illicit drug use
within the Afghan households while rejecting any relation between the level of income and illicit
drug use among Afghan households.
Conclusion: The study recommend integration of education programs into prevention activities
and highlight the importance of the social safety network in preventing illicit drug use.
Keywords: Illicit drug use, Afghan Refugees
Evaluate the Knowledge of Private Sector's Physicians About AIDS/HIV
and Behavioral Diseases Consultation Center
Submission Author: Haleh Ahmadnia
Haleh Ahmadnia1, Mahboobe Ezzeddin1, Fariba Fallahzadeh2, Maryam Hosein-rad 1,
AmirHosein Ghodrat 1
1. West Health Center, Iran Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
2. Iran Medical University of Sciences, Deputy of Health, Tehran, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: Epidemic of AIDS in the world is increasing and cures for this disease
has not been discovered. On the other hand Intravenous Drug Using and unprotected sex have
known as major risk factors for HIV transmission. Behavioral Diseases Consultation Centers
have been installed in health system to provide services to all people with high risk behaviors
and also IDUs (Intravenous Drug Users), prisoners and prostitutes. Behavioral Diseases
Consultation Center provides harm reduction services same education, counseling, treatment and
prevention to at risk or infected patients with HIV or STI. These centers aimed to increase public
access to counseling services and provide a trusted and safe place for receiving
truthfulinformation about the transmission and prevention of HIV / AIDS, harm reduction and
treatment of sexually transmitted diseases to people with HIV / AIDS and their families. The key
to the success of these centers, in addition to the normal population, is introducing centers to
physicians; midwives and nurses address high-risk individuals. Previous studies have shown that
many physicians don't have enough information about AIDS and HIV surveillance system. The
purpose of this study was to determine knowledge and practice of private sector physicians are
working in 9th, 18th, 21th and 22th municipality of Tehran that covered by the Tehran west
Health Center.
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Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the questionnaires completed at 75 private sector doctor's
office. Data were analyzed by SPSS.
Results: 58.7% of physicians participating in the study were general practitioners and others
were specialists. The mean score was 44 (up to 100). There were no significant meaning of data
between general practitioners and specialists in the total score of the questionnaire and also in
surveillance system questions. The most correct answer with 94.7% belonged to the question
about transmission of HIV. The lowest rate of correct answer with 12% was related to
confirming HIV infection in infants born to mothers with HIV infection. 62.6% of physicians
had a score under 50, 18.6%of them scored between 50 and 60, 14.6% scored between 60 and 70
and only 0.5% of physicians had scores above 70. 97.3% of physicians have expressed interest to
participate in courses related to the topic of HIV/AIDS. 13.3% of physicians knew the
Behavioral Diseases Consultation Center but only 15% of physicians knew the names of all three
centers of Tehran Health Center West and only 1 doctor had good information about the center's
activities. Only 44% of physicians had right answer to questions about the ways of transmission
of HIV from mother to child.
Conclusion: In the present study was not statistically significant meaning of data between
physicians' knowledge about HIV/AIDS and their age, area of expertise and years of work and
areas of activities (P<0.05). Due to incomplete health system coverage in government sector in
Tehran, retraining of private sector on AIDS through incentive bonuses and also implementing
structures for the private sector's encouragement of cooperation with Behavioral Diseases
Consultation Centers recommended.
Keywords: Physician, Private sector, HIV, Tehran West Health Center, Behavioral Diseases,
AIDS
Effect of Alexithymia Component Role on Prediction of Relapse in
Narcotic Drug Users
Submission Author: Siamak Ahmadzadebarabi
Siamak Ahmadzadebarabi1, Pegah Amiri2
1. Social Welfare Office, Welfare Organization
2. Court of Marand
125 |
Background and Aim: Various factors are associated to the beginning and continuation of drug
usage that one of the most critical factors in this field is emotional deprivation. Alexithymia is a
specific disorder in emotional processing that mainly indicates the reduction of ability in
identification and diagnosis of emotions. It is believed that alexithymia is a perilous factor for
many of mental disorders for the stricken individuals with this incompetence are highly under
pressure of emotional physical correlations that are worthless. This failure prevents emotions
adjustment and makes the individual’s compatibility difficult. The purpose of this study is the
effect of alexithymia role on relapse in the stricken individuals to drug abuse.
Methods : Method: In this retrospective research in 1394, 240 people of male clients (15 – 65
years old) of addiction recovery centers in the city of Marand were selected qualified the
diagnostic criteria based on the fifth edition of diagnostic and statistical guideline of mental
disorders for dependence on drugs. Alexithymia and substantiate demographic questionnaires
were used to gather data and in data analysis, descriptive methods and the independent T-test
were applied in order to compare means.
Results: Findings revealed that the amount of alexithymia is an important predictor of relapse in
individuals. The results of multivariable regression were explanatory of positive and meaningful
relationship (p > 0.001) between the total score and each sub-scale tests of alexithymia with
relapse. Moreover, it was indicated that the total score of alexithymia scale and sub-scale of
difficulty test in identifying the feelings (DIF) include the most prediction power about addiction
relapse respectively.
Conclusion: According to these findings, by the study and necessary training related to the
emotions of the individual we can reduce and minimize the possibility of relapse and error in the
stricken individuals.
Keywords: Addiction, Alexithymia, Relapse, Narcotic drug user.
The Study of Existential Component with Emphasize on Sense of
Responsibility, Death Anxiety, Having Mean in life Among People with
Dangerous Behavior (tend to neurotic produce) & Normal people
Siamak Ahmadzadebarabi1, Seyed Mohammad Kalantar Koushe2
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1. Social Welfare Office, Welfare Organization
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba'i
University, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim: The purpose of the present study is to compare the existential concepts
with emphasis on the components of the meaningfulness, sense of responsibility and death
anxiety in individuals experiencing drug abuse with those with no experience of drug abuse.
Based on the hypotheses of comparative studies and the implementation of the questionnaires of
the meaningfulness of life, sense of responsibility and death anxiety between the two groups of
subjects, one group experiencing drug abuse (randomly selection of 137 patients who had
referred to the camps at Tehran Province) and another group without experiencing drug abuse
(randomly selection of 133 individuals among Drug addiction treatment center staff).
Methods: the needed data were collected and analyzed using the statistical analysis method
multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Results: The findings showed that there is a significant difference (p<0.01) between two groups
of individuals that one had experienced drug abuse and those without drug abuse in the
components of the meaningfulness of life, sense of responsibility and death anxiety.
Conclusion: These results can be used to improve the prevention and treatment programs for
people with drug abuse.
Keywords: existential, Meaningfulness, Responsibility, Death anxiety, Addiction.
The Relationship between Meaning of Life and Happiness in The
Tendency to Addiction Marand University Students
Siamak Ahmadzadebarabi1, khadijeh mossavat2
1. Welfare Organization, Marand, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: The main purpose of the present research was to examine the
relationship between the tendency to addiction and life meaning in life and different aspects of
happiness in students.
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Methods : The method of the research was based on correlational research assumptions and :
The method of the research was based on correlational research assumptions and The tendency to
addiction, Life Meaningfulness, and Happiness Questionnaires among 360 students of marand
University who were selected randomly for the research. The collected data were analyzed
through statistical methods such as: Pearson correlational method, multiple regression analysis,
independent t-test, and multi analysis variance.
Results: Findings showed that the tendency to addiction has a negative and meaningful
relationship (p<0,001) with the total score and happiness subscales and life meaning-making in
life. Moreover, results indicated that sex has no effect as a moderating variable in the three
variables and the subscales. Conclusion: Regarding these findings, it can be stated that there is a
negative and meaningful relationship between meaning-making and happiness in life with the
tendency to addiction.
Conclusion : These findings can be used in the design field in Prevention of addiction in people
and order to promote mental health which the noted variables are all its major components and to
clarify one of the parts of the mental health x theorem.
Keywords: Meaning of Life, The tendency to addiction , Happiness, and Students.
Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) Outcomes among Males
Experiencing Sexual, Emotional, or Physical Abuse
Submission Author: Elaheh Ahounbar
Elaheh Ahounbar1, Behrouz Dolatshahi 2, Ali Farhoudian 3, Parvaneh Mohammad khani4
1. Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
sciences, Tehran/Iran
4.
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran/Iran
Background and Aim: Sexual, Emotional, or Physical assault occurs commonly during lifetime
of patients seeking substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, and it is important to learn how such
histories impact on opioid maintenance treatment outcomes. The study was designed to
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investigate and follow the relation of history of sexual, emotional, or physical abuse and
methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) outcomes among opioid dependent males.
Methods: Patients were 120 opioid dependent males entering outpatient SUD treatment for the
first time, chosen by convenient sampling during Dec 2013 - March 2014 who were invited to
participate in the questionnaire surveys during the first two months of their intake and have been
followed up for eight months on basis of lapse, methadone dosage, type of drug abuse during the
lapses and relapse. Data were collected as part of an ongoing SUD treatment at Methadone
maintenance treatment centers in Tehran/Iran.
Results: No significant relationship was seen between experiences of sexual, emotional or
physical abuse and the outcome of Methadone maintenance treatment. In terms of comparison
based on qualitative variables, higher educational level (P = 0.005), and marital status (being
single) were significantly co-related with retention in MMT. Meanwhile, Pearson co relational
test showed that individuals who reported higher numbers of witnessing abuses were under
significantly higher dosage of Methadone on their last undertake (p<0.05 & r=0.209 ) , while no
significant difference was seen between other Groups.
Conclusion: Identifying the underlying purpose for a greater use of addiction services by drugdependent individuals with abuse histories is crucial in order to make informed referrals and to
provide more efficient services with better long-term outcomes.
Keywords: Sexual Abuse, Emotional Abuse, Physical Abuse, Methadone Maintenance
Treatment
Methadone Maintenance Treatment Effects on Nicotine Consumption
Submission Author: Elaheh Ahounbar
Elaheh Ahounbar1, Behrouz Dolatshahi2, Ali Farhoudian3
129 |
Background and Aim: Smoking is highly prevalent (85%-98%) among methadone maintenance
treatment (MMT) patients. Methadone increased cigarette smoking in a dose-dependent way.
The objective of this study was to evaluate Methadone maintenance treatment effects on nicotine
consumption
Methods: During methadone effect conditions, Subjective effects of nicotine and methadone and
their combination were assessed in regularly smoking, stabilized MMT patients using a
controlled study design.
Results: Patients responded to clinical assessments before nicotine monitoring. There was a
main effect of methadone on the decrease of opioid withdrawal scores (P < 0.001), and cigarette
smoking enhanced this effect (day x methadone interaction, P = 0.027). Both nicotine and
methadone had main effects on the decrease of nicotine withdrawal scores (P < 0.001 and P =
0.001, respectively); this was associated with the cigarette day (day x nicotine interaction, P =
0.002, and day x methadone interaction, P = 0.003).
Conclusion: Methadone and nicotine shared main effects on the increase of ratings of euphoria
and drug liking and on the decrease of restlessness, irritability, and depression. The overall
results may help to explain high smoking rates in the MMT population and may account for
reports of increased positive effects of methadone when the drugs are taken together.
Keywords: Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Nicotine Consumption
Review Program Struggle with Substances Addiction the Country with a
Focus on the Document, the Comprehensive Prevention of Drug
Addiction
Submission Author: Mohamad Akbari
Mohamad Akbari1, mohamd reza godarzi 2
1. Student pharmacy, hospital Najafabad fatemeh zahra, instructors kanun pars farhang Aligoudarz
Background and Aim: Review plans and strategies .aim and policies that have been followed
over the past two decades in the country shows growth In parallel with the theoretical literature
in the field of arena Drug addiction combat and support the creation of scientific, empirical,
practical measures have also improved national program orientation events during the last two
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decades. Of combat orientation to prevent and dissuasive and recently, is approaches social.
Although the overall goals are the same of the program the last two decades with different
policies and strategy shows the depth of has promotion. The country lacks a comprehensive
model of cause-oriented in approach, with intelligent system is addiction. The aim of this study
is to compare the implementation of a comprehensive anti-Drug addiction campaign and Policies
its review in Iran. Review document plan of comprehensive prevent addiction. Secondary aim
this is article.
Methods: Method This review is describing the method
Results: Results Comparing the 1400 national program of struggle with addiction, most accurate
and is comprehensive the program is coordinated with the general policies of the system Four
program take due regard to the participation of non-governmental organizations has been
important. With document prevent 88the next one and a lot of differences with the general
policies of the system. Mentioned program the last 94 years has failed (qualitative and objectives
aim). Addiction prevalence to be 2/65 reached. The program is mentioned between theoretical
and practical is weaknesses and Not enough resources Index is weak Cutting state is incomplete.
Not continuity Lack of tactics and not coordination. Not measurable outbreak primary and
reduction. Social programs not defined and the index.
Conclusion: Conclusion Failure to identify the causes of addiction and Preliminary analysis of
the weak, the lack of Statistics ،Lack of attention to local needs. Addiction Prevalence at best
speculation 2/65 reach. The sixth program is recommended for blocking the development of a
more comprehensive model design and finally prevalence and outbreak of addiction reduced
Lifestyle index is not intended
Keywords: Program, addiction, prevalent,prevention,policies.
Effective Factors in Women's Addiction and Model Prevention
Recommended
Submission Author: Mohamad Akbari
Mohamad Akbari1, mahsa akbari2, fatemeh akbari 3
1. Student pharmacy, hospital Najafabad fatemeh zahra, Aligoudarz, IR Iran.
2. Garmsar Payam Noor, Garmsar, IR Iran.
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3. Bank Saderat Aligudarz, Aligudarz. IR Iran.
Background and Aim: For centuries. Women cannot become addicted. But recently, scientific
evidence that. Gender addiction term Treatment and prevention is an important factor. Today,
Addiction in women is more known and addiction in Women is seen. Despite, all the social and
cultural conflicts seen. The prevalence of addiction among women in Iran equal to9/3 percent is
estimated. Asian countries of 10 percent Up to 40 percent in developed countries.(who). Hidden
prevalence is Women Addiction challenge. Robbins and strasner Theory (1989) .and crona,
specify the differences in epidemiology Psychological factors of depression and anxiety Primary
were Determined.in iran These factors correlated with women's addiction proved , The main
objective of the study is to investigate the factors women's addiction Iran. Objective apply
application is recommended preventive.
Methods : Study is a secondary analysis of the survey respondents Researcher according to the
homogeneity, item selection is appropriate for the purpose of the study with regard to the items
similar to happen with no need to investigate items
Results : acording to Studies Crona's Foundation, Survey multi-national study of women
Addicted Women referred to medical centers Psychological and spiritual factors were identified
women and .with Scientific evidens bais Confirmed. And by assuming a correlation of these
indicators protection or Outbreak addiction The following results were obtained. about Youth
survey1386 survey, the Psychological indices of anxiety, depression and not self-esteem are
significant differences between gender . Women more than men, these are feelings Spiritual
health index among women than men have suffered similar age. Indicators decision-making men
more than women
Conclusion : Considering the prevalence of hidden addiction country, Consumption patterns, the
importance of women rol e in the family, Problems Treatment ،Is essential to the implementation
of gender Presented, Provided a good model According to the above-mentioned risk factors
identified primary prevention interventions roundProtective factors, such as mental health
exposure considered Predictive factors values associated with Women Addiction are studied.
Accordingly Outbreak seems more appropriate from Prevalence withThe indexes is predictable
pattern of consumption. Epidemiology of specific studies and Etiology are necessary. It is
necessary screening and psychological factors.
Keywords: Prevention,Addicted Women,prevalence,Psychological factor.
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A Survey Attitude Toward Addiction in Addict’s Treatment Centers
Mazandaran Province
Submission Author: Mahdi Akbari
Mahdi Akbari1, Nosratollah Hasanzadeh2, Ali Parastar Aski3
1. Phd candidate for educational psychology, Social Department of Welfare Organization, Amol, Iran.
2. Social Department of Welfare Organization, Amol, Iran.
3. Phd candidate educational psychology, Amol, Iran.
Background and Aim: Addiction and drug abuse have many risk factors in community and
individual attitude; also causes much diversity in community perception and attitude toward
addiction.
Methods: In this Survey study, we assessed attitude toward an addict in 12 addict men and asked
about problems in their community and recreational behaviors. They were residents of a rural
area in Amol city. In the control group we assessed the same parameters in 12 non addicts in the
same area. All of the addicts have been using opium more than many times a week at least for
recent 3 months. Data collected via a semi structured questionnaire through conversation.
Results: There was a significant difference between addicts’ attitude toward toward addiction
compare to non-addicts’. Both addicts and non-addicts indicated that the first three community
problems in their area were unemployment, lack of recreational facilities and addiction, in
respective order. Answering questions about recreational activities, both groups indicated that
there were no recreational facilities in the community.
Conclusion: In planning a preventive approach, there is a major role of attitude toward addiction
in any community. The conflict seen in this study between addicts’ attitudes toward an addicted
person and addiction as a community problem has its interesting feature. Recreation and physical
and cultural facilities need to pay more attention as indicated by our study participants. This
seems to have an important impact in the prevention of many community problems as well as
addiction.
Keywords: Attitude, Addict, Addiction Treatment Center, prevention.
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Life Skills Training Needs Assessment Adolescents 8-13 Years with
Addicted Parents
Mahdi Akbari 1, Nosratollah Hasanzadeh1, Esmayil Esmayili1
1. Welfare Organization, Amol, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: This study is investigating on children 8-13 years old needed skills with
parents addicted to identifying and prepare the skills of students in the lower proficiency specify
teachers provide education for skills enhancement.
Methods: This study is a survey method. This study was conducted through a survey. 30
children with addicted parents, for example, and the method of sampling for the purposes of this
study were selected (18 females and 12 males). The data were collected through a questionnaire
with 70 questions which have a high content validity and reliability of Cranach's alpha 0/89
respectively.
Results: The results show that the alpha (0.05) between the "self-awareness and empathy,"
"think creatively and critically," "control emotions and stress" no significant difference between
boys and girls, but skill. "Problem solving and decision making "and" communication and
interpersonal relationship "is a significant difference between boys and girls. Results also
showed that based on the Likert scale in the variable "self-awareness and empathy", "decisionmaking and problem solving," "creative and critical thinking," It can be said that the sample is in
good condition, and the variable "communication and interpersonal relationship control emotions
and stress "can be said that the condition of both boys and girls is in average condition.
Conclusion: Evidence suggests important life skills for teaching life skills to children with
addicted parents are very important in order of importance, including variable "interpersonal
communication", "control emotions and stress", "Critical Thinking and creative thinking ","
decision-making and problem-solving "and" self-awareness and empathy "is. The results of this
study showed that children with addicted parents in the variable "interpersonal communication"
The problem in this case are therefore poor skills. The variable "control emotions and stress" in
such a situation where it indicates that the ability to control emotions and stress are not sufficient
and skills.
Keywords: Life skills, Addicted, Addicted Parent, Adolescent.
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The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Addiction
Potential Tendency Pre-University Students
Mahdi Akbari1, Nosratollah Hasanzadeh3, Sayid Valayi3
1.
2.
3.
Ph.D. candidate for educational psychology, Social Department of Welfare Organization, Amol, Iran.
Social Department of Welfare Organization, Amol, Iran.
Education Ministry, Amol, Iran.
Background and Aim: Unfavorable emotional Growth in Adults may lead to Addiction. This
Study investigated the Relationship between emotional Intelligence and Student potentials talent
pertaining to Addiction.
Methods: This study is a descriptive analysis study. All male students of pre-universities in
Amol city participated in this study one hundred and twelve participants were chosen based on
the stage cluster sampling. In order to collect data emotional Intelligence questionnaire and
addictive potential survey (APS) were used. Data were analyzed based on Pearson and regression
correlation.
Results: The Results showed that there is a negative significant Relationship among the
emotional Intelligence (P <0.05, r=-0.43), emotional save order (P<0.01, r=-0/59, P<0.01, r =0.54) and emotional usability (P<0.01, r=-0/56, P<0.01, r=-0.53) in students resident in city and
in rural; area respectively and addiction vulnerability. Emotional intelligence and emotional save
order components have the potential to predict the addiction tendency (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Lack of emotional intelligence is one of the major factors that affect drug using
tendency in students; therefore, training is necessary for them.
Keywords: Addiction vulnerability, Emotional intelligence, Pre-university students.
Family Role and Birth Order in Addiction of Their Children
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Mahdi Akbari1, Sayid Valayi2
1.
Ph.D. candidate for educational psychology, Social Department of Welfare Organization, Amol, Iran.
2. Education Ministry, Amol, Iran.
Background and Aim: Families and burn order have an important role in addiction of their
children. Findings show that close Relationships exist between family members and Addiction.
Since Mother has close and long-lasting contact with her child within the family members, the
Mothers’ role on Addiction of children from point of view of addicted children’s mothers was
studied.
Methods: in this Survey study we assessed attitude toward an addict in 12 addict men and asked
about problems in their community and recreational behaviors. They were residents of a rural
area in Amol city. In the control group we assessed the same parameters in 12 non addicts in the
same area. All of the addicts have been using opium more than many times a week at least for
recent 3 months. Data collected via a semi structured questionnaire through conversation.
Results: Results showed that 85% of subjects had addicted sons aged from 17 to 32 years. 80%
of mothers blamed themselves on their child addiction and believed that they would be more
careful if they were aware that their child may also be at the risk of drug addiction. Family
disputes, child ignorance, and drug use in presence of children account for 83, 41, and 36% of
children addiction, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings showed that mother's knowledge and burn order can greatly prevent
drug addiction of children.
Keywords: Addiction, Child, Mother, birth order, Family
The Effect of Emotional Intelligence on the Internet Addiction among
Mazandaran Province University Students
Mahdi Akbari 1, Nosratollah Hasanzadeh1, Ali Parastar Aski2
1. Social Department of Welfare Organization, Amol, Iran.
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2. Ph.D. candidate for educational psychology, Social Department of Welfare Organization, Amol, Iran.
Background and Aim: The aim of this research was to investigate the predictive role of
emotional Intelligence in internet Addiction among Mazandaran province University students.
Methods: This is a multiple correlation research. The statistical Population included Students of
universities of Mazandaran. The randomly selected training samples included 71 students (36
girls and 35 boys). Assessment instrument consisted of Trait Emotional Intelligence
Questionnaire Petrides and Furnham (2001) and Internet Addiction Test Young (1998). The
gathered data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics and regression methods.
Results: The results showed that there were correlations (r=-0.46) between internet addiction
and emotional intelligence (P<0.001) and emotional intelligence variance can predict 21% of
internet addiction variance (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that there were correlations between internet addiction and
emotional intelligence and emotional intelligence variance can predict of internet addiction
variance
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Students, internet addiction, , prediction.
The Effect of Life Skills Training on The Social Communication
Submission Author: Kazem Akbari
Kazem Akbari1, Iran Jahanbin1, Soraya Qadakpoor1, Mohammad Rafi Bazrafshan2
1. Student ressearch comittee, Shiraz Univercity of medical science, Shiraz, IR Ira.
2. larestan university of medical sciences, Larestan,Iran
Background and Aim: Background and objective: For many years human society is faced with
the problem of addiction.as a result, human beings and society have always been suffered in
terms of spiritual and material aspect. Addiction is one of four major global crisis and is the most
important social crisis of our country which is closely connected with other aspects of economic,
cultural and,,,, of our country. Addiction destroys the lives of millions of people and national
huge cost has been consumed to the fight, treatment and damages caused by it. Daily, many
people have turned to drug use and people suffer from physical, psychological, cultural,
economic, and social ailments caused by it. Our country is also due to some cultural reasons,
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wrong beliefs and specific geographical locations have proper condition for young people and
others to addiction. Addiction is repeated use of addictive substances so that it causes fail in
work, study, family functions, sensitive positions and legal problems related to drug use. Given
the problems of these patients the importance of life skills is evident in these patients
Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of life skills education on social
relations among male patients addicted to substance abuse referred to Tavalode novin Larestan
therapeutic clinic of drug abuse affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. For this
purpose, different aspects of social relations of clients were measured and compared before,
immediately and one month later.
Results: Comparing data before, immediately and one month after intervention indicate a
significant change in the area of clients` social relations such as social support, relation depth,
and conflict relationship. (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Life skills training leads to improvement in clients` social relations with parents,
family and friends. Therefore, it is recommended that life skills training be considered as part of
treatment programs of clients.
Keywords: Life skills training, Social communication, Addiction.
The Effect of Chronic Methamphetamine Withdrawal on Passive
Avoidance Learning and Memory in Rat
Submission Author: Nahid Akhavan Pishkhani
Nahid Akhavan Pishkhani1, Maryam Noorbakhshnia1
1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Learning is the acquisition of skill or knowledge, while memory is the
expression of what we’ve acquired. Memory is the process in which information is encoded,
stored, and retrieved. Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive potent psychostimulant
drug, whose abuse has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Furthermore, METH increases
the release of dopamine and glutamate in the brain. Dopamine is involved in reward, motivation,
the experience of pleasure, and motor function and so on. Repeated methamphetamine using can
easily lead to addiction. In studies of chronic methamphetamine users, severe structural and
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functional changes have been found in areas of the brain associated with learning and memory.
After METH withdrawal, some of these brain changes persist long, but some of them are
reversible. In this study the effect of METH withdrawal on passive avoidance learning and
memory was assessed
Methods: In this experiment, male Wistar rats weighing (200-220g) were used. Rats received
METH (2 mg/kg, IP) for 5 days; then 1 day after the last injection and 7 days after withdrawal
passive avoidance learning and memory was assessed.
Results : Our results showed that one day after MET withdrawal memory impairment can see
yet, as STL (step-through latency) decreased, the number of trials entries into the dark chamber ,
increased and Time spending in dark compartment (TDC) increased . But 7 days after
methamphetamine withdrawal these measures reversed.
Conclusion: Chronic methamphetamine use can lead to impaired learning and memory
performance, this impairment can see 1 day after METH withdrawal. On the other hand, this
impairment effect can be reversed after 7 days.
Keywords: Methamphetamine, Withdrawal, Rat, Passive avoidance learning, Memory
Effect of Methamphetamine on BDNF Gene Expression in The
Hippocampus of Rat
Submission Author: Nahid Akhavan Pishkhani
Nahid Akhavan Pishkhani1, Maryam Noorbakhshnia2
1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive potent psychostimulant
and can produce euphoria and stimulant effects. Chronic methamphetamine use can lead to
cognitive abnormalities and neurodegenerative changes in the brain and impaired learning and
memory performance. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that
encoded by a gene that is also called BDNF, found in humans on chromosome 11 and
encourages growth and differentiation of new neurons and facilitates the synaptic function in
neurons. BDNF is found in high concentrations in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus CA2
and CA3 neurons, where it has been proposed to play a role in cognition and learning
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respectively. BDNF binds at least to two receptors on the surface of cells that are capable of
responding to this growth factor, TrkB and the LNGFR (also known as p75). This indicates that
alteration in the expression of neurotrophic factors (primarily BDNF) could be responsible for
the interruption of proper neural plasticity. BDNF may be a marker of METH addiction .In this
study we are investigated the effects of chronic ETH on BDNF expression.
Methods : Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats with an initial weight of (200–220
g). Rats were randomly classified in two groups (A) : METH-treated and (B): withdrawal group.
Methamphetamine (2mg/kg ip) was administered every day for 5 consecutive days in both
groups. Animals in A group were killed after the last injection and B group killed 7 days after
last injection and their hippocampus separated from the brain. The BDNF expression evaluated
by Real Time PCR (RT-CR) with specific primer sets for the BDNF.
Results: In this study, we have considered the expression of BDNF as a biomarker of the METH
abuse and recovery from METH addiction .BDNF expression increased in METH abuser but 7
days after withdrawal this rate decreased.
Conclusion: The differences in BDNF expression level in methamphetamine abuser and
withdrawal of methamphetamine can express the ability of this growth factor to encourages
growth and differentiation of new neurons and repair the destructive effects of
methamphetamine.
Keywords : Methamphetamine ,BDNF ,Withdrawal , Rat , RT-PCR
Illicit Drugs Testing for The Detection of Lead Adulteration
Submission Author: Maryam Akhgari
Fatemeh Moradi1, Maryam Akhgari2, Parisa Ziarati3
1. Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic
2.
3.
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Azad University (IAUPS)
Legal Medicine research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Forensic toxicology Department, Tehran,
Iran
Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University
(IAUPS),Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Substance abuse is a major international problem facing many countries.
Addiction to these substances has life threatening consequences for abusers. Street forms of
illicit drugs are adulterated for many reasons due to their substandard production condition in
clandestine laboratories. One of the heavy metals detected in street drugs is lead. There are some
reports indicating lead poisoning in drug abusers. The main goal of the present study was to
analyze illicit drugs (Iranian crack, opium, ecstasy tablets and methamphetamine) to detect lead
quantitatively.
Methods: A total of 24 samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectroscopy following digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Results: Lead concentrations were 54.93-87.37 ppb in Iranian crack, 5.13-6.70 ppb in opium,
15.3-23.59 ppb in ecstasy tablets, and 4.78-11.73 ppb in methamphetamine samples.
Conclusion: Results showed that lead levels in illicit drugs was significantly above maximum
contaminant level for lead in many foods and beverages. Lead can be added to street drugs
intentionally to increase weight. Another source of lead in illicit drug samples is lead pots used
in the manufacturing of street drugs or using lead acetate in the final purification process of
methamphetamine. It is believed that substance abuse fulfills an important need for training,
education and preventive measures for all educational levels of people all over the world.
Keywords: Illicit drugs, heavy metal poisoning, lead adulteration, graphite furnace atomic
absorption spectroscopy and forensic toxicology
The Comparison Aggression Level and Tendency to The Suicide in
Opioid Addicts, Stimulants and Normal Individuals
Submission Author: Farzad Akhtari
Farzad Akhtari1, Reza Kazemi2, Majid Mahmood Alilou3
1. Clinical Psychologist, M.A.
2. Assistant professor of clinical psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ardabil
3. professor of clinical psychology, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IR Iran
Background and Aim: The purpose of this research was to comparative aggression levels and
tend to the suicide in opioid addicts, stimulants and normal individuals.
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Methods: This research was a type of causal comparative study.
Results: The ANOVA results showed that there are significant difference between the variable
aggressiveness levels and the tendency to the suicide, opioid addiction, stimulants addiction and
normal individuals. Thus people addicted to stimulants in comparison with normal individuals
and addicted to drugs are more aggressive and suicidal tender.
Conclusion: Aggression and suicidal tendency as a predictive variable in the type of substance
disposability of the substance abusers can operate. It can be used in predictive and therapeutic
interventions to apply them in practical sectors better.
Keywords: Aggression, Suicide, Opioid drugs, Stimulants drugs.
Relationships Between Substance Abuse Motivation, Child Abuse,
Craving and Dependence Intensity in Substance Abusers
Submission Author: Roghayeh Alaei Khoraem
Ezatollah Ghadampour1, Roghayeh Alaei Khoraem2
1. Assistance Prof. of Psychology Department, Faculty of Educational and Psychology, Lorestan University,
Lorestan, Iran.
2. PhD. student of Psychology Department, Faculty of Educational and Psychology, Lorestan University,
Lorestan, Iran.
Background and Aim: Substance addiction as an adverse consequence of substance use is one
of the common biological, psychological and social problems that most countries are dealing
with. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship of motivation of substance
abuse and child abuse with craving and dependence intensity in substance abusers. This was a
descriptive- correlational study.
Methods: A sample of 84 people was selected from the total population of clients who were
referred to the Addiction treatment centers of Tehran in 2014. To collect the needed data for this
study, we used the following questionnaire: High risk behaviors Questionnaire, Childhood
experiences of abuse, motivation of substance use scale, dependence severity questionnaire and
carving for substance use short scale. We analyzed data using Pearson correlation test and
multiple regression analysis.
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Results: Results showed that amongst subscales of use motivation, conformity and confrontation
motives had the highest correlation with all subscales of child abuse, ignorance and physical
abuse. Overall 52/42% of the total sample reported at least one childhood abuse experience.
Based on the findings of this study the intensity of dependence on substances had a positive
significant association with the conformity and confrontation motives and carving was also
significantly associated with the conformity and confrontation motives.
Conclusion: The findings in this study indicate the role of substance use motivation and the
experience of childhood abuse in severity of dependence on substances and carving. This finding
may have clinical implications in individual and group counseling services.
Keywords: Motivation, Substance abuse, Child abuse, Craving, Dependence intensity.
The Relations between Parental Substance Abuse, Addiction
Susceptibility and Coping Skills in Adolescents
Submission Author: Sarah Alaei khoraem
Sarah Alaei khoraem1
1. Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Background and Aim: Children of substance-abusing parents are one of the highest risk groups
of youth for substance-abuse problems. For both genetic and family environmental reasons,
children of drug abusers are very vulnerable to becoming alcohol or other drug abusers.
Therefore, it is essential measuring addiction susceptibility in these at-risk children to identify
and evaluate effective ways to prevent future substance abuse. Additionally, parental substance
abuse is hypothesized to be negatively related to children's coping skills and it can be another
factor for these people to go thorough substance use. This study is a detailed examination of the
association among parental substance abuse (mother only, father only, or both parents), addiction
susceptibility and coping skills in adolescents.
Methods: Simple random method was used to obtain a sample of 100 adolescents, ages 12–18.
The survey assessed demographics, parental substance use, coping skills and addiction
susceptibility by Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS).
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Results: The results showed that there was a positive correlation between parental substance
abuse and addiction susceptibility. 73.20% of adolescents with addicted parents had prepared to
addiction. Also, the correlation between the style of problem-oriented coping and addiction
susceptibility was negative, but emotion-focused coping style had a positive relationship with
addiction susceptibility. Avoidance coping style was not significantly correlated with addiction
susceptibility. On the other hand, there was a negative correlation between parental substance
abuse and problem-oriented coping style. Also, the correlations between parental substance
abuse, emotion-focused coping style and avoidance coping style were positive. To determine the
predictive power of the variables, stepwise regression analysis was used.
Conclusion: In conclusion, coping skills can orbit the prevention of drug use, but parental
substance abuse and the emotion-focused coping style are risk factors for substance use in
adolescents. Parental drug abusing is associated with addiction susceptibility in adolescents.
Also, coping ways of most of the children with substance abuser parents were emotional-focused
and avoidance coping style. This finding shows that they are most likely to use drugs and alcohol
as a way to cope with stressors in their lives. Coping skills training can be one element of
prevention and help develop new ways to cope without the use of drugs or alcohol in these atrisk adolescents.
Keywords: Parental substance abuse, Addiction susceptibility, Coping skills, Adolescence.
Methamphetamine Use and Treatment in Iran: A Systematic Review
from The Most Populated Persian Gulf Countries
Submission Author: Zahra Alam mehrjerdi
Zahra Alam mehrjerdi1, Kate Dolan1, Reza Daneshmand2
1. Program of International Research and Training, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of
2.
Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Background and Aim: Methamphetamine use is a new health concern in Iran. However, there is
no good-documented literature. The current study objectives were to systematically review all
published English and Persian studies of the prevalence of methamphetamine use, the general
physical and psychiatric-related harms and the availability of methamphetamine treatment and
harm reduction services for adult users in Iran.
144 |
Methods: A comprehensive search of the international peer-reviewed and gray literature was
undertaken. Multiple electronic and scientific English and Persian databases were systematically
searched from January 2002 to September 2014. Additionally, English and Persian gray literature
on methamphetamine use was sought using online gray literature databases, library databases
and general online searches over the same period of time.
Results: 19,208 studies, reports and conference papers were identified, but only forty two studies
were relevant to the study objectives. They were mainly published in 2010-2014. The search
results confirmed the seizures of methamphetamine (six studies), the prevalence of
methamphetamine use among the general population (three studies), drug users (four studies),
women (nine studies) and opiate users in opiate treatment programs (five studies). In addition,
methamphetamine use had resulted in blood-borne viral infections (one study), psychosis and
intoxication (ten studies). Different reasons had facilitated methamphetamine use. However, the
Matrix Model, community therapy and harm reduction services (four studies) had been provided
for methamphetamine users in some cities.
Conclusion: The current situation of methamphetamine use necessitates more research on the
epidemiology and health-related implications. These studies should help in identifying priorities
for designing and implementing prevention and educational programs. More active models of
engagement with Persian methamphetamine users and the provision of services that meet their
specific treatment needs are required.
Keywords: Methamphetamine; HIV; Treatment; Asia; Systematic review; Iran
Women-only Drug Treatment and Harm Reduction Programs,
Motivations and Barriers in Iran: The First Practice in The South-west
of Asia
Submission Author: Zahra Alam mehrjerdi
Zahra Alam mehrjerdi1, Kate Dolan1, Reza Daneshmand2
2. Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
145 |
Background and Aim: Illicit drug use is a health concern among women in Iran. There is no
previous study of the availability of drug treatment and harm reduction programs and the
motivations and barriers of Persian women for drug treatment entry and retention. The current
article aims to address this gap.
Methods: Data regarding the evidence of drug treatment and harm reduction programs in Iran
was gathered through a systematic literature search. English publications from January 1980 to
May 2015 were retrieved through searching Web of Science, Medline, EMBASE, Pub Med
citation indexes, Psycho-INFO, CINHAL, Scopus and Google Scholar. Scientific Persian
databases and websites including Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, Iran Medex
and the website of all scientific English and Persian conference presentations of Iran were
systematically searched over the same period of time. Additionally, English and Persian gray
literature on women was sought using online gray literature databases, library databases and
general online searches.
Results: Systematic searching resulted in finding 19,929 English and Persian articles, reports,
and conference papers. Nineteen relevant studies were identified. The study findings confirmed
the availability of women-only drug treatment and harm reduction programs in Iran as the first
practice in the south-west of Asia. A number of individual and social factors such as mass media,
adequate methadone dose, social and psychological services had facilitated treatment entry and
retention. Some factors such as financial problems, poor family support, stigma and lack of
childcare services had prevented treatment entry and retention.
Conclusion: There is still a need to develop woman-only programs for drug treatment and harm
reduction in Iran. Medical, psychological and social work services should specifically target
women for drug treatment entry and retention. The effectiveness of the provided services should
be evaluated. The role of the Persian health policy makers in providing support and knowledge
for these programs is discussed.
Keywords: Women; drug; HIV; Methadone treatment; Iran; Asia; Persian Gulf
Iranian Women and Drug Use Problem: Implications for CognitiveBehavioral Interventions
Submission Author: Zahra Alam Mehrjerdi
Zahra Alam Mehrjerdi1, Kate Dolan1, Reza Daneshmand2
146 |
2.
Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Background and Aim: Iranian women initiate and continue illicit drug use because of a number
of factors. Nevertheless, no systematic review has been conducted on this issue.
Methods: The study objective was to review all published studies with particular emphasis on
women and their initial and continued drug use mainly opiates and methamphetamine. Data was
collected by searching Web of Science, Pub Med, Medline, Psycho-INFO, CINHAL, Google
Scholar, Persian scientific data bases including SID, Magiran and Iran Medex, by reviewing
Persian and international conference presentations in the national website of all Iranian
conference presentations, the annual abstract books of National Institute of Drug Abuse and
College for the Problem of Drug Dependence, the annual reports of the United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime, World Health Organization, the annual reports of Iranian Ministry of Health
and Medical Education and the annual reports of Iranian Police Headquarters from January 1970
to October 2014.
Results: Our searching resulted in finding 1,228 studies but only thirty one studies were related
to initial and continued drug use. The study found that poverty, drug-using families and relatives
especially spouses, drug availability, poor drug education, curiosity, pleasure-seeking, selftreatment of physical and psychiatric problems such as pain, depression and sexual performance,
familial problems, drug-using peers, life pressures, unemployment, a need to spend leisure times,
physical and/or sexual neglect and abuse, having no definite plan for the future or daily life were
important factors to start and continue drug use. In contrast, a strong social conformity,
avoidance from drug-dependent people, psychological attachment among family members,
strong religious beliefs, participation in social activities and helping others were associated with
preventing from drug use.
Conclusion: The review confirmed the role of some factors in drug use among Persian women.
These factors should be specifically considered in designing and implementing nationwide drug
prevention and cognitive-behavioral programs for women in Persian Iran.
Keywords: Women, Drug, Treatment, Health, Prevention
Impact of Genetic Polymorphism in OPRK1 Gene on Opioid Addiction
in an Iranian Population
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Submission Author: Ali Albonaim
Ali Albonaim1, Alirza Sharafshah1, Parvaneh Keshavarz1, Vahid Omarmeli1, Farzam Ajamian1,
Hedyeh Fazel1
1. Guilan university of Medical sciences, Rasht, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction is classified as a chronic returning neuronal disorder defined
by the forcible and abuse of a series of drugs and activities with harmful abnormal results.
Though, utilization of addictive agents is on purpose, loss of self-controlling is one of the
addiction outcomes. Addictions have an alternative range of diseases with high complexity and
generality affected by genetic and environmental factors indivisibly merged. In recent years,
several genes OPRK1, OPRD1, and OPRM1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been
reported to be suitable candidates in association with transcription factors (TFs) function.
Accordingly rs6985606 (T>C) SNP has effects on OPRK1 gene function, moreover interacts in a
specific manner with several TFs like AP-1, Cart-1, GR-alpha, GR-beta, C/EBPbeta. We
hypothesized that the rs6985606 variant in OPRK1 gene will contribute to the development of
addiction in an Iranian population.
Methods: We conducted a case-control association study with 202 healthy individuals (21-58
years) and 202 opioid addictions patients (20-60), all men underwent Methadone maintenance
treatment (MMT). Genomic DNA of all subjects participated was extracted by Salting out
procedure in this study. The genotyping of rs6985606 in study subjects was assessed by
Amplification Refractory Mutation System PCR (ARMS-PCR). All statistical analysis was
performed by SNPalyze version 8.1.
Results: As the result of single locus analysis, a significant association was shown between
cases and controls (P= 0.0006). The frequencies of wild type homozygote (C/C), heterozygote
(C/T) and homozygote (T/T) individuals were (0/545 vs 0/406%), (0/361 vs 0/376%) and (0/094
vs 0/218%) in control and case groups respectively. There was a significant association between
health and addict individuals in the recessive model (P= 0.0006, OR= 2.68; 95CI=1.5-4.9).
Conclusion: Based on this data and analysis, we suggest that rs6985606 variant of OPRK1 gene
is most likely associated with development to opioid addiction.
Keywords: Opioid addiction, OPRK1, variant, rs6985606, Association study, Polymorphism.
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The Effectiveness of Motivational Interview on Substance Abuse in
psychiatric Outpatients
Submission Author: Ali Alemi
Ali alemi1, Javad khaji2
1. Investigation center of social factors affecting health, Gonabad University of medical sciences, Gonbad, IR
2.
Iran.
Department of health, Gonabad University of medical sciences, Gonbad, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: The prevalence of substance use in people who diagnosed with one or
more psychiatric disorders is high. We can see co-morbidity and so many interventions that are
designed to cover them. Motivational interviewing is one of the methods with evidence based
effect in short interventions. The aims of the present study were to compare the effects of 10
sessions of motivational interviewing and treatment as usual (intervention group) with treatment
as usual, only (control group) on adult patients with co-morbid substances use disorders who
admitted to a psychiatric outpatient clinics or emergency unit. This study shows that motivational
interview is effective on recurring to substance abuse.
Methods: This was an open randomized controlled trial including 65 addicted patients with one
or more diagnosable psychiatric disorders who visited by a psychiatrist and got diagnosed. After
admission and assessments, the patients were allocated to the intervention group (n = 33) or the
control group (n = 32). The primary outcome was self-reported days per month of substances use
during the last 3 months at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after inclusion. The whole time for gathering
date was 1 year. Data was analyzed with a multilevel linear repeated measures regression model.
Results: Both groups reduced substance use during the first 3 months with no substantial
difference between the 2 groups. At 1 year follow-up, the control group had increased their
substance use (95% confidence interval) whereas the intervention group had reduced their
monthly substance use with (95% confidence interval) compared to baseline.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that 10 sessions of motivational interviewing to patients
with co-morbid substance use with one or more psychiatric disorders reduce substance use
frequency substantially at 1 year follow-up.
Keywords: Motivational interview, comorbidity, Psychiatric outpatient, Substance Abuse.
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The Relationship between Problem-solving Style and Addiction
Vulnerability of Drug Dependent Patients
Submission Author: Somayyeh Alijani
Somayyeh Alijani1, Salman Ghorbani1, Omyzadeh .S .Javad2
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Najaf Abad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IR Iran.
2. Shahid Modarres Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: Problem solving skill is a cognitive behavior process in which the
person trying to solve life problems with effective solutions that important cognitive factors in
desire to risk behaviors such as addiction. Therefore the goal of this research is to study the
relation between the style of problem solving and addiction of drug-dependent patient.
Methods: The study design was a Descriptive correlational design on 60 drug-dependent people,
in Isfahan Modarres psychiatric hospital in the first quarter of 2015. The subjects completed a
self-assessment by Heppner PSI and Zargar addiction questionnaires (2006). Data collected
through correlation and regression analysis using SPSS 21 statistical software was used for
analysis.
Results: The results showed that trust in people addicted to problem-solving components (46/0-r
=) style trends - Avoid (r=-0.50 and personal control (r=-0.56 with the addition of a significant
relationship. And these components predict addiction in drug-dependent patients (R2=0.65,
p<0.01).
Conclusion: People who are slower to have problem-solving skills (confidence in solving
problems, trends- Avoid and Personal control Style), they are more prone to addiction.
Therefore, essential that training programs emphasize prevention and treatment of addiction to
these psychological characteristics.
Keywords: Problem solving, Addiction Vulnerability, Drug-dependent.
Metapsychoplasticity, Mindful Attention Awareness and Emotional SelfAwareness in Cigarette User
Submission Author: Abbas Alimadadi
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Abbas Alimadadi1
1. University of Culture and Sciences
Background and Aim: The concept of Metapsychoplasticity consisted of three basic
construction sets (Temperament, Attachment style, Defense mechanisms) which of occurs older
than the other psychological phenomena such as personality. The formation type of these
constructions leads to health or pathology in mental or biological level. Mindfulness refers to a
receptive attention to and awareness of present events and experience. Clinical interest in
mindfulness and its enhancement stems, in large part, from research conducted over the past
years showing that mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) programs have salutary effects
on mental and physical health in a variety of medical, psychiatric, and general populations. For
example, among cancer patients, MBSR has been shown to reduce mood disturbance and stress
symptoms. Some ways like Emotional awareness has a central role for reduce bad feeling.
Emotional problems result from lack of emotional awareness. People use cigarette when they
have stress and bad feeling, this is an emotional coping strategies result in mental health and
medical problems. It seems that structures (Metapsychoplasticity) are probably related to
Attention Awareness and Emotional Self-Awareness. Studying the relation of these factors can
be a guide in the clinical section, especially in the prevention programs. So the aim of this study
Studying the Relation of Metapsychoplasticity, Mindful Attention Awareness and Emotional
Self-Awareness.
Methods: 88 university students participated in research (43 with use cigarette and 45 as group
control). Mindful Attention Awareness scale, Emotional Self-Awareness Scale, short form adult
temperament questionnaire (ATQ), adult attachment scale (AA) and defense mechanisms
questionnaire (ESQ/40) were used as instrumental research.
Results: Data analysis showed that the metapsychplasticty elements and Attention Awareness
and Emotional Self-Awareness are significant different between two groups. Students in group
with use cigarette had insecure attachment, abnormal temperament, immature defense
mechanisms and disturbance in behavioral inhibition/activation systems. Also poor Emotional
Self-Awareness and Attention Awareness (t=6.76 P˂0.01);(t=5.84 P˂0.01).
Conclusion: Conclusion: The concept of metapsycholplasticity refers to the basic formation
psychological functions which have a main role in health and pathology. It seems that person
with use cigarette is under the influence of these basic factors and also the result of poor
Attention Awareness and Emotional Self-Awareness. These issues may refer to the strong
correlation between these factors. The recent finding would have very important positive effects
in therapeutic and preventive plans.
Keywords: Metapsychoplasticity,Attention Awareness, Emotional Self-Awareness, Cigarette.
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The Comparison of Cognitive Emotional Regulation Strategies in
Addiction to Stimulants, Opiates and Normal Individuals
Submission Author: Farshid Alipoor
Farshid Alipoor1, Arkan sayedi2, Vida Oshrieh1
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi
University, Tehran, Iran
2. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Kourdestan, Sanandaj, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Consumers difference opiates and stimulants can help topics better
understanding of pathology and treatment process addiction. Cognitive emotional regulation is
one of the most important topics in recent years has occupied the minds of addiction specialist.
In addiction treatment and relapse prevention, positive and negative emotional states are
important factors in relapse risk. In previous research, the differences in consumer opiates and
normal cognitive emotional regulation have been. But, so far no research to examine the
differences in consumer has paid opiates and stimulants this study is carried out with the aim of
assessing the compare cognitive emotional regulation strategies in addiction to stimulants,
opiates and normal individuals.
Methods: In this descriptive-explanatory study, 30 opiate users and 30 stimulant addicts and 30
normal subjects with matched on age, education, marriage and jobs with sampling accessible
selected. The sample of the study, with the permission of the Tehran Welfare Organization,
comprised all the clients that referred to private clinics in Tehran, drug rehabilitation centers,
Community-based therapy centers and attended Narcotics Anonymous. It should be noted that all
patients were included in this study with informed consent. After submitting comments on the
subject to the Questionnaires were given. Subjects after passing the detox center and psychiatric
diagnosis were included the subjects completed a Cognitive Emotion regulation Questionnaire.
Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and descriptive statistic.
Results: These findings are consistent with findings from previous studies Based on differences
in consumers and normal cognitive emotional regulation strategies. The result of this study
indicated that there was significant difference between stimulants dependent and opiates
dependent with normal individuals in maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation strategies
(Catastrophizing, Other-blame, Rumination) and adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation
strategies(Acceptance, Putting into perspective, Positive reappraisal).
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Conclusion: Finding revealed, was significant difference between stimulants dependent and
opiates dependent in maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation strategies (Catastrophizing and
other blame) and adaptive Cognitive Emotional Regulation strategies (Acceptance and Putting
into perspective). One reason for this difference in consumers' cognitive emotion regulation
stimulants and opiates can have different effects on the structure of the brain As a result of the
use of opiates and stimulants. The limitation of this study is the small sample size of single-sex,
and lack of control over the use of the time, who wish to be considered in future research.
Keywords: Cognitive emotional regulation strategies, Addiction, Stimulant drugs, Opioid
Drugs.
The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community on Cognitive Emotional
Regulation Strategies in Addicted
Farshid Alipoor1, Arkan sayedi2
2. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Kourdestan, Sanandaj, IR Iran
Background and Aim: The addiction has become the most important problems of human
society. Various treatments have been developed to treat addiction. One of the most effective
treatments in treating addiction is community-based treatment. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the effectiveness of community-based treatment on cognitive emotion regulation
strategies.
Methods: This study has an experimental plan of pretest and post-test. The subjects included 27
men addicted to opiate drugs and had in the second half of 1393 were referred to the Tehranbased Center for Community Treatment. A questionnaire was used for data collection of
cognitive emotional regulation strategies. Data were analyzed using t-test.
Results: The results showed that community-based treatment in reducing maladaptive cognitive
emotion regulation strategies scores and scores of cognitive emotion regulation is effective
adaptive strategies effectiveness.
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Conclusion: According to this study, Community-based treatment is effective in improving
cognitive emotion regulation strategies and can be an appropriate treatment plan for people with
addiction used to regulate emotions.
Keywords: Therapeutic community, Cognitive emotional regulation strategies, Addiction.
Comparison of Executive Functions In Opioid Dependent, Stimulant
Dependent and Normal Individual
Farshid Alipoor1, Arkan sayedi2
2.
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Kourdestan, Sanandaj, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Clinical observations, conventional wisdom, and well-reasoned
theoretical mechanisms, suggest that the acute and chronic use of psychoactive substances would
impair cognitive functioning of individuals The ability to perform two tasks in succession
requires several cognitive and emotional processes known as executive functions. For instance,
modifying your driving route home as a function of traffic patterns and or errands requires
higher-order functions that encompass planning, sequencing, initiating, sustaining, and updating
behavior toward your given goals. The progressive increase of drug consumption-related
problems has yielded an important number of research projects aimed at detecting
neuropsychological alterations in drug-users' executive functions. Substance abuse is an
important worldwide health problem and also a brain disorder. The relation between drug abuse
and neuropsychological functions is reported in the previous studies. Many patients show
abnormality in cognitive functions even after a long duration of withdrawal symptoms.
Consumer's difference opiates and stimulants can help topics better understanding of pathology
and treatment process addiction therefore the aim of this research was to compare the executive
functions in tree groups of Normal individuals with opioid dependent and stimulant dependent.
Methods: The research method of current study was Ex post facto .Of these participants, 21
individuals were opioid dependent, 21 individuals were stimulant dependent and 21 normal
individual with matched on age, education, marriage and jobs with sampling accessible selected.
All samples the referred to private clinics in Tehran, drug rehabilitation centers, Community
based therapy centers and attended Narcotics Anonymous. And were evaluated Wisconsin card
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sorting, Tower of London and Stroop Neuropsychological Tests. Data were analyzed using of
multivariate analysis of variance and descriptive statistic.
Results: Results: The results of one way analysis of variance indicated significant deficits in
stimulant dependent group and opioid dependent executive functions. As a result, there were
more deficits in the executive functions of stimulant group in comparison to the opioid
dependent and control group. There were fewer deficits in the opioid dependent group in
comparison to the stimulant- dependent group.
Conclusion: Stimulant and opioid use causes prefrontal cortex and executive dysfunctions and
neurological disturbances in frontostriatal systems function. This can help to choose an
appropriate treatment substance abuse. According to our findings, we can design professional
cognitive rehabilitation programs to rehabilitate them to be ready to comeback to personal,
occupational and social life.
Keywords: Executive Functions, opioid dependent, stimulant dependent.
The Comparison of Early Maladaptive Self Schemas, Metacognitive
Beliefs and Cognitive Emotional Regulation Styles in Drug Dependent
and Normal Individuals
Submission Author: Elham Alipour Hesar
Elham Alipour Hesar1
1. Urmia University of Medical Scieces, Urmia, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate of Early Maladaptive Self
Schemas, Metacognitive Beliefs and cognitive emotion regulation styles In Two groups of drugdependent and normal individuals
Methods: The present study consisted of 270 people including 135 of drug-dependent
individuals and 135 normal individuals who had been selected by cluster sampling. For data
gathering, Structured Clinical Interview, Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF) Meta
cognition questionnaire (MCQ), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were
used in this study. The gathered data is analyzed by SPSS-20 and descriptive statistic indexes,
and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).
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Results: The present study demonstrated significantly higher mean scores on most of the early
maladaptive self-schemas for the drug-dependent individuals, in comparison with the normal
people. Also, the drug-dependent individuals differed significantly from normal people by higher
mean scores on the metacognitive beliefs and negative cognitive emotion regulation styles.
Conclusion: The present study showed that early maladaptive self-schemas, metacognitive
beliefs and negative cognitive emotion regulation styles are more severe in drug-dependent
individuals than in normal people. Therefore it can be concluded that the two groups are more
different than similar. Overall, there was a noticeable relationship in the high levels of early
maladaptive self-schemas, metacognitive beliefs and negative cognitive emotion regulation
styles with the drug-dependency. Finally, particular combination of early maladaptive selfschemas, metacognitive beliefs and negative cognitive emotion regulation styles was relevant
with special psychopathology species in drug-dependency.
Keywords: Early Maladaptive Schemas, Metacognitive Beliefs, Cognitive Emotional Regulation
Styles, Drug dependent.
Addiction and Its Cultural Dimensions
Submission Author: Ahmadreza Alipour Langori
Ahmadreza Alipour Langori1
1. Karaj Prison, Karaj, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: The following article, using help from the authors who have written
about this issue, and using the researcher's personal experience and field research, offers a
general survey of addiction literature and practical guidelines which enable the society to
prevent, diagnose, and treat addiction.
Methods: Qualitative field research
Results: Family problems, bad friends, and poverty are cited as the main factors that contribute
to addiction. Disintegration of family structures, personal isolation, and disruption of the social
order are mentioned as the consequences of addiction. It is argued that rehabilitation can only
occur by strengthening the self-confidence among the potential victims.
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Conclusion: Addiction causes a lot of problems for the nation and the state. Prevention is the
best solution.
Keywords: Addiction, culture, youth, Dimensions of Addiction.
Mothers Strategies Suggested for Preventing Drug Abuse in Children
and Adolescents
Submission Author: Maedeh Alizadeh
Maedeh Alizadeh1, Fattane Karimi1, Mohammad Ahmadpor1, Masomeh Alizadeh 2
1. Faculty of Nursing, Maragheh University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran.
[email protected], 09143035692
2. M.Sc in Clinical Psychology
Background and Aim: Today’s children face many risks, including drug abuse. Responding to
these risks before they become problems can be difficult. Prevention programs should enhance
protective factors and reduce risk factors. Parents especially mothers has important role in
prevention of drug abuse. The aim of this study is gathering mothers view for preventing drug
abuse in children.
Methods: We performed qualitative study to determine Strategies suggested by mothers for
preventing drug abuse among children and adolescents
Results: Results shows that 67% of mothers stat family, school and community based programs
has main role in prevention of drug abuse.
Conclusion: Strategies for preventing drug abuse should be design at three stage 1- family
programs 2- school programs and 3- community programs.
Keywords: Preventing, Drug abuse , Children, Adolescents.
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The Comparison of Cognitive Functions in Remitted Patients with
Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Submission Author: Hanieh Alizadeh
Hanieh Alizadeh1, Seyed Vahid Shariat2
1. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk
2.
Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental
Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that the patients with schizophrenia and
methamphetamine induced psychotic disorder (MIPD) have deficits in cognitive functions,
including, deficit in executive function, memory, attention, abstract thinking and so on.
However, no study has compared the two disorders during remission of acute psychotic
symptoms. Aim: To compare cognitive functions (Executive function, spatial planning and
working memory) in methamphetamine induced psychosis patients and patients with
schizophrenia (both in remitted patients) with the control group during remission of psychotic
symptoms.
Methods: Thirty men with schizophrenia, 16 men with MIPD and 30 normal men with no
history of psychiatric disorder or substance dependence and a score of lower than 24 scores in
general health questionnaire were recruited in this study. Participants were matched for age and
education. IED (Intra-Extra Dimensional- set shift), SOC (Stocking of Cambridge), and SWM
(Spatial Working Memory) from CANTAB software were used to evaluate executive function,
spatial planning and working memory respectively. All three tasks were implemented in a single
day. The results were analyzed by Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version
22.
Results: Findings revealed that executive functions were similar in the three groups. In spatial
planning there was a significant difference between schizophrenia group and control group;
meanwhile, there was no significant difference between patients with MIPD and the other group.
Regarding working memory, two patient groups had similar function but performed significantly
worse than the normal group.
Conclusion: Lack of difference in executive functions in remitted patients with MIPD and
schizophrenia and control group may indicate improvement in dysfunction of prefrontal cortex
following remission. However, the deficit in working memory seems to be more basic and not
greatly affected by disease phase or the presence of acute psychotic symptoms. Spatial planning
does not show a similar pattern in schizophrenia and MIPD.
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Keywords: Methamphetamine induced psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, executive function,
planning, working memory, CANTAB
Predictive role of Negative Automatic Thoughts and Self-esteem in The
Addiction Potential of Adolescents
Submission Author: Mahdi Amani
Mahdi Amani1, Amir Karami2
1. University of Hekmat Razavi, Mashhad, IR Iran
2. Department of psychology, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan,IR Iran
Background and Aim: Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human
development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. In the
period of adolescence, some psychological, physical and social changes occur , which may be
risky for such people , and their families . One of the most fundamental crisis in this stage is
inclination of adolescents to get engaged in addictive behaviors. Adolescents (12–18 years old)
and young adults (18–25 years old), are more likely than older adults to drive-or agree to be
driven-recklessly or, while intoxicated, to use illicit or dangerous substances and to get engaged
in both minor and more serious antisocial behaviors. In this study, the addiction potential has
been estimated based on the negative automatic thoughts and self-esteem in the male
adolescents.
Methods: 80 students were chosen by Cluster sampling from a high school in Mashhad. The
psychological tools of this study were: Negative automatic thoughts questionnaire of Hollon and
Kendall and Eysenck self-esteem questionnaire. For modeling and analyzing the relationships
among addictive potential and related variables, the regression analysis and correlation methods
were used.
Results: The results have been proven, There is a positive Statistical significance between the
addiction potential and the frequency of automatic negative thoughts (p<0.01). In addition, no
positive Statistical significance was observed between the amount of belief to automatic negative
thoughts with Self-esteem and addiction potential.
Conclusion: So, it has been observed that the amount of automatic negative thoughts has more
effects on estimating and appraising the addiction potential. So, it will have the main role in
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prevention from engaging in addiction .In addition, if we can recognize the automatic negative
thoughts with the help of their family, teachers, counselors, and make effort to moderate and
solve them from various manners such as cognitive therapy and challenge to the negative
thoughts and …. , we will prohibit the teenagers from more major hazards.
Keywords: Negative automatic thoughts, self-esteem, addiction potential, Adolscents.
Reduced Dopamine D2 Receptor and Dopamine Transporter mRNA
Expression in Blood Lymphocytes: A Peripheral Marker for Heroin
Addiction
Submission Author: Meysam Amidfar
Meysam Amidfar 1, Hojatollah Alai2, Seyed Javad Hasheminiya3
1. Department of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences,
2. Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
3. Department of Molecular Medicine, Isfahan University of medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that heroin addiction, like addiction to
other drugs of abuse, is associated with low D2 receptor binding and low pre-synaptic dopamine
release. The dopamine receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) may reflect the status
of homologous brain receptors. Aims of our study is investigation on mRNA Expression patterns
of D2 Receptor and Dopamine Transporter in PBLs of heroin addicts.
Methods: In the present study, mRNA expression level of dopamine D2 receptor and dopamine
transporter in human peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured using a real-time PCR
method in four groups that each comprising 30 individuals were enrolled in the study: opioid
addicted, methadone maintained, abstinent and normal subjects.
Results: The results showed that D2 receptor mRNA expression in PBLs exhibited a significant
reduction in heroin addicted (0.28 ± 0.07) and methadone maintained (0.30 ± 0.07) subjects in
compared to the abstinent (0.32 ± 0.04) and control (0.34 ± 0.07) groups. DAT mRNA
expression indicated significantly reduction in PBLs of Methadone maintained patients (0.32 ±
0.11), abstinent (0.39 ± 0.07) and addicted subjects (0.24 ± 0.06) in compared to control (0.43 ±
0.02) group. In addition, the enhanced DAT mRNA expression in the abstinent and methadone
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maintained groups, was statistically significant in compared to addicted and methadone
maintained groups, respectively.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that reduction in mRNA levels of DAT and dopamine D2
receptor in PBLs may be as peripheral biomarkers for diagnosis of heroin addicts from abstinent
and healthy subjects and methadone may exert its therapeutic effects through increasing mRNA
expression of DAT but not D2 receptor.
Keywords: Heroin addiction, D2 Receptor, Dopamine Transporter, mRNA expression, Human
lymphocytes.
Effectiveness of Sex Education on Parents with Children 5-9 Years Old
to Preventing Addiction
Submission Author: Kianoosh Amini
Kianoosh Amini1
Background and Aim: Sex education is an importance issue. There were not any different
between latent and old generation in sex education trend. Families encounter to many questions
every day, but there isn't any scientific answer .To protection of children from unpleasant future,
parents should be notice to complex effects of incorrect sex education. Fathers and mothers have
a emboss role in this education and it seems as a necessity. The goal of this research is promotion
of information of parents in order to increase quality in reply to their children's sex questions to
achieve more complete gender identity, enjoy of their sexuality, prevention of abuse and creation
a healthy personality and positive attitudes to prevention of addiction.
Methods: In this descriptive and survey ,statistical population was all of parents of with children
5-9 years old who visit the Counseling Center in Arak city. Sample size estimated with use
Morgan table. Study sample were 124 parents; selected by random sampling method and get
education in 10 sessions. For gathering data, questionnaire was applied. Analyses of data
included multiple regression and co-variance techniques.
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Results: The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between pre-test and
post-test (p<0.05).On the other hand, finding in this study allocated sex educational had an
effectiveness in these subjects.
Conclusion: By considering results, sex education to parents for answer children's sex questions
must be propounded as a necessity, because lack of knowledge in this field attack to physic,
mental and spirit that may due to addition.
Keywords: Sex education, Parents, Addiction, Prevention.
The Role of Social Capital and Spirituality in Family of Adolescents in
Addiction Preventing
Kianoosh Amini1, Milad Mashayekhi1
Background and Aim: prevalence of addiction in adolescents specially students and its
influences on future generation and role of family in that due to do this research. Refer to recent
data, especially student addict; the purpose of this research is achieving to component of
prevention to this crisis.
Methods: Participants in this research were 100 cases (50 of them were families of addicts and
50 were non addicts were selected from Addiction treatment centers and Short-term treatment
residential centers by snowball method and schools in Arak .In an ex post facto method, two
groups were compared by Spirituality Questionnaire (SQ )which includes 4 subscales and childrearing practice questionnaire that assess affective trust ,participation(components of social
capital).Thus, the list of demographic variables that contain age ,education, parent's job and
education and reason of addiction was completed.
Results: Results demonstrated that participation and affective trust in addict students were very
low and there is significant relationship in two of four spirituality subscales in comparison
control group.
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Conclusion: The role of family and child-rearing practice effect on addict crisis. Spirituality,
importance of believe, spirituality needs can propounded as prevention factors
Keywords: Social capital, Spirituality, Family, Adolescents, Addiction Preventing.
Comparison of Depression and Insomnia in Healthy People and Addicts
Who Treated With Methadone
Kianoosh Amini1, Maryam Zadbar2
1. Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, IR Iran.
2. Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: By considering statistics of addicts and their cure trends, the aim of this
study is comparison of depression and insomnia in healthy people and addicts who treated with
methadone. Drug abuse is the most obvious of social harm that can easily damage the cultural
foundation of a community. Depression and insomnia are the most common in this article that
were evaluated.
Methods: Participants in this research were 80 subjects who selected by Random method among
addictions from addiction treatment clinics and common community .In both of groups, to
measure depression and insomnia, questionnaires were done.
Results: The results demonstrated that there was a significant relationship depression and
insomnia (p<0.05) between two groups.
Conclusion: Insomnia and depression are more in patients with addiction and for prevent
addiction or relapse remediation should be perform high quality treatment trend.
Keywords: depression, insomnia, addiction, Methadone Therapy.
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Comparison of Coping Strategies Between User and Non-User Alcohol
Students
Submission Author: Marzie Amini
Mahboobe Taher1, Mahsa Mojallal2, Marzie Amini3, Abbas ali Hossein Khanzade4, Aida
Yahyazade5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ph.D Student, Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabilli, Ardabill, Iran
M.A Psychology, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
M.A Clinical psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabilli , Ardabill, Iran
Assoc. Prof, Department of Psychology, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
M.A Clinical psychology,azad university of rasht branch ,Rasht, Iran
Background and Aim: The aim of this study is comparison coping strategies between user and
non-user alcohol students.
Methods: The population of this causal-comparative study consists of all the students of Guilan
university in 2012-2013 academic years that among them was chosen a sample 241 students (97
user and 144 non-user students alcohol) by purposive sampling method and answered to the
Folkman and Lazarus' coping strategies questionnaire and demographic questionnaire.
Results : The results of multivariate analysis showed there isn’t significant difference among the
coping strategies of user and non- user alcohol, and solely in sub scale in self-control, user men
score was significantly lower than non-user men (P = 0.02).
Conclusion: Use of problem-focused strategies can be effective in stress management and
prevent from undesired consequences.
Keywords: Coping Strategies, Students, Alcoholic Drinks
The Relationship of Parent-Child Interaction and the Coping Strategies
in Alcohol User and Non-User Students
Submission Author: Marzie Amini
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Abbas Ali Hossein Khanzade1, Mahsa Mojallal2, Marzie Amini3, Mahboobe Taher4, Aida
Yahyazade5
1. Assoc.Prof, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Guilan,
Guilan, Iran
2. M.A psychology, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
3. M.A clinical psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabilli , Ardabill, Iran
4. PhD Student, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh
Ardabilli, ardabill, Iran
5. M.A clinical psychology, azad university of rasht branch ,Rasht, Iran
Background and Aim: purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship
between parent-child interaction to the user students coping strategies and non-use-of alcohol.
Methods: The study is descriptive and correlational. The population of this study consists of all
the students of Guilan University in 2012-2013 academic years. Statistical sample of this study
includes 241 students that have been using purposive sampling method and used parent-child
relationship scales, coping strategies questionnaire Folkman and Lazarus and demographic
questionnaires.
Results: The results of correlation analyses showed that there was a significant positive
correlation that between problem-focused coping strategies and emotion-focused coping
strategies with mother-child relationship in the students non-user alcohol (P = 0.001). In
addition, to there was a significant positive correlation between Problem-focused coping
strategies (P= 0/000) and emotion-focused (P= 0.005) with mother-child relationship in user
students alcohol the students (P= 0.001).
Conclusion: we can through training the appropriate mother-child interaction and problem
focused coping strategies especially the modification emotion-focused coping strategies help to
promote appropriate methods of parent-child interaction, especially mother-child interaction.
Keywords: Parent-Child interaction, Coping Ctrategies, Alcohol User Students.
The Comparison of Tendency Rate to The Perilous Behaviors Between
The Students of Physical Education and non-Physical Education in The
Universities of Tehran
Submission Author: Pegah Amiri
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Pegah Amiri1, Siamak Ahmadzade-Barabi1, Ali Heshmati1
1. Social Welfare Office, Welfare Organization, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: The purpose of the current study was the comparison of tendency rate to
the perilous behaviors among the students of physical education and non- physical education in
the universities of Tehran.
Methods: This research is a descriptive-survey study as its method of data gathering and
relationship between it and variables is an applied study as its objectives of the research that was
implemented by the field procedure. Statistical population of this research were the students of
physical education major and other students of state universities of Tehran that the students of
physical education were approximately 2400 people and the students of the other majors were
more than 100,000 people. In this study, the sample size according to Morgan table was
determined 331 people for the students of physical education and 384 people for the students of
non-physical education and the method of sampling was simple clustering. In this research, in
order to measure and gather data, substantiative questionnaires were used adopted by similar
research questionnaires after proving its validity and reliability. In this study descriptive statistics
method such as mean, standard deviation, minimum frequency, maximum frequency, percent
frequency and inferential statistics method were used in order to investigate the research possible
hypotheses such as Friedman test, T-independent or binomial test and ANOVA test.
Results: Eventually, comparison of tendency to the alcoholic drinks among the students of
physical education and non-physical education indicated that among the students of physical
education and non-physical education in terms of tendency to the alcoholic drinks there isn’t a
significant difference and comparison of addiction to the narcotic drugs among the students of
physical education and non-physical suggested that among the students of physical education and
non-physical in terms of addiction to the narcotic drugs there isn’t a meaningful difference.
Conclusion: These findings can be used in the design field in Prevention of addiction in people
and order to promote mental health which the noted variables are all its major components and to
clarify one of the parts of the mental health x theorem.
Keywords: High Risk Behaviors, Students, Addiction.
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Comparative Study of Matrimonial and Sexual Satisfaction Between The
Experienced and Inexperienced Individuals About Misusing The
Narcotic Drugs
Submission Author: Pegah Amiri
Siamak Ahmadzade-Barabi1, Pegah Amiri2
1. Social Welfare Office, Welfare Organization, IR Iran.
2. Courte of Marand
Background and Aim: One of the most important social entities that an individual matures and
raises in and has a significant role in community health is family. Among family members,
couples as a main core and establishers of family system include specific worth. Healthy and
positive sexual relationship is one of the critical factors influencing marital relationships of
couples. Among the various factors, the role of narcotic drugs is very significant since it has
comprehensive destructive effects and impacts on family of the individual.
Methods: The current study is a descriptive research that investigates relationship between
variables by applying multivariable correlation method. People who have experience in drugs
abuse and employees of treatment centers of drugs abuse in city of Marand are formed the
population of the research. Sampling was accomplished randomly and available. (140 people
from clients referring to the treatment center as a sample with drugs abuse experience and 140
people from employees of the treatment center as a sample without drugs abuse experience).
Two questionnaires of sexual and marital satisfaction were used to gather data. Data description
and analysis was implemented through SPSS software and performing some tests such as Chisquare test, Pearson correlation coefficient and ANOVA.
Results: Findings revealed that there is a meaningful difference in two contents of sexual and
marital satisfaction between two groups, individuals with drugs abuse experience and those
without drugs abuse experience, and individuals with drugs abuse experience get pleasure from
sexual and marital satisfaction less than those without this experience. (p < .001)
Conclusion: According to the research findings, using drugs contains unpleasant physical,
psychological and social consequences that impacts on sexual and marital satisfaction of the
individual. Regarding to the results and findings it can be dealt with awareness and holding
workshops in this field in order to prevent.
Keywords: Addiction, Sexual Satisfaction, Marital Satisfaction.
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A Comparison of Emotional Intelligence and Personality Profiles
Between Alcohol-Dependent, Opium-Dependent, and Healthy
Individuals
Submission Author: Shahrokh Amiri
Shahrokh Amiri1, Arash Mohagheghi2, Sayed Reza Mousavi Rizi3
1. Associate professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2. Assistant professor of Psychiatry, Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Tabriz
3.
University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Resident of Psychiatry, Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of
Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Background and Aim: Not only does addiction destroys an individual’s physical health, but
also it affects his or her interpersonal relationships and social communications in the area of
mental health. It appears that personality and emotional intelligence factors are more prominent
at the onset and emergence of dependence and drug abuse rather than environmental and cultural
factors. This study was aimed at investigating emotional intelligence and personality profiles in
alcohol and opium dependent individuals and comparing them with psychiatrically healthy
control group.
Methods: The statistical population of this cross-sectional study included alcohol-dependent,
opium-dependent, and psychiatrically healthy individuals. The sample consisted of 120
individuals who were placed into 40-member groups. Using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial
Inventory-III (MCMI-III) and Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Test, data were obtained and then
analyzed on SPSS 19.
Results: The findings indicated that alcohol-dependent, opioid-dependent, and psychiatrically
healthy individuals were significantly different in terms of personality profiles. Healthy
individuals had higher scores than alcohol and opium dependent groups in terms of all
components of emotional intelligence. Moreover, alcohol-dependent individuals had relatively
higher scores than opium-dependent individuals in terms of the most components of emotional
intelligence.
Conclusion: Given the high prevalence and decreased average age of addiction in Iran, it will be
effective in preventing alcohol and opium consumption to identify and train people who have
lower scores in some components of emotional intelligence and represent certain personality
patterns.
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Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Substance Dependency, Opium, Alcohol, Personality
Profiles
The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Smartphone
Addiction in The 12-13 Years Old Female Students in Azadshar
Submission Author: Borzoo Amirpour
Borzoo Amirpour1, Tayyebe Arab Ameri1
1. Department of psychology, Payam e Noor university, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Smartphone addiction as a technology addiction can be defined as a state
of being enslaved to Smartphone and its related service. Besides that, in recent years, the role of
negative cognitions particularly early maladaptive schemas in behavioral addiction has gained
increasing attention. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between
early maladaptive schemas and Smartphone addiction in the 12-13 year old female students in
Azadshar.
Methods: This descriptive- correlational study was performed on 262 high-school female
students Participants were selected via convenience sampling from Azadshar guidance schools
with at least two years using Smartphone. Subjects completed two scales: Smartphone Addiction
Proneness Scale (with 15 Items developed by Kim & et al, 2014; under normalization by
Amirpour) and Schema Inventory for Children (with 40 Items). Data were analyzed and
processed using descriptive statistics, by IBM SPSS 22.
Results: result revealed that overall, 105 out of the 262 students identified with Smartphone
addiction (40.07 percent) that they obtained significantly higher scores on Sub-domains of
Smartphone addiction: (Disturbance of Adaptive Functions; Virtual Life Orientation;
Withdrawal and Tolerance). In addition, results showed that there was a positive significant
relationship among several (nine form eleven schemas) early maladaptive schemas and
Smartphone addiction, which included: Loneliness(r=0.275); Vulnerability (r=0.292);
Mistrust/Abuse (r=0.230); Defectiveness (r=0.241); Failure (r=0.265); Submission (r=0.246);
Unrelenting Standards (r=0.178); Self-Sacrifice (r=0.129) and Insufficient Self-Control (r=0.
192).
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Conclusion: It seems that, early maladaptive schemas have important role in vulnerable to the
Smartphone addiction, like other addictive behaviors. And they are among predisposing and
precipitating factors of this disorder. So, in Psychotherapy interventions the use of Schema
therapy can be considered.
Keywords : Early Maladaptive Schemas, Smartphone Addiction, Students.
Quality of Life, Social Desirability and Their Relationship in Opium
Addicted Persons in Southeast of Iran
Submission Author: Mansour Arab
Mansour Arab1, Mehri Kohan2, Hadi Ranjbar3, Nanaz Arab4, Masoud Rayani5, Hossein Rafiei6,
Masoud Amiri7
1. Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2. Department of Health, Razi School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
Kerman, Iran
3. Department of Medical- Surgical Nursing, Razi School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of
Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
4. School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
5. Department of Health, Razi School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
6.
7.
Kerman, Iran
Department of Intensive and Critical Care, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahrekord University of
Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Social Health Determinants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction leads to many problems which may adversely affect addicted
people, their families and impose health care agencies with many challenges. This study aimed to
examined quality of life (QoL), social desirability and their relationship among opium addicted
persons in southeast of Iran.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted from September 2012 to January 2013, 123
addicted people were studied. Date collection tools were; checklist of demographic data, Iranian
version of the 36-item short form QoL (SF-36) and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale
(MC-SDS).
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Results: While mean score of QoL was 60.4±29.5, mean score of social desirability were
14.2±3.7. Low, moderate and high levels of social desirability were observed in 4.9%, 90.2%
and 4.9% of participants, respectively. Pearson’s correlation were not significant between mean
score of social desirability and mean score of QoL (p=0.969, r=0.004).
Conclusion: Addicted participants of present study showed a moderate level of QoL and social
desirability, without any significant relationship between QoL and social desirability. Further
research is suggested in addicts with social and cultural differences.
Keywords: Quality of life, Social Desirability, Opioid Addicted, SF-36, MC_SDS, Iran
Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Substance Abuse of Women During
Pregnancy
Submission Author: Maryam Aradmehr
Maryam Aradmehr1, Fatemh Nasimi 2
1. MSc of midwifery, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
2. MSc in Neonatal intensive care nursing, School of Nursing, Jahrum University of medical sciences,
Jahrum, Iran.
Background and Aim: Women comprise about 10 percent of the country's addicts. Pregnancy
in addict women is more dangerous than the others and makes a lot of complication. The care of
the pregnant drug-dependent woman and her newborn infant has become a major and
controversial health problem requiring specific approaches to this high-risk mother and neonate.
The aim of this study was to determine Maternal and fetal outcomes of abuse of women during
pregnancy.
Methods: PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID and Iran medex databases were
searched and 110 related articles were found. Ultimately, 40 articles which examined Maternal
and fetal outcomes of abuse of women during pregnancy since 1995 to 2015 were evaluated.
Results: Fetal outcomes including: preterm labor, PROM, Apgar score lower than 7, IUGR,
admission to NICU, visible congenital malformation, Fetal distress, perinatal mortality and
maternal outcomes included, preeclampsia, miscarriage, postpartum vaginal bleeding, history of
domestic violence. Although, the relationship did not exist in few studies or it was not
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statistically significant, the correlation has reached to significant level with different design and
setting or doing the study in other location and period of time.
Conclusion: With regard to the effect of mothers' addiction on all aspects of their children and
mother, it is necessary to pay more attention to mother and child health and focus on prevention,
treatment and substance abuse control in prenatal care.
Keywords: Pregnant women, Opium, Pregnancy outcomes, Substance Abuse.
Compare of General Health and Happiness Wives of Addicts and
Healthy Individuals
Submission Author: Batool Arhami khage
Batool Arhami khage1, yagoob kamerany1, kolsom arhami1
1. Province of Azerbaijan, Khaje, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction is a social phenomenon that has become very harmful effects
on the family and it cannot neglect of the effects on the family. The purpose of this study was to
assess the general health and happiness of the wives of addicts and wives of non-addicted.
Methods: The study population consisted of all women living in the area is Heris and Samples in
the first group of wives addicts that were selected to the families of drug abusers, The second
Group consists of Wives of non-addicted that have been selected using the random classification.
Tools are used to the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) Goldberg and Hiller and Oxford
happiness of Questionnaire. And to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires was used
by the method of t Independent (via the software SPSS).
Results: The results obtained show between the public health and happiness of Wives of addicts
and Wives of non-addicted was a significant difference. (P <0.05) The findings of the General
Health Questionnaire subscales {social dysfunction, anxiety, sleep disorders and depression]
showed that between social dysfunction, anxiety, sleep disorders and depression Wives of
addicts and Wives of non-addicted, there was a significant difference (P <0.05) But there was no
significant difference in physical health subscale.
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Conclusion: The results showed that drug addicts have a devastating impact on General health
and happiness of Wives of addicts and so it seems the prevention of drug addiction will increase
General health and happiness of his Wives.
Keywords: General Health, Happiness, Wives Of Addicts
Survey of Knowledge and Attitude of Ilam University of Medical
Sciences Students About Crystal Meth in 2014
Submission Author: Mina Asadi
Mina Asadi1, Babak Rastgari Mehr2, Morteza Mansourian3, Arash salahshoori4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
MSc, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
Assistant Professor, Public Health Department, Ilam University of medical sciences, Ilam, Iran
PhD Student in Health Education & Health Promotion, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences,
Ahvaz, Iran
Background and Aim: Crystal meth addition is one of the important social problems in modern
society. The aim of this study was survey of knowledge and attitude of Ilam University of
medical sciences students about Crystal meth in 2014.
Methods: This cross sectional study carried out through 200 Ilam University of Medical
Sciences students (120 females and 80 males) in 2014. The data were collected by questionnaire
that contains demographic, knowledge and attitude question about crystal meth abusing. After
collecting and classifying of the data, the data were analyzed by SPSS.
Results: The mean of age of subjects was 22.62 that in the present study, 18.5 % of them had
weak knowledge, 60 % had moderate knowledge and 21.5% had strong knowledge about crystal
meth and also 38 % had weak attitude, 8.5 percent had middle attitude and 53.5 % had strong
attitude. According to the results, the knowledge score in male students was higher than females
(males: 32.01, females: 29.35). Also, the mean of score of attitude in both groups of males and
females was almost the same, (Males: 66.78, females: 66.05). Only 0.5 % of subjects had
experienced two times of consuming crystal meth.
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Conclusion: According to the results, the knowledge of the participant was weak. So it may be
considered that doing educational programs is necessary to increasing knowledge and improving
the attitude of young people about crystal meth.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Students, Crystal Meth.
The Relationship Between Resiliency and Tendency to Addiction in
Students
Submission Author: Sahand Asadi
Sahand Asadi1
1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Science, Tehran Center Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Tehran,Iran .
Background and Aim: Resiliency is a collection of skills, specification and abilities that enable
the individuals to face with difficulties, problems and challenges of life and overcome the severe
stress of life. Resilience is a special specification that it is different comparing one person to
another and it could increase or reduce gradually in some period of time. Basically, all human
being has the natural ability of resilience, but bearable behavior is acquired and it is gained by
learning. Some factors such as: having a positive image of himself / herself, individual’s control
of his / her life and sense of responsibility is effective in people” resilience. At the end of the
20th century besides demography approach and concentrated approach on problems which were
used in research of depending on narcotics, the approaches based on abilities and protecting
factors (like resilience) have been also used in a dangerous situation in this research. According
to this fact that the highest percentage of Iranian society are young adults and probability of their
attitudes and addiction tendency do exist in students the resilience might be one of protecting
factors against students’ attitudes to addiction. In this direction, the researcher faced with this
question that is there any relationship between resiliency and readiness to addiction in students as
there was not done any research in this subject up to now, the above mentioned research with the
following goal is propounded : Identification of the relationship between resiliency and addiction
tendency in students.
Methods: Research design is correlation type. Statistical population includes all students in
Bachelor Studies and Master Studies course of Azad Islamic University- Tehran in educational
year: 2014-2015 .Among them, 400 persons are elected randomly as samples. The resiliency
questionnaire of Connor- Davidson and readiness to addiction questionnaire (APSwas used. For
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testing the above mentioned hypothesis correlation coefficient of Pearson and SPSS software
was used.
Results: The gained correlation coefficient rate among general scores of resiliency with
readiness to addiction in students was r =-.41, that is significant in alpha 0.01.
Conclusion: The result of this research showed that correlation of resiliency with a tendency to
addiction in students is significant and reversed. This might be the result that tolerant persons
have four main specifications (social capability, skills of the problem’s solution, self-control,
having a definite goal and optimism to the future). Then resiliency could be a protective factor
against the addiction tendency in student and may be increased under the influence of some
factors such as personality factor, family factors and social factors. Considering research design
as correlation type, following limitations for it can be mentioned: in addition to predictive
variables there may be also other uncontrolled factors such as family, religious teachings,
financial situation which affect the addiction tendency level. In addition, since self-reporting
method was used in the research, some sample group members may distort responses because of
various reasons.
Keywords: Addiction Tendency, Resiliency, Students.
Comparing the Readiness to Addiction in Students of Bachelor Studies
Course with Students of Master Studies Course
Submission Author: Sahand Asadi
Sahand Asadi1
1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Science, Tehran Center Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Tehran,Iran .
Background and Aim: The young adults are susceptible against narcotics consumption.
Independence to experience and personal choice are the specification of this period. That is why
the effective factors for preventing and protecting them against narcotics consumption is very
important. At the end of 20th century the approaches based on abilities are more considered with
dangerous situation .It is clear that no single factor is necessary or sufficient in order to prevent
misuse of narcotics. Misuse of narcotics is the result of combination of different factors .Some of
these factors (risky factors) causes to increase the danger of using and some (protecting factors)
causes to reduce using the narcotics. Whereas a high percentage of Iranian society is formed by
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young adults, there is possibility of their addiction tendency, due to not being aware of how to
face with problems of life. In this direction the researchers face to this question that is the rate of
readiness to addiction in students of Bachelor Studies course, different to students’ of Master
Studies course and as not any research has been done up to now, the above research has been
raised with the following goal: Comparing the Readiness to Addiction In Students of Bachelor
Studies Course with Students of Master Studies Course.
Methods: The current research was the causal-comparative type. Its statistical society includes
all students in Bachelor and master studies course of Azad Islamic University Tehran Central
Branch studying in educational year: 2014-2015. Among them 400 persons are selected
randomly as samples. The media of data gathering was questionnaire of readiness to addiction
(APS) Vid & Bucher (1992). Data analysis was done through comparing score average with
SPSS.
Results: The result of research showed that average of readiness to addiction in students of
Bachelor Students course is 88.75 and in students of Master Studies Course are 85.97. The result
of Levin was 94% more than 0.5. Therefore the variation was not equal. Rate of T with 398 free
degrees was 1.98.Therefore difference of readiness average to addiction in students of Bachelor
Studies with students of master studies course in level /5 was significant.
Conclusion: The result of research showed that, the difference of readiness to addiction average
in students of Bachelor Student Course with student of Master Studies Course is significant. It
could be said that, for the most of students, period of being student is the time of independence
and forming the personality. The factors such as family and social protection, having abilities
(problem solution) in students of Master Studies Course are more than students of Bachelor
Studies Course. Therefore, probably, they could pass this period with less stress that could be
effective on their less addiction tendency. According to the above result and direct relationship to
misuse of narcotics with growth of crimes, it seems, it is necessary to increase family and social
protection, teaching abilities such as and problem solution to the students of Bachelor Studies
Course.
Keywords: Readiness to Addiction, Bachelor Studies Course, Master, Studies Course.
Effectiveness of Emotional Intelligence Training on Addiction Potential
Among Nurses
Submission Author: Seyed Ehsan Asadi
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Seyed Ehsan Asadi1, Matine Torkian2, Zahra Rezaeean2
1. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
2. Islamic Azad University of Najafabad, Najafabad, IR Iran
Background and Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of
emotional intelligence training in addiction potential among male nurses of lorestsn University of
Medical Sciences.
Methods: This study was conducted as a quasi-experimental one with pre-test and post-test and
a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of undergraduate nurse’s
lorestsn University of Medical Science. In 2012, from the number of 100 nurses in the initial
sample ،40 nurses qualified with the inclusion criteria for entering the study were selected via
criterion sampling and ،then ،were randomly assigned to two groups. Having received eight 90minute training sessions (twice a week) ، the experimental group completed the post-test. The
control group also completed the post-test while they received no intervention. Zargar’s
addiction potential scale (2006) was used as the measurement instrument for this study.
Results: The results of the study showed the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training in
reducing nurses' addiction potential.
Conclusion: Emotional intelligence training is effective in reducing nurse’s addiction potential.
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence Training, Emotional Intelligence, Addiction Potential,
Nurses.
Effect of Opium Addiction and Cigarette Smoking on Hematological
Parameters
Submission Author: Gholamreza Asadikaram
Gholamreza Asadikaram1, Gholamabbas shahabi2, Saeideh Nabati3
1. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Dept. of Biochemistry, Kerman
2.
3.
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University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Dept. of Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Dept. of Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Background and Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of opium
addiction and cigarette smoking on the blood cell count.
Methods: Eighty six male subjects, including 31 opium-addicted smokers , 19 opium-addicted
non-smokers, 17 non- opium-addicted smokers and 19 non- opium-addicted non-smokers
participated in this study and complete blood cell count were evaluated.
Results: The opium-addicted-smokers had significantly higher WBC, lymphocyte and RBC but
decreasing in MCV in comparing with non- opium-addicted non-smokers. The opium-addictednon- smokers had significantly higher lymphocyte in comparing with smokers-non-opiumaddicted. Our results demonstrated that the number of WBC, lymphocytes and RBC were
significantly higher, while, MCV was lower in opium-addictednon-smokers subjects when
compared to non- opium-addictednon-smokers. The opium-addicted-smokers had significantly
higher levels of lymphocyte in comparison with non- opium-addicted smokers. The mean
number of lymphocytes in opium-addicted non-smokers was significantly higher in comparison
with non- opium-addicted smokers. The smokers showed significantly higher levels of WBC in
comparison with non- opium-addicted non-smokers.
Conclusion: Our findings showed that opium-addiction, especially when associated with
cigarette smoking, has severe adverse effects on hematological parameters and these alterations
might be leads to greater risk for developing hematological diseases and imbalance in immune
system.
Keywords: Cigarette Smoking, Addiction, Opium, CBC
Effectiveness of Stress Reduction Methods on Mindfulness in Reducing
Marital Conflicts in Couples with Addict Spouses
Submission Author: Javad Asadolahi
Javad Asadolahi1, Seyyed Ali Kimiayee2, Ali Mashhadi2, Zohre Soleimani Fard4
1. MSc in family counseling, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences Mashhad Ferdowsi
University, Mashhad, IR Iran. ([email protected])
2. Associate professor, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences Mashhad Ferdowsi University,
3.
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Mashhad, IR Iran.
MSc in Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences, University of
Sciences and Research, Tehran, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: Considering the role of family, which is one of the main pillars of
society, it should be said that achieving a healthy society depends on the family. Family health
also depends on the mental health of couples and favorable relationship between them. This
study has been conducted the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction group therapy
in reduction of marital conflicts of couples between whom the husband is an addict, the couples
who go to the parent drug rehabilitation clinic of Mashhad.
Methods: This is a practical study and a quasi-experimental research methodology with a pretest–post-test control-group design has been used. The population consists of all couples who
have gone to the parent drug rehabilitation clinic of Mashhad in (2014) among all these couples
the problem has been drug abuse in husbands. 15 couples with marital conflicts and signs of
aggression have been selected from the population through convenience sampling, and they have
been replaced randomly in one treatment group and one control group. The required data has
been collected through marital conflict questionnaire. Then treatment groups receive eight
sessions of group therapy (each session is 90 minutes); meanwhile, the control group receives no
intervention. Finally, when the group therapy sessions finish, a post-test is given
The results: Findings of the study are analyzed through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) done
with SPSS 21.The results confirm the secondary hypotheses of the research, and show that
mindfulness-based stress reduction group therapy can cause a reduction in marital conflicts of
the husband is an addict
Conclusion: It is also demonstrated that mindfulness-based stress reduction group therapy is
more effective in reduction of, marital conflicts
Keywords: Stress Reduction Group Therapy, Mindfulness, Marital Conflicts
A Comparison Between The Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct
Current Stimulation of The Brain and Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy on Reduction of Social Anxiety Disorder and Craving for
Cigarette
Javad Asadolahi1, Seyyed Ali Kimiayee2, Mostafa Najmi3, Ali Nikoozadeh Mashhadi4, javad
nezafat ferizi5
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Associate professor, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences Mashhad Ferdowsi University,
Mashhad, IR Iran.
MSc in General Psychology, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences Mashhad Ferdowsi
University, Mashhad, IR Iran.
MSc in Educational Psychology, MSc in Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology and
educational Sciences, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, IR Iran.
MSc in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences Mashhad Ferdowsi
Background and Aim: Social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia) is one of the most
common anxiety disorders characterized by extreme fear of social situations. Smokers suffering
from this disorder avoid appearing in public, so their performance in their jobs and education is
in peril, and as a result, their craving for cigarettes is intensified. Researchers’ findings indicate
that various solutions can be effective in the treatment of social anxiety disorder and craving for
cigarettes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to make a comparison between the effectiveness of
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the brain and that of acceptance and commitment
therapy on the university students suffering from these two disorders.
Methods: It is a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test–post-test control-group design. The
population consists of all university students with these disorders who have gone to the
psychology clinic in the education and psychology faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
21 students from the population have been selected using purposive sampling and have been
divided randomly into two treatment groups and one control group. For data collection, Social
Phobia Inventory (SPIN) questionnaire, Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, and the latency to
needing a cigarette (LTNC) survey have been used. At the beginning of treatment, the subjects
completed the questionnaires. Then, after 10 sessions of TDCS and ACT, they were asked to
complete the same questionnaires again
The results: The results indicate that TDCS and ACT can reduce craving for cigarettes and the
symptoms of social anxiety disorder in treatment groups in comparison to the control group.
Conclusion: But TDCS and ACT have been more effective in reduction of craving for cigarette
and social anxiety disorder respectively.
Keywords: TDCS, ACT, Social Anxiety Disorder, Cigarettes Craving.
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Effectiveness of Solution-focused Therapy in Reducing Aggression in
Couples with Addict Spouses
Javad Asadolahi1, Seyyed Ali Kimiayee2, Ali Mashhadi2, malbanini rahimi boreng4
2.
3.
Associate professor, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences Mashhad Ferdowsi University,
Mashhad, IR Iran.
Bachelor of Preschool and School, Department of Ethic sciences, Mashhad Ferdowsi University, Mashhad,
IR Iran.
study has been conducted into the effectiveness of with solution-focused group therapy in
reduction of aggression of couples, between whom the husband is an addict, the couples who go
to the parent drug rehabilitation clinic of Mashhad
have gone to the parent drug rehabilitation clinic of Mashhad in (2014). Among all these couples
the problem has been drug abuse in husbands. 10 couples with marital conflicts and signs of
aggression have been selected from the population through convenience sampling, and they have
been replaced randomly in one treatment group and one control group. The required data has
been collected through aggression questionnaire (Buss and Perry, 1999),. Then treatment groups
receive eight sessions of group therapy (each session is 90 minutes); meanwhile, the control
group receives no intervention. Finally, when the group therapy sessions finish, a post-test is
given
with SPSS 21. The results confirm and show that solution-focused group therapy can cause a
reduction in aggression of the couples between whom the husband is addict.
Conclusion: is more effective in reduction of aggression, and solution-focused group therapy is
more effective in reduction of aggression
Keywords: Solution-focused Therapy, Aggression, Addict.
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Comparison and Effectiveness of Stress Reduction Methods based on
Mindfulness and Solution-focused Therapy on Reducing Aggression and
Marital Conflicts in couples with addict spouses
Javad Asadolahi1, Seyyed Ali Kimiayee2, Ali Mashhadi2
Mashhad, IR Iran.
study has been conducted to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction
group therapy with solution-focused group therapy in reduction of aggression and marital
conflicts of couples between whom the husband is an addict, the couples who go to the parent
drug rehabilitation clinic of Mashhad
have gone to the parent drug rehabilitation clinic of Mashhad in 1393 (2014); among all these
couples the problem has been drug abuse in husbands. 15 couples with marital conflicts and
signs of aggression have been selected from the population through convenience sampling, and
they have been replaced randomly into two treatment groups and one control group. The required
data have been collected through aggression questionnaire (Buss and Perry, 1999), and marital
conflict questionnaire. Then treatment groups receive eight sessions of group therapy (each
session is 90 minutes); meanwhile, the control group receives no intervention. Finally, when the
group therapy sessions finish, a post-test is given
with SPSS 21. The results confirm the secondary hypotheses of the research, and show that
mindfulness-based stress reduction group therapy and solution-focused group therapy can cause
a reduction in aggression and marital conflicts of the couples between whom the husband is an
addict
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Conclusion: It is also demonstrated that mindfulness-based stress reduction group therapy is
more effective in reduction of aggression, and solution-focused group therapy is more effective
in reduction of marital conflicts.
Keywords: Stress Reduction Group Therapy, Mindfulness, Solution-focused, Aggression,
Marital Conflict.
Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) and
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on Reduction of Social
Anxiety Disorder
Javad Asadolahi1, Seyyed Ali Kimiayee2, Mostafa Najmi3, Ali Nikoozadeh Mashhadi4, Hamid
Zolfaghari5
Mashhad, IR Iran.
3. MSc in General Psychology, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences Mashhad Ferdowsi
4. MSc in Educational Psychology, MSc in Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology and
5.
educational Sciences, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, IR Iran. ([email protected])
MSc in Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology and educational Sciences Mashhad Ferdowsi
Background and Aim: Social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia) is one of the most
common anxiety disorders characterized by extreme fear of social situations. Smokers suffering
from this disorder avoid appearing in public, so their performance in their jobs and education is
in peril, and as a result, their craving for cigarettes is intensified. Researchers’ findings indicate
that various solutions can be effective in the treatment of social anxiety disorder and craving for
cigarettes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to make a comparison between the effectiveness of
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the brain and that of acceptance and commitment
therapy on the university students suffering from these two disorders.
Methods: It is a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test–post-test control-group design. The
population consists of all university students with these disorders who have gone to the
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psychology clinic in the education and psychology faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
21 students from the population have been selected using purposive sampling and have been
divided randomly into two treatment groups and one control group. For data collection, Social
Phobia Inventory (SPIN) questionnaire, Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, and the latency to
needing a cigarette (LTNC) survey have been used. At the beginning of treatment, the subjects
completed the questionnaires. Then, after 10 sessions of TDCS and ACT, they were asked to
complete the same questionnaires again
The results: The results indicate that TDCS and ACT can reduce craving for cigarettes and the
symptoms of social anxiety disorder in treatment groups in comparison to the control group.
Conclusion: But TDCS and ACT has been more effective in reduction of craving for cigarette
and social anxiety disorder respectively.
Keywords: TDCS, ACT, Social Anxiety Disorder, Cigarettes Craving.
Psychometric Properties of The AUDIT Questionnaire Amongst MiddleAged and Older Adults in Khuzistan Province of Iran
Submission Author: Abdolrahim Asadollahi
Abdolrahim Asadollahi1, Laleh Fani Saberi2
1. Australian Centre for Quality of Life, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
2. Dept. of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.
Background and Aim: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a brief and a
popular screening instrument used in clinical practice. It has been a pervasive simple tool to
screen in busy medical settings where there is limited time for adult patient interviews and
popular in nursing. To the reliability and validity of the AUDIT questionnaire across elderly
people in Khuzistan province of Iran and discuss its role in the detection of alcohol-related
problems.
Methods: About 135 men with an age range of 45 to 80 and with the mean age of 54.7±3.65
were sampled with the cluster-ratio sampling method from the eight medical centers and
hospitals of Khuzistan province in southwestern Iran. The aged samples replied to the 4 items of
the AUDIT.
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Results: The coefficients of Cronbach’s alpha (α= 0.84), convergent validity (0.82), divergent
validity (-0.17), and criterion validity (0.88) were estimated, which were significant at ρ<0.01.
The exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the 2–items of the AUDIT for ages samples
are organized into one factor (psychic & behavioral) which clarify 98 per cent of the scale’s
variance. Second-order confirmatory factor analysis pointed out that the factor is well matched
up onto a principal factor. Consequently, the 1-factor model was well appropriate for the data by
the fit index techniques for adjusting the scale (AGFI= 0.89, GFI= 0.96, TLI= 0.91, RMSEA=
0.001, IFI= 0.93, NFI= 0.90, CFI= 0.98).
Conclusion: The results pointed to the well-adjusted reliability and validity of the AUDIT and
its usefulness for the relevant studies as well.
Keywords: Validity & Reliability, AUDIT, Alcoholism, Older Adults, Khuzistan Province, Iran
The Role of Irrational Beliefs, Emotional Intelligence and Source of
Control in Tendency to Drug Abuse
Submission Author: Mortaza Asadollahi Fard
Mortaza Asadollahi Fard, Zhila Rasoolzadeh, Fatemeh Hoseyndoust1
Background and Aim: The Purpose of Present study is investigating the role of the Irrational
beliefs, emotional intelligence and Source Control in The tendency to Addiction in drug abusers
to Addiction centers in the city of Tabriz.
Methods: For this purpose, 30 drug abusers to the addiction centers selected by the Available
sampling method and Tested with scales Jones irrational beliefs, shearing emotional intelligence
and Roter Source of Control. This is a Descriptive - analytic study and used of the Regression
and correlation analysis method.
Results: In this study, Irrational Beliefs variable with significant power (0.001), source control
with significant power (0.003) and emotional intelligence variables with significant power
(0.000) could predict Tendency to drug abuse in the addicts.
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Conclusion: Results obtained from this study confirmed that high irrational beliefs ،down
emotional intelligence and External source control Plays a key role in abusing
Keywords: Irrational beliefs - emotional intelligence - source control - the tendency to drug
abuse
Comparison of Executive Functions Between Young Addicts Before and
After Treatment
Submission Author: Alireza Asgari
Alireza Asgari
Background and Aim: Drug addiction could be defined as the narrowing of a person’s goals to
pursue rewards by obtaining, using and recovering from drugs of abuse, despite its undesirable
consequences. Cognitive deficits are common in individuals using these drugs. Different types of
drugs have acute and chronic effects on attention, memory and executive function impairments.
These impairments might be more intensive with chronic drug abuse. The most common
cognitive deficits in the field of opiate dependence include impaired shifting of attention,
response inhibition, and decision making. Reduction of the intensity of cognitive deficits could
be considered an index of the success of drug dependence treatments. To our best knowledge,
there are no studies that compare these deficits before and after adolescence abstinent-base
treatments. Hence this study aims to compare the intensity of these important cognitive deficits
before and after one-month adolescence abstinence to observe how these abstinent subjects
perform on executive tasks after this period.
Methods: Thirty three adolescence subjects (mean age= 18.98 years, SD= 2.56) meeting DSMV criteria addiction in this study. All subjects were addicted at least once daily for more than six
months (mean duration of addiction= 4.07 years, SD= 3.10). They were asked to perform three
types of computer-based cognitive evaluation tasks, namely a Go-NoGo task, Addiction
Modified Stroop task. (AMST) and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), prior to and at the end of a onemonth in-patient abstinence period. These tasks were used to assess subjects’ attention shifting,
response inhibition, distortion of attention and risky decision-making. Data from the pre and
post-abstinence sessions were compared within the subject.
Results: After a one-month adolescence abstinence, reaction time to drug-related and nonrelated words in the Stroop task were significantly reduced (p= 0.002 and 0.011). Moreover,
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scores on non-drug-related words were significantly reduced (p= 0.007) but not so with drug
related words. Regarding response inhibition, reaction time to Go and NoGo stimuli did not
change significantly, although Go scores were significantly lower (p= 0.005) and NoGo scores
were significantly higher (p= 0.002). Regarding risky decision-making in the Iowa gambling
task, we found that risk tacking was significantly lower (p= 0.013 and 0.005) and effective
decision-making was significantly higher (p= 0.005).
Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that although most of the evaluated cognitive deficits
were significantly reduced in one-month adolescence abstinence, our findings suggest that these
subjects act more conservatively after this period of abstinence
Keywords: Young Addicts, Executive Functions, Addiction Treatment.
Effectiveness of Meta Cognitive Therapy on Stress and Social
Coexistence in The Addicted Women
Submission Author: Maedeh Ashrafi
Maedeh Ashrafi1, Behrouz karkhanaeie2, Azar Khalaj Masoumi3
1. MSc. Psychology, University of applied science and technology, Hamedan, Iran
2. Associate professor, Hamedan University of Medical sciences, Hamedan Iran.
3. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: There are many and various factors effected upon addiction in Women
Such as: Stress, high contacts and arguments in the family, Some Social and cultural tensions
Such as Severe discrimination on the Social and economical Situations, no improved Skill
fullness of life, no personal Sufficiency for acquiring the best occupational Status, mental and
Spiritual difficulties. Since all the women will the future mothers and they are devoted to
educating and teach the future generations in every country, therefore, all of them are highly
vulnerable against all the damages and difficulties which results in highly severe effects on them.
Therefore, It must be noted that it is very necessary to investigating the psychological Studies for
preventing, opposition and therapies. Acquiring the best life situation and high coexistence in
these Societies, these Women must change and improve their mental and belief patterns in the
Society. So, in this research, some factors, such as Meta cognition Studies upon Stress control
and social coexistence on these addicted women performed in Hamedan town
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Methods: Among them, about the 30 women desired to take part in this research as a sample
group whom divided in half about 15 women in both experimental and Control group. The
research plan is based on the pre-test and post-test on the control group Of course, some Social
Coexistence test (SAS) and (SRI) used in this research. The educational interferences performed
on the experimental group during 8 Sessions for 90 minutes. The data analyses based on the
MANCOVA method.
Results: The psychological intereferences result in highly improving the psychological health
and Social communications on these women, too.
Conclusion: The data analyzed investigations showed that therapy program at the psychological
interferences results in highly decreasing the tension, aggression, depression, exhaustion and
disappoint meant. Also, there are positive and meaningful influences upon the increasing the
addicted women communications with their families, because these Studies can improve and
increasing their Suitable abilities toward encountering the Stress Control.
Keywords: Meta Cognition, Stress, Addicted Women, Social Coexistence
Spiritual Growth of Wives of Drug Addicts in The Process of Recovery
From Co-Dependency
Submission Author: Parastoo Askian
Parastoo Askian1, Maznah Baba2, Rusnani Abdul Kadir3, Steven Eric Krauss4, Hesameddin
Masoumian Sharghi5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Counseling Center of Oil Company, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Educational Studies, University of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Institute for Social Science Studies (IPSAS), Universiti of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Welfare Organization, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Drug addiction is not simply an individual problem, and impacts on the
entire family. According to co-dependency model, family members of drug addicts, especially
their spouses are co-dependent and suffer from this condition. Co-dependency is often described
as a condition whereby a person/s related to the drug addict is extremely focused on the addict
and his/her behavior such that the family member eventually becomes dysfunctional. The same
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as drug addicts, the family members also need their own recovery from co-dependency. NarAnon 12 step group is a successful and pervasive self-help group for recovery of family
members of drug addicts which basically is a spiritual approach. The aim of this study was
exploring the spiritual growth of wives of drug addicts in the process of recovery from codependency in Nar-Anon self-help groups.
Methods: This study employed qualitative case study design for exploring the spiritual growth
of wives of drug addicts. Through a purposive snowball sampling technique, 11 Iranian wives of
drug addicts, who had been actively participating in Nar-Anon self-help groups were selected
and voluntarily participated in this study. The data were collected through face to face
interviews, non-participation observation, and documents.
Results: The data analysis revealed three themes for the spiritual growth of the participants,
consisted of: reliance on God, surrender to God and constant relationship with God.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that spiritual growth played an important role in
the process of recovery from co-dependency among wives of drug addicts.
Keywords: Spiritual Growth, Wives of Drug Addicts, Recovery from Co-dependency, NarAnon self-help Groups
The Meaning of “Detachment” for Family Members of Substance
Abusers in 12 Step Self-Help Groups
Submission Author: Parastoo Askian
Parastoo Askian1, Maznah Bt Baba2, Rusnani Bt Abdul Kadir3, Steven Eric Krauss4, Hesameddin
Masoumian Sharghi5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Counseling Center of Oil Company, Tehran, Iran
Institute for Social Science Studies (IPSAS), Universiti of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Welfare Organization, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: 12 step programs for families of alcoholics and narcotics which
respectively named for Al-Anon and Nar-Anon has helped thousands of people all around the
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world to recover from the negative effects of living with an alcoholic or a drug addict. Al-Anon
and Nar-Anon suggests that family members need to accept that they are powerless over
controlling the alcoholic or drug addict individual and they also need to detach themselves from
the irresponsible behaviors of the addict person in a loving way. The aim of this study was to
explore the meaning of the concept of detachment in the 12 step self-help groups.
Methods: The present study is a type of literature review that is named integrative reviews. This
study reviewed the results of library archives about 12 step self-help groups of Al-Anon and NarAnon and their related documents.
Results: The findings revealed that detachment is based on the premise that each person is
responsible for himself or herself. The family members are encouraged to take the responsibility
of their own lives rather than focusing on the addict’s life and trying hopelessly to control him or
her. In fact, the focus of detachment is relief from the pain and suffering that result from living
with an alcohol- or drug-dependent person. On the other hand, the family members learn to stop
their enabling behaviors which are counterproductive and indirectly help the addicts to continue
their addiction.
Conclusion: Detachment is one of the important concepts in the process of recovery of family
members of substance abusers which help them to detach themselves from preoccupation with
addiction in the family and stop destructive enabling behaviors.
Keywords: Detachment, Family Members of Substance Abusers, 12 Step Self-help Groups.
The Effectiveness of Desensitization Therapy with Eye Motions on Selfrespect and The Compatibility of Addicts
Submission Author: Roghayeh Atlasi Shiraz
Roghayeh Atlasi Shiraz1
Background and Aim: This investigation did in order to effectiveness of sensitivity therapy
with eye motions and reprocessing on self-respect and the compatibility of addicts who are under
treatment with Methadon.
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Methods: In investigation that it is likeness test 30 patients who are addicted to drug were
selected via a purposive sampling method that they refer to addiction centers in Ajabshir town.
Then they put in two test groups: test group (15 persons) and control group (15 persons) random.
Patients in test group were put under therapy via a desensitization method with eye motion and
reprocessing for the meeting. Patients in control group just received methadone. Cooper Smith
self-respect and Bell compatibility questionnaire were used to collect data. In two pretest-posttest
steps. In order to statistical analysis of data were used covariance analysis.
Results: Results indicated that average marks of self-respect and compatibility of test group
were significantly more than the control group.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that desensitization therapy via eye movement is effective on
increase self-respect and compatibility addicts who are under treatment with methadone.
Keywords: Desensitization Therapy with Eye Motions, Self-respect, Compatibility, Addiction.
The Role of Personality Variables and Family Factors in The Prediction
of Substance Abuse Risk Profile in University Students
Submission Author: Fatemeh Ayatmehr
Fatemeh Ayatmehr1, Hamed Ghiasi 2, Shahram Mohammadkhani 3
1. MSc. In Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Karaj. Iran.
2. MA. In Clinical Psychology.
3. Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Karaj. Iran.
Background and Aim: Drug use tendency as a multidimensional phenomenon is influenced by
a combination of factors including personality and family factors. In this regard, the aim of the
present research was to investigate the role of personality variables and family factors on the
prediction of substance use risk profile in university students.
Methods: To do so, 212 students were selected from Kharazmi, Payam Noor and Azad
universities of Karaj by random sampling and completed the NEO-FFI, substance use risk profile
(SURPS), and the risk and protective factors inventories. Finally, data was analyzed by using
Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis
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Results: The results indicated that the correlation between SURPS total score and extroversion
(r= -0.34), agreeableness (r=-0.47), and conscientiousness (r= -0.48) was significantly negative
and with neuroticism (r= 0.56) was significantly positive. Moreover, there was a significant
correlation between SUPRS total score and weak bond with the family (r= 0.35), familial
conflicts (r= 0.27), and family’s positive attitude toward drugs (r= 0.18). Additionally, the results
of regression analysis in which the family factors were excluded, revealed that personality
factors (i.e. Neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) predicted 38.9 %
of the variance of substance use risk profile in university students.
Conclusion: Considering the results of current research and the role of personality variables on
the prediction of university students’ substance use, it’s possible to identify at-risk students and
plan preventive programs for them.
Keywords: Substance Abuse Risk profile, protective factors, personality Variables, Family
Factors.
Passive Communication Style and Its Role In Addiction
Submission Author: Zahra Ayazi
Zahra Ayazi1, sayed Jalil Hosseini Irani2, Alireza Asgharzade3, Homeira Mohamadi4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Shahrekord, Iran.
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences.Shahrekord, Iran. Email: [email protected]
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Shahrekord, Iran. Email:[email protected]
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Shahrekord, Iran. Email: [email protected]
Background and Aim: Good communication skills require higher levels of self-awareness.
Being aware of one's own communication style can lead to an effective and continuous
communication with others. One of the most important communication styles that can have a
close relationship with the phenomenon of addiction, is passive communication style that the
person with its extreme apology and seemed small himself, ignore all thoughts, feelings and
personal rights in favor of the opposite side.
Methods: The present study has been developed after study; check out the articles and valid
books through library search and clinical experiences, in 2015.
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Results: In the passive communication style and in terms of beliefs, person do not express their
true emotions, never, don’t disagree with any opposition, consider more rights for others,
establish more indirect connection, is careful and always positive and did not give any challenge
in life. In terms of behavior, a lot of sighs, does not cause conflict, in the unfair behavior is calm.
Without the need apologize, allow to other people to choose him, Cannot planning, and ignores
sacrifices himself, does not have face movements, of the agreement smiles and shakes his head,
his voice is low, his eyes are down, his approach to problems is avoid, neglect, abandonment and
delay. Experiences inability and lack of power, frustration and anxiety, and for these reasons, is
highly vulnerable to addiction.
Conclusion: fading out of the constructive role of the family in the institutionalization of the
relationship between individual and group work, leads to addiction to adopt a passive
communication style.
Keywords: Communication Style, Passive Communication, Addiction.
Narcotics Are Cheaper Than Food in Pakistan: Our PWIDs are dying
from AIDS
Submission Author: Zeeshan Ayyaz
Zeeshan Ayyaz1
1. Amitiel Welfare Society
Background and Aim: It is estimated that worldwide there are nearly 12.7million people who
inject drugs. The UNODC estimates that Pakistan has 6.7million drug users, of whom 4 million
are addicts, giving us one of the highest number in the world. The UNAIDS Pakistan estimates
68,000 people are living with HIV.
Methods: Our Society provides NSP, condoms, medical care and is linked to Government
Victoria Hospital for rehabilitation PWIDs in Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Results: In 2014, we visited 6 drug hot spots and recruited 60 PWIDs. We examined their drug
use, sexual risk behavior, attitudes, HCV and HIV testing experience. Most were males (80%)
with a mean age of 30 yrs (R: 15 - 54 yr), Muslim (92%) and illiterate (55%). All were local
Bahawalpur PWIDs, many slept on the streets (83%) and their source of income was scavenging
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from garbage (88%). PWIDs thought their parents (53%) and the community (56%) hated them.
They first used drugs at a mean age 18 yrs (R: 15 - 54 yrs). Most injected Morphine tablets,
Pheniramine and Diazepam liquid (90%), many shared syringes (85%) and want to quit drugs
(66%). Most have had sexual intercourse (95%), with sex workers (38%), had a sexual
preference for females (73%), but few used condoms (18%) or knew about safe sex (21%), or
STIs (33%). Over half had genital itch (58%). Disturbingly few PWIDs knew about HCV (10%),
just one person had been tested for HCV (1.7%), yet many were interested in being tested for
HCV (85%). Most had been tested for HIV (73%) and many were living with HIV (52%).
Conclusion: Pakistani PWIDs suffer many problems, lack access to harm reduction services and
are dying from inaction. We recommend urgent action to address this catastrophe in the making.
Keywords: Narcotics, AIDs, Pakistan
Relationship Between The Ages of Chronic Methamphetamine Dose of
Testosterone and Changes in LH, DHEA, FSH, in Men
Submission Author: Somaye Azadbakt
Somaye Azadbakt1, Mehrdad Salehi2
1. Author-in-chief: M.A. Student Physiology, Falavarjan University, Isfahan, Iran,
2. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran.
Background and Aim: Drug and unpleasant phenomenon of addiction, individual and social
factors affect the incidence of to this the attention unpleasant phenomenon caused in this study to
determine the factors influencing age is an addiction
Methods: Materials and methods: In this study, 30 men of consumer chronic doses of
methamphetamine medical clinic in Isfahan were tested randomly those taking the questionnaire
filled out during interviews and after sampling blood samples were taken to hospital laboratory
Alzahra a vitro and serum samples were isolated and tested for hormone LH, FSH, DHEA and
testosterone were prepared and the comparison of data using SPSS software was used for
analysis.
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Results: Results obtained from this study showed a relationship between age and changes in
hormones LH, FSH, DHEA and testosterone in chronic methamphetamine dose not exist. (P<
0.05)
Conclusion: Conclusion: age of consumer cause a significant change in the levels of LH, FSH,
DHEA and testosterone cannot be
Keywords: DHEA, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Methamphetamine
The Role of NMDA Receptors in The Development of Tolerance to The
Effects of Salicylate in The CA1 Hippocampus Area of The Rats
Submission Author: Leila Azimi
Leila Azimi1, Yaghub Fathollahi2, Narges Hoseinmardi3
1. Neuroscience department, School of advance technology in medicine, Tehran University of Medical
2. Physiology department, Medicine faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3. Physiology department, Medicine faculty,Shahid Beheshti University of medical science, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: NSAIDs are commonly used in particular for the treatment of
postoperative pain. Studies showed that chronic administration of NSAIDs can progressively
lead to the loss of their anti-nociceptive effect, but its mechanisms are presently unknown,
clearly. It has been reported that NMDA receptors have also been implicated in different forms
of drug-induced neural and behavioral plasticity, including the development of tolerance,
sensitization or physical dependence. In this study, we investigated the amount of mRNA of
NR2A subunit of NMDA receptor due to in vivo sodium salicylate, following LTP induction in
the CA1 hippocampal area.
Methods: Male Wistar rats (150–180 g) with a 12 h light/dark cycle and free access to water and
food were used. Sodium salicylate (300 mg/kg, twice-daily, i.p.) was administered for three days.
Tolerance to the ant nociceptive effect of sodium salicylate was measured using a hot plate. Gene
expression assay was done using semi quantitative reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain
reaction (RTPCR) that were carried out using selective forward and reverse primers for β-actin
(internal standard) and NR2A. The band densities were normalized to β-actin for each sample.
To study changes in cellular machinery that is working during LTP induction, 90min after HFS
195 |
application on hippocampal slices, the mRNA of NR2A subunit were measured. One way
ANOVA, paired and unpaired t-tests or Mann Whitney U test when were used for data analysis.
Results: We found that chronic administration of sodium salicylate reduced mRNA of NR2A
subunit of NMDA receptor in Ca1 area of the hippocampus that was inversed following LTP
induction.
Conclusion: Decreased NR2A mRNA levels in the hippocampal slices due to in vivo chronic
salicylate was consistent with its effect on reduce capacity for LTP induction and might be the
cause of tolerance to salicylate effects.
Keywords: NSAID, Salicylate, NMDA, LTP, PCR
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Medical Sciences Students on The
Prevention of Smoking
Submission Author: Maryam Aziz
Maryam Aziz1, Maryam Azizi1, Ali Momeni2, Maryam Teymorimanesh2, Amir Pishgoee2
1. Department of Psychiatric Nursing, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
2. AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Smoking is one of the most dangerous health behaviors that endanger
people's physical and mental health. Even at a young age that many behaviors are emerging trend
of smoking among young people has created a lot of concerns. Therefore, knowledge of medical
students about smoking and related diseases can play a positive role and productive as the health
patterns. The aim of this research is to assess the knowledge, attitude and the performance of
medical students in relation to smoking
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 students Military Medical University
in 2014-2015. Sampling was conducted with samples available. Anonymous questionnaire
containing demographic information and questions on knowledge, attitude and practice of
students of Medical Sciences (Nursing, Medicine) in relation to the prevention of smoking. It
Contains 12 questions on age, sex, education, year of entry, marital status, field of interest, native
or non-native, busy work and study simultaneously, having a history of mental disorder, have
physical problems, history of smoking in first-degree relatives and 12 questions in the field of
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view and 5 questions in performance. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were
evaluated in previous studies. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16.0. To describe the statistical
characteristics of aspects of smoking knowledge, attitudes and practices among respondents,
descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and percent frequency) were used and for
comparison between the groups according to the presence or absence of normal distribution, the t
test or Mann-Whitney tests were used.
Results: The mean age of students was 23 years that 76.3 percent of students who have never
smoked and 23.7% of students smoke. In this study, we found scores of awareness, knowledge
and performance of students were higher than the average. Female students' attitudes about
smoking, was more in comparison with male students. But in different areas of knowledge and
practice was the same in 2sexes.
Conclusion: The aim of this study is arranged to provide information about the effective
variables on smoking in the population studied. And given the proven harm of tobacco and the
results obtained in this study, immediate action by policymakers to reform the country's health
knowledge, attitude and practice of students (as a social reference class) about the health risks
are recommended.
Keywords: Awareness, Smoking, Student, Attitude, Prevention.
The Effect of Emotion Regulation Skills Training on Attachment Styles
Moderation
Submission Author: Elahe Azizi
Maryam Rezaii1, Elahe Azizi1
1. Department of Addiction Prevention, Welfare Organization of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
Background and Aim: The purpose of this study is to create moderation in the attachment style
of adolescents, living in boarding houses of Mashhad Welfare, by the use of emotion regulation
skills' training.
Methods: This study is an applied research of a quasi-experimental type. 42 adolescents, living
in boarding houses of Mashhad Welfare in 1391were chosen according to one step cluster
sampling. Their age varied from14 to 18, and they were randomly divided into control and
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experimental groups. Samples were evaluated by attachment questionnaire and emotion
regulation difficulties scale, before and after implementation of emotion regulation skills training
program in the experimental group. For data analysis, we used multivariate analysis of
covariance (MANCOVA).
The results: This study indicates the reduction of post-test scores, for the experimental group in
the emotion regulation difficulty scale and anxious attachment, in comparison with the control
group. But there isn’t any change in the avoidant and secure attachment.
Conclusion: In conclusion, we can perceive that emotion regulation skills' training is effective
on anxious attachment style moderation and emotion difficulties reduction.
Keywords: Anxious Attachment, Avoidant Attachment, Secure Attachment, Emotion
Regulation
Relapse Coping Strategies in Young Adults in Bushehr Province
Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
Submission Author: Mohammad Azmal
Mohammad Azmal1
1. Department of Mental Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, R Iran.
Background and Aim: Cognitive-behavioral coping approach is known as an effective strategy
for preventing relapse. Its goal is to forget incompatible behaviors and replaces them with the
compatible answers. This study examines relapse coping strategies in young adults in Bushehr
province substance abuse treatment centers.
Methods: The present is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 70 selfreferred young addicts (18-24 years) in Bushehr province substance abuse centers. ARCQ was
used to assess relapse coping strategies. Analytical and descriptive statistics were used to analyze
the data.
Results: The findings revealed that 71.2 percent have experienced a relapse totally. It was hard
(mean 7.39 of 10) to control the hypothetical high risk situation and they greatly wanted to use
substance. Addicts have used of all three coping skills in ‘definitely would do’ level.
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Conclusion : According to high tendency to return to drug use in high risk situations by addicts,
enhancing their self-efficacy through training coping skills specially abstinence- focused coping
skills to react properly in high risk situation can be useful.
Keywords: Relapse, Coping Strategies, Young Adult Addicts, Substance Abuse Centers.
Genome Wide Association Studies Could Be A Solution to Know Genetic
Role in Addiction Behavior
Submission Author: Hadi Babaei
Hadi Babaei1
1. Genetics, Paediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, School of medicine, Isfahan university of medical
sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: Substantial genetic contributions to addiction vulnerability are supported
by data from twin studies, linkage studies, candidate gene association studies and, more recently,
Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Parallel to this work, animal studies have attempted
to identify the genes that may contribute to responses to addictive drugs and addiction liability,
initially focusing upon genes for the targets of the major drugs of abuse.
Methods: we discuss the mechanisms underlying intergenerational epigenetic transmission,
highlight studies that demonstrate this phenomenon with particular attention to the field of
addiction, and identify gaps for future studies.
Results: These studies identified genes/proteins that affect responses to drugs of abuse; however,
this does not necessarily mean that variation in these genes contributes to the genetic component
of addiction liability. One of the major problems with initial linkage and candidate gene studies
was an a priori focus on the genes thought to be involved in addiction based upon the known
contributions of those proteins to drug actions, making the identification of novel genes unlikely.
The GWAS approach is systematic and agnostic to such a priori assumption.
Conclusion: From the numerous GWAS now completed several conclusions may be drawn: (1)
addiction is highly polygenic; each allelic variant contributing in a small, additive fashion to
addiction vulnerability; (2) unexpected, compared to our a priori assumption, classes of genes are
most important in explaining addiction vulnerability; (3) although substantial genetic
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heterogeneity exists, there is substantial convergence of GWAS signals on particular genes. This
review traces the history of this research; from initial transgenic mouse models based upon
candidate gene and linkage studies, through the progression of GWAS for addiction and nicotine
cessation, to the current human and transgenic mouse studies post-GWAS.
Keywords: Addiction, Drug Abuse, Genome-wide Association Study, Linkage, Nicotine
Cessation, Transgenic, Knockout, Genetics
Mechanism of Epigenetics and Aenetics That Work Together to Provide
an Integrated Mechanism of Gene Expression in Addictive-like
Behaviors
Submission Author: Hadi Babaei
Hadi Babaei1
1. Genetics, Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, School of medicine, Isfahan university of medical
sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
Background and Aim: Recently, it has been demonstrated that epigenetic factors contribute to
disease heritability and may provide the missing link between environmental stimuli and genetic
heritability. The definition of epigenetics has evolved to include both heritable and stable
changes in gene expression within mature, post-mitotic cells without alterations in the DNA
sequence Epigenetic mechanisms translate environmental stimuli into stable alterations in
chromatin structure that function to activate or repress gene transcription. Recent findings have
demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to drug-induced structural, synaptic, and
behavioral plasticity by orchestrating expression of gene networks in discrete brain nuclei. Thus,
epigenetics provides a direct molecular mechanism for drugs of abuse to influence the genetic
events involved in the development as well as heritability of addiction. The goal of this review is
to discuss the potential mechanisms whereby environmental exposure to drugs of abuse can
cause alterations in the epigenome and thereby be transmitted to future generations. First we will
review known mechanisms of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Next, we highlight a few
recent studies that directly examine potential mechanisms of transgenerational epigenetic
inheritance following various environmental stimuli and lastly focus on known mechanisms of
transmission in preclinical drug addiction studies.
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Methods: In this article, we provide a narrative review of Epigenetics and genetics roles for
addictions with a goal of placing existing data and theories.
Results: In general, characteristics are inherited by the transfer of DNA through the germline.
However, it is now clear that traits can be inherited through the epigenome as well. Until
recently, epigenetic modifications were thought to be completely erased in the germline and reestablished in each subsequent generation. However, new findings indicate that this erasure is
not complete and that epigenetic modifications acquired in one generation can be inherited by the
next generation.
Conclusion: The evidence presented here demonstrates that rapid environmental adaptation
occurs following exposure to a number of stimuli. Epigenetic mechanisms represent the key
components by which the environment can influence genetics, and they provide the missing link
between genetic heritability and environmental influences on the behavioral and physiological
phenotypes of the offspring.
Keywords: Heritability, Epigenome, Gene Transcription
The Relation Between Parent-child Relationship with The Tendency to
Addiction and Suicide in Adolescents
Submission Author: Mahnaz Babaei
Mahnaz Babaei1
1. Department of social sciences and political sciences, Golestan University,Gorgan,Iran
Background and Aim: Parents-children relationships are critical not only in childhood, but also
in adulthood. The effect of parents-children relationships on mental health and children
psychological distress is inevitable. Thus, the present research carried out to study the
relationship of parent-child interaction with the tendency to addiction and suicide among
adolescents.
Methods: This descriptive research methodology is a correlational. Statistical population
included all female high school students in Gorgan city, in 2014. Sampling was done by random
clustering method, and the volume sample was 200 individuals. Data collected through using
Moorland and Shouble parents-children relationship questionnaire (scale) (PCRS), addiction
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tendency questionnaire, and adolescents’ suicide questionnaire (ASQ). Data analyzed through
Pearson correlation coefficipient and multivariate regression analysis
Results: The results show that there is no significant relation between parents-children
relationship and the tendency to addiction; whereas, there is a significant relation seen between
parents-children relationship and adolescents suicide. Moreover, results of regression analysis
indicated that parents-children relationship could relatively predict suicide tendency among
female adolescents.
Conclusion: As children grow up and upbringing in family, the family inefficacy, and improper
emotional climate may lead to various deviations in children.
Keywords: Parent-child Interaction, Tendency to Addiction, Tendency to Suicide.
Comparative Identity Styles and Coping Strategies of Drug Abuser and
Normal Individuals
Submission Author: Mahnaz Babaei
Mahnaz Babaei1
1. Department of social sciences and political sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran.
Background and Aim: Addiction and drug abuse is one of the major issues of the present age
spreading worldwide, and even gone beyond health care boundaries turning into a mental, social,
and family dilemma. Thus, the present study conducted to compare identity styles and coping
strategies of drug abused and normal individuals.
Methods: This is a casual-comparative research. The statistical population consisted of all
addicts visiting addiction clinics in Neka city; the normal statistical population contained all
freelance men in Nrka city in 2014. 60 individuals (30 addicts and 30 normal ones) homogenized
in terms of age, gender, and education variables were selected through convenience sampling
method and filled out identity styles and coping strategies questionnaires. Obtained data
analyzed through t-test
Results: Obtained results revealed that there is a significant difference between identity styles
and coping strategies of drug abused and normal individuals. It means that drug abused
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individuals often have confused identity style; while, normal ones possess successful identity.
Further, coping strategies of drug-abused individuals are also ineffective; whereas, normal
individuals are always apply problem-centered coping strategies.
Conclusion: Recognizing addicts’ mental and personality traits is critically important requiring
serious research efforts.
Keywords: Identity Styles, Coping Strategies, Drug abuse
The Effect of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy in Reducing
Depression in Addicts Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Submission Author: Zeinab Babaei
Zeinab Babaei1, Asghar Jafari2
1. MA in Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University,
Gazvin, Iran
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran
Background and Aim: The tendency to use drugs as a serious problem at a global level.
Damaging effects of psychological, sociological, and economic dependence on personal and
family life and ultimately the consumer is not a secret society. A high prevalence of mental
disorders associated with substance abuse and the consequences of many looking into
Dard.sndrmhay of material can complete all psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders,
major, mimic psychosis and anxiety the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy approach to reduce depression in addicts under the MMT
Methods: Materials and methods: The population of drug users in methadone maintenance
treatment for drug abuse treatment clinics Sorkhab & Amid pur Hashtgerd city which is 230
persons, 40 patients were selected from those who are willing to cooperate. First of all drug users
in methadone maintenance treatment has completed the General Health Questionnaire, Was
performed to evaluate the number of addicts in methadone maintenance treatment with moderate
and severe depression, 12 had a high score for the program were divided Add to eliminate the
loss of several members were considered. Addicts in methadone maintenance therapy with a
psychologist diagnose enter Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy The severity of depression
assessment was in pre-test, post-test and follow up.
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Results: The results showed that the mean scores of depression training group compared with
the control group showed lower scores of depression. These findings after adjustment for pretest
scores was found (Its two contributions 0.728, P<0.0005, F= 56.10, The degrees of freedom 1&
37).
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, the underlying mechanisms (including
acceptance, awareness raising, desensitization, Mindfulness, observer, without judgment, to
confront and release) reduce the depression of drug users in methadone maintenance treatment .
It is therefore proposed to be added to the MMT approach to mindfulness.
Keywords: Addiction, Methadone Maintenance Therapy, Depression, Mindfulness-based
Cognitive Therapy
Relationship Between Internet Addiction and Personality Traits with
Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Students
Submission Author: Laleh Babanazari
Laleh Babanazari1, Samira Musavi2
1. Farhangian University
2. Salman Farsi University
Background and Aim: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship
between internet addiction and personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties in students of
Salman Farsi university.
Methods: A group consisting of 120 participants from students completed Young Internet
Addiction Test (1998), NEO personality scale (1992) and Graz difficulty in emotion regulation
(2004). Results using independent t-test, Pearson correlation and regression analysis was
conducted.
Results: Analysis of the results showed that there is no difference between men and women in
the field of Internet addiction. The personality trait neuroticism has a significant relationship
with an Internet addiction and other subscales of personality characteristics didn’t have a
significant relationship with Internet addiction. The relationship between Internet addiction and
difficulty in emotion regulation was not significant.
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Conclusion: Internet addiction is predictable with personality traits
Keywords: Internet Addiction, Personality Traits, Emotion Regulation, Students.
Mental Health and Drug Abuse Among Children of Drug Related
Prisoners
Submission Author: Zahra Bagheri
Zahra Bagheri1, Mahsa Jafari1, Morteza Soleimany3, Golnaz foruzandehfar1, Saeed Momtazi1,
Soghrat Faghihzade1
1. Zanjan University of medical sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran.
2. zanjan prisons and security, Zanjan, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Families of prisoners for substance crimes are one of the most
vulnerable groups in the society. Not only are they under the pressure of economical and
emotional issues but also vulnerable to mental disorders and prevalence of delinquency among
their children. The goal of this study is to determine level of mental health and attitude toward
substance among children with parent(s) incarcerated for substance related crimes in the city of
Zanjan at 2013. Next step is to considerate findings of this study to design a set of preventative
actions in the target population.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on a sample consistent of 30 person
volunteers taken by random sampling. All participants over the age of 15 years and a parent
incarcerated for drug related crimes have been investigated. Data analysis has been performed
with interval estimate and chi-square test using SPSS19 software.
Results: 56.7 % of participants were precautious (suspected) due to their mental health. Most
and least history of substance use were orderly tobacco (90%) and inhalants (3.3%) and the state
of mental health and marital status were significantly associated (P <0.05) was observed.
Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that children of imprisoned families for drug
related crimes are more likely to have a history of substance use. More than half of these children
have serious mental health issues. We recommend further studies on control group in order to
determine the accurate rate of vulnerability of this population in society.
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Keywords: Mental Health, Drug Abuse, Drug Related Prisoners
Comparison of Addicts and Healthy Lifestyle in The Ilam 2013-2014
Submission Author: Marzieh Bagheri
Marzieh Bagheri1, Masood Poorrahimi2, Ahmad Majidipoor3
1. MSc. In Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ilam, Ilam. Iran.
2. MSc. In Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ilam, Ilam. Iran.
3. MSc. In Education and Education Assessment Zarynabad area Ilam, Ilam. Iran.
Background and Aim: Life styles and individual choice are a manifestation of the search for
identity. Because plague of destructive addiction on different aspects of life affected, the
prominent role of lifestyle in health care is a growing concern. The aim of this study was to
compare the lifestyle of the people is the abuse by individuals in Ilam.
Methods: This study was a comparison, the population of people with normal people Ilam abuse
constituted randomly from each group, 140 were selected, instrument-making lifestyle
questionnaire Walker et al. (1978), respectively. Data analysis software with both descriptive and
inferential spss20 took place, and explain the assumptions using Pearson correlation coefficient
and t-test was performed.
Results: The results showed a significant relationship between the level of education,
occupation, lifestyle there (P<0.001), as well as between the components of the six lifestyle (t=
3.25) there was a significant difference between the two groups.
Conclusion: One aimed at promoting health lifestyles, and it certainly has an impact on human
health and can say whatever lifestyle health promoting health in various aspects of life of older
people increases. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences in
lifestyle between the two groups and people with substance abuse were lower than lifestyle.
Keywords: Lifestyle, Substance Abuser, Healthy people.
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The Psychological Well-being Than People with Healthy Ilam Abuse
Submission Author: Marzieh Bagheri
Marzieh Bagheri1, Ahmad Majidipoor2, PhD Ali Rowshanizade3
1. Master of Science in Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ilam, Ilam. Iran.
2. Master of Education and Master of Education Assessment Zarynabad area Ilam, Ilam. Iran.
3. PhD in Education Trends Philosophy of Education, Islamic Azad University of Ilam, Ilam. Iran.
Background and Aim: Always keeping in mind the issue of destructive addiction and its
harmful consequences on the individual and family is clearly Between those who are involved
with addiction, and those who do not have the problem of mental Inserts Understand the
difference there. Psychological well-being is affected by a variety of social relationships, family,
personality and identity is formed in them. This study aimed to compare the psychological wellbeing of people with substance abuse in 2014 were healthy individuals in Ilam.
Methods: This study was a comparison, the population of people with substance abuse and
healthy individuals in Ilam formed randomly selected from each group, 140, Psychological wellbeing questionnaire was gauges. Data analysis software with both descriptive and inferential
spss20 took place, and explain the assumptions using Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test
was performed.
Results: The results showed a significant relationship between the level of education,
occupation, and psychological well-being, there (001/0 p <), the psychological well-being
subscales (64/3 = t) were significantly different between the two groups.
Conclusion: Addiction is one of the issues that impact on mental health, and it can clearly be
seen. The results of the study showed that people with substance abuse compared to healthy
subjects had lower psychological well-being and health.
Keywords: Psychological well-being, Mental Health, Healthy People, Substance abuser
The Impact of The Implementation of Life Skills Training to Prevent
Recurrence of Adolescent Addicted in The Secondary Prevention Level
of Addiction Abandonment Centers in Shiraz
207 |
Submission Author: Tina Bagheri
Tina Bagheri1, Soheil Rafiee 2, Safora Ghane3
1. MA Clinical Psychology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
2. MD, MPH, Infection Deseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
3. MA General Psychology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Background and Aim: Addictive behavior and drug abuse are a result of other mental health
disorders and injuries is social and familial. Understanding the causes and factors and etiology of
addiction can help to Superior analysis of the phenomenon of addiction and the use of
appropriate preventive strategies. On the one hand age of addiction has come down and the other
side increased statistics. Since prevention is always prior to treatment, the design of training
courses aimed at primary prevention of drug abuse is necessary. The purpose of this study, life
skills training as secondary preventive programs in the form of educational projects, including
how to select the target, decision making, problem solving, communication, increases the
confidence, self-expression, relaxation techniques illogical pressures against others And its effect
on the likelihood of recurrence young people under treated In addiction abandonment center for
substance abuse.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted and samples were selected from among
the youth of the city of Shiraz. The main hypothesis of the research is to teach life skills for
preventing the likelihood of substance abuse is involved. A data collection questionnaire
researcher with the scale of life skills and prevention of drug abuse was conducted. Statistical
information is also used to evaluate the student's t-test. Data analysis shows that life skills
education on (p = 0.02) as well as research indicates the impact of training in the promotion of
life skills, awareness And the impact of life skills training on the prevention of drug and driving.
Drug addiction and substance abuse are difficult and complex disorder, Therefore, based on a
factor such as information a factor, low self-esteem and abandons other factors, is naive. The fact
of the matter is that the risk of creating drug complex and multiple causes of family, personal and
social and other adjustment factors, will fluctuate.
Results: It seems that the more successful programs or multiple multifaceted approach both in
regard to policy and to operate at different levels of education. Contraceptive methods are not
only the issue of abuse, but also with secondary skills training to individuals and coping
mechanisms and behaviors that don’t rely on materials have a deal. In addition to these
programs, an urgent need for a broad family and social activities in order to promote positive
relationships and to eliminate or at least reduce factors that may lead to substance abuse.
Conclusion: Perhaps in this way we emphasize the complexity of the problem of substance
abuse problems and a comprehensive review is determined any effective effort to deal with them.
Keywords: Addiction, Life Skills, Secondary Prevention.
208 |
Effect of Swim Training During Addiction Abstinence on Thyroid
Hormone in Addicted Rats
Submission Author: Tina Bagheri
Tina Bagheri1, Vahid Bagheri1, Soheil Rafiee 2
1. MA Clinical Psychology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
2. MD MPH , Infection Deseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Background and Aim: Human learn experience and habit to it that have reward and
satisfaction. Thus, if an incentive creates reward, it can leave a strong memory in human mind
and provide some behavior in order to regain them. Addiction and abuse of drugs, including
social issues that many people are infected with them and is growing by considerable dramatic.
Methods: For this purpose, 91 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly selected as statistical
sample. The process of becoming addicted rats began eight days after sustainability with Lab
environment. Start experimental interventions include training plan and administration of
methadone, eight days after the rats were kept. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups,
including (1) an eight-week swimming training, (2) eight weeks of methadone, (3) eight weeks
of swimming training combined with methadone, (4) four weeks methadone and four weeks of
non use-methadone, (5) use of methadone four weeks and four weeks of swimming training, (6)
four weeks use of methadone and four weeks of swim training and four weeks swim practice
without methadone (7) control were grouped. Group swimming and swimming combined with
methadone, three days a week was given swimming (especially swimming van for 15 minutes
for rats). Consumer groups and also swims training combined with methadone daily for eight
weeks were injected methadone two milligrams per kilogram of body weight. The length of the
research was an eight - week. After this period, blood samples were collected in order to measure
the variables. 24 hours after the last training session at the end of eight weeks, the mice were
sacrificed to measure the parameters of the biochemical changes caused by the effect of
swimming training and methadone examined.
Results: Swim training (P= 0.07) has a significant effect on rats thyroxin, and methadone (P=
0.18) is not significant. Swim training (P= 0.01) has a significant effect on rats Triiodothyronine
However, methadone (P= 0.14) has no significant effect. LSD post hoc test results that eight
weeks of swimming training compared to eight weeks to methadone (P= 0.01) and methadone
four weeks and four weeks of non-methadone (P=0.007) has more effective in reducing
209 |
Triiodothyronine as well as four weeks of methadone with swim training and four weeks of
swimming training without the use of methadone in comparison with methadone use for four
weeks and four weeks of non use of -methadone has more effective in reducing Triiodothyronine
(P= 0.04). It also swims training (P=0. 17) and use of methadone (P=0.36) has no significant
effect on thyroid stimulating rats.
Conclusion: Swimming exercises has significant effect On rats Triiodothyronine, as well
eight weeks of swimming training compared to eight weeks of methadone use and use
methadone for four weeks and four weeks of non use of -methadone has more effective
reducing Triiodothyronine. Four weeks use of methadone with swim training and four weeks
swim practice without the use of methadone compared to use of methadone and four weeks
non use of-methadone has more effective in reducing Triiodothyronine.
as
of
in
of
of
Keywords: Addiction, Thyroid Hormone Addicted, Rats
Assessment of Client’s Knowledge in Health Center About Hepatitis and
HIV
Submission Author: Bibi Fatemeh Baghernezhad hesary
Bibi Fatemeh Baghernezhad hesary1, Maryam sorosh1
1. Research center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
Background and Aim: That drug dependence and desire to continue to use a substance that is
found in some unusual behavior in people. Drug addiction is one of the most common problems.
That has many problems for example) HIV- HBV- sexual disease (Almost addicted are high risk
because almost they have wrong behavior) sharing needle- unsafe sex.
Methods: This is cross-sectional study.Information was extracted from records of clients refried
to the health center. The questionnaire had 3 parts) demographic question – assessment
knowledge about cure – transmission and assessment behavior (then analysis by SPSS).
Results: 10% of client were female and stage of education in 82% was elementary and
secondary. 42%was single also 57%are under 30 years of age. Score awareness about HIVHBV)cure-) was 23، cure of HIV- HBV25 ، transmission17 In spit of 34% had a history of
shared injection. This results show knowledge in client is very low
210 |
Conclusion: There are risky behavior in some addicts and they are at risk. Also their knowledge
is low. It is necessary in addition to trying ،improve their health literacy.
Keywords: HIV, HBV, Addiction, Addict.
Effect of OREM Self-care Model on The Behaviors Leading to Venereal
Diseases in Vulnerable Women
Submission Author: Zahra Baghersad
Zahra Baghersad1, Nasrollah Alimohammadi2, Zahra Boroumandfar3, Parastoo Golshiri4
1. MSc Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
2. Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of
3.
4.
Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Research PhD Student, Nosocomial Infectious Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Isfahan, Iran.
Department of community medicine, School of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,
Iran.
Background and Aim: Vulnerable women are prone to venereal diseases due to their high-risk
behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of OREM self-care model on the
behaviors leading to venereal diseases in vulnerable women.
Methods: This clinical field trial was initially conducted on 100 subjects, selected by cluster
sampling at the needs assessment stage that filled self-care needs assessment questionnaire in
three domains of knowledge, attitude and practice. Then, at the stage of intervention, 64 subjects
were selected through convenience sampling and were assigned to study and control groups by
random allocation. Self-care education was conducted in a study group for 11 sessions. Data
were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistical tests through SPSS.
The results: Results showed that the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, practice, and behavior
change were significantly higher immediately after and three months after the intervention,
compared to before intervention (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the
mean scores immediately after and three months after the intervention. Meanwhile, there was no
significant difference between different time points in the control group with control groups
(p<0.05).
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Conclusion: With regard to our obtained results, it can be concluded that if the educational
programs are planned based on clients’ real needs assessment, the learners follow the educational
materials, related to their problems, more seriously and it results in their notable behavior
change.
Keywords: Education, Self-care, High Risk Behaviors, Venereal Diseases, Vulnerable Women
Services Quality Assessment Among Outpatient Drug Abuse Treatment
Clinics in Damavand, Iran
Submission Author: Hamed Bahari
Farima Minaee 1, Hamed Bahari 2, Ramin Radfar 3, Kambiz Abachizadeh4, Mohammad-Reza
Sohrabi 5, Reza Daneshmand6
1. MD, Resident of community medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MD, substance abuse and dependence research center, university of social welfare and rehabilitation
sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ramin Radfar MD, MPH, IAS/NIDA Fellow Researcher; Substance Abuse and Dependence Research
Center ,University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Researcher UCLA Integrated Substance
Abuse Programs.
Kambiz Abachizadeh, Assistant Professor of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti
Mohammad-Reza Sohrabi MD, MPH, Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Community
Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
MD Psychiatrist, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and
Background and Aim: Service quality is one of the most important factors for successful rate
among health service providers. In recent decades because of the strong relations between quality
of services and cost reduction, increase in the profits as well as client satisfaction and loyalty,
quality services have been considered as one of the important priorities in the health study field.
Considering this concern as well as increasing numbers of the service providers that are going to
be interested in this field, many instruments has been designed to evaluate service quality.
Parasuraman and his colleagues designed a 22 multi choices Service Quality questionnaire
(SERQUAL) in 1988, which still is one of the most common instruments to evaluate service
quality. In this study, researchers tried to find gaps between expectations and perceptions of the
clients in outpatient drug abuse clinics in Damavand, Iran
212 |
Methods: The study is a descriptive cross sectional study that had been conducted in winter
1392 (2014). Study population were all of the clients in mentioned clinics that had at least 3
times visit in the center, sampling conducted by census method and data collected from all of the
patients in mentioned clinics. SPSS version 16 used for descriptive /analytical analysis with
appropriate statistical measures.
Results: Totally 294 clients (262male, 32female) participated, mean of age were 41.07±12.07,
229 of 294 were married. The most prevalent drug and route of use identified as opium and oral,
respectively. Gaps identified between expectations and perceptions if the clients in many
domains; the minimum gaps identified in domains such as, clinic’s equipment’s and instruments,
internal decorous, appointment arrangement and working hours and perception identified lower
than expectations. On the other hand, in domains such as cleanness, patient's file, propriety
between services provided and committed, avoiding delay in services, the gaps identified more
and services providers implemented services better than the clients’ expectations.
Conclusion: According to the findings, identifiable significant gaps are between perceptions and
expectations of the clients in Damavand outpatient drug abuse clinics, quality of services
evaluated better than the clients’ expectations. Researchers concluded that there are three
possibilities for this pattern: • Outpatient’s clinics in Damavand provides high quality services
for the patients. • The patients are not aware about their rights and due to the stigma and
discrimination, have minimum expectations. • The most possible reason is biases in two ways: of
the respondent bias, because the forms filled up by the direct service providers and it is usual that
patients gave answers that feel is better for their rapport with service provider to The selection
bias, the forms completed for the patient who were under treatment and there are no data
available regarding the patients who left treatment and clinics.
Keywords: SERQUAL, Quality Services, Patient Satisfaction, Drug Abuse Dependence.
The Detrimental Effects of Morphine Injection on Sperm Parameters,
Chromatin Condensation and DNA Integrity of Epididymal
Spermatozoa in Mice
Submission Author: Hasan Bahari
Hasan Bahari1, Ali Reza Talebi2, Hossein Nahangi3, Morteza Anvari4, Abolghasem Abbasi
Sarcheshmeh5
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1. Department of Biology & Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Research & Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Department of Biology & Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical
Research & Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Department of Biology & Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical
Background and Aim: Morphine as a natural alkaloid (opiate) is the most effective painrelieving drugs and can be abused because of its high addictive potential. Opiate abuse is
considered as one of the problems associated with poor semen production and sperm quality.
Therefore, for the first time, this experimental study was carried out to evaluate the detrimental
effect of intraperitoneal injection of morphine on sperm parameters, chromatin condensation and
DNA integrity of spermatozoa aspirated from the cauda epididymis of mice. Aim: The aim was
to survey the detrimental effect of morphine injection on sperm parameters, chromatin
condensation and DNA integrity of epididymal spermatozoa in mice.
Methods: Totally 24 adult males Balb/c mice (8 weeks old. 30g) were equally divided into 3
groups, each containing 8 mice. Mice of group 1 served as control fed on basal diet, group 2
received basal diet and normal saline and group 3 received basal diet and morphine (15
mg/kg/daily, intraperitoneal) for 35 days. Finally the right tail of epididymis of each mouse was
cut and placed in Ham’s F10 for 30 min. Released sperm were used to analyze count, motility,
morphology (Papanicolaou), viability (eosin-nigrosin staining), chromatin condensation with
Aniline blue (AB) staining and apoptosis via TUNEL assay.
Results: In morphine-treated mice a significant decrease was found in normal morphology,
sperm viability, count and motility compared to other groups (p<0.05). In relation with
chromatin condensation the rates of AB-reacted spermatozoa were significantly higher in the
morphine group (p< 0.05). In addition, in morphine mice there was a significant increase in
apoptosis compared to other groups (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: The results showed that morphine abuse disturbs sperm parameters as well as
nuclear maturity and DNA integrity of spermatozoa in mice as an experimental model.
Keywords: Mice, Morphine, Sperm Parameters, Chromatin Condensation, Apoptosis.
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Identification and Quantification Of Methamphetamine In Oral Fluid
By Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
Submission Author: Leila Bahmanabadi
Leila Bahmanabadi1, Bahmanabadi L2, Jokar F3, Akhgari M4, Bagheri Sadeghi H5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Legal medicine research center, Legal medicine organization, Forensic toxicology department, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch
Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for extraction and
quantification of methamphetamine in human oral fluid.
Methods: 1 ml of oral fluid from healthy volunteers using spiting method were collected and the
sample was subjected to LLE and SPE. Extracted analyst was derivatized with HFBA and
analyzed by GC-MS in EI mode. Amantadine was used as internal standard for quantification of
Methamphetamine by GC-MS and to minimize matrix effect.
Results: LLE method was fully validated and all validation parameters were calculated.
Standard curves were linear from 15-200ng/ml for LLE and 10-200ng/ml for SPE (R2>0.99).
The method has proved to be sensitive with LOD 3 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml for SPE and LLE. Intraday and interday precision across the linear range of the assay was considered acceptable for the
target analyte (RSD<10%). No interfering peaks (Food or beverage, Nicotine, Sample matrix,
Drugs of abuse) were detected in LLE, so the method was specific and highly sensitive within
the acceptable range and also could be used to detection of any drug of abuse such as Methadone
and Tramadol.
Conclusion: The results showed this method is highly sensitive and specific for detection of
methamphetamine in oral fluid.
Keywords: Oral Fluid, Methamphetamine, LLE, GC-MS
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Comparison of Personality Traits and Mental Health between HIVPositive Drug Dependents and HIV-Negative Ones under Methadone
Maintenance Therapy (MMT)
Submission Author: Mojtaba Bakhshandeh
Mojtaba Bakhshandeh, Samira Deldari, Soheila Deldari, Elham Rostamizade, Mojtaba
Bakhshande
Background and Aim: Studies show that substance abuse, AIDS and their interaction have
negative effects on people. The purpose of this study is to compare personality traits and mental
health among HIV-positive drug dependents and HIV-negative ones being under Methadone
Maintenance Therapy (MMT).
Methods: In this causal-comparative study, the statistical sample of 200 patients (100 HIVpositive drug dependents and 100 HIV-negative drug dependents) who were matched with each
other in terms of demographic characteristics, were compared. Neo Questionnaire (Short Revised
Form) (NEO-FFI-R) and GHQ General Health Questionnaire were used to assess personality
traits and mental health, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using correlation
coefficient and t-test.
The results: The results showed that there is a no significant difference between two groups in
terms of personality traits. HIV-positive Drug dependents have lower mental health compared to
HIV-negative ones (P<0.01). In HIV-positive drug dependents, there is a direct relationship
between neurotic personality and mental health (P<0.05) and agreement with openness (P<0.01)
In HIV-negative drug dependents, there is a direct relationship between neurotic personality and
mental health (P<0.01), extraversion with neuroticism (P<0.01) and openness with neuroticism
(P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results showed that HIV positive or negative Has no effect on the
characteristics of drug dependents, But they affect mental health.
Keywords: Personality Traits, Mental Health, HIV-Positive Drug Dependents and HIVNegative Drug Dependents
Comparison of Coping Strategies in Psychotropic-Drug Dependents and
Ordinary People
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Bakhshande
Background and Aim: The purpose of the present study was to compare coping strategies
between psychoactive-drug dependents and ordinary people.
Methods: In this causal-comparative study, the statistical sample of 100 patients (50 drug
dependents and 50 Normal Subject) who were matched with each other in terms of demographic
characteristics, were compared. Data were collected by using 60-questions coping strategy
questionnaire of Carver (1989), and to analyze data, we used t-test and ANOVA test.
Results: The results of the analysis showed that psychotropic-drug dependents use avoidant
coping strategies, and ordinary people apply problem-focused and emotion-focused coping
strategies. ANOVA results showed that in problem-focused coping strategies, the effect of
group, education and interaction of education were significant, but in emotion-focused and
avoidant coping strategy, the effect of group was significant while the effect of education and
education interaction in the group were not meaningful.
Conclusion: In the use of emotion-focused and avoidant coping strategies, education and
interactive effect of group may have played no role in education.
Keywords: Coping Strategies, Psychotropic Drug Dependents, Shiraz
Examination on The Role of Social Capital in Mental Health of Addicts
Case Study:The Addicts Referring to Addiction Treatment Center in
Shiraz
Bakhshande
Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of social capital in the
mental health of addicts in Shiraz. The quantitative method was applied in this study. The
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statistical population of current research included all drug abusers who have referred to addiction
treatment centers in Shiraz. In this study, the available sampling has been used.
Methods: The instruments used in this study were mental health questionnaire (GHQ-28Questions) and social capital questionnaire.
The results: The face validity and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to check the validity
and reliability of social capital questionnaire, respectively. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was
equal to 0.81. Based on the findings of the present study, there is an inverse, negative and
significant relation between structural subscales of social capital: social participation, social
activities and social obligations with the mental health of drug abusers. Also, there is a direct,
positive and significant correlation between cognitive dimensions of social capital: social trust,
social values and social attitudes to mental health of drug abusers in Shiraz.
Conclusion: The results showed that structural and cognitive dimensions of social capital affect
on mental health of drug abusers.
Keywords: Addiction, Mental Health, Social Capital, Shiraz
Comparison of Cognitive Schemes in Psychotropic-Drug Dependents and
Ordinary People
Bakhshande
Background and Aim: The purpose of present study is to compare cognitive schemas between
psychoactive-drug dependents and ordinary people. The statistical population consisted of all
male psychoactive-drug dependents in Shiraz addiction treatment and rehabilitation centers and
male ordinary people who have not had a history of using opiate and psychotropic drugs.
Methods: In this causal-comparative study, the statistical sample of 100 patients (50 drug
dependents and 50 Normal Subject) who were matched with each other in terms of demographic
characteristics, were compared. Data were collected by using Yang 75-questions Scheme
questionnaire (1990-2001), and to analyze data, we used t-test and ANOVA test.
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Results: The results of analysis showed that there are significant differences between
psychotropic-drug dependents and ordinary people in all aspects of incompatible schemes except
the sacrifice. ANOVA results showed that in cognitive scheme, there is a significant difference
between psychotropic-drug dependents and ordinary people in the effect of group, but there is no
significant difference in the impact of education and interactive education in the group.
Conclusion: Schema can form coherent and consistent body of knowledge which can lead
perceptions and next individual assessments and education as a result may had the weak’s effect
on the evaluation of individual and perceptions.
Keywords: Cognitive Schemes, Psychotropic Drug Dependents, Shiraz.
The Relationship Between The Addiction Potential Tendency and
Student’s Burnout Among Aligoodarz University Students
Submission Author: Maryam Bakhshandeh bavarsad
maryam Bakhshandeh bavarsad1, Nasrin Azimi 2, Khadije Moradbeigi 3, Majid Miri1, Elahe
Sarlak4, Mahmud Latifi5
1. Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences,
Khorramabad, IR Iran
2. Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
3. Department of Nursing, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, IR Iran
4. Student of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences,
5.
Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,
Ahvaz, IR Iran
Background and Aim: The studies indicate that students have experienced different levels of
burnout during their college learning period. One of the side effects of substance abuse is the
negative impact on the academic performance of students. This study aimed to investigate the
Relationship between the addiction potential tendency and students' burnout among Sample of
Aligoodarz University Students.
Methods: This was a descriptive and correlation study. The participants comprised 171 students
who were enrolled in the different major fields at the Faculty of Education in the Aligoodarz
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Universities. As the data collection tools, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, addiction
acknowledgment scale and addiction potential scale were used. The data were evaluated using
Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient by SPSS 16.
Results: There was a significant positive correlation between addiction acknowledgment and
students burnout and its dimensions such as emotional exhaustion and reduced academic efficacy
(P< 0.05); while there were no significant differences between cynicism and addiction
acknowledgment. Addiction potential correlated positively with emotional exhaustion (r=0.21,
p= 0.009), whereas there was no significant correlation between addiction potential and
academic efficacy and cynicism.
Conclusion: this study showed that addiction potential is related to students' burnout so that
determining addiction potential students can help us to prevent the students' burnout and
academic failure.
Keywords: Addiction Potential. Students' burnout, University Students
The Relationship Between The Addiction Potential Tendency and
Academic Procrastination Among Aligoodarz University Students
Submission Author: Maryam Bakhshandeh ‫إ‬avarsad
Maryam Bakhshandeh Bavarsad 1, Nasrin Azimi 2, Khadije Moradbeigi 3, Majid Miri1, Elahe
Sarlak4, Mahmud Latifi 5
2. . Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
5. Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,
Ahvaz, IR Iran
Background and Aim: Substance use disorders create an enormous burden of medical,
behavioral, social and educational problems. Procrastination is an all too common problem
among college students, it affects on academic Achievement. The purpose of this study is to
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explore the relationship between the addiction potential tendency and academic Procrastination
among Sample of Aligoodarz University Students.
Universities. As the data collection tools, Aitken Procrastination Inventory (API), addiction
acknowledgment scale (AAS) and addiction potential scale (APS) were used. The data were
evaluated using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient by SPSS 16.
Results: The results showed that a significant positive correlation between academic
procrastination and addiction potential (r=0.22, p=0.008), also a significant positive correlation
was observed between academic procrastination and addiction acknowledgment (r=0.19,
p=0.02).there was a negative significant correlation between addiction potential and Grade Point
Average (r=-0.29, p=0.001)
Conclusion:it seems that not only Substance use disorders, but also addiction potential can affect
on Academic Procrastination. So that determining addiction potential students can help us to
prevent the academic failure.
Keywords: Addiction Potential, Academic Procrastination, University Students
Surveying University Student’s Addict-ability Based on Some
Demographic and Interpersonal Variables
Maryam Bakhshandeh Bavarsad 1, Nasrin Azimi2, Khadije Moradbeigi1, Majid Miri1, Elahe
Sarlak3, Mahmud Latifi 4
4. Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,
Ahvaz, IR Iran
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Background and Aim: Substance abuse is one of the four crisis threatening humanity with the
environmental, nuclear and population. Iran is among the countries due to the proximity of
Afghanistan, the world's largest producer of opium and heroin extremely affected by substance
dependency issue. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between students' addict-ability
and demographic variables.
Universities. As the data collection tools, addiction acknowledgment scale (AAS), and
demographic questionnaire were used. The data were evaluated using Pearson’s and Spearman’s
correlation coefficient, T-test and ANOVA with SPSS 16.
Results: The findings showed %23.7 of students’ readiness for addiction. Men, students with a
history of mental disorders and divorced persons showed higher addict-ability, (p<0.05) but there
were no relation between addict-ability and age, having friends who use drugs, participation in
formal groups, history of physical disorder that need long time medication and dissociated
family. There was a significant negative correlation between addiction acknowledgment and
Grade Point Average (r= -0.29, p= 0.001). The highest and lowest addict-ability was related to
Students who do not have a plan and Students who spend their spare time to study respectively.
Conclusion: determining the associated factor of addict-ability can help to identify a susceptible
person and prevent the addiction.
Keywords: Addict-ability, Demographic, student
The Survey of Depression in Addicted Patients that Referred to Abadan
Medical Center: In Admission Period and During the Treatment
Maryam Bakhshandeh Bavarsad 1, Nasrin Azimi2, Khadije Moradbeigi 3, Majid Miri1, Mahmud
Latifi 2
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Background and Aim: Addiction is a modern social issue, especially in countries like Iran and
the role of depression in the initiation, maintenance and relapse of addiction has been studied.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the depression on admission and during drug
addiction treatment in the medical centers of Abadan.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all addicted patients (N=104) that
referred to the medical center in Abadan city. A data collection tool was the Beck Depression
Inventory, which contains 21 items and reliability Coefficient was 0.78. The data were analyzed
by Spearman’s correlation coefficient and t-test.
Results: the results showed no statistically significant relationship between depression in
addicted patient‫ س‬in admission and during the treatment period. The significant relationship
between depression and economic status (P=0. 002), a history of psychiatric illness (P =0.016)
and use of medication (P=0.003) was observed.
Conclusion: the results show that the improvement of economic conditions, family conditions
and psychological treatment can lead to reduce the recurrence of depression and drug abuse.
Keywords:Addiction, Depression, Treatment
Evaluate the Features of Boldness and Passivity Among Addict and Nonaddict Adolescent Parents
Submission Author: ZEINAB BALALI
Zeinab Balali1
1. Department of Rehabilitation counseling, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the features of boldness and passivity
among addicts and non-addict adolescent parents. The study population of this study is parents of
addict and non-addict adolescents in Tehran city.
Methods: For data collection, qualitative method (interview) is applied. To evaluate the boldness
and passivity , by considering review of literature on one hand and Iranian culture and religion
on the other hand, some questions are designed based on boldness and passivity and are given to
5 experts in this regard to state their opinions and its face and content validity are evaluated by
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this regard. The sample size in each group is 15. The sampling method is a convenient method.
The data analysis is performed as the data of couples’ interaction description are used for
identification of boldness and passivity by grounded theory. The qualitative data of analysis of
interviews are presented in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding.
Results: The results showed that in the studied sample, most parents of non-addict adolescents
had bold parents and addicted adolescents had passive parents.
Conclusion: Non boldness adolescents are prone to addiction.
Keywords: Parents, Adolescents, Addiction, Boldness, Passivity .
Comparison of Internet Addiction in Male and Female Students Among
Dezful University of Medical Sciences Students in 2014
Submission Author: Ehsan Bandani
EhsanBandani 1, ShahzadMehranfard2
1. Bachelor’s Degree Nursing Student, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
2. Master of Science in Nursing, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
Background and Aim: Today the rate of Internet exploitation is ever increasing among college
students and has become an important part of Iranian life. Besides, to the benefits and advantages
ofInternetusage, the abuse, over extreme exploitation, and over dependence on the Internet
canlead to complications.
Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study, which was performed on 276 qualified Dezful
Medical Sciences University students in2014with the method of the available census. The tools
utilized for data collection consisted of demographic questionnaire, Young Internet Addiction
criterion. The data were analyzed via SPSS-16 software.
Results: In general, % 39.1 of the participants were male, and % 60.9 were female. % 1.8 of the
female students were addicted to the Internet, which was % 0.9 significantly more Internet
addiction in females compared to the male students (p= 0.033). The Correlation coefficient
between Internet employment and internet addiction was equivalent to 0.297 among students.
There were a significant statistical correlation between the utilization of various websites and
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internet addiction (P= 0.044). The significant statistical correlation was observed between daily
usage and internet addiction (P= 0.0001).
Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that 14.5 percent of students are at risk of Internet
addiction. Due to the ongoing expansion of Internet among students design appropriate training
programs and the effectiveness of Internet-based interventions to promote more knowledge and
instill healthy behavior among nursing students is essential.
Keywords: Internet Addiction, Students, Dezful
Relationship Between Emotional Attachment to FACEBOOK and
Tendency to Narcotic Substance Abuse
Submission Author: Fereshteh Barati
Fereshteh barati1, Hossein Fekrazad2, Homeira sajjadi3
1. Nishabour University of Medical Sciences, Nishabour, Iran
2. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
3. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Background and Aim: Facebook After Google is the most visited site and has most of the
traffic on a daily basis. According to its popularity and qualitative and quantitative growth and
substance abuse as a most important social worries, purpose of this research is examining the
relationship between emotional attachment to FACEBOOK and tendency to narcotic substance
abuse.
Methods: In this correlational study, 407 undergraduate students from the Universities of
Nishabour were selected by quota sampling. Instruments included emotional attachment to
Facebook subscale from Intensity of Facebook Scale Ellison, Eshteinfield and Lampe (2007) and
the scale of tendency to narcotic substance abuse derived from the attitude to narcotic substances
abuse questionnaire drug Rafiee et al (2012) is. The results of Pearson correlation and stepwise
multiple regression were used, too.
Results: Results showed a significant, direct and positive correlation (r= 0.297, p= 0.001)
between emotional attachment to Facebook and tendency to Narcotic substance abuse.
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Regression results indicated that emotional attachment to Facebook predict 7/5% of the variance
tendency to narcotic substance abuse.
Conclusion: Conclusion: Increasing of awareness and information of students about the
consequences of their use of online social networks can be effective in reducing the negative
effects of using these networks.
Keywords : Online Social Networks, Emotional Attachment, Tendency Addiction, Substance
abuse, Nishabour, Facebook.
The Experiences and Effects of Drug Addicts
Submission Author: Sanaytollah Bargrizaneh
Sanaytollah Bargrizaneh1, Fattahi HamzehAli2, Bagherinia Mansour3, abedi heidarali4,
khosravian mehrdad5, Amiri Eskandar6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Msn in Nursing, Yasouj University of Medical Sciences.Yasouj, Iran
MSc in Nursing, Islamic Azad University(khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran.
MSc in Nursing, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
PhD in Nursing, Islamic Azad University (khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran.
Bs in nursing, University Of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
pre-hospital emergency physician, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Background and Aim: growing international drug smuggling and addiction in the world,
millions of young people to the corruption palate death itself. Addiction is a major health
problem has a social various aspects of economic, political, cultural, psychological, moral rights,
and this addiction is devastating scourge Iranian family life creates adverse effects for them. In
this study the aim is the Experiences and effects of drug addicts.
Methods: This qualitative phenomenological study carried out for the fifteen addicts aged 18 to
39 years old. Unstructured interviews were conducted. Colaizzi method was used to analyze the
data.
Results: Four main themes emerged from the interviews can view the causes of drug addicts as
well as give reasons for quitting drugs These concepts include: individual causes addiction,
social causes of addiction, causes environmental hazard orientation materials, detestation the
situation is static.
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Conclusion: Based on the results of drug trends tend to be fun, loving, happy after taking false,
big business and other cases. According to the statistics of the destructive scourge in our society
and those at risk of lower age groups, the media and educational programs are proposed to be
more disciplined and In this road felt further cooperation of the police, the Ministry of Health
and the media.
Keywords: Experience, Drugs, Drug Trends, Leaving the Material
Cost-effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment Centers to
Prevent HIV:Case of Kerman 2014
Submission Author: Mohsen Barouni
Mohsen Barouni1, sirus pourkhajoei1, alireza Nourozi2, Hamid Sharifi1, Ahmad Hajebi2
1. Kerman University of medical sciences
2. Ministry of Health
Background and Aim: The increase of risky injections and sexual behaviors caused worry of
the increase of HIV infections and on the other hand the increase of the cost of care and lack of
resources necessitates economic evaluation to choose the best way to control HIV. This study
was carried out to determine cost-effectiveness of Methadone maintenance treatment centers in
order to prevent from new HIV infections among drug users.
Methods: This study was carried out by evaluation of uncontrolled before and after intervention
in 6 months. 259 drug user addicts contributed in 5 government MMT center in Kerman city.
HIV infection averted was considered as an effective unit and were calculated using mathematic
models for risky injections and sexual behaviors. The costs of methadone centers were calculated
from a government prospective.
Results: After the entrance to Methadone centers, risky injections and sexual behaviors reduced
significantly. MMT averted from 86 new HIV infections. The incremental Cost-effectiveness
ratio was 99974390 rial for 1 year.
Conclusion: Considering to high effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methadone centers, it is
necessary to develop these centers in regional and national dimension to cover higher risk people
in order to prevent HIV.
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Keywords: Cost Effectiveness, MMT, Center-economic Evaluation
The Role of Nitric Oxide Within the Ventral Tegmental Area in The
Acquisition and Expression of Nicotine-induced Conditioned Place
Preference in Male Rats
Submission Author: Amir Abbas Barzegari
Amir Abbas Barzegari1, Shahrbanoo Oryan2, Hedayat Sahraei3
1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Maragheh University, Maragheh, Iran
2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
3. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqyiatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
Background and Aim: considerable evidence indicates that nicotine receptors in the
mesolimbic dopaminergic system have an important role in the rewarding effects of nicotine. In
the system, activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
can increase dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens which indicates the rewarding effects of
nicotine. Moreover, the change in dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens can alter
dopamine related behaviors such as rearing, sniffing and locomotor activity. On the other hand, a
high concentration of nitric oxide syntheses that can produce nitric oxide from L-arginine has
been found in the area. Nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator can alter the
function of other neurotransmitter systems of the brain. Thus, in the current research, the
possible interaction between nitricergic and cholinergic systems of ventral tegmental area on
rewarding effects of nicotine was evaluated.
Methods: An unbiased conditioned place preference (CPP) method was used for evaluating
rewarding effects of nicotine. All experiments were conducted in a two compartment wooden
apparatus. Nicotine was injected peripherally (Intraperitoneally) but nitricergic drugs (L-arginine
or L-NAME) were injected centrally (Intra-VTA).
Results: Injection of different doses of either L-arginine or L-NAME into ventral tegmental area
did not effect on the expression of nicotine induced conditioned place preference. In addition,
injection of various doses of either L-arginine or L-NAME into VTA prior to conditioning
sessions with nicotine caused a significant reduction in nicotine induced CPP. Moreover,
evaluation of dopamine related behaviors in these experiments showed that intra-VTA
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administration of either L-arginine or L-NAME caused a significant change in dopamine related
behaviors.
Conclusion: These results indicate that nitric oxide in the VTA has at least in part, a role in
reward properties of nicotine assessed by CPP paradigm. Moreover, the change in dopamine
related behaviors that was observed in these experiments, is an indication of a role of different
dopamine systems in effects of nitricergic drugs on nicotine-induced CPP.
Keywords: Nicotine, Nitric Oxide, Ventral Tegmental Area, Conditioned Place Preference, Rat
Evaluation of Predisposing Predictive Factors in Medical Students at
Risk of Addiction
Submission Author: Behnam Barzgar
Behnam Barzgar1, Farah Madarshahian1, Mohsen Hassanabadi1
1. Birjand university of medical sciences
Background and Aim: Most of studies emphasized on increase illegal substance consumption
in university students. The exact prevalence of this problem is not revealed in medical students,
but some studies predict its prevalence between 20-40% among medical students. This study was
conducted to evaluate predisposing predictive factors in medical students at risk of addiction.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 440 students of Birjand University of medical
sciences which study in various disciplines was selected with stratified randomize sampling.
Instrument for gathering data was a questioner with two parts, 1: demographic data and 2:
questions for identifying students at risk of addiction with 4 dimensions (depression, attitude
toward substance, anxiety and fear of others and excitement) which total dimensions were scored
as: without risk (0-55), mild risk (56-80), moderate risk (81-112) and above 112 sever risk. After
gathering, data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistic with spss software.
Results: Results showed that 41.3% of students were male and 58.7% were female. 30.2% were
not at risk, 27% were in mild risk, 21.1% moderate risk and 21.8% in severe risk of addiction.
There was no significant difference between sex and the risk of addiction (P= 0. 06). Frequency
of depression in students at moderate risk was 24.3% and severe risk 13.4%, positive attitude
toward substance in student at moderate risk 19.7%, anxiety and fear of others in students at
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moderate risk 19.5% and in severe risk was 6.1% and excitement at moderate risk was 15.2 %.
Results of logistic regression showed that likelihood risk of addiction 2.4 times higher in single
students (P= 0.04) and degree of education increase likelihood of addiction 3 times more in
students. Use of water pipe (OR= 3.3, P<0.01), alcohol (OR= 3.5, P= 0.004), cigarette (OR= 3.9,
P<0.01) can increase the odds ratio of addiction. Result of Pearson correlation showed
significant positive correlation between age and risk of addiction (r= 0.12, P= 0.01) and there
was significant negative correlation between education average and risk of addiction (r= -0.11,
P= 0.01). There was significant correlation between depression (r= 0.96, P<0.01), positive
attitude toward substance (r= 0.79, P<0.01), anxiety (r= 0.92, P<0.01) and excitement (r= 0.76,
P<0.01) with the risk of addiction.
Conclusion: Using of tobacco (especially water pipe and cigarette) and alcohol can be a
predisposing factor for addiction and also psychological statues such as depression and anxiety
can increase likelihood of addiction.
Keywords: Student, Predictive Factors, Risk, Addiction.
Impact of Academic Educational Factors in Addiction Prevention from
Viewpoints of Students at High Risk of Addiction
Background and Aim: Stress and response to Stress is one of the important and effective
factors for risk of addiction. Adolescent and teenager, who enter the university, encounter many
stressful sources, for example academic performance and academic pressure. Since students are
effective population for the future of any country, Importance of research in this field and
identification addiction preventions factors is clear for all. So, this study was conducted to
evaluate Impact of academic educational factors in addiction prevention from the viewpoints of
students at high risk of addiction
sciences which study in various disciplines was selected with stratified randomize sampling.
Instrument for gathering data was two questioners, the first questioner consists of 2 parts 1:
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demographic data and 2: viewpoints of students about educational preventive factors (5
questions), which answers were evaluated with 5-points Likert scale (1= low to 4= very high and
5= not effective). Second questioner was questioned for identifying of students at risk of
addiction with 4 dimensions (depression, attitude toward substance, anxiety and fear of others
and excitement) which total dimensions were scored as: without risk (0-55), mild risk (56-80),
moderate risk (81-112) and above 112 sever risk. And then divided student to at risk students
score (above 81) and others mild and no risk (below 81).After gathering, data were analyzed
with descriptive and inferential statistic with SPSS software.
not at risk, and 42.8% in severe risk of addiction. Result of educational factors showed that the
presence of rigor professors in the field of course 24.7% can be effective in high level, interest in
the field of study, 41.3% can be effective in very high level, few numbers, of course with low
volume in a semester, 29.7% can be effective in the middle level, did not academic failure 37%
can be effective in very high level and having a large number of lessons with high volume 28.3%
can be effective in low level for addiction prevention. There was not significant difference
between the viewpoints of students at high risk and no risk with educational factors for
prevention of substance abuse (P<0.05).
Conclusion: From viewpoints of medical student's concentration on educational factors can be
effective in addiction prevention.
Keywords: Student, Viewpoints, Preventive, Addiction, Education.
Efficacy of Social, Cultural and Religious Programs in Addiction
Prevention From Viewpoints of Students at High Risk of Addiction
Background and Aim: Predication of effective factors on addiction can be a suitable context for
prevention program and can prohibit the heavy expense of society. Abuse of the substance is the
result of combined factors, some of them can increase risk of addiction and some can decrease
addiction risk. So, this study was conducted to prediction efficacy of social, cultural and
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religious programs in addiction prevention from the viewpoints of students at high risk of
addiction
sciences which study in various disciplines were selected with stratified randomize sampling.
Instrument for gathering data was two questioners, the first questioner consists of 2 parts 1:
demographic data and 2: viewpoints of students about preventive factors consist of social factors
(6 questions), cultural factors (16 questions), religious factors (10 questions) which answers were
evaluated with 5-points Likert scale (1= low to 4= very high and 5= not effective). Second
questioner was questions for identifying of students at risk of addiction with 4 dimensions
(depression, attitude toward substance, anxiety and fear of others and excitement) which total
dimensions was scored as: without risk (0-55), mild risk (56-80), moderate risk (81-112) and
above 112 sever risk.and then divided student to at risk students score(above 81)and others mild
and no risk (below 81).After gathering, data was analyzed with descriptive and inferential
statistic with SPSS software.
not at risk, and 42.8% in severe risk of addiction. Result about social factors showed that
students viewpoints to cooperate with consulting centers was 30.8% and establish of NGO
27.4% can be effective in high level for addiction prevention. There was significant different
between students viewpoints with educational course for prevention of substance abuse and risk
of addiction (P<0.05). And also between create consulting center and risk of addiction (P=
0.015). Results about cultural factors showed that in dormitories 48.3% and theater and concert
in dormitories 40.1% can be effective in high level for addiction prevention. There was
significant difference between regular organizing sport competition and risk of addiction (P=
0.009) and there was no significant difference between theater and concert in dormitories and
risk of addiction (P= 0.08) according to students viewpoints. Results about religious factors
showed that conduction prayer in dormitory 27.2 %, religious travel for students, 26.3 % can
have a moderate effect in addiction prevention. There was significant difference between regular
conducting prayer (P= 0.05) organizing regular holy Quran competition (P= 0.002) and also holy
Quran/prayers interpretation classes (P= 0.008) with prevention susceptibility for addiction.
Conclusion: From viewpoints of students at high risk of addiction concentration on social,
cultural and religion programs can be effective in addiction prevention
Keywords: Student, viewpoints, preventive programs, addiction
232 |
Effect of Group Cognitive Behaviuor Therapy On Opium Addicts Health
Promotion Reffered To Ahvaz Drop In Center
Submission Author: Azadeh Barzkar
Azadeh Barzkar1, Zahra Farajzadeh Bibalan1, Reza Davasaz Irani1
1. Ahvaz Jundishapur Univessity of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim: Introduction: Now a days ،mental health is a very important part of
individual̛̛ s life. Drug dependence is a crucial phenomenon in mental health. The mental health
status of an addicted person plays a vital role to etiology and proceed treatment steps
successfully. Aim: This study conducted to investigated Group Cognitive behavior therapy effect
on opium addicts health promotion referred to Ahvaz Drop-In-Center(DIC).
Methods: Material and Methods: This was a random clinical trial performance on 36 addicts
who were under the care of a drug abuse therapy Center. We divided them into two distinct
clusters of 18 as the case and control groups. The experimental group were under therapy based
on NIDA Group Cognitive behavior treatment approach in twelve sessions and 90 minutes.
Having applied a General health questionnaire (GHQ-28) in pretest and posttest (1 month after
therapy) stages. TO analyze collected data descriptive statics T test and covariance analysis were
used
Results: The covariance analysis results revealed significant differences of treatment method̛̛̛̛ s
utilization between case and control groups (p<0.05). To analyze other indexes such as
depression, social and physical performance after therapy intervention except anxiety there was
significant differences between experimental and control groups (p<0.05). Also the total score of
general health differed significantly between case and control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Discussion: The Group Cognitive behavioral therapy method effects on addicted ̛̛ s
mental health promotion considerably. Hence, though this treatment approach we would be able
to improve opium addict health and successfully move toward their release from addiction
Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mental Health, Addiction.
Towards a more rational economic model of addiction
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Submission Author: Mehdi Basakha
Mehdi Basakha1
1. Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Social Welfare, University of Social Welfare and
Rehabilitation Sciences
Background and Aim: Using the medical approaches to confront with addiction is rejected by
many of researches and addiction was conceived of as a choice process with its own costs and
benefits. Economics conceive the individual with conflicting preferences and different choice.
This paper was intended to explore the main interpreting theories of addiction in an economic
context.
Methods: Two popular economic models of addiction, which widely used in researches were
chosen. The Theory of Rational Addiction (TRA) and Behavioral Economic theory opted to
scrutiny of behavior of a typical addicted person. These solid theoretical instruments help to
analyze the economic behavior of addicts and inference a comprehensive model of addiction.
Results: Addicts are rational and making choices to maximize their life’s utility by consuming
the goods, particularly addictive substances. Theoretical explanations suggest that youth
substance use is more sensitive to price than adult use. Younger, less educated, and lower income
persons will be more responsive to permanent changes in the monetary prices of addictive
substances.
Conclusion: Addiction has benefit of increased current utility, but it will result in poor health
condition. So, any policy that leads to a reduction in current utility or resulted in increased future
costs, will have a positive impact on reducing drug uses. Due to this fact, permanently high
prices, reductions in availability, high legal costs of substance use and continuous awareness of
the devastating consequences of drug use, may lead to improve preventive strategies.
Keywords: Theory of Rational Addiction; Behavioral Economics; Utility; Preferences
The Effectiveness "Resiliency Skills Education" on Addict Ability Level
and Changing Attitude Towards Substance among Secondary School
Students (First Secondary) in Khorramabad
Submission Author: Alireza Bastami
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Asghar Dalvandi1, Alireza Bastami2, Hamidreza Khankeh3, Masumeh Bastami4
1.
2.
3.
4.
PhD in Health Aging, Assistant Professor, University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Master of Nursing, University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
PhD in Nursing, Associate Professor, University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Geriatric Nursing Graduate Student, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
Background and Aim: In recent year's issues of substance have taken a risky and complicated
situation, and among adolescents and young people has increased prevalence in every
community. Globally, the need to approve a unified policy in relation to anti-drug, more than
ever, has been considered. One of the methods that may be useful in the prevention of drug
addiction is resiliency. This study intended to investigate the effect of " resiliency skills
education " on addict ability level and changing attitudes towards substance use among
secondary school students (First Secondary) in Khorramabad
Methods: Sampling in this study was a multiple sampling.To collect information on the pre-test,
60 males and 60 females, compared to other students who were more prone to addiction. And
then each of the two groups of boys and girls were divided into experimental and control groups
of 30. The resiliency skills training program was conducted for 10 weeks. And in continue
posttest held for both control and intervention groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS V.16 and
descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used in 5% significance level.
Results: Data analysis revealed significant differences between the results of control and
intervention groups. The results showed that training Resiliency skills reduce the level of
addiction taking and attitudes towards drug.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that resiliency skills education can reduce addict
ability levels and changing students' attitude towards substance might be effective. According to
the growing vulnerability addiction in the country, holding of resiliency skills education to
against the tendency of the drug in young adults can be used as a guideline for policy-makers and
health and social planners
Keywords: Resiliency Skills Education, Addict, Ability Level, Changing Attitude.
The Role of Brain- Behavioral Systems in Adolescent Tendency to Abuse
Drugs
Zahra bayat1, Leili Jamil2, Reza Daneshmand3
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1 MSc Student of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
2 PhD student of clinical psychology, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, behavioral sciences and
mental health faculty
3 MD Psychiatrist, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social
Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The preclinical literature suggests that personality characteristics may play a role in development
of addiction. The aim of present study is to review the role of the brain- behavioral systemsin
tendency to abuse drugs of adolescent from 14 to 18 years of high schools in Mashhad city.
Method: This study was designed and completed descriptively. The sample included 115
studentswhich were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Gray-Wilson Personality
Questionnaire (GWPQ) and Addiction Acknowledgment Scale were completed by students.
Results: Correlation test showed that behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems
have a significant relationship with tendency to abuse drugs. The results of multiple regressions
showed that brain- behavioral systemscan predict tendency to abuse drugs of students.
Conclusion: Findings confirm that we can predict adolescent tendency to abuse drugs through
their brain- behavioral systems.
Brain- behavioral systems, tendency to abuse drugs, adolescent
Simultaneous Determination of Methamphetamine, Ehedrine and 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Human Urine Using Dispersive
Liquid–liquid microextraction Combined with Gas Chromatographymass
Submission Author: Ameneh Bayatloo
Ameneh Bayatloo1
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1. Department of chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: MAMP (100 mg, purity 95%), Eph (100 mg, purity 80%) and MDMA
(100 mg, purity 80%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) Prepared by the
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Chloroform, dichloromethane, carbon
tetrachloride, acetonitrile, acetone, methanol and ethanol were purchased from Merck
(Darmstadt, Germany) with analytical grade. A stock solution containing all three analysts was
prepared in methanol and stored at −20 ◦C.
Methods: The chromatographic analysis conditions for DLLME experiments were performed
using a gas chromatograph (Agilent 7890A, USA) equipped with a DB-1 capillary column (30m
× 0.32 mm I.D. × 0.25 µm ﬁlm) and a Polaris Q mass spectrometer detector. The carrier gas was
Helium at 1.5 ml/min. Samples were injected at 250 ◦C in the splitless mode with a splitless time
of 31 min and a split flow of 1.5 ml/min. The GC conditions were as follows: 60◦C (hold 1min),
up to 280 ◦C (10◦C/min), up to 300 ◦C (10◦C/min) and hold 10 min. The MS system was
operated with a mass range from m/z 40 to 550.
Results: Under the optimum conditions the limits of detection and quantification (LODs and
LOQs) of MDMA, Eph and MDMA were 1 and 3 μgL-1, 1 and 3 μgL-1& 1 and 4 μgL-1,
respectively. Good linearity was5-250μgL-1 for MAMP and Ephedrine and 5-350μgL-1 for
MDMA. Intra-day repeatability expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD%, n=3) were
2.0%, 3.8% and 4.5% for MAMP, Eph and MDMA, respectively
Conclusion: In this study, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed for the
simultaneous extraction of illegal drugs (MAMP, Eph and MDMA) from urine samples as a
prior step to determine by GC-MS. The conditions for the extraction of target analytes were
studied and optimized. The suggested method offers some advantages such as rapidity, low cost,
simplicity, high selectivity, and sensitivity. As listed in Table 2, the analytical figures of merit of
the proposed method are better or comparable with those of other methods. However DLLME, in
which the equilibrium can be quickly accomplished, requires a lower time to reach equilibrium
than that for the other method. As compared with the other methods, the proposed approach is
simple and inexpensive and so the use of this method in routine analysis often leads to a
significant reduction in the time and effort.
Keywords: Methamphetamine, Ephedrine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Dispersive
liquid-liquid Microextraction, Human Urine, GC-MS
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Comparison of Family Functioning and Its Components in Addicts and
non-Addicts
Submission Author: Nastaran Bazargani shiraz
Nastaran Bazargani shiraz1
1. Department of Psychology, sciences and Research Branch, Alborz Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Background and Aim: The aim of the present study comparison of family functioning and its
components consists of: problem solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness,
affective mixing and behavioral control in addicts and non addicts persons
Methods: the research method of study was an ex - post factor. The sample of the study was
100addicts and 100 non-addicts. Sampling of addicts was non-random sampling of individuals
referred to substance abuse treatment clinic Khorshid in the area 5 Tehran and sampling of nonaddict also was non-random sampling through employes same area that were matched in terms of
demographics for age, education, marital status and job status with the addict group. Measuring
instruments were family assessment device (FAD). The results were analyzed With SPSS.
Results: The results showed family functioning in addict and non-addict persons differently. The
difference in components, roles, affective e responsiveness, affective mixing and behavioral
control with a confidence level 95%was approved and in all this components addicts group than
non-addicts group function had less. Only in components problem solving and communication
difference not found
Conclusion: family functioning in addicts low, hence in the prevention and treatment of
addiction it should family considered.
Keywords: Addiction, Family Function, Addicts.
Modelling Global Research in the Field of Addiction: Research on
Alcohol, Narcotics, Drug Use Disorders, Tobacco and Steroids 2000–
2014
Submission Author: Azam Bazrafshan
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Azam Bazrafshan1, Morteza Zare2, Maryam Okhovati3
1. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
2.
3.
Kerman, Iran
Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
Kerman, Iran
Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
Kerman, Iran
Background and Aim: to compare the publications and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD)
data within the areas of drug use disorders and addiction research across the world
Methods: This is a bibliometric study using the Scopus database as data source, 40 key words
relevant to alcohol, narcotics, drug use disorders, tobacco and steroids were used as search terms.
The number of publications was compared with GBD, Human Development Index (HDI) and
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data across geographic regions.
Results: over 1380,000 articles were published during 2000-2012 in the field of addiction and
drug use disorders in Scopus database. United states (371997 articles), China (108919 articles)
and United Kingdome (87322 articles) were the most leading countries in the field of addiction.
Our findings indicated that the number of publications was statistically associated with the
reported DALYs across the world (OR= 1.006, P<0.0001). Besides, a great positive association
was observed between the number of publications and HDI values (OR= 203051.7, P<0.0001).
GDP was found to have no statistically relevant association with the number of publications
(OR=99, P= 0.97). The odds of publications in the field of addiction seemed higher within the
African (OR= 2. 8, p= 0. 01) And American (OR=53, P= 0.05) countries.
Conclusion: we found that the burden of disease and human development index were good
predictors for their associated research efforts. However, GDP seemed to be less associated with
the number of publications across the world.
Keywords: Drug Use Disorders, Global Burden of Disease, Human Development Index
Causes of Drug Abuse and Prevention Methods Against it
Submission Author: Mohammadrafi Bazrafshan
Mohammadrafi Bazrafshan1, Abolfazl Shojaei2, Amir Mansouri3, Milad choobineh4
239 |
1.
2.
3.
4.
Larestan School Of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
Shaeed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences Gerash, Shiraz, Iran
Student research committee, Larestan School Of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
Background and Aim: According to decline in the average age of drug abusers, the detailed
understanding about the causes and factors of this phenomenon, coordinated and consistent
planning, also implementation of all the ways to combat against the spread of drug abuse, have
become a vital necessity. Research on the prevention of drug abuse and drug dependence implies
that there are many risk factors for substance abuse tendency among peoples. Each of these
factors endangers person's mental health and their social development, also has different effects
on individuals that depend on their growth.
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study was examined the attitudes of students of Azad
University in Lar about the causes of drug abuse by students. The sample size was 100 students
studying at Azad University in Lar. The main method of data collection was a researcher- made
questionnaire.
Results: From the viewpoint of students, non-efficient training methods in society, disorganized
home environment, lack of mutual attachment and uncoordinated parenting, socialization outside
the family environment, especially in school and with peers, a positive attitude towards drug use,
were seen as the most important factors for drug abuse. The most important inhibiting and
protective factors for the tendency to drug abuse of students were family friendly relations,
parental control, parental responsibility and commitment, successful educational practices and
negative norms and attitudes about the use addictive substances in society.
Conclusion: addiction prevention programs should include basic skills training for adolescents
and young adults to help them resist against drug abuse, strengthen their responsibilities in the
fight against drug, increase their social competence (relationship with peers, having
assertiveness), and strengthen their beliefs and attitude against the drug abuse. These programs
should use ways of interaction, such as group discussion instead of only using the training
methods. In addition, the social programs need to strengthen negative beliefs and norms in the
case of addictive drugs in all prevention environments of drug abuse including the family, school
or society.
Keywords: Attitudes to Drug Use, Students, Addiction Prevention
240 |
Smoking among Urban Adult in Shiraz Province: Urban slum versus
non slum area
Mohammadrafi Bazrafshan1, Abolfazl Shojaei2, Amir Mansouri3, Milad Choobineh4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Larestan School Of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
Shaeed Ssdoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences Gerash, Shiraz, Iran
Student research committee,Larestan School Of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
Background and Aim: Urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon. Unfortunately urbanization
along with a large proportion of the slum population in the urban areas has posed a public health
problem. In the slum areas, poverty, overcrowding, poor housing, informal economic activities,
poor environmental and health facilities, and poor quality of life are generally common. Crime,
violence, and risky lifestyles such as smoking also commonly reported in the slum areas. The
smoking cigarette and water pipe are common habit among the general population in Fars
province. To our knowledge, no study explicitly analyzed smoking among the population living
in slums and non slums area in Shiraz. Therefore, this study reported prevalence's of smoking
and their correlation with urban slums and non-slums area.
Methods: A case control design was done to determine the relationship between variables and a
cluster sampling procedure adapted to select subjects. In the first phase three slum area and two
non slum area selected purposively. Then Information of a total of 300 adults, aged 15 – 59
years, was analyzed by stratifying them into slum (men = 75, women = 75) and non-slum (men =
75, women = 75) groups. Two groups controlled for gender, age, education and marital status.
Instrument for data collection was form made by researchers. Data were analyzed by use of
simple frequency, independent T, ANOVA and Chi-Square tests in SPSS 16 (CI = 95 %, p –
value = 0.05%).
Results : study’s samples were more in age groups 20-30 years old (35.91%) and 31-40 years
old (28.67%). Mean of smoking cigarette number and duration of water pipe consumption daily
in hours respectively in men were 10±4.65 and 1.34±1.2 and in women were 4.52±2.23 and
2.10±1.59. Overall smoking prevalence for the total sample was 33% with significantly higher
Prevalence among subjects in slums (20.7%) than non-slums (12.3%) (p= 0.003). Other
significant correlates of smoking were marital status (both areas) and level of education (both
areas), also in the slums and the non slums areas, the prevalence of smoking cigarette in men
significantly higher than women, versus prevalence of water pipe higher in women in both areas
(p<0.05).
241 |
Conclusion: The subjects that living in the slum areas reported higher rates of smoking
cigarettes and water pipe as compared to subjects living in the non-slums areas. Some of the
significant correlates of smoking e.g., marital status and education should be considered for
prevention activities. Our findings clearly underscore the necessity of interventions and
preventions by public health experts in slum areas because smoking was more prevalent in these
areas.
Keywords: Smoking, Shiraz, Slum areas, Non-slum areas.
The Assessment Level of Depression in Addict Person Refer with
Addiction Recovery Centers in Shiraz City
Mohammadrafi Bazrafshan1, Abolfazl Shojaei2, Amir Mansouri3, Milad Choobineh4
1. Larestan School Of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
2. Shaeed S doughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
3. Department of Nursing, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences Gerash, Shiraz,
4.
Iran
Student research committee, Larestan School Of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
Background and Aim: the emotional problem and personality trait are vital for trend young
persons with addiction. In psychoanalysis view use of substance help with young persons to
control their impulses and their unconscious needs. The psychotherapists suggest that most of
young men who internalize their problems; their possible use of substance and alcohol for
decrease their insufficiency sense and their insecurity. So, most of young adolescent use
substance to dominate with stress. So the researcher investigates the level of depression in addict
persons refer to addiction recovery centers in Shiraz city.
Methods: this is a descriptive – analytic research that carried out on addict persons referred to
addiction recovery centers. The sample size was 80 addict persons which selected by sample
method. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and demographic questionnaire were used for data
gathering. BDI has 13 questions which design in the Likert ranking. For data analysis used SPSS
13 version.
242 |
Results: must of the samples have 20 – 35 years old (51.23%). 58.33% were single and from the
viewpoint of education level must of them were junior high school (52.64%). So, results show
that 41% of samples have severed depression and 25% have moderate depression.
Conclusion: educational method possess very high site. From important activities in this field is
appraise social persons about reasons for attending toward substance, drug effects, somatic,
psychological and social danger of substance use. At this time the best place to carry out this
program is educational centers (means school). Probability carries out educational programs in
universities is more effective, but for carrying out these programs to better investigate the
students view, behaviors and their perceptions and plan according to it.
Keywords: Addiction, Depression, Beck inventory, Addiction Recovery
The Comparison of Visual Memory and Working Memory in Synthetic
Drug Dependence and Non-Drug Dependence Women
Submission Author: Fatemeh Bazzaz Monsef
ezzatolah Ahmadi1, fatemeh Bazzaz monsef2, parvaneh Zarei2
1. Professor of General Psychology, Azarbayjan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
2. M.A student of cognitive sciences, Azarbayjan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to compare visual memory and working
memory in synthetic drug dependence and normal women
Methods: The method of research was causative-comparative. In this regard 25 synthetic
addicted women between the age of (18-40) who were recruited through residential rehabilitation
treatment, and the same number non-addicted counterparts, selected through random available
sampling. To collect data, Andre Rey test and digit span test were used. T test was used for
analysis.
Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between addicted and nonaddicted groups in visual memory, forward working memory and backward working memory in
the Andre Rey test and Wechsler digit span test
243 |
Conclusion: From these findings, it can be concluded that drug abuse leads to brain damage and
memory deficits and it results in poor treatment outcomes. Therefore Implementing cognitive
rehabilitation techniques can increase treatment outcomes.
Keywords: Visual Memory, Working Memory, Drug Dependency.
Effectiveness of Bupropion (Wellban) as a Replacement Medication on
Methamphetamine (Crystal) Dependent Individuals
Submission Author: Ali Asghar Beheshti
Ali Asghar Beheshti1, Hossein Ali Sadeghi, Marzie Gorgin.
Background and Aim: In a current industrial world, in addition to an increased use of synthetic
drugs and stimulants, it can unfortunately be seen that the average age of the drug abusers is
decreasing. Today, treatment of stimulants such as crystal meth is the most difficult substance
abuse treatments that should be provided by an experienced team .The present study aimed at
investigating the effectiveness of Bupropion (Wellban) as a replacement medication on
methamphetamine (crystal) dependent individuals referring to medical and Esteghamat
rehabilitation centers.
Methods: Statistical population of this survey research was recruited from patients admitted into
Esteghamat rehabilitation center in the city of Babol. The research sample consisted of 50 meth
addicts from this medical center. Initially, Wellban was administered at the dose of 75 mg but the
dosage was gradually increased to 450 mg during the treatment due to the patient's need.
Results: The optimal (treatment response) time for Wellban efficacy in patients has been shown
to occur after three or six months. Patients experienced a positive response to Bupropion
(Wellban), revealing that Wellban could improve response rate by 68% and it could, therefore,
be used as a therapeutic substitution for crystal meth treatment. However, the type of drug and
the user's gender were found to have no connection with recovery or non- recovery of drugaddicted patients. Nevertheless, a tendency towards both stimulant substances and drugs was
evident among abusers under 30 years. As a result, considering chi-square value of >0.1 at
significance level, it can be concluded that taking Wellban has an effect on the drug-treated
subjects' recovery.
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Conclusion: Owing to the importance and effectiveness of Bupropion (Wellban) on crystal
meth-addicted people, it is suggested that the aforementioned therapy be used for these addictedtype patients in other medical centers.
Keywords: Bupropion (Wellban); Methamphetamine(Crystal)
The Effectiveness of Life Skills Training on Mental Health, Reducing the
Risk Factors and Increasing the Protective Factors for Substance Abuse
among High School Students
Submission Author: Javad Beheshtipour
Javad Beheshtipour, Masoume Kadkhodaei1, Reza Dastjerdi, Ali Akbar smaeeli
Background and Aim: The transition from traditional to modern life that cannot be ignored
Baasyb. Addiction is one of these injuries every day a lot of people, especially the young
generation who are the main assets involved and a complete cure and it is not found, so we are in
this study, we decided to analyze the effectiveness of life skills and mental health, to reduce risk
factors and increase protective factors for substance abuse among students, Realization our motto
prevention is better than cure.
Methods: The sample in this study consisted of 40 high school students from across the 94-1393
academic year with randomly into two groups (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. The samples
before and after the intervention, mental health questionnaire and risk and protective factors for
drug use were completed.
Results: Significant changes in self-concept living skills enhancement, community
empowerment, a sense of self-control, self-control and attitudes toward food. But in parental
attitudes toward food and environmental irregularities had no significant effect. The life skills
training significantly enhance public health impact
Conclusion: Learning skills at a young age an important role in the prevention of social
problems, especially addiction will be the same if the training is given to the role of family
household penetration, the results will be more favorable
245 |
Keywords : Life Skills Training, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Protective Factors
The Effect of Life Skills on Increasing Protective Factors in Substance
Abuse Among High School Students
Submission Author: Javad Beheshtipour
Javad Beheshtipour, Masoume Kadkhodaei1, Reza Dastjerdi, Ali Akbar smaeeli
1. Welfare organization
Background and Aim: Given the importance of adolescence and its role in the future of life and
effect of education on the prevention of injury at this time to evaluate the impact of life skills to
increase protective factors in substance abuse among high school students conducted
Methods: The sample in this study consisted of 40 high school students from across the 94-1393
academic year with randomly into two groups (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. The samples
before and after the intervention, risk factors and protective drug questionnaires completed.
Results: Life skills education a significant impact on self-concept, sense of self and social
empowerment, but there was no significant impact linked to family and school.
Conclusion: Adaptive learning and the role of peers and family behavior patterns in adolescents,
the case shows that the training should be done in a wider range of people.
Keywords: life skills training, protective factors in substance abuse
Addiction Prevention: The Absence of Research based Programs and
The Role of Health and Education Systems in Early Interventions
Submission Author: Behnam Behrad
246 |
Behnam Behrad1
1. Department of Behavioral disorders, Research Institute of Education, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: According to NIDA's science of addiction document on 2014, the costs
of addiction and related health cares and lack of productivity of human resources after the
disease are billions of dollars. Because of increasing in industrial and chemical compounds of
drugs and their harmful effects on central nervous system, therapeutic efforts don’t result to
favorite outcomes. On the other hand, because of problems with integration of medical,
psychological and social interventions in the treatment of addiction, coordination and
cooperation of this component is difficult. So the continuity of this process has great effects on
economic and human capitals. Without a doubt, prevention is the best strategy to deal with
addiction. But when we look at preventive programs in our country, we find that the most of
interventions in the field are therapeutic and regardless of antidrug policies, we cannot see any
significant and wide evidence based preventive plan and program in this respect. With regard to
UNODC world drug report on 2015, drug use prevention includes any activity focused on
preventing or delaying the initiation of drug use and the potential transition to problem drug use
.According to NIDA, adolescence is the peak of initiation of drug use and based on the UNODC
world drug report on 2015, drug use should be seen as an unhealthy behavior linked to the
developmental process. UNODC world drug report on 2015 states that it is important to note that
what occurs during adolescence very much depends on what happened earlier on in an
individual’s development, during childhood and early adolescence. Thus, drug prevention efforts
can and should be targeted at earlier ages than adolescence. In 2013, UNODC published the
International Standards on Drug Use Prevention, which summarize the scientific evidence on the
effectiveness of drug use prevention efforts. According to this report and subject literature and
based on protective and risk factors of substance abuse that reported by a committee on the
prevention of mental disorders and substance abuse among children, youth, and young adults in
2009, parenting skills and as well as personal and social skills are the target skills for preventing
drug abuse. Based on WHO/UNODC global initiative on primary prevention of substance abuse
report on 2007, developing countries with limited resources must implement prevention
strategies that have been successful in other parts of the world and preventive efforts need to lead
preventive strategies that are scientific and evidence based.
Methods: Research Review
Results: With regard to above mentioned findings, schools are settings that education and health
policy makers have an opportunity for developing and reinforcing protective factors such as
parenting, personal and social skills and reducing risk factors of drug abuse such as aggression,
antisocial behavior and providing necessary information about the harmful effects of drugs.
Conclusion: This article demonstrates the current status of our schools in addiction prevention,
theoretical aspect of the critical personal and social skills for healthy development of children
247 |
and introduce characteristics of evidence based programs for prevention of drug abuse and
addiction among children and adolescents in school settings which is the best strategy.
Keywords: Addiction Prevention, Children and Adolescents, Evidence based Programs, Social
and Emotional Competence.
The comparison between self- esteem and mental health in substance
abusers and normal individuals
Submission Author: Fatemeh Behrouzian
Fatemeh Behrouzian1
1. M.A in clinical psychology
Background and Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare between self- esteem and
mental health in substance abusers and normal individuals
Methods: For this purpose, we used the available sampling method, and then 50 normal subjects
and 50 substance abusers were selected. Research tools were GHQ mental health and selfesteem questionnaires.
Results: Data from the 50 normal subjects and 50 substance abusers were analyzed by SPSS
software using independent t-test. According to the findings there was a significant difference
between substance abusers and normal individuals in terms of mental health, and there was a
significant relationship between the control and regulation, but there is no significant relationship
between substance abusers and normal individuals in rate of self- esteem.
Conclusion: The results showed that self- esteem and mental health in substance abusers and
normal individuals were different.
Keywords: Substance abusers, Mental health, Normal individuals, Self- esteem
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The efficacy of cognitive – behavior therapy in treatment retention in
opioid dependence with methadone
Submission Author: Fatemeh Behrouzian
Fatemeh Behrouzian1
1. M.A in clinical psychology
Background and Aim : The research purpose was to investigate the efficacy of cognitive –
behavior therapy (CBT) in substance abusers. For this reason in a semi – experimental study and
by accessible sampling method we selected 100 participants as our study sample.
Methods : Research tools were included: diagnostic interview and urine test. They were divided
in two groups of 50 participants in intervention and 50 in control group.CBT had been done on
intervention group for 8 weeks in 90 minutes sessions per week. Data was analyzed by SPSS as
well as statistical test such as z- test.
Results : The results showed that there was a difference between the intervention and control
groups in terms of the rate of treatment retention (p-value<0.05).
Conclusion : Also there is significant difference between intervention and control group before
and after CBT (p-value<0.05).
Keywords : Cognitive – behavior therapy, Opioid Dependence with Methadone, treatment
retention
Water pipe tendency among female students
Submission Author: Davood Behzad
Davood Behzad1
1. Social work department University of Hormozgan, Bandar abbas,Iran
Background and Aim : Tobacco and its products are as health threats. Water pipe use is
associated with numerous medical problems, and despite its addictive there is no prohibition to
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use it. Unfortunately, Hookah smoking has become increasingly widespread in recent years. The
age of first use of water pipe is years before entering university. The study showed that 65% of
the students have had the experience of water pipe smoking. The hookah, the most used drug
among students. In addition, studies suggest the prevalence of smoking among women. The
researchers considered several factors in the tendency of smoking, including psychological
problems such as anxiety and depression, lack of self-esteem, attitudes and beliefs about the
harms of less hookah, leisure time, peer pressure, easy access, low cost and other factors. This
study aimed to determine how and why water pipe use among female students of Bandar Abbas
in the 2014 academic year.
Methods : Survey research was conducted. A sample size of over 120 students who were taking
water pipe Selected with snowball sampling method and data collected through a questionnaire.
Results : Based on the findings, half of the respondents under 20 years old start smoking
hookah. They are used in parks and recreation centers and with friends. Often used several times
in the month. While half of the families were unaware of this behavior. Most hookah use among
family members. 25 percent of them were addicted to smoking hookah. And 2.5% in addition to
the hookah were used other materials. The main reasons for respondents' tendency to use were:
the lack of legal restrictions, joy, fun, common use, feel free, curiosity and a sense of being
different.
Conclusion : nowadays, smoking among girls is a concern. This study aimed to determine the
cause of hookah smoking among female students. They started smoking as a teenager, the other
researchers will consistent with this findings. The use of other substances with the water pipe is
much lower among female students, although a quarter of them were addicted to it. Other studies
have mentioned on hookah smoking of students. The findings in line with other researches
showed social, emotional, attitudinal and legal factors in trends hookah use among girls is
effective. Obviously, ease of access, social acceptance and popularity, not bad attitude, and law
problem, including factors underlying the spread of this phenomenon among girls.
Keywords : Waterpipe, Students, Girls, Tendency
Gender roles and effective factors contributing to the trend of hookah
use among female students
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Davood Behzad 1
1.
Social work department University of Hormozgan, Bandar abbas,Iran
Background and Aim : Recently, social stage has confronted with the prevalence hookah
smoking among young people, especially women. The researchers focused on harmful and
addictive aspects of hookah. However, implementation of laws and policies failed to counter the
growing trend of the phenomenon. The Incidence and prevalence of hookah use has diminished
to adolescence ages. And hookah smoking is popular among women.meanwhile the highest
forms of used drugs among students. Its roots can be found in a range of individual and social
factors that many researchers considered it. The combination of these factors and its analysis
model based on gender roles can be useful in better understanding.
Methods : This study aimed to determine the causes of water pipe using among female students
of Bandar Abbas in the 2014 academic year with Looking at gender roles. Survey research was
conducted. A sample size of over 120 students who were taking water pipe Selected with
snowball sampling method and data collected through a researcher made questionnaire & Bem
gender roles inventory.
Results : According to the conceptual framework and to determine the tendency of hookah
factor analysis identified four dimensions that had the highest proportion of variance
explanation: the number one factor named as social including; Equality with men, seeking the
attention of the opposite sex, Different show, pride feeling, to gain social acceptance, to protest
the female restrictions. Number two Factor as the emotional, including variables: pleasure,
recreation, accompany with friends having common, sense of freedom. And the number three as
attitudinal associated with: not addictive belief, boast and curiosity. Finally, we considered the
last factor the legal. The significant difference was between the groups in gender roles. And
those with the highest average was androgenic.
Conclusion : The prevalence of tobacco and drug use among young people, especially women
and educated people is a threat to individual and social health. This study aimed to determine the
cause of hookah with respect to gender roles among female students summarizes factors in four
dimension: social, emotional, attitudinal and legal. It is consistent with other studies. Although
the ease of access, lack of legal and social acceptance predispose it, But social factors (family
and friends) and emotional (fun and pleasure) is undeniable role in the propensity to consume
water pipe. While the tradition condemned of women water pipe smoking in public, this
tendency to be determined as a protest and seeking self-identity.
Keywords : Gender roles , Hookah , Female, Students
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Effectiveness of the Preventive Education of hookah use among female
students
Davood Behzad 1, Aazam rezaei2, Maryam Karimi3
1. Center of Applied Science of welfare ,Bandar abbas ,Iran
2. MAof Clinical Psychology
3. BA of Psychology
Background and Aim : Increasing use of tobacco and addictive substances among young
people has always been acknowledged by the experts. In The current situation seems to hookah
smoking on the one hand due to long-standing cultural and the other hand, a lack of evil
compared to other materials and lack of awareness of the dangers of hookah among young
people, particularly girls, has created a new trend. Hookah smoking as one of the most
threatening health is causing major problems such as cancer, infectious and heart diseases. While
hookah smoking is addictive or a gateway drug, however, in most societies, there is no
prohibition for that. Studies indicate the decrease the age of the experience of hookah smoking.
Waterpipe smoking among students constitute the highest percentage of drug, Rates of up to
40.3% have been reported. Hookah smoking in the hormozgan province has cultural roots and is
more common among women. Several factors play a role in the propensity to consume hookah
but the lack of training makes context for use it. Thus, this study is going to see to what extent
tendency to hookah smoking among female students through training will be changed?
Methods : This study was conducted with quasi-experimental and procedures of pre and posttest. Statistical population was female students of the Behzisti Applied Science educational
Center of Bandar Abbas, including 30 samples were selected by convenience sampling method.
The instrument used was a 20-items researcher-made questionnaire on the Likert scale, including
two sections of knowledge and attitude towards hookah smoking subscales. The subject score of
this scale at least 20 and up to 100 and the median score of 40 is calculated. A higher score
indicates the subject is more likely to use hookah. Reliability coefficient was calculated to 0.72.
Results : The mean age of respondents were 27.5 years, and the majority of them were single. In
the pre-test, 33/4% of subjects had moderate and high tendency to consume hookah while this
reduced to one-third after education. A significant difference was found between subjects mean
scores of pre and post test. The results indicate that the training has been effective.
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Conclusion : More recently, women and girls tendency to consume hookah is a major concern.
Despite the lack of social blameworthy, hookah is harmful and gateway to other substances,
therefore, requires serious intervention. Since the lack of awareness and curiosity as cognitive
variables have key role in tendency to the hookah, the present study was conducted to determine
the effectiveness of education about the harmful effects of hookah. Although one-third of the
subjects had a moderate to high tendency to hookah, but the intervention decreased the tendency
to consume hookah in. We suggest to other researchers a deeper study to identify cognitive and
cultural factors underlying tendency to hookah. Meanwhile authorities can use the findings of
this study as starting for the prevention of smoking hookah.
Keywords : Effectiveness, Prevention, Education, Hookah, Students
Social worker
Submission Author: Janko Belin
Janko Belin1
1. Project manager, City Ljubljana- Slovenia
Background and Aim : Addressing homeless issues by methods of HR with combination of low
threshold social approach problems caused by homelessness living style in local community
could be prevented. Rate of criminal activity related to drug use and homeless living style is
possible to reduce to minimum with help of adequate Homeless Shelter program. The model of
program SHELTER ERNEST City Ljubljana- Slovenia between 2002 and 2009 will be in focus
of my presentation
Methods : HR, Low treshold, peer-support, social inclusion, outreach, psi-soc intervention
Results : Lowered crime rate in local community, improvement of health of homeless
population, social inclusion, reduction of death cases related to drug use and homelessness
Conclusion : Intervention in local community based on outreach with basic support in a Shelter
by methods of social work helps to reduce problems caused by homeless population. At the same
time prevalence of small crime activity drop and recovery and reintegration in community
improved. Bottom line: cost benefit approach save lives, intervention services (Police, Mobile
health care are relieved) and circling of homeless drug users between prison, and life on the
street is halted: possible positive outcome and re-integration on case basis.
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Keywords : Harm reduction, Homelessness, Re-integration, Cost-benefit
Comparing the effectiveness of group therapy based on mindfulness,
compulsive motion games (chess, table tennis) and his daily reports
expected to prevent industrial consumers
Submission Author: Hossein Beneiaz
Hossein Beneiaz1, Fateme Shahabezadeh2
1. Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
2. Assistant Professor, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
Background and Aim : Drug attachment is a public health problem in most communities. This
problem is a multi-factorial health disorder which usually shows a chronic, recurrent, and
remission cycle. In our country drug abuse disorders are in the fourth level after incidents and
accidents, cardio-vascular diseases, and depression. Therefore, the outbreak of
methamphetamine epidemic makes capacity-building a priority of programs by Ministry of
Health, treatment, and Education in order to address therapeutic challenges associated with
stimulants abuse.
Methods : 40 users of industrial drugs (crystal) aged between 20 to 40 years were selected using
available sample in Birjand during 2014. Participants were assigned into four groups each of
which consisted of ten people: group1, play therapy and mindfulness; group2, mindfulness, play
therapy, and self-review reports; group3, mindfulness; and group4, control group. These people
received mindfulness group therapy for three months accompanied with behavioral interventions
of play therapy (chess and ping pong) along with self-review reports. Each group received
different interventions and the design included pretest, posttest with control group. Tools used in
the research included questionnaires of Wells and Davis thought control, Garnefski cognitive
emotion regulation, and Wright and Beck craving believes questionnaire. Results were
investigated using multi-variable covariance analysis.
Results : Findings: The patients had experienced industrial drug abuse, lack of motivation,
weakness in thoughts and cognitive emotion regulation; therefore, these interventions had
favorable effects on these factors.
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Conclusion : Conclusion: Mindfulness therapy and behavioral interventions (chess, ping pong)
as well as self-review reports had a good effect on thought control, cognitive emotion regulation,
craving believes, and in turn prevention of their recursion.
Keywords : Industrial drug abuse, Mindfulness, Thought control, Cognitive emotion regulation
Methamphetamine Use among Homeless People Who Use Drugs
Admitted to Compulsory Treatment Centers in Mashhad, 2013
Submission Author: Ehsan Beykzadeh
Ehsan Beykzadeh1, Alireza Noroozi2
1. General Physician, Master of Sciences in Psychology
2. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk
Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment
Office (SAPTO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Background and Aim : Iran has been faced with an emerging trend of methamphetamine use
during recent years. Methamphetamine use is associated with increased risk of high risk sexual
behaviors, injecting practices, impulsiveness, verbal and physical aggression and violence among
people who use it. The methamphetamine related harms have been less studied among vulnerable
people who use drug in Iran. In this study the pattern of methamphetamine use was studied
among homeless people who use drugs admitted to compulsory treatment center in Mashhad,
North East of the country, 2013.
Methods : 291 consecutively admitted patients in three compulsory residential treatment centers
in Mashhad were entered to the study. 251 (86.3%) were male and 40 (23.7%) were female. All
patients were above 18 years old. Demographic data, substance use and high risk behaviors
history were gathered through a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Fisher
exact test and chi square test.
Results : The most prevalence drugs of use were opium, crack heroin (crystal), and
methamphetamine with 87.6%, 81.1%and 78.0%, respectively. The average age of first
methamphetamine use was 32 years old. The study participants reported on average 3.84(±2.15)
years of regular meth use. Methamphetamine use showed a significant association with age,
place of residence and previous history of imprisonment. Meth use was associated with an
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increased sexual activity, less condom use with sexual relationship with spouse and male to male
sexual relationship among participants.
Conclusion : The results of this study documented increased risk of sexual risk behaviors with
methamphetamine use among homeless people who use drugs in Mashhad. There is an imminent
need to develop and implement harm reduction programs with a special focus on
methamphetamine use among this population.
Keywords : Methamphetamine ,high risk sexual behavior , homeless people , Compulsory
Treatment Centers, Substance abuse
The Comparison of distortions cognitive & emotional schemes in the
People addicted to methamphetamine and non-addicts
Submission Author: Kianoosh Beyranvand
Kianoosh Beyranvand1
1. Clinical psychology MA, Lorestan Office of Welfare
Background and Aim : The aim of this study was to compare schemas of emotional and
cognitive distortions in addicted to methamphetamine with healthy people in controls.
Methods : There was used causal comparison method (after event) for doing it. The population
of the study was all people addicted to methamphetamine under treatment in clinics of
Khorramabad and their companions that 50 addicted were selected by using the available
sampling method from clinic of Mehrafarin Khorramabad city and 50 healthy subjects were
selected among their companions. For data collection was used two questionnaires, "Leahy
Emotional Schema" and "cognitive distortions", and for data processing was used inferential
statistics, Manoa.
Results : Results showed that most subscales of emotional schemas and cognitive distortions
including, without trust, guilt, naive excitement, lack of evaluation, lack of control, denial,
emotions, rumination, statement, shame, distorted of all or none, exaggerated generalizations,
mental filter, macroscopic and microscopic view and emotional arguments must-better are
associated with addicted to Methamphetamine
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Conclusion : According to the results, people addicted to methamphetamine Cognitive
distortions and emotional schemas higher than the normal group
Keywords : Addicted to methamphetamine, Emotional Schemas, Cognitive Distortions
Struggling to hold relapse in mind
Submission Author: Alex Carter
Alex Carter1
1. ….
Background and Aim : A broad body of theory and clinical knowledge has developed over the
last 25 years that has led to new developments in understanding of the theory of mind, self and
affect regulation. Mentalizing has been a conceptual cornerstone in these developments and is
understood as the psychological process that people develop in order to hold mind(s) in mind.
Mentalizing as a theory has its roots in attachment, developmental neurobiology and
contemporary psychoanalytic thinking. In clinical practice, mentalizing holds powerful
explanatory potential and evidenced value in psychotherapeutic practice.
Methods : Substance Dependence Disorder is currently largely understood as a brain disease and
recidivism as inevitability a consequence of the disease process. This suggests psychotherapeutic
interventions have a somewhat limited role to play in the treatment of SDD. This paper presents
themes from the analysis of transcripts of interviews with 10 counselling dyads (counsellor and
patient) in a residential addictions treatment context. The paper will aim to show, from the point
of view of critical psychology and mentalizing, how ‘collapses’ in mentalizing occur in the
counselling relationship in the addiction treatment context.
Results : It is posited that these ‘collapses’ in mentalizing play a significant role in the efficacy
of addictions counselling. The paper further aims to explore mentalizing in the context of
addictions counselling regarding what influence adopting this frame of reference may have on
understanding recidivism and Substance Dependence Disorder (SDD). This paper argues for the
validity and therapeutic value of mentalizing as a concept, therapeutic process and intervention
in the domain of addictions psychotherapy.
Conclusion : The analysis found that disease model jargon mitigated against clients and
counsellors thinking about relapse in any other but a largely self-fulfilling, non-psychological
257 |
and limited manner. The implications of this are proposed with reference to the concept of
mentalizing. Recommendations are made for therapeutic alliance between clients and counsellors
in addiction treatment.
Keywords : Addiction, Substance Dependence Disorder, Mentalizing, Psychotherapy
Alcohol addiction in Benin: review and implications for future
researches
Author(s): Sylvie de CHACUS1
1Affiliation(s):
Department of Psychology and Education Sciences, Laboratory of Applied
Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin.
Background and Aim: Our study addresses the problem of addiction to alcohol in Benin.
Several studies have shown that addiction to alcohol in Benin is an important issue because
almost 60 percent of Benin's population are alcohol consumers. In addition, 11 percent of the
population are daily drinkers, 58.6 percent are occasional users, 14.8 percent had a risky
consumption, and 5.8 percent have a harmful consumption. Through this study, we try in one
hand to determine the impact of alcohol addiction on health and on the other hand, to determine
the psychosocial factors leading to addiction to alcohol.
Methods : This study is based on work conducted jointly by the Ministry of Health of Benin and
the World Health Organization. In fact, we inspired the statistics presented to understand the
extent of addiction to alcohol in Benin. Regarding the psychosocial factors that explain this
phenomenon, we were interested in the studies (literary review) that have treated the impact of
alcohol consumption on health and the consequences it could have (on) psychologically and
socially.
Results : The results showed that alcohol addiction is a psychological problem and that the
abuse of alcohol has toxic effects that can harm almost any system or organ of the body. Also,
we notice that several determinants studied proved significant predictors that lead to addiction to
alcohol: family models and peers consumption behavior; deviance; behavioral problems or lack
of social conformity; low level of self-esteem or psychological distress, etc.
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Conclusion : All these factors lead the individual towards risk-taking through alcohol abuse. The
results of this descriptive study provide new research perspectives related to alcohol
consumption in Benin and this in all areas of science. Also, we will extend research towards a
comparative study between a country where the consumption of alcohol is not permitted, such as
Iran and countries such as Benin where everything is set up to increased consumption and
without alcohol control, to benefit from the expertise of a country like Iran.
Keywords: alcohol consumption, non transmissible diseases, addiction to alcohol.
Contribution to the improvement of pre-surgery psychological
preparation: case study of Abomey-Calavi and Bantè regional hospitals
in Benin
Author(s): Sylvie de CHACUS1
1Affiliation(s):
Department of Psychology and Education Sciences, Laboratory of Applied
Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin.
Background and Aim: Pre-surgery psychological preparation in hospitals is far from being a
reality in our country.Medical science in its surgical interventions, can only provide a good
service (do a good job) when it operates in close partnership with psychology given
psychological connotation of the concept of surgery. The current study aims to overcome the
mechanical approach used in the hospitals in the provision of pre-surgery
psychological preparation.
Methods:In the study, the concepts and theories of social and clinical psychology were used.
Thus, the study initially consisted in directly observing the reaction of some patients (eleven
patients) and their families to the announcement of surgery.In a second step, two questionnaires
were administered. A questionnaire was administered to health agents (hospital employees) and a
second questionnaire to patients. This approach allowed us to follow on the one hand the
reactions of patients to the announcement of the surgery, the content of the pre-surgery
preparation, the opinion of patients on pre-surgery psychological preparation ; and on the other
hand to evaluate the number of patients who have shown a major psychological value, the
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behavior, the number of health agents involved in the process, the number of psychologists
employed, the number of stakeholders wishing an improvement.
Results:
This approach allowed us to obtain the following results. A study conducted in two hospitals,
one based in the north of Benin and the other in the south of the country, showed that 93% of
health agents do next to nothing to psychologically prepare users mainly patients and even less
their entourage for the challenge ahead. As a consequence, the present study has observed that
their reactions are dominated by strong anxiety and fear. A solution to this problem could lie in
building the capacity of the health agents and ultimately in advocating the involvement of
psychologists in hospitals.
Conclusion:The study of pre-surgery psychological preparation reveals that this crucial step in a
surgical process suffers enormous difficulties in hospitals in Benin. This is reflected in the
response of patients to the announcement of the surgery from cries to rejections of the surgery
and even to fatal anxiety attacks.
It is therefore recommended that the intervention of a psychologist be integrated to the surgical
process and in the pre-surgery phase or post-surgery phase (for care and support after a
successful intervention). In truth, the psychological preparation will differ from one patient to
another.
Keywords: surgery, psychological preparation, fear, anxiety, complication, pre-surgery.
The role of frontal delta/alpha ratio (DAR index) in predicting of
cognitive functions of patients with substance abuse
Submission Author: Gholamreza Chalabianloo
Gholamreza Chalabianloo1, Chalabianloo,Gholamreza2, Tabatabei, Seyyed Mahmoud3
1. University of Azarbayjan Shahid Madani, Tabriz, Iran
2. University of Azarbayjan Shahid Madani, Tabriz, Iran
3. Medicin School of Islamic Azad University -Branch of Tabriz, Tabriz,Iran
260 |
Background and Aim : Neuroimaging studies of substance abuse patients report findings of
abnormal activity in frontal networks such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC),
dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), where are involved in attention, emotional processing,
goal-directed behaviour, associative learning, decision making. Also, cognitive impairment are
common sequelae of substance abuse. Cognitive screening tools administered have been shown
to be somewhat informative for predicting cognitive impairment in substance abusers. Frontal
QEEG band-power especially delta\alpha ratio (DAR) has been found to correlate with measures
of cognitive functions.
Methods : In order to study of correlations between frontal DAR with cognitive functions of
substance abusers, 50 opioid-dependent male patients who applied for detoxification treatment
were selected. Participants completed Beck depression inventory& Beck anxiety inventory. For
the purposes of the present project, patients underwent medication-free baseline resting EEG,
computerized CPT-II & working memory tasks.
Results : Data indicated that there are significant correlations between delta\alpha & theta\beta
ratio indexes of frontal with omission mistake of CPT. Also, there are significant correlations
between delta\alpha ratio of frontal with working memory subscales. Data showed that there are
significant correlations among absolute & relative powers of alpha band in frontal lobe with
cognitive functions.
Conclusion : Our results revealed that DAR of frontal is a key factor in predicting cognitive
functions of substance abusers in post detoxification.
Keywords : deltaalpha ratio, frontal lobe, cognitive functions, substance abuse
Stress Coping Strategies among Men Addicted in Camp Setting
Submission Author: Milad Choobineh
Milad Choobineh1, Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan2, Fariba Saeedipour13, Hamideh Aboalhasani4
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Student Research Committee, Larestan School of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
Assistant Professor, Larestan School of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
Background and Aim : stressful life events and coping strategies have been considered two of
the most important factors for the person’s tendency toward drug abuse.
Methods : in this descriptive - analytic study 61 men addicted aged 15-63 years old from one of
the camp setting (Fars province), in 2015 were selected by a convenience sampling method and
all of them filled stress coping strategies questionnaire (Lazarus & Folkman 1985) with two
domains (problem-based and emotion-based strategies). The statistical analyses were carried out
by the SPSS 16 program.
Results : the mean age of men was 31.09 ± 8.37. The most their level of education and their job
respectively, were senior high school (47.5%) and self employed (88.5%). The mean of coping
strategies in the problem-based and emotion-based domains respectively, were 40.18 ±7.53 and
43.57 ± 6.11. Not significant relationship was found between level of education, age, job and
men addicted strategies’ methods.
Conclusion : the results show that the men addicted used more emotional based strategies such
as escape-avoidance techniques (like drug abuse) and the less problem based strategies in the
face of stress. Therefore, strengthen problem based coping strategies can considered as an
effective method for reducing these group’s desire to drug abuse when they faced with problems.
Keywords : Addiction, Coping Strategies, Men
Psychosocial and physical problems caused by alcohol abuse
Milad Choobineh1, Seyyed Hannan kashfi2, Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan3
1. Student Research Committee, Larestan School of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
2. Larestan School of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
3. Assistant Professor, Larestan School of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
Background and Aim : Alcohol abuse is considered a high-risk behavior. Epidemiological
studies suggest that abuse of alcoholic beverages has increased in different communities in
recent decades. Substance abuse is one of the most significant biological, and psycho - social
problems, which can easily put one's personal, family, social and cultural life on the verge of
collapse. Given the prevalence of alcohol consumption and its peak of abuse during people's 20s
and 30s, high rates of medical complications and problems associated with its abuse in society
262 |
are predictable. Paying attention to these signs and symptoms is helpful in their prevention and
treatment. The purpose of this study is to address psychosocial and physical problems resulting
from alcohol abuse.
Methods : This is a review study. Researchers tried to use the related articles available on the
SID, Mag Iran, and Iran doc websites for the purpose of this study.
Results : According to the review of literature, methanol consumption has toxic effects in the
body and causes changes in the cells of the body. It damages the structure of DNA and proteins,
creates carcinogenic compounds, and leads to genetic changes in the cells. There is a significant
relationship between alcohol abuse and physical problems such as peptic ulcer, severe acidosis,
blindness, neurological disorders and Parkinsonism. Alcohol abuse decreases human cognitive
abilities and increases the chance of risky behaviors like self-harm and assaults. Alcohol abuse is
associated with psychological problems such as depression and anxiety. Alcohol abuse is a social
stigma; therefore, people have limited contact with such people. Also, because of the disruption
caused in daily activities, alcohol abuse causes many social problems, such as the loss of jobs
and disruption of interpersonal relationships including family relations.
Conclusion : Given the physical-psychological and social damages resulting from alcohol abuse
and the late toxicity and its irreversible effects, several laboratory tests and psychological
screening alongside education can be used to prevent the tendency of people to such a high-risk
behavior.
Keywords : Alcoholic beverages, high-risk behavior, physical-, psychological-,and social
problems
Evaluation of the effect of the alcohol consumption on infertility in Men
Milad Choobineh1
Background and Aim : Although alcohol is widely used , its impact on male productive is still
controversial.This article aim is evaluating the impact of alcohol consumption on men infertility .
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Methods : This is a review of articles by reviewing all the published literature on the effect
alcohol consumption on men infertility in Pubmed and Sid sites.
Results : In most of the studies consumption do not appear to significantly affect sperm
parameters , such as volume ,sperm count ,motility and morphology or pregnancy out come The
semen volume and the total sperm count were associated with prenatal alcohol exposure ; sons
prenatally exposed to 1.0-1.5 drink per week had highest value.The genetic background and
other contaminant , alcohol consumption – related condition is influenced the degree of testicular
damage. In addition the most common alcohol –related pathological change in the testis in
probably reversible arrest of spermatogenesis .clinical finding are review as they related to the
possible pathogenesis of alcohol –related testicular atrophy .
Conclusion : The result indicate alcohol consumption –related conditions in influenced the
degree of testicular damage but more standardize laboratory assays are needed to better establish
the role of this factors in male infertility.
Keywords : Alcohol consumption , Infertility ,Men
"The effect of alcohol on male infertility"
Milad Choobineh1, Seyyed Hannan kashfi2
2. Larestan School of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
Background and Aim : Alcohol is widely used. Although many studies have been carried out
on the effects of alcohol on fertility, there is still no consensus in this regard. The aim of this
study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory effects of alcohol on infertility in men.
Methods : The study is a review of all articles published on the issue in SID and PUBMED
scientific websites
Results : Most studies not show that alcohol has significant relationship with reduced fertility in
men. This can be due to the antioxidant properties of some of alcoholic beverages. However,
alcohol is most relevant to pathological changes of the testicles. Clinical findings confirms the
relationship between testicular atrophy and alcohol consumption. It can also lead to a decline in
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sperm parameters (volume, count, motility and shape). In addition, semen volume and total
sperm count decrease by exposure to alcohol before birth and can prevent reversibility of the
spermatogenesis process. Methanol consumption has a severe effect on the performance of the
reproductive tract. Methanol-rich foods are among factors causing abnormal sperm parameters.
Conclusion : The results suggest that the consumption of and exposure to alcohol have very
serious effects on sperm concentration, resulting in infertility in men. Therefore, paying attention
to the issue is essential and avoiding alcohol consumption can be helpful in preventing the
harmful effects.
Keywords : Alcohol, infertility, male
The effectiveness of multidimensional prevention program on reducing
substance trends among young people
Submission Author: Parviz Dabbaghi
Parviz Dabbaghi1, Habib Valipour2
1. Ph.D in clinical psychology-department of clinical psychology -medical faculty-aja university of medical
science
2. Msc in clinical psychology-department of clinical psychology -medical faculty-aja university of medical
science
Background and Aim : According to current theories, the various factors involved in the
etiology of addiction that we know mainly they are linked to a weakness in life skill and
information about addiction . Also, considering the importance of the prevention of addiction,
one program can be the best that can reduce the effects of these factors at an earlier age. So
assessing the effectiveness of life skills training programs in substance trend reduction in young
people is the aim of this study.
Methods : two training centers, including 172 male volunteers between 17 and 20 years old (82
test group and control group, n = 90) who were matched for age, sex, education, marital status
were examined.
Results : The results showed that, in the control group, difference in scores of positive attitude to
drugs scale before and after the program are not significant (P> 0/05) but this difference was
significant in the test group. (P <0.05).
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Conclusion : Life skills training programs specifically reduces the positive attitude of young
people to material and generally is effective in the prevention of addiction.
Keywords : substance, life skills, prevention
Effects of Two Types of Exercise (Aerobic and Resistance) on levels of
Serotonin and Dopamine in men addicted to Methamphetamine during
Rehabilitation Period
Submission Author: Shiva Dadvand
Shiva Dadvand1, Hamid Arazi2
1. Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Background and Aim : Methamphetamine is the most commonly used ATS. The principle
effect of methamphetamine desired by its users is the euphoria, or the more general sense of
well-being, that it instates. This effect is coupled with an increase in confidence, energy and
enthusiasm, alertness, and an increase in mental acuity. As a psychostimulant, MA has direct
effects on the neurotransmitter causing the release of dopamine from vesicular storage pools into
the cytoplasm and increased cytosolic system, levels of monoamines by inhibiting the activity of
monoamine oxidase, therefore leading to functional and structural changes in the brain. Based
this, effects of two types of exercise (aerobic and resistance) on levels of serotonin and dopamine
in men addicted to methamphetamine during rehabilitation period.
Methods : This study is a semi experimental study. Ten men addicted to methamphetamine
participated in both aerobic and resistance exercise protocols. The variables measured in the first
session were age, weight, height, body mass index, waist to hip, fat, fat weight, respectively.
Also, hematological levels of serotonin and dopamine, were measured before and after exercises
completion. Subjects did two sets of 15 minutes running with intensity of 70-75% of maximum
heart rate and were considered 3-4 minutes rest intervals between sets. The end of exercise, the
cool down included stretching and flexibility was done for 5 minutes. Resistance exercise
protocol, a part of aerobic protocol was performed in 3 stage similar to aerobic exercise with
week washout. Resistance exercises included, 4 drills in two set of 10 repetitions with an
intensity of 60 -70% of one repetition maximum and rest intervals for 2 minutes. The end of
exercise similar to aerobic exercise was along with cool down. To measure blood levels of
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serotonin and dopamine in peripheral blood 5cc was drawn by specialists and laboratory
technician, pre- and post- exercise intervention and finally samples were collected.
Results : Statistical analysis showed that aerobic and resistance exercise resulted in a significant
increase in the blood levels of serotonin and dopamine (p <0.05).
Conclusion : According to the findings, we can conclude that the types of in aerobic and
resistance exercise can affect on blood levels of serotonin and dopamine in addicted men and
maybe helpful as a non-drug treatment. Therefore, it is possible that exercise any type of can be
used as a valuable aid in the treatment of addiction and to improve their conditions.
Keywords : Exercise, Methamphetamine, Serotonin, Dopamine.
Comparing the Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercises on Cardio Vascular Behavior of Men Addicted to Methamphetamine during
Rehabilitation
Submission Author: Shiva Dadvand
Shiva Dadvand1, Hamid Arazi2
Background and Aim : Among varies types of drugs, methamphetamine is highly addictive and
is widely abused. Methamphetamine consumption can create a variety of cardiovascular
problems including increased heart rate, irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure and
myocardial infarction. Based on previous studies demonstrating the potential efficacy of aerobic
and Resistance exercise for improving cardio - vascular behavior (heart rate, blood pressure,
mean arterial pressure), the study described here is examining aerobic and resistance Exercises as
a potential treatment for methamphetamine dependent individuals.
Methods : This study is a quasi-experimental study conducted at “Tarannom Ehyaye No”
Institute in the city of Rasht on the men addicted to methamphetamine. 10 addicted men with an
average age of 31.2±6.2 years, height 1.73±0.56m, weight 73.66±12.5 kg, BMI 24.34±3.03
Kg/m2 and VO2MAX 30.77±2.53 ml/Kg.min were chosen purposefully. The group, after filling
out a consent form and a questionnaire for stress management participated in a program of
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aerobic and resistance exercise. The variables measured in the first session included physical
characteristics such as age, weight, height, body mass index, waist to hip, fat percentage and
physiological variables such as aerobic capacity, muscular strength and endurance, resting heart
rate and blood pressure at rest. Also, before and after the implementation of the program of
aerobic and resistance exercise variables such as heart rate, blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and
myocardial oxygen cost) before and immediately, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the activity
was measured and recorded. Aerobic exercise protocol consists of 3-stage of warming up
(involves jogging, stretching and flexibility for 10 minutes), the main part and cooling
(stretching and flexibility activities and relaxation was done for 5 minutes) plan for 45 minutes.
In the main activities individuals ran in two turns of 15 minutes with an intensity of 75-70% of
maximum heart rate, resting at intervals of 3 to 4 minutes between the stages. Resistance
exercise protocol was performed within one week of aerobic protocol implementation. In the
main part generally individuals performed 4 movements (bench press, front thigh, back thigh,
rowing) on two turns and each one contains 10 repetitions with 60-70 percent intensity and one
repetition maximum (1 RM) with rest intervals of 2-3 minutes respectively.
Results : Statistical analysis showed, reduction in blood pressure of systolic, diastolic, heart rate,
mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and myocardial oxygen cost at intervals of 15, 30, 45, 60
minutes was significant after these two activities as well (P < 0.05) but there was no significant
change in comparison of activities (P > 0.05).
Conclusion : According to the findings it can be concluded that the aerobic and resistance
exercise activities can significantly reduce the harmful effects of methamphetamine through the
effect that they have on cardiovascular behavior. Therefore, it can be stated that aerobic and
resistance exercise as a non-drug treatment, can be used in the treatment of addiction and
improvement of the situation of addicts.
Keywords : Methamphetamine, Blood Pressure, Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Exercise.
Interventions to reduce drug abuse in world’s second-largest gas
reserves field (Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ))
Submission Author: Behzad Damari
Behzad Damari1, Mahin Ahmadi Pishkouhi2, Golamrez Bostanmanesh 3, Mohsen
Roshanpazhoh4, Hossein Almadani5, Aref Vahabzadeh6, Azade Oliaei7, Mariet Ghazarian 8,
Amirhoshangh Andalibian 9
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1. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Health Research,Social Determinant of
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Health Department
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ministry of Cooperatives ,labour and social Welfare
State welfare organization
Drug control Headquarters
Ministry of Interior
Background and Aim : South Pars Special Economic Energy Zone is the world's second largest
gas reservoir, and Iran’s first reservoir of energy that was established two decades ago. High
incidence of social harms is observed in this region due to various reasons while drug addiction
is of high prevalence. The current study aims at finding the strategies to prevent drug abuse and
formulating policies in the region.
Methods : The research is a combination of nested type (qualitative - quantitative) and analysis
of participated steering committee stakeholders. Collected data are classified into three areas:
recognition, orientation, and establishment requirements.
Results : Factors such as bad weather, difficult working conditions, lack of entertainment,
masculine environment in the region, long work shifts and expatriate working, lack of priority of
addicted officials and contractors, and presence of traffickers have been identified to the affect
prevalence of drug addiction. Various prevention and treatment interventions have been
conducted in response to drug abuse in the region, though however have been often sectional,
insular, immeasurable in terms of impact and inconsistent. A combination of compulsory,
facilitative, and promotional interventions were proposed to reduce drug abuse by 10 percent
within a strategic five-year plan. These interventions are proposed basing on three groups:
people, industry, and governance, and they have been announced and approved basing on a
MoU.
Conclusion : Considering the high prevalence of drug addiction in South Pars region its affects,
in addition to the implementation of multilevel interventions suggested by the current study, it is
necessary to implement simultaneous national interventions more quickly so as to improve on
the economic, social, political, technological, international and environmental conditions. In the
current study, unlike in the previous attempts, national stakeholders which include: Ministry of
Petroleum, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Interior Ministry, Ministry of
Cooperatives, Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare and Iran Drug Control Headquarters have
played an active role in preventing drug abuse. This is evident in their formulation of a policy
document in the region and action plan after reaching a Memorandum of Understanding.
Keywords : Addiction prevention, Asalooye, South Pars region, workplace
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Designing a Protocol for estimating prevalence of drug use in workplaces
in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Submission Author: Behzad Damari
Behzad Damari1, Hooman Narenjiha 2, Farshid Allaedini 3, Hossein Almadani4, Iraj Esmaeili 5,
Golamrez Bostanmanesh 6, Hamid Sarrami7, Fatemeh Hajnaghizade8
1. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Health Research,Social Determinant of
Health Department
Background and Aim : Addiction and substance abuse is a global and complex phenomenon
that can impair health and leads to loss of job, and family and financial problems. In workplaces
it can cause accidents, work absenteeism, loss of productivity and attention, delay, argue,
unhappiness, and irregular working patterns. So far, no comprehensive studies have been
conducted to assess the prevalence of addiction in industrial centers. Therefore the aim of this
study was to establish a Protocol to estimate the prevalence of narcotic and psychotropic drugs
usage among employees in industrial centers of the country.
Methods : This is a cross-sectional study aim to assess the prevalence of drug usage among
employees in the industrial centers of the country. The data collected by trained interviewers via
structured questionnaire and drug urine test. The study sample consisted of all employees in the
industrial centers of the country from whom 13,500 people were selected using multistage cluster
sampling. There were 13,286 completed questionnaires from 609 workshops all around the
country. 158 questionnaires were excluded from the study because of the defect in the urine drug
test and finally, 13,128 questionnaires were analyzed.
Results : the participants in this study were 12,077 (92%) male and 1051 (8%) female. The
minimum and maximum age was 14 and 82 years respectively with the mean of 36 ± 8 years.
Results of drug and alcohol abuse can be categorized in the following groups: • Optimistic state:
including optimistic state in all hashish (cannabis), Opioids and glass(amphetamine) with current
abuse of alcohol or other substances • Realistic state: including realistic state in all hashish
(cannabis), Opioids and glass(amphetamine) with current abuse of alcohol or other substances •
Pessimistic state: including pessimistic state in all hashish (cannabis), Opioids and
glass(amphetamine) with current abuse of alcohol or other substances. Comparing Self-reported
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questionnaire results with urine drug test results showed that these two do not match and urine
drug tests tend to have more positive results than Self-reported cases.
Conclusion : This study suggests that, self-reporting is not a useful method to determine the
prevalence of drug use among industrial workers and may lead to underestimation. Periodic urine
drug tests should considered in this matter.
Keywords : Prevalence, drug use, workplace drug abuse, study protocol
Designing and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Brief Home-based Social
Work Motivational Intervention on Participating of Male Substance
Abusers in Treatment Program
Submission Author: Morteza Danaeifar
Morteza Danaeifar1, Masoomeh Maarefvand2, Hassan Rafiey3
1. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Substance Abuse and DependenceResearch Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
3.
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Despite unfavorable conditions are engendered by addiction for drug
abusers and their families, less than 10% of addicts seek for treatment voluntarily. In this
situation, motivational interventions playing an important role in persuading these people for
entrance to treatment. Now there are other interventions such as CRAFT or Johnson Model
which use to convince patients to enter to treatment but they have some limitations. Thus, this
research was conducted to design and evaluate the effectiveness of a brief Home-based Social
Work Motivational Intervention (HSWMI) on male substance abuser to enter treatment program.
Methods : This study was conducted with clinical trial method. Sampling was carried out by
counting all among all people who was men, unmotivated substance abusers in treatment, they
were living in Tehran and their family members participated in training sessions for families in
2014 summer that held by rebirth charity society and those families were willing to contribute to
that study. Participants randomly allocated to two groups: control group and case group. Case
group received one, two or three sessions HSWMI in addition to as usual consulting services in
clinic while control group just received as usual consulting services. Data were collected 7 and
271 |
90 days after intervention to evaluate the participating in treatment program and retention. Data
was analyzed utilizing chi-square.
Results : Fifty-six un-volunteer male substance abusers with mean age of 32/55 and mean
duration of 15/47 months participated in case (n=28) and control (n=28) groups. Results showed
that at the first follow up the case group significantly participated in treatment programs more
than control group (75 percent vs. 10.7 percent), (p<0/001, 073/21=) and also retention rate for
the case group was significantly more than control group (60/7 percent vs. 14.3 percent),
(p<0/001, =12/876).
Conclusion : Brief HSWMI was effective to motivating unmotivated substance abuser to
participate in treatment programs. So, it is suggested to implement this intervention by social
workers in substance abuse treatment centers. It is also recommended to conduct more research
with large samples of unmotivated substance abusers and goal of comparing the effectiveness of
this intervention with other motivational interventions.
Keywords : Substance Abuse, Motivational Intervention, Home-based Social Work.
Characteristics of the clients referring to private Methadone
Maintenance Treatment Centers in Iran
Submission Author: Ahmad Danesh
Ahmad Danesh1, Maryam Sanadzaee2, Maryam Naseri3
1. Golestan University of Medical Sciences
2. Noor addiction and councelling center
3. Noor addiction and councelling center
Background and Aim : According to the BSS studies in high risk groups (i.e. prisoners, IDUs,
and FSWs), HIV prevalence has remained stable in recent years in Iran. Part of this achievement
could be linked to successful harm reduction program that was established more than a decade
ago. The evaluation of this program has shown that the availability and accessibility of opium
substitution treatment have improved since its establishment in 2002. Although it is believed that
this service has had substantial role in controlling the HIV epidemic in the country, it is hard to
identify the quality of this service at the delivery points. In order to better explore the quality of
opium substitution treatment, it is first needed to identify characteristics of service recipients at
272 |
these centers. With the aim of achieving this goal, we have collected and analyzed the
information of a center that provides opium substitution treatment.
Methods : Socio-demographic information and substance use history of the registered cases in a
private MMT center in Gorgan, between 2007 through 2013, were retrieved from the clients'
files and descriptive analysis were done on the collected data.
Results : Among the 341 clients of this clinic, who were registered between 2007 through 2013,
only 10% had a history of drug injection. According to the findings, registered cases with a
history of drug injection had decreasing trend during the study period (more that 10% in 2007 to
1% in 2013). Moreover, mean age of Hashish initiation was lower than the other illicit drugs
among the registered cases (age 17.8). Only 11% of the registered cases were female and most of
them were registered in recent years. Amphetamine users had increasing trend in 2010 and 2011,
but afterwards the registration had decreasing trend.
Conclusion : Based on the findings and considering the limitation of this study, there are a few
questions that needed to be addressed in future studies; considering the low registered IDUs, is
the center provides its services to those that actually established for at the first place? Is there any
possibility to assume that Hashish is still the gate for substance abuse in the country? Is the
service equally available to men and women? How much are we prepared to address emerging
substances such as Amphetamine Type Stimulants?
Keywords : Methadone - Addiction - Opium
An Epidemiological Study of Public Health among Medicines in Shiraz,
Iran, Jun 2014.
Submission Author: Nasrin Danesh shahraki
Nasrin Danesh shahraki1, Nasrin Danesh2, Elahe Ghorbanpour3
1. Islamic azad university of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
3. Elmi karbordi university of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
273 |
Background and Aim : Among the general population, doctors are more likely than others
groups at risk for mental health disorder. This study was conducted to evaluate the public health
of physicians in Shiraz.
Methods : : In this descriptive - analytical study of 106 physicians were randomly selected from
among the physicians in Shiraz. To assess their general health, the general health questionnaire,
GHQ28, was used. After collecting data, the cut-off point 22 for public health and 7 for
component in SPSS19 software analyzed using one way t-test and to independent two sided t-test
were performed.
Results : According to the P-value, it is shown that the mean score of doctors was over the 22
that have indicated that there is a disturbance in public health practitioners. No significant
differences were seen between the mean score of male and female practitioners of public health.
Conclusion : The gender of doctors in Public Health and its components showed no significant
relationship. In physicians the most disorder in poor social functioning was impaired and second
was anxiety that was similar in both genders.
Keywords : GHQ28 test; mental health; somatization; anxiety; depression; social function
Comparing Symptoms of Two Groups after Drug Withdrawal and
abstinence from Emotional ties: A Case - Control Study.
Submission Author: Nasrin Danesh shahraki
Nasrin Danesh shahraki1, Nasrin Danesh2, Elahe Ghorbanpour3
3. Elmi karbordi university of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
Background and Aim : Spatial statistical analysis of symptoms of comparing two groups after
discontinuation of drug dependence and withdrawal emotional ties in the population of the South
west state of Iran, Fars, was undertaken to identify factors that might explain very strong
homogeneous in the rates. In this paper, the authors compare the symptoms of this two group
with a case-control study and the authors propose a general approach to evaluating whether
symptoms observed in relatively of the group after discontinuation of drug dependence with the
274 |
group of withdrawal emotional ties are same as would be expected on the basis of a history of
naturally occurring disease. This approach is illustrated using data from a central city mental
health Clinic. Data collection tool was a questionnaire for withdrawal emotional ties group and
the recorded data files for the group of discontinuation of drug dependence.
Methods : : A total of 212 individuals who are covered by this study, 82 patients who referred to
the center that had an emotional breakdown, are as a case group. The control group consisted of
130 people for their withdrawal symptoms after psychiatric referred to this clinic in Shiraz.
Demographic characteristics and symptoms after discontinuation of dependence in both groups
with using SPSS software and chi-square tests were analyzed.
Results : The results showed that the severity of symptoms in the case group (emotionally
withdrawn) was significantly more than the control group (drug withdrawn). The sex ratio in the
groups, respectively, was 69/52% female and 30/48% male in case group and 10% female and
90% male in control group. The mean age of the case group was 25.94 and control group was
33.93 years.
Conclusion : This study showed that emotional break up have had the same symptoms as drug
withdrawal and much more frequent signs in women than men(P-value< 0.05).
Keywords : : drug withdrawal, emotional relations, odds ratios, chi-square test
The study of interaction effects of dopamine receptors antagonist and
Ritalin on cost-benefit decision making in male healthy adult rats
Submission Author: Samira Danyali
Samira Danyali1, Samira daniali1*, 2, Homa Manaheji13
1. shahid beheshti university of medical science tehran iran
Background and Aim : Understanding the mechanisms of decision making is one of the most
controversial topics in neuroscience. Some studies reported that Ritalin increased dopamine
concentration, primarily in the prefrontal cortex. However, the interaction effects of Ritalin and
dopamine receptor inhibition in healthy rats on cost-benefit decision making is unknown.
275 |
Therefore, we aimed to investigate the interaction effects of haloperidol (dopamine D2 receptors
antagonist) and Ritalin on cost-benefit decision making,
Methods : , using two distinct T-maze tasks: the ability of animals to adjust their effort with the
height of an obstacle in a T-maze, or to process reward quantity information.
Results : We found that exposure to Ritalin has increased and haloperidol application
significantly decreased the cost-benefit decision making in male adult intact rats. Additionally,
application of haloperidol in Ritalin-treated rats has increasing effect on the cost-benefit decision
making as compared with the haloperidol group in all behavioral experiments
Conclusion : These data suggest that dopamine mediates cost-benefit decision making.
Moreover, dopamine effect on decision making is Ritalin dependent.
Keywords : Ritalin, dopamine, T-maze, cost-benefit decision making
Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on the substance
abuse relapse prevention and reduction of comorbid depression
symptoms in Iranian female drug abusers
Submission Author: Mohammad Darharaj
Mohammad Darharaj1, Hamid Amiri2, Ali Abdollahi3
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of psychology and Educational Science, Kharazmi University,
2.
3.
Tehran, Iran
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
Department of family counselling, Faculty of psychology and Educational Science, Kharazmi University,
Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : substance use relapse and comorbid disorders such as depression are
among the most challenging consequences of drug abuse, especially in women, that affect
treatment process negatively. The high prevalence of these problems that impacts on female drug
abusers more severely than male abusers necessitates using innovative treatment approaches for
the reduction of these consequences. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the
effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on the substance abuse relapse
prevention and reduction of comorbid depression symptoms in female drug abusers.
276 |
Methods : A total of 24 women with substance abuse were selected based on the Structured
Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and the inclusion and exclusion criteria by the
convenience sampling method and were assigned to the experimental (n=12) and control groups
(n= 12) randomly. The experimental group received an 8-session weekly group MBCT (Segal,
Williams, & Teasdale, 2002), while there was no intervention into the control group. The
measures included Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) and Relapse Prediction
Scale (RPS) that were completed by the participants in pre-test and post-test and the collected
data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
Results : The results indicated a significant difference between two groups in substance abuse
relapse (F= 7.05; P< .05) and the severity of depression symptoms (F= 12.11; P< .01); in other
words, participants in the experimental group showed less substance use relapse and fewer
depression symptoms in the post-test than the participants in the control group.
Conclusion : These results provide considerable and promising evidence regarding the impact of
MBCT on the substance abuse relapse prevention and depression symptoms reduction in female
substance abusers. Therefore, considering the applicability of this treatment approach in group
format, it can be utilized easily in the treatment of people with substance abuse.
Keywords : Substance Abuse, MBCT, Relapse Prevention, Depression, Women.
Forensic drug testing for opioids and amphetamine-like stimulants in
individuals referred to forensic toxicology laboratory of Markazi
province during 2014.
Submission Author: Mehdi Davoudabadi
Mehdi Davoudabadi1, Kambiz Soltaninejad2, Seyed Jalil Monabati3, Daruish Badakhshan4, Iraj
Javadi5, Mahmoud Abasi6
1. Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Shahreza Branch, Shahreza,
Iran
2. Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization of
3.
4.
5.
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Iran, Tehran, Iran
Legal Medicine Center of Markazi Province, Arak, Iran
Legal Medicine Center of Markazi Province, Arak, Iran
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Shahreza Branch, Shahreza,
Iran
6. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch,
Background and Aim : Drug abuse is one of the important medical, social and cultural
problems in our country. There are differences in the pattern of substance abuse in the country
according to socio-demographic factors. As all of the suspected cases with substance abuse in a
legal situation have to send by the judiciary system to the legal medicine centers, so performing
studies on the biological samples of individuals who referred to the forensic toxicology
laboratoris, is one of the valuable resources for the evaluation of pattern of abused drugs in every
society. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of opioids and stimulants in
individuals referred to forensic toxicology laboratory of Markazi province.
Methods : Forensic Urine Drug Testing (FUDT) has been performed on individuals referred to
forensic toxicology laboratory at Markazi Legal Medicine Center (Arak, Iran) during 2014. After
registration of socio-demographic charactrics of cases in the data sheet, screening test on urine
samples by multi- drug one-step immunochromatography kits (ACON, USA) have been
performed. For confirmation of primary positive results, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
followed by HPLC-DAD (Knauver, Germany) and GC-MS(Agilent, USA) have been done.
Results : During this period, 300 cases with positive toxicological results due to opioids,
Amphetamine-like stimulants were studied. Main of the cases was male (67.4%). The mean ±SD
of the age was 33.5 ± 5.2 years (range: 21-60 years). Most of the cases were married (87.5%).
Substance abuse history has been reported in 38%. Opium was the most frequent abused drug in
the cases (16.3%). Methadone (4.7%), tramadol (2.3%) and methamphetamine (2.7%) have been
reported as the most frequent substances in the cases. Also, poly drug abuse pattern was detected
in 12% of cases. There are a significant correlation between crime and education and methadone,
opium alkaloids abuse (P Value= 0.001), and there are not with tramadol (P Value˃ 0.05).
Conclusion : regarding to the results, opium, synthetic opioid drugs and methamphetamine are
the most frequent of abused drugs in Markazi province. Educational, preventing programs and
more legislation measure should be needed for restricted availability of the public to the
synthetic opioids drugs without prescription.
Keywords : Opioids, Amphetamine-like stimulants, Urine, Forensic analysis, Markazi
The effectiveness of Training Acceptance/ Commitment to reducing
adolescent drug tendency
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Submission Author: Hamidreza Dehghan
Hamidreza Dehghan1
1. Students of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Background and Aim : The treatment is based on acceptance and commitment Tremblay tried
to communicate thoughts and feelings with increased psychological one. The main objective is
the development of mental flexibility, the development of practical ability to choose between
different options that are relevant, practical rather than merely to avoid thoughts, feelings, and
memories of the chaotic tendencies or, in fact, be imposed on the person. The first try to treat
psychological acceptance of subjective experiences (thoughts, feelings) increase and decrease
contrast, ineffective control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training
Acceptance and Commitment tendency to reduce drug use adolescent the city of Zahedan.
Methods : Sampling was that the 300 students selected from the border town of Zahedan in
clusters and then screening for those who should get the drug-scale preparations had been
selected in two groups of 38 patients, 18 patients (experimental group) and 18 patients (control
group) were assigned randomly. To collect data on drug-scale preparation of Ahwaz was used.
Results : The results of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed training
treatment program acceptance / commitment on drug use tendency affect the students, thus
leading to reduced drug use tendency result in students.
Conclusion : This study showed that training acceptance/ commitment can, along with other
educational interventions in reducing adolescent drug use tendency is used. These results have
important implications for prevention, pathology and treatment of the disorder.
Keywords : training acceptance / commitment tends to drug use, teens.
The Internet Addiction among Nursing and Midwifery Students in Iran
Submission Author: Ali Dehghani
Ali Dehghani1, Asieh Darvish2, Atefeh Barikani3
1. PhD student of Nursing education, school of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences
279 |
2. PhD student of Information Technology Management, school of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran
3.
University of Medical Sciences.
BSc student of Nursing, school of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim : The Internet has become an important tool for social interaction,
information, and entertainment. However, as the Internet has moved into homes, university,
Internet cafes, and businesses, the prevalence of Internet addiction has been increasing rapidly
particularly in students. This study is done with determining Internet Addiction among nursing
and midwifery students in 2014.
Methods : This cross-sectional study included 373 nursing and midwifery students at different
grades bachelor, master and PhD student in Tehran University of medical science, Iran. Data
were collected by Young's Internet Addiction Scale; and analyzed by SPSS - 16 software and
using Spearman’s test, T-test, Kruskal-wallis and statistical analysis.
Results : Results showed that 91.4% from student no internet addiction, 8/3% Potential risk and
0/3% High risk. The significant correlation between internet addiction and sleep disorder (P =
0.001), sleep time (P = 0.049), duration of internet use (P <0.001) and the reason of the use of
internet (P <0.001) were observed.
Conclusion : It is suggested to improve students' beneficial use of the internet with trainings to
improve their health. Furthermore, the government should take an active role in designing and
evaluating Internet addiction-related health intervention strategies. Close attention should be paid
to students at risk of Internet addiction, as well as students at low risk to prevent them from
becoming addicted to the Internet
Keywords : internet addiction, nursing and midwifery students, Iran
The efficiency of play-pathy on psycho-sound recovery in addict's
children
Submission Author: Aleme Dehnabi
Aleme Dehnabi1
1. Master of science in nursing education, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
280 |
Background and Aim : The purpose of this study was The efficiency of play-pathy on psychosound recovery in addict's children
Methods : This Para-empirical test is a pre/post test that includes a control group and selected by
randomly. The sample includes 32 students who were placed in a control group haphazardly.
Psycho-sound questionnaire was complete in post and pre test stages. Remedial interventions
were hold in a 10 session of play-pathy for control group. Covariance (ANCOVA) method was
used for analyzing the data
Results : The result of research showed that there is a significant–statistical deference in psychosound of two groups. (001/0 p<)
Conclusion : The play-pathy can improve psycho-sound of children who live in family that
addict to drugs.
Keywords : : play-pathy, psycho-sound, drug abuse
The Effectiveness of Psychodrama on Increasing Self-efficacy and
Relapse Prevention among Opiate-dependent Men
Submission Author: Saeed Dehnavi
Saeed Dehnavi1, Marjan Pooee2
1. M.A. in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
2. Bachelor in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Background and Aim : The current paper aims to investigate the efficacy of psychodrama
therapy on theIncreasing Self-efficacyand relapse prevention (RP) for opiate-dependent male
patients.
Methods : This is a quasi-experimental research study (pre-post and follow-up testing plan with
control group). Using a conveniencesampling technique, a total of 20 individuals are selected
among male clients with opiate dependence, which were referred to addiction treatment clinics in
Kermanshah (Iran) and successfully passed the detoxification programs. The subjects are
randomly placed into two experiment and control groups. The experimental group participates in
a twelve-session therapy plan for 6 weeks, while the control group is received no intervention. In
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order to collect data, theself-efficacy questionnaire is used. Data analysis is performed by
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results : The results reveal that there is a significant difference between two groups in post-test
and follow-up stages.
Conclusion : As seen from the findings,the psychodrama intervention can be used as an
effective inincreasing self-efficacy and relapse prevention among male patients with opiate
dependence.
Keywords : Psychodrama, self-efficacy, Substance Dependency, Relapse Prevention.
Effects of maternal separation on nicotine –induced conditioned place
preference in adolescent female rats
Submission Author: Fatemeh Delavari
Fatemeh Delavari1, nozar nakhaee2, vahid sheibani3
1. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
2.
3.
Kerman, Iran
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
Kerman, Iran
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
Kerman, Iran
Background and Aim : Repeated maternal separation (MS) of pups from dams is often used as
an early life stressor that causes profound neurochemical and behavioral changes in the pups that
persist into adulthood. Early maternal separation alters conditioned place preference for
amphetamine, sensitization to cocaine, ethanol preference and consumption and responses to
morphine. Studies clearly show that age and sex are important factors in the sensitivity to
tobacco constituents. Smoking typically begins during adolescence and is largely reinforced by
social cues. There is also evidence for sex differences in the central effects of nicotine in
laboratory animals. However, no studies have yet examined the effect of MS on response to
nicotine. The aim in the present study was to examine the impact of early maternal separation on
nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent female rats.
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Methods : Rat pups were subjected to daily maternal separation for 15 min (MS15) or 180 min
(MS180) during the first 2 weeks of life and Place preference test was performed in adolescent
time (PND 30-35). Rats were conditioned with nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (saline) over
a period of 6 conditioning trials (3 nicotine and 3 vehicle).
Results : The results revealed that rats exposed to maternal separation (MS180 group) showed
significantly more preferred nicotine-paired compartment during the testing phase than MS15
group and suggest that female pups are very sensitive for early environmental factors.
Conclusion : These findings demonstrate that maternal separation as an early adverse experience
is a risk factor for nicotine dependence and abuse in adolescent female subjects.
Keywords : Maternal separation, Nicotine, Conditioned place preference, Adolescent female
rats
Alcohol consumption and breast cancer: review article
Submission Author: Sina Dindarian
Sina Dindarian1, Mahdi Bagheri2
1. Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
2. Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Background and Aim : Several studies have been carried out to determine the effects of alcohol
on different types of cancers. As breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among
women, in this article we aimed to review the studies about the relationship between alcohol
consumption and breast cancer.
Methods : The relevant English published papers were searched using online databases of
Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and ISI Web of Science. We summarized the findings
of 20 relevant studies in this review article.
Results : Most of the studies have reported that breast cancer is mainly the result of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) produced by alcohol metabolism. ROS can affect DNA and the
modification of DNA induced by ROS can cause mutations and DNA damage found in breast
carcinogenesis.
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Conclusion : According to the studies reviewed in this article, there seems to be a significant
relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer.
Keywords : Alcohol consumption, breast cancer, ROS, carcinogenesis
Developing treatment capacity of addicted women in the context of
Attachment-Based Therapy
Submission Author: Pavla Dolezalova
Pavla Dolezalova1
1. National Institute of Mental Health, Clinic of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in
Prague, Czech Republic
Background and Aim : By emphasis on self-reliance, individualism and efficiency, the
treatment of addiction leads to self-healing attempts, isolation and stress. Walant (1995) implies
that repair of normal attachment needs in advanced countries is sacrificed due to societal norms
that emphasize individuation and separation. Although the phenomenon of secure attachment is
an integral part of human development from childhood and throughout life, maintaining the
therapeutic alliance or attachment with patients requires a special set of knowledge and skills.
Excellent clinical examples document how attachment theory can help a therapeutic outcome.
The resident department for women and men with addiction at the Clinic of Addictology
provides complex treatment and follow-up care. Treatment is based on a quality therapeutic
alliance, resilience, abstinence, CBT and other approaches within a secure atmosphere and a
structured regime. Aim: The study focuses on the attachment representation within the adult
partnership and develops the capacity of treatment settings of women with substance use
disorder.
Methods : This retrospective study was qualitative and included screening of the women and
Current Relationship Interview. The group formed patients with substance use disorder during
and after care.
Results : The study demonstrated that treatment programs provide a secure environment and
connectedness, which enhanced patient autonomy. Treatment effectiveness was based on a good
therapeutic alliance important for positive outcomes that incorporated principles of attachmentoriented therapy, which improved quality of treatment and extended skills and knowledge of
therapists.
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Conclusion : Improving the capacity of therapeutic settings with knowledge and skills of
attachment-oriented therapy using Current Relationship Interview improves the therapeutic
intervention and outcome of treatment addicted individuals.
Keywords : attachment, alcohol, women, psychotherapy
Relationship between mental resiliency and psychological tenacity with a
tendency to drug abuse
Submission Author: Azar Doustmohamadi
Azar Doustmohamadi1, Mansoor Alimahdi2
1. M.s Student psychology Faculty of Psychology, Azad Islamic University of Medical, Tehran, Iran
2. Phd psychology, Faculty of psychology, Azad Islamic university of science and research , khozestan , Iran
Background and Aim : Drug abuse is one of the serious damages, which has various associated
physical and social consequences. Recently, several theories have been proposed to explain the
causes of drug abuse and its psychological and social variables, whereas the psychological
resiliency and psychological tenacity are more focused. Thereby, in the present study, we aim to
investigate the relationship between psychological resiliency and psychological tenacity with a
tendency to drug abuse.
Methods : The present descriptive study is conducted in the structure of the correlated
framework. The statistical population in the present study includes all of the male and female
students in Islamic Azad University of Tehran, as 154 subjects were selected and evaluated by
the available sampling (100 females and 54 males) via the psychological resiliency questionnaire
, the personality type questionnaire , and the psychological tenacity questionnaire. After the data
collection in SPSS17 software, it was analyzed by using Pearson's correlation.
Results : The results of the present study indicated that there is a significant relationship
between the students' psychological resiliency (P=0.03; r = 0.16) and the students' psychological
tenacity (P = 0.001, r = 0.40).
Conclusion : According to the present research findings, it seems that the psychological
resiliency and tenacity can have a tendency to be involved in drug abuse and the tenancy training
and improved resiliency levels can play an important role in the drug abuse prevention.
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Keywords : resiliency, tenancy, tendency to drug abuse, students.
Factors predicting drug abuse
Submission Author: Fatoma Zahra Dudman
Fatoma zahra Dudman1, Mohamad Hassan Farokh Zadeh2
1. Research Center of Mashhad University
2. MSc and expert in agricultural research khorasan razavi agricultural and naturalresources research and
educational center
Background and Aim : The provision of mental health among the young and educated in an
atmosphere of great importance to the expansion of health.There, as many students stress injuries
during threatens education, attention to health and reducing risk factors is important. This
descriptive study to determine the profile of mental health - based criteria predictor of drug use
in the Center for Applied Agriculture is conducted Khorasan Razavi.
Methods : Statistical population included all levels of education to students in 526 people, and
the sample, with the community, to materials cover the Ast.grdavry census questionnaire and
analyze the data according to statistical analysis (factor analysis Logistic regression) is done
Results : According to mental health (GHQ 12) showed that more than 10 percent of students
suffering from psychological problems. Variable between mental health and the possibility of
drug use, there was a significant relationship, an increased risk of substance abuse and mental
health level decreases (P =0.001, DF = 465, T =-137.3) between Variables mental health and
social support, there was a significant negative correlation, ie, the amount of social support
increases, decreases the disorder (n = 480, sig = 0.000, r = -0.319).
Conclusion : Ability of data by a factor (KMO = .839) and significant Bartlett sphericity test
(BT = .453, DF = 66 and sig = .000) of the variance of each variable test mining, fitted with a
load factor of 24 factors above, a total of 59% of the variance abuse by elements with varimax
rotation and the rest of the time confirmed that 16% of factors history, 11% of family and 10% of
social and cultural factors, and 12% of protection and support, prediction Addiction affects
students. Model represents a higher share by indevidual factors in the prediction of drug
addiction, which is a community-based primary and preventive measures Parjh treatment is
controlled and coordinated
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Keywords : mental health, substance abuse, risk factors, protective factors, social support,
Coping with stress.
Comparison of Mental Health in Male Adolescents with and without
Internet Addiction
Submission Author: Abbas Ebrahimi
Abbas Ebrahimi1
1. Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
Background and Aim : In presented study, mental health of male adolescents with and without
Internet Addiction is compared. Participants included 114 male adolescents, selected by
purposive sampling method from Internet cafe` of Bandar Abbas which 55 person in group with
Internet Addiction and 59 people in group without Internet Addiction were assigned. Data
collecting tools of the research were including Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The Independent Samples T Test was used to analyze
test research hypothesis
Methods : sampling method
Results : . Results indicated that adolescents with Internet Addiction in the overall mental health
and Somatic symptoms, Anxiety/insomnia, Social dysfunction and severe depression experience
had more problems significantly
Conclusion : . Findings and implications for health adolescents are discussed
Keywords : Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD), Mental Health, Adolescents
How Physio-neuropsychological mechanisms of aerobic exercise helps to
withdrawal of addiction?
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Submission Author: Ehteram Ebrahimi
Ehteram Ebrahimi1, Marjan Mardani2
1. M.Sc. in General Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
2. PhD in Nursing, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim : Due to the multiple nature of addiction, any solution to help withdrawal
of addiction is valuable. Some evidence suggests that aerobic exercise can facilitate withdrawal
of addiction. The purpose of this study was to review the physio-neuropsychological
mechanisms of aerobic exercise that facilitates withdrawal of addiction .
Methods : This article is a review article. Initially the studies that were related with this study,
were found. Then, the results of these studies are discussed.
Results : According to the studies, if the exercise continues in the long term, then it tends to be
an increase in cardiac output volume. consequently the heart rate slowly increases during
emotional arousal. therefore Cortisol hormone secretion in the adrenal gland during coping with
stress is reduced. Moreover, doing the aerobic exercise is caused to produce opioid peptides
androgen (especially beta-endorphins) that can caused the effects of morphine and other opioid
receptor antagonists in the body. Subsequently is reduced the desire to morphine and sensitivity
to pain. As well as be increased the euphoria . other findings, indicate that the production of
dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during substance
abuse in the body is reduced, but aerobic exercise increases the production of these
neurotransmitters in the body.
Conclusion : The physiological responses to stress in the athlete person is lower. consequently
during coping with stress, Cortisol hormone secretion is reduced, that shows he/she is more calm
and when dealing with stress he/she indicates to restraint. Due to risk of the relapsing, this is
important in the prevention of the temptation of substance abuse. moreover Because, voluntary
arousal caused by aerobic exercise can reinforce the addict's perception on control over his
physiological reactions during withdrawal of addiction. so Aerobic exercise may also have a role
in the prevention of the temptation of substance abuse. consequently the coping with withdrawal
symptoms is more easy. As well as, Long-term aerobic exercise can carry out the role of
morphine and other opioids and some of the effects of drug on the brain's reward system. so, it
can be used as a replacement of substance abuse in the process of addiction withdrawal. Also the
neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA-amino butyric acid
(GABA) in the addict's body is low. But aerobic exercise increases the production of these
neurotransmitters and improves depression and anxiety among addicts. Finally, some experts
believe that aerobic exercise and addiction are both avoidant coping styles with stress. The
difference is that addiction is as an unhealthy avoidant behavior at coping with stress. but aerobic
exercise is as a healthy avoidant behavior at coping with stress . The replacement of aerobic
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exercise, rather than substance abuse is a effectiveness way to avoid the temptation of substance
abuse.
Keywords : Physio-neuropsychological mechanisms, aerobic exercise, withdrawal of addiction,
substance abuse
Study of the Effects of the Omid Therapeutic Community on Residents
Submission Author: Aliakbar Ebrahimi
Ali Akbar Ebrahimi 1
1. Isfahan Welfare Organization
Background and Aim : The goal of the present study is to investigate the effects of the
Theraputic Community on the changing components between addicts who are under treatment.
Methods : In order to reach to the goal of the research, there is a sample of 50 residents who are
under treatments according to the admission measures. . The research tool was an evaluation
questionnaire for the resident which is adapted from the American Theraputic Community(center
for therapeutic community research) and translated to Persian. This questionnaire is consist of 14
factors which is recognized in agreement with measures of changing the program in Theraputic
Community and Cornbakh alpha is calculated 0/87 for its reliability. This questionnaire is
performed after 3 month once more.Data is analyzed by SPSS software.
Results : Results are showing that there is significant difference between pre-test grades and
posrt-test grades in each 14 agents and specially this difference is more notable in maturity,
social skills, emotional skills, cognitive skills & self- efficiency and change self images that
these fidings are similar to the fidings of Goerge de-Leon , president of the center for Theraputic
Communities Research of United States.
Conclusion : The overall results of the study showed the Theraputic Community to be effective.
It increased maturity, social skills, emotional skills, cognitive skills & self- efficiency and change
self image residents.
Keywords : Drud Abuse, Theraputic Community,Resident change evaluation
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Evaluation of High risk-Situations of Relapse to Drug abuse in Omid
therapeutic community residents
Ali Akbar Ebrahimi 1, Hassan Asadi2
2. Isfahan Welfare Organization,Office for Substances prevention and treatment
Background and Aim : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the High –risk situations
relapse to drugs (in eight variables unpleasant emotions, physical discomfort, pleasant emotions,
self control test, emergency and craving, compliments with others , group pressure to use drugs
and enjoyable time with others)and its relationship with six different areas (such as age, number
of abstinence, the period of abstinence, marital status, employment status, educational level) in
the Omid Therapeutic Community center (OTC) residents.
Methods : To achieve this goal, using of randomly sampling 33 of residents are selected and
then using the 50-item questionnaire IPTS-50 high-risk situations relapse to substances was
investigated.Data analyzed using SPSS software.
Results : According to the results, between self control test and age, age and group pressure
towards use, self control test and the number of abstinance, self control test and group pressure to
use and soberity period there were a reverse correlation.Also ,data showed that between group
pressure towards use and the number abstinance significant correlation exists.
Conclusion : The overall results of the study showed the residents in Therapeutic Community
have high risk situations profile that can be used to develop a relapse prevention program.
Keywords : Drug Abuse, Theraputic Community,High Risk Situations,Relapse
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Effectiveness of Preschool Immunization against Addictive Drugs in
Isfahan Preschool Centers
Ali Akbar Ebrahimi 1, Bita Agahi 2, Omid Massah 3, Ali Farhoudian 4
Background and Aim : This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Immunization
program against addictive drugs in Isfahan’s preschool centers.
Methods : To achieve the abovementioned objective, 60 children from preschool centers were
selected through sampling. A quasi experimental pre-test post-test study was conducted. The
Immunization Program (KADU packet) was administrated to the experimental group. The test
used in this study was the ‘preschool children's knowledge, affects and behaviors toward
addictive drugs’ checklist. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Covariance.
Results : According to the results, the Immunization program against addictive drugs in
preschool children is effective.
Conclusion : The overall results of the study showed the Immunization program to be effective.
It increased children's knowledge, changed their attitudes toward addictive drugs, and shaped
avoidant and assertive behavior.
Keywords : Immunization program, Addictive drugs, Preschool
A literature Review of the roles of microRNAs in drug addiction
Submission Author: Naeim Ehtesham
Naeim Ehtesham1
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1. MSc Student, Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Department of Genetics and Molecular
Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Background and Aim : Drug addiction is a major public health issue and is considered a
disorder of aberrant activation of gene expression in response to prolonged drug consumption.
Multiple cellular and molecular studies have revealed that Psychostimulants such as cocaine
induce strong and persistent neuroadaptive changes through a surfeit of gene regulatory
mechanisms leading to addiction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs transcripts
that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level .MicroRNAs are thought to target
more than half of mRNAs encoded in the genome, with any one miRNA binding up to several
thousand target mRNAs. Since any given target mRNA may have binding sites for over a 100
miRNAs, a consortium of miRNAs work together. Global studies emphasize the broad effects of
drugs exposure on neuronal gene expression, underscoring the need for development of novel
therapeutics with clinical utility for the treatment of drug addiction. A major roadblock to
developing such therapeutics is our limited understanding of the underlying neurobiological
mechanisms of the disorder. The purpose of this study is to discuss about the roles of miRNAs in
drug addiction and possible use of them as diagnosis biomarkers and as potential targets for
therapeutic intervention for addiction.
Methods : Literature searches were performed to review the majority of studies about the roles
of miRNAs in drug addiction.
Results : These studies show that hundreds of miRNAs are expressed in the mature mammalian
brain where they are involved in the control of synapse development and neuronal plasticity. In a
study it was shown that cocaine-induced robust alterations in the expression of a wide-range of
miRNAs in the striatum, a key brain site involved in addiction. One particular miRNA, miR-212,
plays a particularly prominent role in vulnerability to cocaine addiction. MiR-212 expression is
increased in the dorsal striatum of rats that show compulsive-like cocaine-taking behaviors.
Increases in miR-212 expression appear to protect against cocaine addiction, as virus-mediated
striatal miR-212 overexpression decreases cocaine consumption in rats. Conversely, disruption
of striatal miR-212 signaling using an antisense oligonucleotide increases cocaine intake. Recent
evidence suggests that miRNAs also play a key role in the actions of other classes of addictive
drugs, including nicotine, alcohol, and opiates.
Conclusion : From the studies described here it is clear that specific drugs affect specific
pathways and implicate specific miRNAs as key regulators. Future studies will be required to
identify the specific targets or genetic networks through which miRNAs selectively influence
pathways underlying drug addiction. Collectively, these observations will reveal a new class of
drug-related genes and, as such, provide new ways in our understanding of addiction. Thorough
description of the intracellular pathways involved and the genes regulated by these drug-specific
miRNAs is strongly needed and must be established. Further searches for specific miRNAs
implicated in different types of drug addiction will then enable stronger and more specific
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therapies. Targeting these miRNAs may be a challenging but valuable approach and must be
investigated and it could prove useful for treating addiction.
Keywords : microRNAs, Street Drugs, therapeutic targets
Biological factors of addiction
Submission Author: Atena Esfahani khaleghi
Atena esfahani khaleghi1
1. Assistant professor Departmant of psychology ,Islamic Azad university of Malard.
Background and Aim : Drug abuse is a critical problem in the world and our country .There is a
various approaches that tries to study this problem .one of the important and useful approches in
the field is biology of addition. Therefore In this article we look at some of the biological factors
addiction. All drugs that are abused are with these properties, their use is associated with
pleasure and indeed these medications. In the fifth decade of the twentieth century was marked
boost property that is not the property of strengthening the human-specific behaviors and even
seen in animals. Research findings showed that one of the reasons that psychotropic drugs are
more addictive than other incentives, mesolimbic dopamine reward system is the most addictive
drugs on the brain overstimulated. In fact, enjoyment of them in comparison with other
incentives much more. Chemical mediators in the brain's reward systems in the field of addiction
The most important are serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine .The chemical mediators of
relationships and connections with the brain's reward center, The chemical mediators of
relationships and connections with the brain's reward center, and in this way influence. On the
other hand the excitation energy of the factors affecting in addiction. Stimulate saving as a
personality trait that has Biological basis, meaning the need to stimulate the individual. People
who attribute high excitation energy, are more vulnerable to Drug abuse and provocative works
more pleasant for the people. In this context, Garry theory, including the theory that underlie
extensive research in the field Drug abuse information has indicated the existence of two systems
in the brain's reward system, masturbation and system sensitive to signs of disgust masturbation
system and behavior to obtain rewards responsible drivers disgust punitive lead. In front of the
system and prevent the behavior leading to punishment used as examples of the approaches to
the system is the Garry Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. This theory of behavioral activation
system and behavioral inhibition raises sensitivity .Garry theory that explains the differences
personality in the field addiction, rooted in differences in reward system. Behavioral activation
system, pushing the person on the probability of reward behavior (regardless of the probability of
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negative consequences), the sensitivity of the system as a factor for drug abuse tends to be
considered. Research such as Franken and Morris (2006), Hunt et al (2008), Kimberly et al
(2007)have confirmed this theory.
Methods : The research is descriptive.
Results : According to various studies and materials that were studied in this paper, we find that
the reward systems of the brain, the neurotransmitters, masturbation and disgust and individual
differences in biological systems in these areas are effective in explaining the incidence of
addiction.
Conclusion : Although some bio-neural differences can make people susceptible to addiction, if
the proper conditions to satisfy the needs of the community and families provide the appropriate
framework and has appropriate education and prevention in the field of addiction and in general,
mental health improve, we can largely prevent the negative effects of demographic and social
phenomenon of addiction and hope.
Keywords : drug abused-addition-brain-Biological factors
The Side Effects of Methadone Maintenance Treatment Among Injection
Iranian Drug Users
Submission Author: Sharareh Eskandarieh
Sharareh Eskandarieh1, Mohammad Bagher Saberi-Zafarghandi2, Firoozeh Jafari3, Somayeh
Yazdani 4
1. Bureau of Mental, Social Health and Addiction, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education,
Tehran, IR Iran
2. Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
3. Substance Abuse and Dependency Research Centre, Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University,
4.
Tehran, IR Iran
Bureau of Mental, Social Health and Addiction, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education,
Tehran, IR Iran
Background and Aim : Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been regularly used for
reducing illegal drug abuses and opioid. It affects mental health and physical health. MMT can
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recover the health situation and quality of life among opioid addicts. Addicts under treatment
with methadone have specified additional energy, less depression, anxiety, fear, and fatigue after
few months. The objective of this study was to define the baseline characteristic, types of drug
abuse, and physical and mental side effects.
Methods : In order to produce data on demographics, types of drug abuse and physical and
mental side effects of MMT, a questionnaire was designed in the Bureau of Mental-Social Health
and Addiction in collaboration with Iran’s Drug Control Headquarters and Police Department.
The Addiction treatment in rehabilitation Center was based on Methadone Maintenance Therapy
(MMT). The research team included 3 social workers, 3 nurses, 4 physicians, 4 psychiatrics, and
one clinical psychologist.
Results : : Most of IDUs were male, single and young. Among 402 stated IDUs, 72.7% had
history of imprisonment. Most of subjects had addiction treatment history. Opioid, heroin and
crack use was common among most of subjects. Concerning somatic symptoms caused by
MMT, at least 60% of the subjects, never had poor appetite, stomach pain, nausea, chest pain,
breathing difficulty, joint bone pain, muscle pain, numbness, and tremors. Concerning psychotic
symptoms caused by MMT, at least 50% of the subjects, never had felt tense, spells of terror,
feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness and suicidal thoughts.
Conclusion : MMT is effective with social and clinical improvement and quality of life and
health status among substance abusers would recover when they treated with methadone.
Keywords : IDUs, Methadone maintenance treatment, somatic symptoms, psychotic symptoms.
The relationship between early maladaptive schema, parenting style,
coping styles and conflic resolution in people substance abuse in
Kermanshah City
Submission Author: Marie Esmaeelpour
Marie Esmaeelpour 1
1. Kermanshah University
Background and Aim : Background and aims: Today, drug abuse and mental health of the
population in the younger generation rise to serious risk is made. Therefore, the present study
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was to evaluate the relationship between primary and style parenting scheme incompatible with
conflict resolution was conducted in patients with drug abuse.
Methods : Study population included all patients with drug abuse is the city of Kermanshah. A
sample size of 354 patients met the study criteria and was selected by purposive sampling.
Young maladaptive scheme by means of a short form questionnaire (YSQ-SF), styles of
parenting (PSQD) and conflict resolution (-ROCI-II-B), respectively. To analyze the data, in
addition to descriptive statistics Pearson's correlation coefficient, stepwise regression analysis
and one way variance (ANOVA) using SPSS-16 software was used.
Results : The results showed that the components of the area of the incision/exclusion only
defectiveness/shame, the area of self-regulation and dysfunction only defeat of the limits of the
field of impaired only inadequate self-control, and other areas to benefit only information and the
ear area Drum only measures to prevent excessive and hard/extreme fault could anticipate
changes related to conflict resolution.
Conclusion : The results emphasized the importance of closer attention to psychological
variables in the prevention and treatment of drug abuse and drug dependence is emphasized.
Keywords : early maladaptive schema, parenting style, coping styles, conflic resolution, people
substance abuse, Kermanshah City.
Comparison of telomere’s size in substance users
Submission Author: Sahar Esmaeili
Sahar Esmaeili 1, Golara Maleki2, Alireza Faridi3
1. Zanjan university of medical sciences , Zanjan, Iran
2. Azad university of Rodehen, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Substance abuse and its consequences is one of the most important
problems in society. UNODC Estimated that there are 200 million 15-64 year old drug abusers in
whole world that is about 5 percent of whole world’s population. Also according to Iran Drug
Control Headquarters there are about 1200000 addicts in Iran . Using drugs cause to different
physical and mental destructions such as changing size of telomere. Telomere is the end part of
chromosome in which Eukaryotes its duty is to support end part of chromosome and barricade of
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its new ordering , breakup and demolishing .therefore substance as a destroyer factor for this
organ will cause bad affects and some disorders on cells’ functions. Purpose of this study is to
peruse effect of using substance on physical destruction (shortening telomere) .
Methods : . to do this 60 drug abusers of some clinics of Treatment substance abuse randomly
selected as participants include 20 opium abusers, 20 amphetamine abusers and 20 heroin
abusers. They were between 30 -60 years old .non of them had mental or physical disorders. they
completed demographic questions. PCR technique was used . Data were analyzed using multiple
liner regression.
Results : Results showed that substance abusers had shorter telomere than control group and size
of telomere in heroin abusers was shorter than others. Those whose used sniff had longer
telomere than other abusers.
Conclusion : Using drugs cause to different physical destructions such as changing size of
telomere.
Keywords : telomere, substance abusers, drugs
CBT effectiveness on reduction of impulsivity , craving and addiction
among opium abuser
Sahar Esmaeili 1, Golara Maleki2
2. Azad university of Rodehen, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction is one of the behavior that make some difficulties for society
. So intervention is useful for prevention of addiction and maintenance among the people during
treatment. This research designed for CBT effectiveness on reduction relapse and impulsivity on
opium abuser.
Methods : About 40 people participate in this trial in one of the drug abuse treatment clinic in
Karaj then they divided to two groups , trial group and control group .trial group use methadone
and receive group therapy and psychological intervention but control group use only methadone
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.before starting the trial people complete the questionnaires .( Bart impulsivity questionnaires,
Tiffani craving and intensity addiction index .The statistic way was multiple covariance analysis
.
Results : Results show that there is a significant different between two groups in impulsive
subscales , craving and addiction intensity .
Conclusion : so we could say that group therapy is effective on impulsivity , craving and
addiction intensity among opium abuser.
Keywords : Intensity of addiction , craving , impulsivity, the time of impulsivity control
Comparison sexual behavior , self damaging behavior and dangerous
behavior in drug abusers (Opioid and amphetamine )
Sahar Esmaeili1
Background and Aim : In this search sexual behavior , self damaging behavior and dangerous
behavior identify in different drug abuse groups ( crack, opium , heroin and amphetamine ) .
Methods : 100 person of Karaj camp population choose with available sampling and complete
the questionnaire sexual behavior .The statistic way was ANOVA analysis .
Results : Result show that there is significant meaning between different groups of drug abuser
in sexual behavior , self damaging behavior and dangerous behavior .level of sexual behavior is
high in amphetamine abuser and is the least in crack abuser and the behavior of self damaging is
the most in crack abuser .
Conclusion : there is significant meaning between different groups of drug abuser in sexual
behavior , self damaging behavior and dangerous behavior .
Keywords : Self damaging , sexual behavior , drug abuser
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Knowledge, practice and behaviors related to HIV transmission among
people who inject drugs: The results of national bio-behavioral survei
llance survey in Iran
Submission Author: Maryam Esmaili
Maryam Esmaili1, Armita Shahesmaeili2, Hamid Sharifi3, Samira Hosseini Hooshyar4, Razieh
Khajehkazemi5, Ali-Akbar Haghdoost6, Noushin Fahimfar7
1. Regional knowledge hub, and WHO collaborating centre for HIV surveillance, Institute for futures studies
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
in health, Kerman University of medical sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Regional knowledge hub, and WHO collaborating centre for HIV surveillance, Institute for futures studies
HIV/AIDS Control Office, Center for Communicable Disease, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Recent evidences suggest that HIV transmission among people who
inject drugs (PWIDs), have increased rapidly in the past decade in Iran. Little is known about the
knowledge and its relations to risk behaviors of PWIDs. The aim of present study was to identify
the knowledge and risk behaviors concerning HIV /AIDS among PWIDs to provide basis for
constituting HIV prevention measures in this key group in Iran.
Methods : The bio-behavioral surveillance survey was done on 2564 injection drug users from
March 2009 to July 2010 in 10 provinces of Iran. Eligible participants were individuals above 18
years old who had injected drugs at least once during the last year and had not participated in
similar studies in 2 months preceding the interview. We assessed the knowledge of participants
toward HIV transmission by asking eight questions regarding the main ways of HIV
transmission/prevention (sexual and injection routes) as well as common misconceptions and
myths(Mosquito bites and food sharing).The mean of knowledge scores were transformed to a 0
to 100 scale. The behavior of individuals has been assessed by asking about the sharing needle,
sharing of injecting instruments during the last month, and use of condom during the last sex
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with both paid and unpaid partners. Data were analyzed by applying multivariate regression
analysis.
Results : The mean (±SD) score of knowledge was 80 (±18/7). We found a significant
relationship between knowledge of participants and following behaviours: injecting with
used/unsterile syringe during last month (β: 4.2 , P-value:0.009) sharing injection instruments
during last month (β: 5.2 , P-value:0.003) using condom during last sex with paid partner (β: 5 ,
P-value:0.016) .In addition the level of knowledge was significantly lower in women than
men(β: -8.2 , P-value:0.014).Compared to illiterate person the knowledge significantly increased
by increasing the level of education(primary school β:10.5 ,P-value:0.001, guidance school β:15
,P-value:0.001 , high schoolβ:18.1 ,P-value:0.001 and university β:20.5 ,Pvalue:0.001).Additionally in comparison with age group under20, the level of knowledge
significantly increased in 24-30 (β: 10.1, P-value: 0.008) and above 35 years(β: 9.4, P-value:
0.023).
Conclusion : The results of present study indicate that awareness of PWIDs regarding HIV
transmission is appropriate. The most important finding in our study was the relationship that
exists between knowledge and risky behavior of participants. So, beside of harm reduction
program, interventions that target education and increasing the knowledge among PWIDs still
can play an important role in HIV prevention among these key groups. To evaluate the
underlying mechanisms and trends, repeat of survey in appropriate intervals is strongly
recommended.
Keywords : People who inject drugs, HIV knowledge, HIV transmission, high risk behaviors
Investigating the Status of Addiction in the Addicted Women Referring
to the Interim Regaining Dwelling Centers of Drug Abusers
Submission Author: Javad Esmailpour chookami
Javad Esmailpour chookami1, Fatemeh Biglarian2
1. Author, medical doctor and professor, head of health, treatment and social insurances of Guilan Aid
Committee
2. M.A. student in clinical psychology and director of Guilan Dogity (Two Worlds) peace Institute
Background and Aim : Half of the population of each society is composed of women. The
trauma of addiction among women in the society is much more severe than it is among men, that
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the most important social phenomenon of drug addiction among women is the family
fragmentation. The present study was done to investigate the status of addiction in addicted
women who referred to the Gilan Dogity (Two World) Peace Institute during 2013 and 2014.
Methods : This research is a descriptive-analytical study. Regarding the limitation of accessing
addicted women, all of the women who referred to the Neswan center (N = 149) were studied.
The variables investigated in these people were as the following: age of addiction, education,
marital status, occupation, pattern of drug use, history of the first use, and risky behaviors and …
Results : More than 52.5 percent of the sample groups were under the age of 30 years, the
majority of these people had just secondary school degree, 45 percent of them were married, 45
percent were divorced or separated, 76 percent were unemployed, 22 percent were homeless, in
32 percent of cases the first drug offering individual was one of the family members, 53 percent
of the cases regarding the location of drug consumption were in the friendly parties. Eighty two
percent these people used several drugs at the same time. The main reason for Women who
referred to these centers in order to clear from drug consumption were: 1) Fatigue due to drug
use (47 percent), and 2) family pressure (30 percent).
Conclusion : This descriptive statistics can change the purely manly policy makings regarding
addiction.
Keywords : addiction, addicted women, consumption pattern, clear from addiction
The Investigation Social Capital with emphasizetoNon-Governmental
Organization role’s in Prevention of Drug dependency
Submission Author: Om Albanin Esmatpanah
Om Albanin Esmatpanah1, Hossein Khakshoor2
1. M.A student positive psychology،Azad university of Naeen ،Isfahan،Iran
2. M.A psychology ،Behzisti Organization of Isfahan،Iran
Background and Aim : The purpose of thissurvey article was to The Investigation Social
Capital with emphasize to Non-Governmental Organization role’s in Prevention of Drug
dependency
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Methods : In this survey, population consisted of all addicts in Isfahan, which attempted to treat
such as Membership Narcotics Anonymous (NA), Treatment Community (TC), Methadone
Maintenance Therapy (MMT) and the Camp .The study sample included 171cases of addicts in
recovery who had been selected through stratified random sampling based on location and type
of withdrawal treatment centers of Isfahan in 1388. The Questionnaires were administered to
them in 2part, between and within groups social capital.Cronbach's
Results : The results of mancova analysis showed that there was no significant differences
among therapeutic samples in formal trust, informal trust, general trust, participation and
between groups social capital (P> 0.05).But there was significant difference between treatment
samples NGO and private Organization in generalized trust, within groups social capital, general
trust and feeling of belonging(P< 0.05).The highest average mean was formal trust, informal
trust, between groups social capital in MMT, general trust and generalized trust in Camp,
participation and feeling of belonging in NA and within groups social capital in TC.
Conclusion : The results of this study emphasize on Non- Governmental Organization role’s in
Prevention of addiction preventive strategy by social approaches.
Keywords : Social capital,Non-Governmental Organization, Prevention,Drug dependency.
Perceived Effects of Predisposing Male Adolescents to Addiction
Submission Author: Om Albanin Esmatpanah
Om Albanin Esmatpanah1, Hossein Khakshoor2
1. M.A student positive psychology،Azad university of Naeen ،Isfahan،Iran
2. M.A psychology ،Behzisti Organization of Isfahan،Iran
Background and Aim : The aim of this study was to examine if perceived effects can
predispose male adolescents to addiction The population included addicted male adolescents in
Isfahan Reformatory and male high school students from District the two in Isfahan
Methods : The sample was 33 of addicted male adolescents from Reformatory Who were
selected via purposeful random sampling, and 33 students of male high school students which
were chosen by cluster sampling. The research type was qualitative
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Results : Data were collected by an open-ended questionnaire, a semi-structured interview. Data
were analyzed using content analysis. Descriptive statistical analyses and frequency tables were
used. The Chi square test was used to examine the differences between groups. The addicted
sample in the three factors of family, attachment and belief had more pathology than students.
Chi square findings revealed a significant difference between the two groups regarding indices of
their parents education, age, job, life status, number of siblings, conflict of parents, emotional
deprivation, feelings of deprivation and failure, childhood deprivation, and attention to social and
religious values (P<0.001).
Conclusion : There was no a significant difference regarding the feeling of being inferior or
worthless among family members (P>0.005). The findings have important implications
concerning prevention and therapy for adolescents disposed to addiction.
Keywords : adolescents, addiction, reformatory
Comorbidity of Psychiatric Disorders and Addiction
Submission Author: Farbod Fadai
Farbod Fadai1
1. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Background and Aim : One of the obstacles of psychiatry in this era that could not be found
one century age, is the high rate of comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and various kinds of
addiction. Various substances not only produce psychiatric disorder as a direct consequence, but
have negative effects on the course and prognosis of these disorders. Besides, Some psychiatric
disorders produce inclination toward abuse of substance in order to experience a false pleasure or
self-medication.
Methods : In this paper, the results of 5 studies which were conducted in Razi Psychiatric Center
between 1998 and 2014 with regard to comorbidity of substance use and psychiatric disorders,
will be presented.
Results : Rates of up to 63% of this comorbidity were found in male inpatients.
Conclusion : every single psychiatric patient should be evaluated with respect to addiction.
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Keywords : Psychiatric disorders, Addiction, Comorbidity
The comparison of executive functions in the brain of who that returns
to addiction and no return
Submission Author: Baharak Fakhim Yousefnia
Baharak Fakhim Yousefnia1
1. MA in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
Background and Aim : The purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions in the
brain of who that returns to addiction and no return.
Methods : The study population consisted of all addicts that return to addiction and who that no
returns that were referred to addiction treatment centers in Tehran city in 2013. The sample of
this research included 30 men addict who that returns to addiction and 30 men addict who that no
returns. These subjects were selected via available sampling method. To gain the data,
“Wisconsin Card" and "Stroop test" and to analyze the data, one-way test (ANOVA) was used.
Results : The results indicated that the executive functions was different in addicts who that
returns to addiction and who that no returns. Generally, the groups had the significant different in
start casting, design flexibility, response inhibition. Thus, the group of who that returns to
addittion gained the poorer scores in executive functions.
Conclusion : The overall outcome of the study was that addiction can be concussive and
destructive and have a negative impact on frontal lobe and weaken the executive functions.
Keywords : Addiction,executive functions ,startcasting , design flexibility, response inhibition.
304 |
Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and
Adherence (CBT-AD) in HIV-Infected Addicts Receiving ART and
MMT
Submission Author: Shahin Fakhraei
Shahin Fakhraei1
1. Medical University of Kurdistan
Background and Aim : The current study was a randomized control trial aimed to show the
effectiveness of the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adherence and Depression (CBT-AD)in
HIV+ addicts under ART therapy (Anti-Retroviral Therapy) as well as Methadone Maintenance
Treatment (MMT).
Methods : Fifty patients received CBT-AD for 8 sessions (similar to Safren et al. study in 2009)
Results : The results showed a significant effect of CBT-AD on the patients’ depression,
medication adherence, and, for the first time, CD4+, while comparing with a comparison group
who only received one session of the CBT-AD treatment, called Life-Steps.
Conclusion : The CBT-AD intervention had a significant effect on increasing adherence to
ART, increasing CD4, and decreasing the depression among HIV+ patients receiving ART and
MMT. The effect of CBT-AD intervention in increasing CD4 for the first time was shown, while
previous studies haven’t look at this effect or weren’t able to show the effect. The current study
was done on a larger group compared to the previous one which was a case study and had a
control group. The other study, Safren et al, didn’t include addicts under MMT.
Keywords : Behavioral and Cognitive Treatment, AIDS, HIV+, Addiction, Depression, CD4,
Adherence, MMT
Comparison of Aggression and Resilience in Drug Addicts-Stimulant
and Drug Addicts
Submission Author: Safieh Fallah kohan
Safieh Fallah kohan1, Mohammad Saatinejad2, Saeedeh Bazzazian3, Mohammad Mazloumi Rad4
305 |
1. Student of Postgraduate Program of Studies in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rasht
2.
3.
4.
Science & Research Branch,
Student of Postgraduate Program of Studies in Counseling and Guidance, Islamic Azad University, Abhar
Branch
Holder of Ph.D Degree in Health Psychology, Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Abhar Branch
Holder of MA Degree in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch
Background and Aim : The current study has aimed to compare the aggression and resilience in
drug addicts- stimulant and drug addicts treated with Methadone.
Methods : The current study is a comparative research. The statistical population consists of all
drug addicts treated with a combined model of narcotic use- stimulant and narcotic use (without
the use of stimulant) in Rasht Public and Private Centers of Addiction Rehabilitation and
Treatment in 2014 which have been treated with methadone during the last year. Among these
centers, 80 centers have been selected with a random-cluster method according to MORGAN
table. With respect to the center cooperation and eligible patients indexes, among all people
having the narcotic use- stimulant model and narcotic method, 40 people were simple randomly
selected for each group and received the questionnaires. Research tools consist of Buss–Perry
Aggression Questionnaire (AGO) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Research
data was analyzed by using the spss-ver20 software with statistical method of independent t-test,
Levene test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.
Results : with respect to the data obtained, there is statically significant difference between two
groups (p<0.05), but there is no significant difference between two groups in terms of aggression
(p>0/05).
Conclusion : The data indicates that the resilience of narcotic addicts group was more than the
resilience of narcotic-stimulant addicts groups. For aggression, there was no difference between
two groups
Keywords : Aggression, Resilience, Narcotics, Stimulants
The effect of emotional intelligence in preventing youth drug trends
Submission Author: Bahare Fallah tafti
Bahare Fallah tafti1, Ali Akbar Vaezi2
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1. School of Nursing and Midwifery martyr Yazd, Yazd, Iran.
2. Assistant Professor of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery martyr University of Medical Sciences
Yazd, Iran.
Background and Aim : addiction as a social pathology, never be completely eradicated, but
with wisdom, thought and effort, at least it can be brought to control, Recent research on
addiction shows that one of the main reasons for the tendency of people with substance abuse
problems and widespread deficiencies in their excitement. The purpose of this study was to
determine the effects of emotional intelligence training in preventing youth drug trends is.
Methods : In this review, a thorough search on each of the key words education, emotional
intelligence, youth, drugs, various sources (pubmed, HIB, SID, Irandoc, iranmedex, googl
scholare, sciencedirect) and various scientific texts and a library of relevant articles were
reviewed and adapted.
Results : The study showed the positive effect of emotional intelligence training, so that the
tendency of young people to drugs, after training was significantly reduced.
Conclusion : Emotional intelligence training, the proper approach is to prevent risky behavior,
hence strengthening emotional intelligence can result in health promotion and prevention of
addiction tends to be effective.
Keywords : education, emotional intelligence, youth, drugs.
Morphine state-dependent memory modulated by central orexinergic
system in mice
Submission Author: Maryam Farahmandfar
Maryam Farahmandfar1, Sareh Rastipisheh2
1. Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2. Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim : Behavioral abnormalities associated with opiate addiction include
memory and learning deficits, which are the result of some alterations in the neuromodulatory
systems. Recently, orexin has shown to influence drug addiction neural circuitry, specifically in
307 |
mediating reward-related perception and memory. However, little information is available
regarding the action of orexins on learning and memory modulation induced by opioids.
Methods : To explore the possible interaction of orexinergic and opioidergic system on
modulation of learning and memory, we have investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular
(i.c.v.) administration of orexine A receptor agonist and the competitive orexine A antagonist,
SB-334768, on morphine-induced memory impairment by using step-down passive avoidance
task in mice.
Results : Pre-training injection of morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) impaired memory, which was
restored when 24 h later the same dose of the drug was administered. Pre-test administration of
orexine A (0.5 , 5 and 50 pmol, i.c.v.) had not a significant effect on the retention latency
compared to the saline-treated animals, but it restored the memory impairment induced by pretraining morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.). Pre-test administration of SB-334768 (10 , 20 and 40 nmol,
i.c.v.) by itself decreased the retention latencies. The same doses of SB-334768 deteriorated
memory impairment induced by pre-training morphine. Co-administration of orexine A (0.5 , 5
and 50 pmol, i.c.v.) and morphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) on the test day induced morphine statedependent memory. Conversely, combination of SB-334768 (10 , 20 and 40 nmol, i.c.v.) and
morphine ( 5 mg/kg, s.c.) on the test day inhibited morphine-induced state dependent memory
recall.
Conclusion : It is concluded that orexine A receptors may be involved, at least in part, in the
modulation of learning induced by morphine and state-dependent learning in mice.
Keywords : Morphine; Orexine A; State-dependent learning; Mice
Neuro cognitive effects of Methamphetamine
Submission Author: Mohammadhadi Farahzadi
Mohammadhadi Farahzadi1, Rezaali Fallahzade2
1. Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of
2.
308 |
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Environmental Health PhD Student Environmental Health Department School of Public Health, Shahid
Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Iran
Background and Aim : Methamphetamine, which was developed in 1893, is a synthetic
stimulant that affects regions of the central nervous system and other major organ systems. There
are several neurobiological and neuro cognitive effects of Methamphetamine that we must know
to prevent and treat abusers.In this review we propose what are the Neuro cognitive effects of
metamphetamine.
Methods : PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and PsychINFO were searched for studies
reporting on Neuro cognitive effects of Methamphetamine.
Results : Such neuro cognitive effects are like impairment of memory (prospective memory,
working memory, episodic memory, visual memory), attention (inattentiveness and
distractibility), executive function, language, decision-making and impulsivity, learning, motor
functioning, motor skills and information processing speed, visuoperceptual skills and cognitive
flexibility
Conclusion : There are several neurobiological and neuro cognitive effects of Methamphetamine
that we must know to prevent and treat abusers.In this review we propose what are the Neuro
cognitive effects of metamphetamine.
Keywords : Neuro cognitive effects, Methamphetamine, neurobiological effects
A study Of Determine Prevalance Of Drug abuse Among Female To In
Vulnerable Women Center In Ahvaz City Iran 2015
Submission Author: Zahra Farajzadeh Bibalan
Zahra Farajzadeh Bibalan1, Azadeh Barzkar2, Reza Davasaz Irani3
1. Ahvaz Jundishapour University Of Medical Science
Background and Aim : Addiction is a public health, social and cultural problem in developed
and especially in developing countries. Addiction may be cause of physical and psychological
damage in person and also it can be lead to numerous social problems likes divorce, unsafe sex,
and lack of interest to work. We aimed to study the prevalence of and some factors related to
309 |
drug abuse among women those were referred to vulnerable women center in Ahvaz city, Iran;
2015.
Methods : It was a cross-sectional study which has done on all women (149) those had covered
by vulnerable women center in Ahvaz city, khuzestan providence during 2015. All subjects had
invited to participate in this research and filed up the questionnaire. The tools of this study was a
standard scale of 21 question related to women addiction based on demographic characteristics.
Data were entered into the SPSS (version 19) software and analyzed using descriptive and
analytical statistical tests such as chi-square. A significant level was considered less than 0.05.
Results : The finding of this study has shown that average age of subjects were between 20–24
years old. Prevalence of drug abuse in women was 52%, the most type of drug abuse was
stimulants, 80% of subject had low education and 50% of them were divorced. There was
significant association between unsafe sex and addiction with age, marital status and low
education.
Conclusion : result of this study has shown that most of subjects used stimulants drug. So
government has to need provide some educational planning and reduction measures for addiction
damage. And also strengthening vulnerable women center with set up medical unit matrix in the
appendix to this center in large – scale.
Keywords : women, drug abuse, prevalence, Ahvaz
Study of Personal Family Effects and Social Cause Of Drug Addicted
Referred To Ahvaz Drop in Center (2014)
Submission Author: Zahra FarajzadehBibalan
Zahra FarajzadehBibalan1, AZadeh Barzkar2, Reza Davasaz Irani3
1. Ahvaz medical university
Background and Aim : Drug addiction is one of the most obvious psychosocial disorders. It can
easily affect on the cultural, social, familial and personal foundation of a country. Drug and
310 |
addiction is a multi factorial phenomenon.This study conducted to determine personal , familial
and social factors of addicted person referred to Ahvaz Drop in Center.
Methods : The study was description. The samples were the drug addicted person referred to
Ahwaz Drop in Center (130 person).The questionnaires were used included 27questions and had
individual , social, familial parts; .Data analyzing was done by descriptive. Statistics method
Results : The study showed 98% of clients were man. Most of the Iv drug abusers were single,
with no job, low educated and had prison -records Average age of first drug abuse was 17 years
old.70%of them used drug as analgesic and 90% of them getting pleasure and escape one lines
was the another cause of drug abuse.,85%of drug abusers said they have bad friends.70%of them
had positive history of addiction in their family .20% had history of their father addiction or
smoking cigarette and low supervision . Loosing job due to addiction (65%) low economic
statues (95%) migration (40) and unemployment was the 3 important etiologies for drug abuse in
this study.
Conclusion : Result of this study had shown contribution of all of the factors were important
.And effect of familial factors were significant .So reinforcement of national harm reduction and
national parenting program has been suggested.
Keywords : Ahwaz-Drug abuse-Addiction-Drop in Center
The effects and comparison in treatment approaches of matrix;
methadone, bupronorphine; matrix with bupronorphine and matrix
with methadone in metamphetamine dependent patients
Submission Author: Maryam Farhang
Mahboobeh Hadaddi 1, Maryam Farhang2, Maryam Ghaderi3
1. Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, BA Psychology
2. Department of Psychology, Ph.D. scholar of Kerala University, India
3. Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad Uniersity, Isfahan, Khorasgan, MA Psychology
Background and Aim : This undergoing study is considering effects and comparison in
treatment approaches of matrix; methadone, buprenorphine; matrix with buprenorphine and
matrix with methadone in methamphetamine dependent patients.
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Methods : Descriptive (frequencies, averages and percent cumulative) and inferential method
(chi-square) has been used in SPSS as a statistical method to analyze the data.
Results : The result revealed that Matrix treatment with Buprenorphine for the first phase of
treatment demonstrated positive outcomes, but after 2 months of leaving the slip rate is greatly
increased. Matrix treatment alone for beginning of the treatment in comparison with matrix
treatment with Buprenorphine had not good results, But the continued and sustained participation
of the patients in the sessions of matrix ships are severely reduced and results were better than
treatment of Buprenorphine with matrix. Methadone and Buprenorphine treatment alone were
also completely ineffective.
Conclusion : matrix treatment on methamphetamine consumer was effective and also
buprenorphine and methadone treatment alone was completely ineffective
Keywords : Methamphetamine, Matrix. Methadone, Buprenorphine
Comparison the quality of marital relationship and marital forgiveness
between women with smoker spouses and women with non-smoker
spouses
Submission Author: Vahid Farnia
Vahid Farnia1, jalal Shakeri2, SenobarGolshani3, Amir jalali4, Masuod Moradi5, Mostafa
Alikhani6
1. Substance abuse prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical
Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
4.
5.
6.
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Substance abuse prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah,
Iran
Iran
Iran
Background and Aim : Smoking by the husbands may affect the quality of the marital
relationship. On this basis research in the area of women with smoker husbands is a key
principle. The present study aimed to compare the quality of the marital relationship and marital
forgiveness between women with smoker spouses and women with non-smoker spouses.
Methods : The present study is a causal – comparative study. Statistical population consisted of
all married women in the city of Kermanshah in 2014. A sample of 200 women with smoker
spouses was selected by multistage cluster sampling. And to Comparison, 200 women with nonsmoker spouses who had been matched based on the demographic variables, were selected.
Participants responded to the family forgiveness scale (FFS) and the questionnaire of quality of
the relationship with spouse. For data analysis, statistical indicators such as mean, standard
deviation and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used.
Results : The results showed that there is a meaningful difference between women with smoker
spouses and women with non-smoker spouses in the components of marital forgiveness (really
understanding, affirmation, compensation, consolation and recovery) and relationship with
spouse (P<0.01).
Conclusion : According to the results of this study that found women with smoker spouses have
lower score of quality of marital relationship and marital forgiveness, it is suggested that family
counselors and psychotherapists execute workshops to promote quality of the marital
relationship and forgiveness for women with smoker spouses.
Keywords : Quality of marital relationship, marital forgiveness, women, smoking.
Studying the strategies and contexts of Legitimization in production,
distribution and consumption of narcotics from the viewpoint of law,
Jurisprudence, psychology and economy
Submission Author: Alireza Farsipour
Alireza Farsipour1, Mohammad Niroumand2
1. MA of Private Law Graduate shahid bahonar university of kerman, Faculty of Law, tehran, iran
2. PhD Student, Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical
Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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Background and Aim : Based on several previous studies, the addiction problem exposes the
society in a risky context and selecting a preventive approach in this case confirmed by
researchers. Therefore, compiled and technical plans in order to control and decrease such
damage is inevitable. Establishing accurate plans requires clarified and reliable recognition about
addiction in both social and individual layers. Regarding the recent issue, bringing out the
complicated cycle of production, distribution and consumption of narcotics from underground is
a critically sensitive task which needs accuracy. Starting up for such norm in this case is along
with decriminalization approach (both issue and sentence decriminalization) and the goals
defined in line with establishment of clarified and studied context in narcotics field.
Methods : The research method is of library and filed types with applied and analytic approach.
In addition, the research content adapted and refined by addiction indices from the viewpoint of
law, Jurisprudence, psychology and economy.
Results : This Legitimization studied in production, distribution and consumption of the target
society (Iran) from the viewpoint of law, Jurisprudence, psychology, sociology and economy.
The result proved that Legitimization and establishment of specific frameworks in production,
distribution and consumption of narcotics in target society not only faced with no unsolvable
obstacles but also has some significant direct and indirect advantages.
Conclusion : There is a deep interconnection between law and Jurisprudence in Iran.
Considering such issue and capacity of Secondary rulings of Islam and position of our supreme
leader in governing the society, Jurisprudence is possible from the viewpoint of law and
Jurisprudence. Thus, establishment of appropriate legal strategy regarding the capacity of the
sixth development program Act and even an independent Act is possible. Economically, high
amount of financial transactions in this corrupted cycle without any planning and restriction also
has remarkable negative impacts on economy. Psychologically, an accurate review on
controlling methods and their effects on citizens' mental health in addition to the role of
admittance in preventing and decreasing damages prove the need to pay more attention to such
problem.
Keywords : Legitimization of narcotics, law, Jurisprudence, psychology, economy, islamic
Secondary rulings
Check the benefits of drug addiction treatment for women in the
community
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Submission Author: Mehran Farzaneh
Mehran Farzaneh1, Nehleh Parandavar2, Ali Abbasi Jahromi 3
1. Anesthesia undergraduate student, Jahrom university of medical science, Jahrom, Iran
2. MSc of midwifery, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom ,Iran
3. Instructor, Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Nursing and Paramedical, Jahrom
University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
Background and Aim : For women, substance abuse is linked to sexual assault, unwanted
pregnancies, and diseases such as lung cancer, cirrhosis and AIDS, skyrocketing prison
populations and child abuse and neglect.
Methods : Research team using browsers: Google, Google Schoolar, and journals as Medlib,
IranMedex, Science Direct SID, Up TO Date 60 articles from 1990 to 2013 the number of
children killed keywords The level of Addiction Women, Benefits, Treatment, community select
the findings of which have been extracted
Results : Nation wide,women are under-represented in addiction treatment. Although about 30
percent of individuals with addiction problems are women, they make up only 20-25 percent of
those in treatment. Women tend to come into treatment much later in their addiction than men,
often exhibiting chronic, deteriorating conditions. They frequently enter treatment as the result of
a crisis, such as a breakdown in their health, the threat of losing their children, or an encounter
with the law. The percentage of female admissions to treatment was 26.1 percent in 2012.
Seventy percent of these women had children and 34 percent had children living with them.
Barriers facing women today are similar to those of 40 years ago. Their greatest fear is not caring
for or losing their children. Other barriers are greater social stigma, lack of money or health
insurance, inadequate transportation, and lack of treatment services sensitive to gender needs.
Conclusion : Women receive the most benefit from treatment with services that are sensitive to
their needs. These may include women-only therapy groups, and female staff trained to help
meet basic needs such as child care, transportation, parent training, job counseling, family
planning, literacy, legal assistance.
Keywords : Addiction Women, Benefits, Treatment, community
Fecebook addiction and marital satisfaction: A Systematic Review
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Mehran Farzaneh1, Ali Abbasi Jahromi2, Mehrdad Mahmoudi3
3.
Anesthesia undergraduate student, Jahrom university of medical science, Jahrom, Iran
Background and Aim : Internet addiction is an increasing concern among young adults. Social
networks are one type of online activity. Among social networks, Facebook is by far the most
popular, with over 600 million users worldwide. It is estimated that over 350 million users suffer
of Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD). The number of people joining social networks such as
Facebook is growing. Also, people who are anxious and socially insecure with lower scores are
more people who use Facebook.
Methods : Research team using browsers: Google, Google Schoolar, and journals as Medlib,
IranMedex, Date, Science Direct SID, Up TO 60 articles from 1990 to 2013 the number of
keywords Facebook, Addiction, Satisfaction, Couple Facebook, Anexiety select the findings of
which have been extracted.
Results : There are many reasons why Facebook and SNS addiction might be negatively
affecting marriage quality. First addictive use of social media creating psychological, social,
school and/or work difficulties in a person’s life, describe social features that could be highly
problematic. Second, SNS create an environment with potential situations that may evoke
feelings of jealousy between partners, harming the quality of their relationship. Probably because
the people anxious to communicate through social networking is easier than facing it. People
who are more organized and ambitions are less at risk of addiction to Facebook. Explain that
exposing one’s partner to all of these individuals, many of whom may be unknown to the partner,
may increase the potential for jealousy and suspicion. The results showed below age increases
the likelihood of addiction to social networks. On the other hand, studies have shown that
anxiety and worry people behave more frequent users of social networks, because they prefer the
transactions, virtual connections.Consequently, Facebook and other SNS make easier finding
another romantic partner for those so inclined to do so.
Conclusion : American students hooked on cellphones, social media and the Internet have been
caught and symptoms similar to drug and alcohol addiction to the show. Several studies provide
evidence that Facebook addiction is correlated with reduced marital satisfaction and even
increase divorce rate.
Keywords : Facebook, Addiction, Satisfaction, Couple Facebook
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Psychology married into the trap of sexual addiction: A Review
Systematic
Mehran Farzaneh1, Mehrdad Mahmoudi2, Ali Abbasi Jahromi3
Background and Aim : Sexual addiction is an intimacy disorder defined as a preoccupation and
procedures of forced sexual behavior, loss of appetite, excessive and extreme control on sexual
behavior, show their despair. Sexual addiction is a devastating disorder for which researchers
and destroys marriage and family relations.
Methods : Research team using browsers: Google, Google Schoolar tebyan, Shi medicine, and
foreign journals as Medlib, IranMedex, , Science Direct SID, Up TO Date 60 articles from 1990
to 2013 the number of keywords Psychology, sexual addiction, Married, Society select the
findings of which have been extracted.
Results : Studies suggest that the cold behavior of parents and the parents caused mental
disorders in adolescents are protected from excessive and will affect future relations with their
husbands. Wives and husbands, who are sexually addicted, have reported similar feelings.
Loneliness is a feeling that almost all things in common. With the help of targeted sex addict can
experience freedom, emotions, sexual matters, financial issues and mental condition and good
repair experience. Studies show that people with secure attachment because of unsafe sex than
those who limited their sexual addiction may be less often, They love people with severe fear of
sexual abuse may be much higher. Romantic love relationships a significant effect on quality of
life and one of the factors that affect the quality of romantic relationships of attachment in
relationships. Attachment to the level of anxiety and avoidance in relationships and an
individual's response to these factors depends. People with high attachment anxiety and
avoidance of them is unable to trust their sexual partners.
Conclusion : This disorder contributing to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases gives
rise to social problems and job and neglect the responsibilities of sexual behavior has significant
effect The research team was able to emphasize the importance of sex and speech difficulties and
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complications of this disorder take effective step to increase awareness and visibility of the
population
Keywords : Psychology, sexual addiction, Married, Society
Relationship Internet addiction with body mass index (BMI) in students
Mehran Farzaneh1, Nehleh Parandavar2, Ali Abbasi Jahromi3, Mehrdad Mahmoudi4
2. MSc of midwifery, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom ,Iran
4.
Anesthesia undergraduate student, Jahrom university of medical science, Jahrom, Iran
Background and Aim : Internet in Iran was in 1373 and then increasing statistics of internet
users, So that based on the report of the Ministry of Communications and Information
Technology in the past few years the number of Internet users in the country is 25 times. Along
with the growing and widespread access to the Internet, called Internet addiction dependency that
is the subject of ongoing IT.
Methods : Research team using browsers: Google, Google Schoolar tebyan, Shi medicine, and
destroyed Raskhvn and foreign journals as Medlib, IranMedex, Date, Science Direct SID, Up TO
60 articles from 1990 to 2013 the number of keywords Addiction, BMI, Internet, Studens select
the findings of which have been extracted
Results : Most of us think of addiction only to the use of chemicals and substances such as
Alcohol, Nicotine, Cocaine, and Heroin. Psychologists believe that anything that stimulates and
then force the person, it can be addictive, but is not limited to drug use: Such as Gambling, drug
abuse, Alcohol or even computer games, Chat, Roam in the network can be considered abuse.
Behavioral addictions such as Internet addiction should not be ignored. Studies show that those
who are called Internet addicts 40 to 55 hours a week to spend on the Internet Search. Creating
problems including difficulty in regulating the daily nutrition to eat meals, food supplements due
to the lack of entertainment on the Internet. Students use the Internet as a client for their work
and career, it seems likely that students with problems of addiction to the Internet, including
eating disorders are more likely than other age groups. All these factors could seek to use too
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much of the Internet and its users also affected the nutritional status. In recent years the
importance of proper nutrition as one of the important aspects of life is emphasized.
Conclusion : Given the connection between these two cases as one of the major challenges
posed health system, it is important to recognize this situation. Thus, the cross-correlation of the
issues that can be even as a basic principle and cover a lot of obstacles and other shortcomings
and compensate. The researchers came up with BMI examined the relationship between Internet
addictions so that by revealing the weakness of the communication plan targeted to be carried
out.
Keywords : Addiction, BMI, Internet, Studens
Challenges facing nurses in caring of drug dependence patients: A
qualitative study
Submission Author: Sedigheh Farzi
Sedigheh Farzi1, Saba Farzi2, Azam Moladoust3, Maryam Sohrabi4
1. PhD Student of Nursing, Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of
Nursing and Midwifery,Isfahan,Iran.
2. MSc, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
3. MSc, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
4. BSN,Msc of Psychology,Mofid hospital,Shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran.
Background and Aim : Patient in cardiac care unite required special care; in addition the
patient's underlying condition such as drug dependence are instances that the nurses in the care
of these patients facing to challenges.This study aimed to identify problem that nurses facing in
caring of patients with drug dependence for proper management of care plan has been made at
2015.
Methods : This was descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Participant in this
study were 20 nurses who working in hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences had
experienced caring of patients with drug dependence in cardiac care unite that selected based on
purposive sampling and participated in 4 focus group interviews. Data analysis was performed
by the method of content analysis. After data collection, interviews were transcribed and primary
codes extract, by considering subject relation between them, sub category is formed then by
review of sub category, main category is emerged.
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Results : From the finding of this study, 120 primary code expressing participants experiences
were emerged that forming the three sub category: ineffective of care, patient dissatisfaction,
nurse accused and finally composed main category title “challenges caring of drug dependence
patients”.
Conclusion : Drug dependence problem of patients one of the issues that nurses facing to
challenges in caring of patients. Nurses' experiences in the present study indicates that
unawareness nurses of drug dependence of patients in cardiac care unite tend to reduction impact
of care plans and patient dissatisfaction. Therefore strategies must be taken into account that
team treatment and caring become aware of their dependence to follow the care plan to suit their
requirements.
Keywords : Nurses, Challenges, drug dependence patients, CCU.
The benefits of neurofeedback in treating addiction
Submission Author: Samira Fatahi
samira fatahi1, atusa afsari2, elahe feridoni3
1. Kermanshah uneversity of medical science.paramedical school.kermanshah.iran.
Background and Aim : People believe that drug addiction is a lack of personal discipline and
Addicts are regarded as poor in terms of determination. But it is certain that addiction is a
disease, and like a risky emotions like anger, shame, guilt and frustration resulting from an
internal sense.
Methods : in this review literature search was conducted by using of relevant books and articles
in scientific journals and valid sites and with the aim The benefits of neurofeedback in treating
addiction was.
Results : Addiction is a mental illness that severely undermines a person in all aspects of life. In
addition, patients with addiction suffer other disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder and
anxiety. Neurofeedback is able to treat brain disorders. During neurofeedback brain is growing
again. Training the brain for Relaxation, meditation, comfortin cause having the ability to find
better thinking. Neurofeedback training will make one slip away. One way to increase the ability
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to cope and deal with addiction is change life cycle and neurofeedback makes it possible for a
person. Recent studies shows neurofeedback with other treatment can significantly reduce the
slip or recurrence of addiction in all age groups. About 85% of addicted patients treated with
neurofeedback change mood and reduce drug abuse
Conclusion : Since neurofeedback can to manage emotions and enhance mood and improve
sleep, it makes rise the success of the individual and prevent sliding or relapse in addiction.
Keywords : neurofeedback, addiction, brain, treatment
Comparison of babies health born of mothers addicted in the use of
heroin and methadone
Samira Fatahi1
1. Kermanshah uneversity of medical science, Paramedical school, Kermanshah, Iran
Background and Aim : Due to increase drug addiction in society and women every year a large
number of children are born from these mothers, many women use drugs such as heroin. If
Heroin abuse declined while methadone usage increased during pregnancy what happen?
in scientific journals and valid sites and with the aim Comparison of babies health born of
mothers addicted in the use of heroin and methadone was.
Results : Compared to heroin abuse methadone maintenance treatment during pregnancy was
associated with more consistent prenatal care, more normal fetal growth and reduced fetal
mortality. Meconium staining of amniotic fluid was increased in the heroin and heroinmethadone groups; this was not associated, however, with an increase in meconium aspiration or
a reduction in Apgar scores. Of special note was the equally severe intrauterine growth
retardation of infants of former heroin addicts who were free of narcotic use during pregnancy.
Neonatal withdrawal from methadone appeared to be more severe than from heroin, as judged by
amount of medication required to control symptoms and duration of treatment. In all groups,
central nervous system signs were the most common manifestations of withdrawal. Severity of
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withdrawal did not correlate with late pregnancy maternal methadone dosage. Neonatal seizures
occurred in 1.5% of the heroin group and 10% of the methadone group.
Conclusion : Discharge of an infant to a parent rather than to an alternate care-taker was more
likely if the mother was enrolled in a methadone treatment program. Methadone maintenance
programs appear to offer significant therapeutic benefits, balancing the untoward effects of the
drug on the newborn infant.
Keywords : narcotics; heroin; methadone; neonatal withdrawal
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Samira Fatahi1, Atusa Afsari2, Parisa Rizevandi3
1. Kermanshah uneversity of medical science, Paramedical school, Kermanshah, Iran.
2. Msn student of nursing, Tabriz university of medical science, Tabriz,Iran
3. Kermanshah uneversity of medical science, Paramedical school, Kermanshah, Iran.
Background and Aim : Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition
that can occur in people who have been drinking heavily for weeks, months, or years and then
either stop or significantly reduce their alcohol consumption.
in scientific journals and valid sites and with the aim Alcohol withdrawal syndrome was.
Results : Alcohol withdrawal symptoms can begin as early as two hours after the last drink,
persist for weeks, and range from mild anxiety and shakiness to severe complications, such as
seizures and delirium tremens (also called DTs). The death rate from DTs -- which are
characterized by confusion, rapid heartbeat, and fever -- is estimated to range from 1% to 5%.
Because alcohol withdrawal symptoms can rapidly worsen, it's important to seek medical
attention even if symptoms are seemingly mild. Appropriate alcohol withdrawal treatments can
reduce the risk of developing withdrawal seizures or DTs.
Conclusion : It's especially important to see a doctor if you've experienced previous alcohol
withdrawal episodes or if you have other health conditions such as infections, heart disease, lung
disease, or a history of seizures. Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms are a medical emergency.
322 |
If seizures, fever, severe confusion, hallucinations, or irregular heartbeats occur, either take the
patient to an emergency room.
Keywords : Alcohol, withdrawal ,syndrome,fever,seizures
Shisha side effect
Samira Fatahi1, Atusa Afsari2, Mahmud Fakhri3, Fereshte Jalalvandi4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Kermanshah uneversity of medical science, Paramedical school, Kermanshah, Iran.
Msn student of nursing, Tabriz university of medical science, Tabriz,Iran
Background and Aim : Shisha or hookah smoking involves a water pipe that has a bowl, smoke
chamber and hose. A special type of tobacco is burned inside the chamber, and smoke rises
through water in the bowl before it is inhaled through the pipe. The tobacco used in shisha
smoking is toxic. Shisha smokers may inhale more tobacco smoke than from a cigarette because
of the larger pipes used. Shisha smoking brings on several side effects.
in scientific journals and valid sites and with the aim Shisha side effect was.
Results : As with cigarette smoking, shisha smoking carries the risk of addiction, leading to
daily use. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention underlines that shisha contains
tobacco, nicotine and other chemicals that make it addictive. Nicotine reaches the brain in only
about 10 seconds after inhalation. For this reason, addiction can occur after even a few sessions
of smoking shisha. Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms from stopping shisha smoking include
irritation, fatigue, headaches, tingling and depression 2-Cancers A misconception about shisha
smoking is that it is less damaging to the body than cigarettes, because the tobacco is inhaled
through water. However, MayoClinic.com explains that shisha smoke also contains tar, carbon
monoxide, heavy metals and other toxic chemicals. These chemicals can be carcinogenic
(cancer-causing) in the body. Shisha smoking may increase the risk of cancers, particularly of the
lips, mouth, tongue, throat and lungs. 3-Asthma and Illness The heavy volume of smoke from
shisha may also cause chemical irritation of the lungs, leading to or worsening allergy-induced
asthma. Even in individuals who are not prone to asthma, the toxic chemicals in the smoke can
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irritate and inflame the lining of the nasal passages, mouth and throat and trigger allergic
reactions by the immune system. The Singapore Health Promotion Board notes that, as with
cigarette smoke, even secondhand shisha smoke can cause damaging effects in the body that may
lead to disease.
Conclusion : Due to the negative effects on the health effects of hookah and suggested that more
awareness of young people in this area and government measures to stop this harmful agent
conduct
Keywords : Shisha, side effect, addiction, asthma, cancer
The impact addiction on society
Samira Fatahi1
1.
Kermanshah uneversity of medical science, Paramedical school, Kermanshah, Iran
Background and Aim : Substance addiction has a severe impact not only on the individual, but
those closest to them, and society as a whole.
in scientific journals and valid sites and with the aim The impact addiction on society was.
Results : Substance abuse and addiction have grave consequences on our existing social
systems, effecting crime rates, hospitalizations, child abuse, and child neglect, and are rapidly
consuming limited public funds. The intravenous drug abuser represents the fastest growing
vector of HIV virus
Conclusion : A substance addiction deteriorates an individual's physical and mental well being.
Many times, an individual will lose their job and their family, resulting in sustaining support
from society.
Keywords : addiction, society, crime.
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Anesthesia and addicts: increased consumption of anesthetic
Samira Fatahi1, Atusa Afsari2, Fereshteh Jalalvandi3
2. Tabriz university of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Background and Aim : Statistics surgeries in the world is growing and an integral part of
surgery is anesthesia .This study done with aim consumption anesthetic drugs that they are not
without side effects in people addicted
in scientific journals and valid sites and with the aim Anesthesia and addicts was.
Results : Duration of analgesic effect of spinal anesthesia in non-addictive drugs more than
those with a history of drug abuse. It is likely that drugs, with influence special receptors in the
spinal anesthetic drugs, the effects of these drugs are stopped.
Conclusion : Due to the increasing use of anesthetic drugs and consequently increase the side
effects of these drugs is recommended If surgery is elective a few weeks ago stop drug use in
addicted patient.
Keywords : Anesthesia, addiction, drug use
Effect of addiction on Personality
Samira Fatahi1, Kayvan Abasi2, Fereshte Jalalvandi3
325 |
Background and Aim : Addiction affects someone’s personality and behaviour in a variety of
ways although this very much depends up on the type of substance used and the amount; their
psychological make up before the addiction and physical health and their lifestyle.
in scientific journals and valid sites and with the aim Effect of addiction on Personality was
Results : The most obvious sign is the fact that they behave in ways which are totally out of
character. They may become secretive or deliberately offensive; self-harm; lie, cheat or steal; or
place their need for their addiction above their family and friends. Other examples including
paranoia, restlessness, low self-esteem or a lack of trust in themselves and anyone else. On the
other hand they may behave in an arrogant and uncaring manner as if only their needs matter and
no-one else’s. As the addiction worsens they may start to withdraw from their family and friends
or spend time with people who you don’t know. The highs and low of their addiction can lead to
anxiety and depression
Conclusion : The chemistry of the brain is affected by addiction, for example, taking crystal
meth, amphetamines, cannabis, ecstasy and excessive alcohol use. These have the power to
change certain structures of a person’s brain which have a dramatic affect upon that person’s
personality.
Keywords : addiction, personality, brain.
Family interventions in the treatment of addiction
Samira Fatahi1, Mahmud Fakhri2, Atusa Afsari3
Background and Aim : Alcohol and drug problems affect not only those using these substances
but also family members of the substance user.
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Methods : In this review evidence of the negative impacts substance misuse may have upon
families are examined, following which family-focused interventions are reviewed.
Results : Several family-focused interventions have been developed. They can be broadly
grouped into three types: (1) working with family members to promote the entry and engagement
of substance misusers into treatment; (2) joint involvement of family members and substance
misusing relatives in the treatment of the latter; and (3) interventions responding to the needs of
the family members in their own right. The evidence base for each of the three types is reviewed.
Despite methodological weaknesses in this area, a number of conclusions can be advanced that
support wider use of family focused interventions in routine practice.
Conclusion : Future research needs to focus on (1) pragmatic trials that are more representative
of routine clinical settings; (2) cost-effectiveness analyses, in terms of treatment costs and the
impact of interventions on costs to society; (3) explore treatment process; and (4) make use of
qualitative methods. In addition, there is a need to define more clearly the conceptual
underpinnings of the family intervention under study.
Keywords : alcohol, drugs, family, intervention, substance misuse
The impact of alcohol use on the incidence of violence in forensic patients
(2014)
Submission Author: Faranak Fathi
Abdulrasool Hemmati1, Faranak Fathi2
1. Shiraz University of Medical Science
2. Shiraz University of Medical Science
Background and Aim : Ethanol is considered one of the most addictive drugs because of the
sedative properties of the material is used as a teaser but drink it in large quantities and long-term
worsening of the disease and the symptoms of mental illness, and even the fact that alcohol is
worse. Violence is one of the problems of the modern world as it is for several reasons.Methods:
The main purpose prevalence of alcohol abuse among female students in Shiraz
Methods : The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of alcohol consumption on
the incidence of violence and whether such violence is associated with alcohol consumption or
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not? This study was a descriptive cross - sectional study on 400 female students from different
universities, which was conducted in Shiraz.The students were selected through random
sampling questionnaire and interview data confirmed the validity and reliability have been
collected. SPSS software and chi-square test was used for data analysis
Results : In this study it was found that 68% of people who have a criminal history of violent
behavior and alcohol consumption have and It was found that these types of injuries as well as
severe in people who have no history of alcohol use.
Conclusion : The study revealed that in addition to physical injury from alcohol can have a
psychological impact on the people So, not only can lead people toward violence but would
cause more damage. Therefore require more attention from the authorities in various fields of
society requires in order having a safe and away from violence
Keywords : legal medicine, violence, alcohol abuse
The role of outcome expectancies, self -efficacy and peer influence in
substance use behavior in adolescent (cultural adaptation, reliability and
construct validity
Submission Author: Zohreh Fathian dastgerdi
Zohreh Fathian dastgerdi1, Fazlollah Ghofranipour2, Firoozeh Mostafavi3, Ahmad Ali Eslami4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Researchers have emphasized a need to identify predictors that can
explain the variability in substance use behavior. Establishing valid and reliable methods for
assessing social cognitive determinant in substance use behavior support the design and delivery
of more effective interventions in this context. The present paper examined the cultural
adaptation, reliability and validity of the outcome expectancies, self-efficacy and peer influence
questionnaires in sample of adolescents in Iran relevant to substance use behavior.
328 |
Methods : The translation and back- translation with face and content validity were done in the
first step and, the psychometric properties were evaluated in the second step. The study used
reliability and construct validity in a cross-sectional survey, in 3 steps, including: item analysis,
explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses in 720 adolescents, aged from 14 to 18 years old in
Isfahan.
Results : in the cultural adaption, 1 item was excluded in intention scale and some of items were
changed according to the experts, view. EFA in the cross sectional study showed appropriate
loading items and revealed a 23-item scale with five factors including: refusal self-efficacy,
negative and positive outcome expectancies, peer influence and intention, that was in line with
original questionnaire. Internal consistency was found from 0.74 to 0.89 for the four subscales.
Conclusion : Overall, the results of these studies indicate that the Persian version of social
cognitive determinant appears to be a psychometrically robust instrument and could significantly
predict substance use behavior in Iranian adolescents.
Keywords : out come expectancies, self- efficacy,reliability, validity, adolescent, substance
abuse
The Life experiences of consumers drinking
Submission Author: Hamzehali Fattahi
Hamzehali Fattahi1, Fattahi Hamzehali2, Mahdian Marzieh3, Abedi Heidarali4, Bargrizaneh
Sanayatollah5, KHorrami Abdullah 6, Amiri Eskandar7, Alikhanizadeh Habibollah8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Msn of Nursing, Islamic Azad University( khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran.
Expert Medical Records, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
phd of Nursing, Islamic Azad University( khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran.
Msn of Nursing, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Background and Aim : The social harm of alcohol sample is secretly developing a high-risk
behavior, the cycle of economic, cultural and political strikes and lack of appropriate remedy,
329 |
high costs to families and the community.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
experience of life is alcohol consumers.
Methods : This study was conducted as a qualitative phenomenological approach. Thoughts and
experience with alcoholism and deep unstructured interviews were analyzed. Interview with 7
out of abusers of alcohol, the data was saturated. These data are consistent with qualitative
content analysis method were analyzed colaizzi.
Results : In this study, 30 primary source interviews, extracted after the converte to the second
level code 4, ultimately Code 3, third level of consumer to titles psychosomatic syndrome, the
challenges of life, beliefs and values are obtained.
Conclusion : The present study represents the fact that alcohol abuse causes a chain to include
economic, social and cultural cause adverse health effects and symptoms security risk to people.
Therefore, self-control training classes, the media and respect for the identity of the addict
requires more than before.
Keywords : experience, social harm, alcohol abuse, self control.
((Evaluation of Narcotics Anonymous in reducing the perevention of
addiction))
Submission Author: Navid Fazelbakhsheshi
Navid Fazel Bakhsheshi1
1. Iran Islamic Azad University of Bojnoord Branch
Background and Aim : Non-governmental organizations (NGO) in various forms all over the
world within the scope of their own to provide services, and with respect to the culture and
language of each country, and templates are used, the civil society play an important role in the ,
but they are not part of the government structure. One of the NGOs that is active in the field of
addiction. In most countries, especially in Iran, close to two decades, to stay clean of drugs
through the 12 Steps and 12 Traditions deals Narcotics Anonymous is. The aim of this study was
to investigate the role of community-based approach, and how this community in its service
performance, in this study we intend to take this analysis whether the NGO has been able to
330 |
culture and the customs of the Iranian society assimilated have and the important issue of drug
harm reduction is successful?
Methods : Seeks to achieve this goal of libraries (study books and supplies Association) and
athletics (the meetings) have been used
Results : Its main findings of this: The basis and foundation of the establishment of a Western
country has its origins in touch with the outside world community, captured the packet put But
during this time has been able to religion, culture and customs of your country consistent and
important in the prevention of drug activity in the community.
Conclusion : Narcotics Anonymous Iran in terms of the number of members who experience life
without drugs, ranked second in the world and able to provide better services to other countries,
friends and neighbors Islamic Iranian culture and civilization is moving in the direction of
development. With the help of the authorities of the Islamic Republic, especially the Interior
Ministry (Drug Coordination Council) on Iran has received national patent
Keywords : addiction, prevention, drug addicts, Narcotics Anonymous, recovery, purity
Investigated of the attitude and performance of nurses and related
factors in care of hospitalized drug-dependent patients
Submission Author: Fariba Feghhi
Fariba Feghhi1, Shayesteh Salehi 2, Hamid Reza Ghafarian Shirazi3
1. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, I.R.IRAN
2. Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch.Isfahan, I.R.Iran
3. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, I.R.IRAN
Background and Aim : the number of drug addicts is increasing day by day. They should be
hospitalized inevitably for medical reasons. Attitude and performance of the nurses can
effectively improve the quality of nursing care. This study investigated the attitude and
performance of nurses and related factors in care of hospitalized drug-dependent patients.
Methods : In this cross-sectional study, 200 nurses in public hospitals in Yasuj were selected
and participated in the study using quota sampling method. The required data was collected
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using a researcher-made questionnaire designed in three parts including demographic, attitude
and performance. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined using
Cronbach’s formula of finding alpha values (0.86). It was shown that validity and reliability were
acceptable. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS.
Results : The findings showed a significant and positive relationship between attitude and
performance of the nurses (r=0.001, p≤0.423). The attitude and performance of the units under
study (wards) were positive and appropriate. The in-service hospital had a significant
relationship with attitude and personnel and wards of the hospital had a significant relationship
with performance of the nurses in care of drug-dependent patients in public hospitals, Yasuj.
Conclusion : Although attitude and performance of majority of the nurses were acceptable, more
attentions should be paid to issues related to causes of drug dependence in higher education and
in-service training should be held in order to increase positive attitude of nurses to improve
health care services.
Keywords : Attitude, Performance, nurses, drug-dependent patients
Comparative effectiveness of group mindfulness- based cognitive therapy
and group cognitive behavioral therapy on relapse prevention of drug
abuse
Submission Author: Behrouz Feizi
Behrouz Feizi1, Hossein Garaati Sotoudeh2, Shokoufeh Raeesi3, parvin Zolfaghari4, Reza
Daneshmand5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Education research and treatment for substance abuse. Municipality of tehran 15. tehran. iran
Iranian national center for addiction studies. Tehran university of medical science. Tehran. Iran
Faran shimi Pharmacotical CO.Tehran .Iran
Education research and treatment for substance abuse. English teacher. Tehran. Iran
Background and Aim : The present study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of
MBCT versus CBT on relapse prevention of drug abuse.
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Methods : The statical population includes 90 clients refer to 19 clinics in eslamshahr state for
addiction treatment. Participants were selected by convenience sampling method and random
selection method and selected in 3 groups. 2 groups of them received CBT and MBCT for 2
months (8 session in 2 hours) while the control group received no training in all time. Data were
collected by WDQ scale and CBQ scale and dysfunctional attitude scale(DAS) which was given
to the subjects before and after the training. The collected data was put to one way variance
analysis and Danken test.
Results : The results supported the effectiveness of CBT and MBCT in dysfunctional attitude
and results demonstrated that group CBT and MBCT in comparison to the control group had
positive effects on relapse prevention and craving (f= 19/32 , p < 0/0001) and both method had
equal effect in worry domain.
Conclusion : In sum, it is proposed that a combination of CBT and MBCT could be more
effective in relapse prevention and craving than each of them.
Keywords : Mindfulness- based cognitive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, relapse
prevention, group therapy.
The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction to relapse
prevention and improve the quality of life in heroin abusers.
Submission Author: Behrouz Feizi
Behrouz Feizi1, Hossein Geraati Sotoudeh2, Shokoufeh Raeesi3, parvin Zolfaghari4, Reza
Daneshmand5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Education research and treatment for substance abuse. Municipality of tehran 15. tehran. iran
Iranian national center for addiction studies. Tehran university of medical science. Tehran. Iran
Faran shimi Pharmacotical CO.Tehran .Iran
Education research and treatment for substance abuse. English teacher. Tehran. Iran
Background and Aim : The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction to relapse
prevention and improve the quality of life in heroin abusers. Present study was to evaluate the
effectivenes of mindfulness to relalse prevention and improve the quality of life in heroin abusers
has been done.
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Methods : 100 clients of heroin abusers refer to 15 centers of addiction treatment in Eslamshahr
selected by convienience sampling method and random selection method and allocated in 2
groups. With using of experimental method on pre-test, post-test with control group,
experimental group received MBSR for (15 session in 1 hour) while the control group dont
received in all time. Data were collected by worry domail questioner and craving believes
questioner and quality of life scale which was given the subjects before and after of training. The
collected data was put to multivariance analysis of co variance.
Results : Co variance results showed there was no significant difference between two groups in
pre-test but mindfulness training in experimental group decrase the worry domain and craving
believe andscore of physical and psychological scale significantly increased.
Conclusion : Group therapy can be part of the intrvention program in heroin abusers and have a
important role in prevention recurrence and improve the quality of life.
Keywords : Relapse prevention, quality of life, heroin addiction, mindfulness group therapy
A survey of the effect of Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on
cognitive functions of opioid-dependent patients in central prison of
Hamedan
Submission Author: Behzad Feizi manesh
behzad Feizi Manesh1, Mehdi Movalat2
1. Department of General Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, Sanandaj, Iran.
2. Supervisor of health center of main office of prisons of Hamedan
Background and Aim : Drug abuse in human being is considered as a complex process in brain
in which cognitive functions as inability in control of individual behavior to strong motivation of
drug abuse as important issues. The present study evaluates the effect of Methadone maintenance
treatment (MMT) on cognitive functions of opioid-dependent patientsin central prison of
Hamedan.
Methods : Based on the study subject; ex post facto method is used. The study population is
allopioid-dependent patientsor patients undergoing Methadone maintenance treatment in central
prison of Hamedan. Statistical sample consisting 30 people of methadone- maintained treatment
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paitients, 30 people dependent on opium substance and 30 people of control group, was selected
in sampling. Tool of gathering data constisted memory evaluation scales (Wechsler memory
scales (WMS-III)) and selective attention (stroop test), and data was analyzed by variance
analysis and tukey following test.
Results : In Wechsler memory scale, the control and methadone maintained patients didn’t have
any significant difference (p<0.05). Both groups had significant different with opioid-dependent
patients(P<0.05). in stroop test, control group had more significant difference than methadone
treatment group and group dependent on opium substance (p<0.05) in 4 Processes: respond times
of congruent process, incongruent process respond congruent process respond error , and
incongruent process error. methadone maintained patients had significant different in four stages
compared to opioid-dependent patients(P<0.05).
Conclusion : The results showed that in there was no difference in memory of control group and
methadone maintained patients. The memory performance of both groups was better compared
to opioid-dependent patients.The results showed that Methadone maintenance treatment
improved selective attention in opioid-dependent patientsbut its effect was not shown as the
performance of selective attention of control group.
Keywords : addiction, methadone maintenance treatment, opium substance (narcotics) ,
cognitive abilities
Comparison of perceived social support among drug users with HIV,
non- drug users and people living with HIV healthy
Submission Author: Jalal Feizolahi
Jalal Feizolahi1, Saeed Askari2
1. MA Psychology, Health Center Sonqor and Koliaie, KermanshahUniversity of Medical Sciences,
Kermanshah, Iran
2. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Background and Aim : This study examined the perceived social support in addicts and nonaddicts and people with HIV have been healthy.
Methods : This is a descriptive and comparative study population consisted of all men who are
addicted with HIV, non-drug users, HIV-infected and healthy subjects were 25-50 years old in
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Sonqor city. The sample of the examples in the care of HIV patients were available. Each of the
three groups of 25 persons and 75 persons. The instrument used in this study consisted of
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), respectively. To analyze the data,
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and SPSS version 16 was used.
Results : The results showed that perceived social support among drug abusers and non-HIVinfected patients and healthy subjects, there was a significant difference in 0/001 and Addicts
with HIV and low perceived social support than non-drug groups and people living with HIV are
healthy.
Conclusion : Addiction and HIV co-infection can get the greatest impact on the individual's
perception of social support.
Keywords : addiction, AIDS, perceived social support
Mental and psychological effects of Alcohol and drugs - Epidemiological
study on a sample of addicted to alcohol and drugs in the west of Algeria
Submission Author: Laid FEKIH
Laid FEKIH1
1. Tlemcen university – Algeria
Background and Aim : The present research was designed to determine the various problems
and mental disorders that addicted people suffering from, and other long-term consequences. The
purpose of this research is to identify the impact of the consumption of drugs and alcohol on the
psychopathological personality structure, and the most common mistakes that lead to a search for
drugs until the person finds himself linked to this substance. Addiction is not just drug taking but
especially the compulsive use of the drug, which is maintained despite adverse effects on the
user.
Methods : The method used in this research is purely descriptive following the collected data
from the sample of 150 of those who were receiving treatment in hospitals. The tools that were
used in this research as follow: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI2,1989),
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Hospital records for cases of addiction, we proceeded with some statistical techniques, which
provided the percentages, and the correlation coefficient (Cramer’s V).
Results : The findings of this research were: - There are a correlation between personality traits
and the etiology of drug addictions. - Drug consumption arouses psychopathological structure,
especially in people with a predisposition to mental illness, and the risk in people who suffer
from anxiety disorders are five fold higher than others. -The risk is very high among people who
suffer from major mental depression, or schizophrenia. - More than 60% of adolescents treated in
hospitals of mental illness in western Algeria have ever used drugs before. - Alcohol, cannabis
and amphetamines makes medicament ineffective during infection of a disease. - The
pathological behavior appears only in a small proportion 16-18% of users and has the
characteristics of a chronic disease as even after a prolonged period of withdrawal, 88% of
relapse. - Analysis of the results also shows that each observed behavior is a powerful predictor
of susceptibility to relapse. - Addictive behaviors develop in subjects only after prolonged
exposure to drugs, the addiction therefore result from the interaction of two factors: the degree of
exposure to the drug and the extent of the individual's vulnerability exposed to drug use.
Conclusion : Based on the findings, the study proposed some recommendation and preventive
measures to mitigate the impact of addiction, and emphasize the importance of a program based
on counseling with meaning to reduce distress and improve the level of self-confidence among
people who suffer from mental health problems.
Keywords : Key words: Addiction, Psychotropic and Drug use, Abuse, Dependence, personality
structure
Drug addiction: Pathways to the disease and pathophysiological
perspectives
Submission Author: Elahe Fereidouni
Elahe Fereidouni1, Mojgan Safaee2, Azita Karami3
1. M.sc of Physiology, Faculty Member of Paramedical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,
Kermanshah, Iran
2. M.sc of Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
3. Bs of Midwifery,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Background and Aim : Drug addiction is a medical condition, a chronic relapsing disease. As
in other domains of experimental medicine, appropriate experimental investigations are needed
in order to better understand the disease
Methods : to understand the diverse facets of drug effects and of the underlying pathophysiology
it is necessary to keep in mind the complexity of the Psychopathological processes.
Results : The main symptoms that characterize addiction correspond to expressions of
dysfunctions within specific circuits and regions. Pathways to addiction are numerous and
comorbidity and in the real world poly-drug use are common.
Conclusion : Some of these aspects will be examined as well as the role of life events and stress.
Theoretical considerations will be proposed. To account for the stages of the disease from
impulse control disorder to compulsive disorders, for affective dynamics and for the relations
between the symptoms and pathophysiology.
Keywords : Drug addiction, Definition, Physiopathology
Ethanol and its effects
Submission Author: Elahe Fereidouni
Elahe Fereidouni1, Mojgan Safaee2, Azita Karami3
1. M.sc of Physiology, Faculty Member of Paramedical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,
Kermanshah, Iran
2. M.sc of Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
3. Bs of Midwifery,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Background and Aim : When ethanol is given at low doses or initially during acute ethanol
intoxication, it is perceived as a stimulant owing to the suppression of central inhibitory systems,
but as the plasma levels of ethanol increase, sedation, motor incoordination, ataxia, and impaired
psychomotor performance appear
Methods : . The withdrawal syndrome (seizures and delirium tremens) may be severe and
clinically challenging. The long-term effects of ethanol consumption have been extensively
reviewed elsewhere
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Results : Ethanol modifies the activity of serotonin receptors ,aminobutyric acid type A
receptors, and the N-methyl D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors
Conclusion : Ethanol acutely inhibits binding to the d-opioid receptor, and long-term exposure
to ethanol increases the density of μ and dreceptors. Its actions on nearly all receptors are the
result of a direct interaction with the receptor protein.
Keywords : Ethanol, Addiction, Receptor
The efficiency of play-pathy on psycho-sound recovery in addict's
children
Submission Author: Hamid Fesanghari
Hamid Fesanghari1, Aleme Dehnabi2
1. Cilinical psychologist
2. Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
Background and Aim : The purpose of this study was The efficiency of play-pathy on psychosound recovery in addict's children
Methods : This Para-empirical test is a pre/post test that includes a control group and selected by
randomly. The sample includes 32 students who were placed in a control group haphazardly.
Psycho-sound questionnaire was complete in post and pre test stages. Remedial interventions
were hold in a 10 session of play-pathy for control group. covariance (ANCOVA) method was
used for analyzing the data
Results : The result of research showed that there is a significant–statistical deference in psychosound of two groups. ( p<0/001)
Conclusion : The play-pathy can improve psycho-sound of children who live in family that
addict to drugs.
Keywords : play-pathy, psycho-sound, drug abuse
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The role of attachment styles and tackling strategies with the stress
among people who are addicted to drug.
Background and Aim : The purpose of existing research was considering the role of attachment
styles tacking strategies with the stress among people who are addicted to drug.
Methods : The sample of the research included 160 people (80 addicted people and 80 non
addicted people) who were selected by available sampling and voluntarily sampling in Sabzevar
in 2014.The schema of the research was descriptive and choosiness and they answered to
research's materials that included adults absorption's questionnaire (AAI) and tackling with stress
questionnaire (CISS). Siven analytical method, variance analyzing and T statistical test were
used for analyzing the data.
Results : consequential result showed that there is a meaningful relation among attachment style,
tackling strategies with the stress and using drug(p<0/001).Drug abuser uses the existing circuit
tackling strategies meaningful and compare to non-addicted group, they use issue circuit tackling
less, and non-addicted group avoid tackling strategies meaningfully. This research showed that
addicted group in terms of attachment styles is avoidance and Non- addicted in terms of
attachment styles is Double oriented.
Conclusion : consequential result showed that there is a meaningful relation among attachment
style, tackling strategies with the stress and using drug.(p<0/001). Limitation of research is lack
of generalization of research result, sampling method and the volume of statistical sample.
Keywords : attachment style, tackling strategies, drug abuse
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The efficacy of therapeutic- cognitive- behavioral group on reducing
temptation and stress among drug abusers.
Background and Aim : The purpose of existing research was considering the efficacy of
therapeutic- cognitive- behavioral group on reducing temptation and stress among drug abusers.
Methods : the sample of research included 30 drug abusers (15 experimental group and 15
control group) who were selected by available sampling and voluntarily sampling.The scheme of
the research was pretest and posttest or control group and they answered to research's materials
that included temptation of using drug questionnaire (Salehi Fadary- Ziaei- Erfany 2008) and
Cohen's perception of stress questionnaire (1983). co-variance (ANCOVA) method was used for
analyzing the data.
Results : therapeutic-cognitive- behavioral group caused the temptation of using drug and stress
reduce among addicted in experimental group compare to control group.
Conclusion : therapeutic-cognitive- behavioral group caused the temptation of using drug and
stress reduce among addicted in experimental group compare to control group.lack of
generalization of research results, availability of sampling method, Low volume sample and
lengthen the sessions of therapeutic-cognitive- behavioral group.
Keywords : therapeutic-cognitive- behavioral group, temptation, stress, drug abuse
Inpatient Assisted Opioid Withdrawal of Street Children Admitted to
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Ward: A Preliminary Case Series and
Feasibility
Submission Author: Mahboubeh Firouzkouhi moghaddam
Mahboubeh Firouzkouhi moghaddam1, Alireza Noroozi2, Masood Pishjoo3
341 |
1. Assistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Zahedan University of Medical
2.
3.
Sciences (ZAUMS) 2Research Center for Children and Adolescents Health (RCCAH), Zahedan University
of Medical Sciences (ZAUMS)
Head of Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office (SAPTO), Mental Health Social Health and
Addiction Department (MeHSHAD), Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME). 10th Floor,
Tower A, Ministry of Health Building, Eyvanak St, Shahrak e Gharb, Tehran, Iran.
3General Practitioner, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZAUMS)
Background and Aim : About 10 million children worldwide living or working in street.
Prevalence of substance use among street children is between 14 to 92 percent. The substance
use among vulnerable children is associated with higher rate of mental disorders or high risk
behaviors. In this study we have reported outcomes of assisted withdrawal of opioid dependent
vulnerable children admitted to child and adolescent psychiatric ward of Ali Ebn e Abitaleb
Hospital Hospital.
Methods : Clinical chart abstractions were performed on a convenience sample of 40 serial
street opioid dependent child and adolescent (mean age 11.14±3.60 years) referred to child and
adolescent psychiatric ward of Ali Ebn e Abitaleb Treatment and Research Center from
November 2014 to May 2015.
Results : 24(60%) patients were male and 16(40%) were female. All patients used drugs during
last month before admission. Main drug of use for all patients was opioids. The crack heroin
(with street name of crystal in South East of Iran) was the most common (70%) main drug of use
followed by opium (10%) and opium residue (7.5%), respectively. Musculoskeletal pain and
diarrhea were most common withdrawal symptoms during admission.
Conclusion : To our knowledge this is the first study reported the safety and feasibility of
inpatient symptomatic pharmacological treatment for assisted withdrawal among opioid
dependent child and adolescents in Iran.
Keywords : Street Children, Substance Use, Assisted Withdrawal
Quality of life of addicts to traditional drugs
Submission Author: Mohammadreza Foroutani
Mohammadreza Foroutani1, Seyyed hannan Kashfi2
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1. Department of Nursing, Larestan School of Medical Sciences. Larestan. Iran
Background and Aim : Quality of life of each person is affected by several factors, including
the physical and psychological interests and affiliations dependence. Addiction is physical and
psychological dependence to narcotic drugs that is central to one's life at its disposal.
Methods : An addict is always thinking to the drugs and this will affect the quality of his life.
Addiction, especially to drugs creates dependency in a person which causes him to get in the way
of consumer expectations and drug effects.Thus, all activities of an addict from the first moment
of waking up to the sleeping moment will be passed in thinking and preparing the drugs. In these
moments all his activities are affected by residual or lack of residual effects. In other words, if
the residual effects of the drugs extend, the activities of the person will also get longer.
Results : Conversely, when the effects of the drugs are reduced or completely wiped out, reusing
the drugs increases just a little the level of his activities and efforts. Thus, all the time of his life
would be affected by the type of the drugs he has used. The emotional effects of drugs that are
longer and more severe therefore create more pseudo happiness in the addict and make him do
activities out of the power and stamina of the individual.
Conclusion : Gradually, continuing this process results in cell burnout and reduction in actual
performance of an individual and he will become a drug-dependent individual.
Keywords : Quality of life , addiction
Examining the reasons for the failure to quit addiction at detoxification
stage
Submission Author: Mohammadreza Foroutani
Mohammadreza foroutani1, Seeyed hannan kashfi2
Background and Aim : Drug addiction is a physical and psychological dependence with
varying degrees seen in people. Quitting addiction and getting rid of this problem frequently
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experienced by addicts and each time people return to addiction again for various reasons. This
article investigates the factors of returning to addiction.
Methods : What is important in the success of quitting addiction is discontinuing using drug and
resistance and sustainability in detoxification phase after quitting addiction. In other words,
people after detoxification process that takes up to 2-3 months enter the stage to be clean and
free from dependence on addiction.
Results : However, the most sensitive step of quitting addiction is the stage after detoxification.
Addicts who see themselves free from drug abuse at this stage experience ambivalence and
contradiction. On the on hand, they feel a sense of accomplishment and happiness of quitting
addiction. On the other hand, they feel emptiness, futility and meaningless. If they neglect and
over simplify the issue, they will return to the previous steps. Because of this reason, after the
detoxification stage people need more emotional support from their family as well as the need to
change the way of their life. This change in people's way of life if not achieved, a sense of
emptiness and futility of quitting drug is strengthened and they find it an excuse for reusing drug.
Conclusion : Addiction and quitting addiction is a complex process which is nowadays made
more complex despite the seemingly easy ways of advertisement. Full attention to this social
problem requires the cooperation of various sectors of society.
Keywords : failure , addiction,detoxification stage.
Effectiveness of teaching cognitive - behavioral approach on state - trait
anxiety and marital satisfaction in spouses of men treated for drug
addiction
Submission Author: Negar Fotouhi ardakani
Negar Fotouhi ardakani1
1. Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Braunch Faculty of sychology & Social Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : This study examined the effectiveness of teaching cognitive behavioral approach on state - trait anxiety and marital satisfaction in spouses of men treated for
drug addiction in 2013. The aim of study is determining the effectiveness of teaching cognitive behavioral approach on state - trait anxiety and marital satisfaction of spouses of men treated for
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drug addiction. The statistical population included all drug-treated patients of Kimia clinic in
Yazd. The Samples of study were selected from 20 of spouses of men treated for drug addiction
and divided into two groups, test (n = 10) and controls (n = 10) and were trained in cognitive behavior teaching and were measured by of state - trait anxiety STAI Eshpish Berger and marital
satisfaction Enrich during the pre-test and post-test The hypotheses of the study are as follows: 1
–Teaching cognitive - behavioral approach affects on state - trait anxiety of spouses of men
treated for drug addiction. 2 - Teaching cognitive - behavioral approach affects on marital
satisfaction of spouses of men treated for drug addiction. Given hypotheses were obtained and
tested by covariance analysis of the data. Based on the survey results, both hypotheses were
confirmed.
Methods : Half trial
Results : 1 –Teaching cognitive - behavioral approach affects on state - trait anxiety of spouses
of men treated for drug addiction. 2 - Teaching cognitive - behavioral approach affects on marital
satisfaction of spouses of men treated for drug addiction.
Conclusion : 1 –Teaching cognitive - behavioral approach affects on state - trait anxiety of
spouses of men treated for drug addiction. 2 - Teaching cognitive - behavioral approach affects
on marital satisfaction of spouses of men treated for drug addiction.
Keywords : cognitive - behavioral approach, anxiety, marital satisfaction, addiction treatment
survey relationship between sensation seeking , social support and Life
expectation With male aggression on addiction recovery centers in
Ahwaz
Submission Author: Abdolamir Gatezadeh
Abdolamir Gatezadeh1, Maryam Hassan2
1. Department of psycholog ,Islamic Azad University, Susangerd, of branch, Khuzestan, Iran
2. Department of psycholog ,Islamic Azad University, Susangerd, of branch, Khuzestan, Iran
Background and Aim : The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between
sensation seeking , social support and life expectancy with male aggression on addiction
recovery center in the city of Ahwaz.
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Methods : For this purpose, the multi-stage random sampling method, 115 people died from
drug recovery centers in Ahwaz were selected. The general hypothesis of this study was to
investigate whether between sensation seeking, social support and life expectancy there is a
significant correlation with aggression addicts.Fordata collection was used from questionnaire
Zakrmn sensation seeking, social supportPhilips, life expectancy Millerandaggression (AGQ).
Results : Statistical analysis showed that between sensation seeking and aggression in male
addicts. There is a negative relationship between social support and aggressive male addicts.
Conclusion : Also there isNegativerelationshipbetweenlife expectancyandaggressivemale
addicts. The multiple regression analysis showed that among the three predictor variables,
variable life expectancies and sensation seeking as a stronger predictor variable is the measure of
aggression in male addicts.
Keywords : sensation seeking, social support, Life expectation, addiction recovery centers
the survey relationship between sensation seeking and social support and
Life expectation With male aggression on addiction recovery centers
Submission Author: Abdolamir Gatezadeh
Abdolamir Gatezadeh1, Maryam Hassan2
1. Department of psycholohy, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Susangerd, Khuzestan, Iran
2. Department of psycholohy, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Susangerd, Khuzestan, Iran
Background and Aim : The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between
sensation seeking and social support and life expectancy of male aggression, addiction recovery
center is the city of Ahvaz.
Methods : The general hypothesis of this study was to investigate whether between sensation
seeking, Zuckerman Sensation seeking to collect data from the questionnaire, social support,
Philips, life expectancy Miller and aggression (AGQ) was used. Statistical analysis showed that
between sensation seeking and aggression in male addicts.
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Results : Statistical analysis showed that between sensation seeking and aggression in male
addicts. There is a negative relationship between social support and aggressive male addicts.
Negative relationship between life expectancy and aggressive male addicts there.
Conclusion : The multiple regression analysis showed that among the three predictor variables,
variable life expectancies and sensation seeking as a stronger predictor variable is the measure of
aggression in male addicts.
Keywords : sensation seeking, social support, Life expectation, addiction recovery centers
Addressing the drug issues through community mobilization
Submission Author: Himal Gauchan
Himal Gauchan1
1. Keshab Pun Magar, Nepal
Background and Aim : Drug users often face abuse and assault from law enforment agencies
and society/family because of the non-clarity on laws as well as social and negative cultural
attitude towards drug users. As in many other countries, drug users in Nepal also are stigmatized
and socially marginalized. The meaningful involvement of drug users in policy formulation, and
program design and delivery, is generally over-looked. Under this setting, organization built its
network institutional capacity in order to reach all drug users and drug users PLHAs in Butwal,
south west region of Nepal to improve their quality of life and access to service with the support
of Butwal Municipality through project called “Lagu Aushad Prayogkarta Lai Samajikaran
Garau” which means “Socializing the Drug Users” in English.
Methods : A process of collective inventory was needed to stop the clock, to do a critical
assessment of all components involved in drug and drug led HIV, to realize the burning issues,
and to gain understanding on who was doing what in the sector of drug and drug led HIV.
Further, the networking needed to be activated to make best use of knowledge, practices and
resources. The major activities of this project was to conducting focus group discussions,
workshops, meetings, orientation and training to the community members about drug policy in
the country. Project initiation on networking efforts truly wanted to bring together government
body, service providers, drug users, grass root agencies for meaningful discussions, for
recognition and future collaboration. Project further consolidate organization's institutional
capacity and its network alliance through the formation of a seven member district representative
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board with the provision of District Public Health Office chief to be the chair of the board
automatically. This was done to build the ownership from government agency and further
strengthen the network to build positive attitude from the government agencies.
Results : Although the duration of the project was very short which was of 8 months, the main
achievement for the project was accomplished that is to create a level of understanding of drug
use and creating the enabling environment to the drug using community. The most effective
achievement of the project was the capacity development of the drug user community itself
through different workshop, orientation and trainings and promoting drug users in different
activities of the project. The provision of allotting a quota to the drug user in the district
representative board also can be measured as the key achievement of the project. As a result of
the project Butwal Municipality also convinced to allot the budget of 35000 rupees in their
yearly budget to the support group which will be granted upon submission of the proposal for the
investment.
Conclusion : To lower the relapse rate among drug users can be achieved by promoting a safe
and healthy gathering point for them which encourages them to meet in a place and talk positive
for their future. Establishment of support group within the drug user community and providing
them information of unity helps to motivate them to sustain socially.
Keywords : Drug, HIV, community
The Prevalence of drug abuse among HIV_ Positive Patients Behavioral
Disease Counseling Center in Ahwaz
Submission Author: Nastaran Ghadaksaz
Nastaran Ghadaksaz1, Saeed Bitaraf2
1. Behavioral Disease Counseling Center of Ahwaz, Ahwaz, Iran
2. Behavioral Disease Counseling Center of Ahwaz, Ahwaz, Iran
Background and Aim : Mental status form of HIV/AIDS is influenced by factors that
determined previous level of Person social support and inter personal adaptation. Drug abuse
among these patients and their tendency to addiction, is result of previous main mental disorder.
That most responsible for severe mental Symptoms and patient’s incompatibility against stress.
The desire to continue a substance and drug dependence means addiction; and frequent abuse of
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them makes dependency. This causes legal, social or communication problems and prevents the
person from performing its duties. So, according to the importance of this issue, this study was
performed by investigation of drug abusers referred to HIV Positive Patients Behavioral Disease
Counseling Center in Ahwaz.
Methods : This cross_ sectional study was performed on 760 HIV positive patients who are
eligible to receive service and referred to Behavioral Disease Counseling Center in Ahwaz .To
collects the data we used the cheek list form and the information were extracted by check list
from the patient records. Data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics and
frequency tables.
Results : The results showed that the highest rate of education with 38.02% is belong to primary
school, 88.28% are male and 11.72% are female. Marital status in the subjects, 53.85% are single
and 33.45% are married .In total, according to the study , the highest prevalence addiction among
HIV _ positive patients is 81.50% in the age group of 15 to 44 years .A history of drug abuse
among male HIV_ positive patients is 98.87% and among females is 1.13% also the history of IV
drug injection among men HIV_ positive patients is 81.49% and among female is 0.93% and the
history of common injection among male HIV_ positive patients is 74.57% and among females
is 0.56%.
Conclusion : Although the pattern of Transmission of the disease among HIV_ positive patients
is changing from intravenous drug injection to sex .But according to the findings from recent
study show that transmission method by addiction especially intravenous drug injection is
important and it has high priority.
Keywords : Drug abuse, HIV Patients, Counseling Center in Ahwaz.
Association study TaqIA polymorphism of ANKK1 gene with heroin and
methamphetamine addiction, and personality disorders in the Markazi
province
Submission Author: Rezvan Ghadbeigi
Rezvan Ghadbeigi1, Ahmad Hamta2, Efat Noroozi3
1. M.Sc, Department of Biology, Section of Genetic, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Section of Genetic, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
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3. M.Sc, Department of psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim : ANKK1 (ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1) gene is a
member of the serine/threonine kinase family. This family involved in signal transduction
pathways. This gene contains a single nucleotide polymorphism that causes an amino acid
substitution (Glu713Lys). This polymorphism, which is Taq1A (rs1800497), was previously
believed to be located in the promoter region of the DRD2 gene, since the polymorphism is
located approximately 10 kilobases downstream from the DRD2 (dopamin D2 reseptor) gene, in
exon 8 of the ANKK1 gene on chromosome 11q23.1 and can influence DRD2 expression. The
ANKK1 gene is closely linked to DRD2. The protein product of the ANKK1 gene was
considered as a negative regulator of the NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-KappaB) transcription factor.
Moreover, the expression level of NF-κB-regulated genes was shown to be altered by TaqIA
variants in an in vitro. Since DRD2 is regulated by NF-κB it could be assumed that this ANKK1
variant can indirectly affect DRD2 receptor density. the A1 allele Carriers of TaqIA
polymorphism have shown reduced receptors, this decrease of dopamine receptors predisposes of
individuals with the SNP to seek for addictive behaviors or substances to compensate this
deficiency in dopaminergic system, also A1 allele has been indicated that is associated with
personality disorders. We investigated TaqIA polymorphism (rs1800497) in heroin and
methamphetamine addiction and personality disorders.
Methods : 91 male methadone-maintained heroin and methamphetamine addicts and 100 male
healthy controls were studied. Genomic DNA extraction was carried out from peripheral blood
through salting-out method and they were genotyped by RFLP-PCR technique, TaqI enzyme
used for RFLP and MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) test was used to assess
personality and psychiatric disorders in both patient and control individuals.
Results : This survey revealed significantly higher frequency of the A1 allele in patient than
control individuals (P<0.001). the frequency of A1 allele in patient and control individuals were
%51 and %22, respectively. moreover MMPI test represented significant differences between
patients and controls in relation to personality and psychiatric disorders of paranoia (P= 0.013),
schyzophrenia (P<0.001), depression (P=0.004), psychopathic deviate (P<0.001) were found and
also the frequency of A1 allele was significantly higher in psychopathic deviate individuals
(P=0.001). frequency of A1 allele was %59 in psychopathic deviate individuals and %31 in nonpsychopathic deviate individuals, respectively.
Conclusion : Our results reveal that the A1 allele of TaqIA polymorphism is associated with
heroin and methamphetamine addiction and psychopathic deviate. Moreover our results indicate,
association between addiction with personality and psychiatric disorders of paranoia,
schyzophrenia, depression, psychopathic deviate.
Keywords : 1) ANKK1 gene 2) TaqIA polymorphism 3) A1 allele 4) heroin and
methamphetamine addiction 5) MMPI 6) psychopathic deviate
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Association study 3’UTR VNTR polymorphism of DAT1/SLC6A3 gene
with heroin and methamphetamine addiction, and personality disorders
in the Markazi province
Submission Author: Rezvan Ghadbeigi
Rezvan Ghadbeigi1, Ahmad hamta2, Efat Noroozi3
1. M.Sc, Department of Biology, section of Genetic, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, section of Genetic, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
3. M.Sc, Department of psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim : DAT (dopamine transporter) is an integral membrane protein that
removes dopamine from the synaptic cleft and deposits it into surrounding cells, thus terminating
the signal of the neurotransmitter. DAT is also the target of several substances including
amphetamine and cocaine. These chemicals inhibit the action of DAT and result in less removal
of dopamine from the synapse and increased signaling, which is thought to underlie the
pleasurable feelings elicited by these substances. The SLC6A3 (Solute Carrier Family 6
(Neurotransmitter Transporter), Member 3) gene encoding DAT, displays a Variable Number of
Tandem Repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the 15th exon, at 3’UTR. The 40-bp VNTR is
repeated 3–13 times, occurring in most human populations with greatest frequency in the 9- and
10-repeat alleles. the 9- and the 10-repeat alleles have been repeatedly associated with increased
DAT expression and both may be treated as risk alleles. several association studies have been
conducted aiming to assess the contribution of SLC6A3 40-bp VNTR to alcoholism liability with
conflicting results. DAT has been indicated that is associated with a number personality and
psychiatric disorders. We investigated association between 3’UTR VNTR polymorphism of
DAT1/SLC6A3 gene in heroin and methamphetamine addiction and personality disorders.
Methods : 91 male methadone-maintained heroin and methamphetamine addicts and 100 male
healthy controls were studied. Genomic DNA extraction was carried out from peripheral blood
through salting-out method. PCR-based genotyping method targeting the SLC6A3 40 bp 3’UTR
and MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) test was used to assess personality
disorders in both patient and control individuals.
Results : significant difference was found between patients and controls for 3’UTR VNTR
polymorphism of DAT1/SLC6A3 gene (P=0.009). different genotypes of SLC6A3 VNTR were
identified in the Markazi province including A10A10, A10A9, A9A9, A11A11, A10A11,A6A6,
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A8A8, A10A8, A9A6. the most frequent genotypes were A10A10, A10A9, A9A9 in both patient
and control individuals, while the other genotypes only accounted for <4%. Alleles frequency of
A10 and A9 were %67 and %30 in patients and %58 and %32 in controls respectively. This
survey revealed higher frequency of the 10-repeat allele in patients than controls. moreover
MMPI test represented significant differences between 3’UTR VNTR polymorphism and
personality and psychiatric disorders were not found.
Conclusion : Our results reveal that the 10-repeat allele of 3’UTR VNTR polymorphism of
DAT1/SLC6A3 gene is associated with heroin and methamphetamine addiction and this
polymorphism displays no association with personality and psychiatric disorders.
Keywords : 1) DAT1/SLC6A3 gene 2) 3’UTR VNTR polymorphism 3) 10-repeat allele 4)
heroin and methamphetamine addiction 5) MMPI 6) personality disorders
Investigation on the Relationship between Drug – Addiction and Child
Abuse (Study on Abused Children in Tehran City in 2014)
Submission Author: Salman Ghaderi
Salman Ghaderi 1, Bita Rezazadeh2, Edris Ghasemi3, Mahsa Jafari4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Welfer Organization, Tehran, Iran
Welfer Organization, Tehran, Iran
Social Worker
Social Worker
Background and Aim : In recent years, the number of abused children has been increased. The
harassment and abuse of children have had physical and mental consequences as well as
hazarding their social activity seriously. Various factors play a role in incidence and exacerbation
of Child-abuse among which parents’ dependence on addictive drugs is considered as the most
important factors. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between addiction
to drugs in abused children's parents in order to plan the appropriate prevention and intervention
programs for the abused children and or the ones exposed to harassment.
Methods : The method of this study is survey. The sampling method is systematic
randomization. Abused children of Tehran City in 2014 constitute the statistical population for
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this study. The sample size of this study includes 270 people. Data gathering tools are
questionnaire and individual interview with the abused children.
Results : The findings of this research have shown 53 percent of girls and 47 percent of boys
have been abused. So there is no difference between them sexually. Several factors affect the
incidence of abuse among children, but in this regard role of addiction to drug by 75% has been
considered the most important factor. The most important consumed drug with 83% of the
stimulus cases is met Therefore, met is the most addictive drug in the incidence of child abuse.
The analytical results of relationship between child abuse and addiction have shown a
meaningful relationship between these two variables and sig is less than 0.05.
Conclusion : Parents' Dependence on addictive drugs (met) has been considered the most
important factor in child abuse and it requires planning of comprehensive prevention and
intervention programs on the basis of levels of individual, family and community.
Keywords : child abuse, prevention, intervention, met, addiction
Effect of Selective Attention Bias Modify Training in Craving of
Abstinent METH User
Submission Author: Maryam Ghaderi Esmaeili
Maryam Ghaderi Esmaeili1, Ali-Reza Moradi2
1. Institute of cognitive science study (ICSS)
2. Kharazmi University
Background and Aim : Attention bias modification training (ABMT) is a well-known
phenomenon and cognitive method for attentional bias therapy for many diseases. METH
(Methamphetamine)users proportional to duration and dose of use have cognitive deficits
especially in selective attention. Suggest that, craving and attention to drug-related cues are
relative together, and ABMT can lead to users avoidance of drug related cues.So, it lead to
reduce of craving in users.
Methods : In this project, used from ABMT to reduce of craving on 50 abstinent METH users.
For ABMT we used pen and paper games. Participant divided two groups (control-experiment).
They run DDQ (Drug Desire Questionnaire) and Dot-Probe task. But experimental group, added
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them, do cognitive intervention that was pen and paper games. For data analysis, we used T-test,
ANCOVA and Repeated Measure.
Results : Project showed that, there is relationship between craving and attention bias (r=0.41,
Sig= 0.003). Also, craving (P<0.05, Sig= 0.02) and selective attention bias (P<0.05, Sig= 0.006)
in post-test as significantly reduce as pre-test.
Conclusion : ABMT and Pen & Paper games as to cognitive method can lead to reduce of
craving and selective attention bias from drug-related cues.But ABMT specially pen and paper
games will effect when use by other methods for example group therapy, family therapy and so
on.
Keywords : Attention Bias Modify Training (ABMT), Craving, Methamphetamine, Pen & Paper
games, Selective Attention.
Mental determinants of Attitude toward Substance Abuse among High
School Students
Submission Author: Gholamreza Ghaedamini Harouni
Gholamreza Ghaedamini Harouni1, Gholamreza Ghaedamini-Harouni 2, Majid Bahreini
Borujeni3, Kobra Sepehri Borujeni4
1.
2.
3.
4.
University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Social welfare Research Center
University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Social welfare Research Center
Esfahan University
Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord
Background and Aim : Substance abuse is one of the biggest problems in many countries of the
world, and among the population groups exposed to the risk are young people who have key role
in the development of any society. Notice to dangerous social factors in the life course and
reinforce protective factors can provide flourishing background for this group. The study aimed
to examining relationship between mental health dimensions and attitude toward substance abuse
among the young people.
Methods : In this correlation study, among 4 educational zones of Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari,
about 300 boy students in high schools in 2014-2015 were selected by a multi-stage stratified
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sampling. Two valid and reliable scales (GHQ28 and Attitude toward Substance Abuse) were
used for gathering data. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression were used for analyzing.
Results : there was a significant positive relationship (p<0.05) between mental health
dimensions (physical problems, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression) and attitude toward
substance abuse. In the other words, the worse mental health, the more positive attitude toward
substance abuse.
Conclusion : According to the results, among the mental health dimensions, depression had the
more power in predicting attitude toward substance abuse. However, somatic problems, anxiety
and dysfunction in social relationships also are among the factors affecting attitude toward
substance abuse. Therefore, we have to pay special attention to the mental health among the
people young in educational programs for schools and families.
Keywords : Mental Health, Substance Abuse, stratified sampling, Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari,
High School
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive – behavior Therapy,
Felouxetine Therapy, and the Combination Method on improve
premature ejaculation disorder in addicts
Submission Author: Mohammad Reza Ghaffarzadeh Rz
Mohammad Reza Ghaffarzadeh Razaghi1
1. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : This research was considered aiming the comparison on the effects of
cognitive behavioral therapy, fluxetine therapy and a combired approach on recovery of
premature ejaculation disorder on addicts.
Methods : The statistics of research was covariance analysis . The findings of the research
showed a meaningful difference among the witness and the exoerimental cognitive – behavioral
group.
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Results : Only between the cognitive – behavioral treatment group and the drug therapy
experiments , there was a meaningful difference, while there was no difference between
cognitive – behavioral group with combined one and the drug therapy and the combined one .
Conclusion : The difference between the average score of drug therapy group and the witness
one is meaningless. It was to be noted that the difference in marks between the combined
approach and the witness one in 0.01 level was meaningful
Keywords : Cognitive – behavioral therapy , fluoxeitne treatment , premature ejaculation ,
addicted
The Comparison study of Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation in
Substance Abuser with recurrence and without relapse and in normal
subjects in a 12-month period
Submission Author: Hossein Gharaati sotoudeh
Hossein Gharaati sotoudeh1, Jafarri A M2, Omidi3, Fahimi S4, Reza Daneshmand5
1. M. A. in General Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, Tehran
2. M. A. Education Research & Treatment For substance Abuse . Tehran Municipality . Minicilipality 15
3.
4.
5.
Tehran.Iran
M.A. in clinical psychology, Faculty of psychology and educational sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz,
Iran.
Iranian National Center For Addiction Studies .Tehran University Of Medical science .Tehran. Iran
Background and Aim : The purpose of this study is comparative study of mindfulness and
emotion regulation in three groups consist of resistance drug users to treatment, drug users in
treatment that in the past year did not treatment and normal individuals
Methods : In this study, 50 resistance drug users to treatment, 50 drug users in treatment and 50
normal individuals the cluster random sampling were selected. The subjects completed Five fact
mindfulness questionnaire and emotion regulation. For sorting, processing and analysis of data
and the evaluation of the research hypothesis, we used the SPSS 17. To examine the Comparison
and between variables from Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were used.
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Results : The findings obtained in this study indicated that the use of drug with recurrence
compared to those taking the drug had relapses in the past year and normal subjects obtain in
Suppression higher (p< 0.03 & 0.001), reappraisal (p< 0.007 & 0.0001) and mindfulness (p<
o.016 & 0.0001) lower, and There was no recurrence of consumer substances in the past year,
compared with normal subjects of Mindfulness (p< 0.0001) and reappraisal (p< 0.0001) lower
and finally showed greater suppression (p< 0.0001).
Conclusion : Individuals with low levels of trait Mindfulness to the stressful situations by their
thoughts and feelings get in the far-out and due to the limited resources of the threat or risk
comes chronic anxiety .To escape from the painful emotional state, individuals to avoid
behaviors such as substance as a mechanism to adjust and adapt to the negative emotions life.
Mindfulness is it possible for individuals to understand that there will be negative emotions but
they are not part of the constant and permanent personality therefore less available to
unsuccessful efforts to control negative emotions, such as the suppression.
Keywords : Substance Abuser, Mindfulness, Emotional Regulation, Suppression, Reappraisal
Comparison of sensation seeking among people addicted to drugs,
stimulants, hallucinogens and normal people
Jafarri A M1, Fahimi. S2, Hossein Gharaati sotoudeh 3, Reza Daneshmand4
1. M. A. in General Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, Tehran .Iran
2. M.A. in clinical psychology, Faculty of psychology and educational sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz,
Iran.
3. Iraian National Center For Addiction Studies .Tehran University Of medical Sience. Tehran. Iran And
4.
Education Research And Treatment For Substance Abuse .Tehran Municipality15 .Tehran .Iran
Background and Aim : Personality traits are among the factors affecting the tendency to
substance abuse. Personality evaluations have shown sensation seeking to be a particularly
strong predictor of initial substance abuse across a variety of drug use categories.The aimed
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study to compare sensation seeking with drug abuse, stimulants and hallucinogenic drug is done
by normal people.
Methods : In this study, 168 persons from randomly sampled in the city of Robat Karim. Of
these, 42 of subjects taking opioids, 42 use stimulants, hallucinogenic substances 42 consumer
and 42 were non-consumers. To collect information from the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking
Scale is used. The resulting data were analyzed using One-way analysis of variance.
Results : The findings suggest that the level of sensation seeking among drug users (Mean:
21.52) to the normal subject (Mean: 20.83), there is no significant difference (p>0.05), While the
mean sensation seeking addicts stimulant (Mean: 24.14) and hallucinogenic drug (Mean: 24.43)
significantly (P<0.5) more than normal subject (Mean: 20.83). the amount of hallucinogenic
(Mean: 24.43) and stimulants drug (Mean: 24.14) sensation seeking is higher than drug abuse
opioids (Mean: 21.52). While the hallucinogenic (Mean: 24.43) and stimulant drug (Mean:
24.14) significant difference between the two groups was no observed (p>0.05).
Conclusion : Assessment of personality traits and sensation seeking in addicts provides
important information for better definition, recognition, and treatment of addicts. Whether it's
excitement is always looking for new experiences. Drugs can be a quick way to raise motivation
and open the door to new experiences. Substances increases risky behaviors and had the
uniformity and boredom.
Keywords : sensation seeking, sensation seeking, opioids, hallucinogenic drug, stimulant drug
The Comparison of early maladaptive schema and impulsivity in people
dependent on opiates and normal individuals
Hossein Gharaati sotoudeh1, Alirezaz Kakavand2, Reza Daneshmand3
1. Iranian National center For Addiction Studies . Tehran University Of Medical Sience .Tehran.Iran
2. Assistant Professor. Imam khomeini International University .Ghazvin .Iran
3. MD Psychiatrist, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and
Background and Aim : The aim of the current study is to compare the early maladaptive
schema and impulsivity in people dependent on opiates and normal individuals
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Methods : The method used for this study was causative-comparative (method). Accordingly, 60
person opioid dependent that were selected randomly from 5 substance abuse centers all over
Qazvin city were compared with 60 workers of Qazvin Glass Factory who were selected in the
same way but they were not dependent on opiates. These two groups were compared with each
other in terms of early maladaptive schema and impulsivity. The instruments used for the study
were Yang short questionnaire ; third edition 2005, and Yarat impulsivity questionnaire, 1995.
Results : The findings indicated that early maladaptive schemas and impulsivity in people
dependent on opiates were more than those of normal individuals. Also, the difference of early
maladaptive schema and impulsivity between two groups was meaningful.
Conclusion : The early maladaptive schemas could be a harmful reason for the tendency to
substance abuse. On the other hand, since their impulsive behaviors are tangible and they will
cause intensifying high-risk behaviors such as substance abuse, it seems necessary to intervene in
these behaviors in order to prevent from strengthening early maladaptive schemas and also help
the client to change them
Keywords : : impulsivity, early maladaptive schema, dependence on opiates
The Effectiveness of positive psychology interventions on reducing
depression of drug addicts under treatment with methadone
Hossein Gharaati sotoudeh1, Ameneh Moazedian2, Mohammad Mahdi Zavarzadeh 3, Reza
Daneshmand4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Iranian national center for addiction studies, Tehran, Iran
Assistant Professor of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Semnan, Iran
M. Sc. Student of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Semnan, Iran
Background and Aim : The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive
psychology interventions to reduce depression among addicts treated with methadone in Tehran.
Methods : The design of the study is semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test with the control
group. Study population consisted of all male drug addicts between 20-40 years old under
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treatment in 14 district treatment centers of Tehran. Participants completed DASS21questionnaire then 30 addicts with more level of depression, were selected. They were
randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Both groups had equally 15 members.
Depressions of both groups were assessed by the DASS-21questionnaire, before and after the
intervention. The experimental group received positive psychotherapy in 14 one hour weekly
sessions while the control group did not receive this therapy.
Results : The analysis of covariance indicated that there was a significant difference in
depression between two groups after intervention. The depression of experimental group was
significantly lower than depression in the control group.
Conclusion : according to the above results that indicate the effectiveness of interventions based
on positive psychology to reduce depression in drug abuse patients treated with methadone, this
method of treatment can be used as an effective treatment to reduce depression in addicts.
Keywords : depression, positive psychology, addiction
A study on the domestic violence in women with addicted and nonaddicted husband
Submission Author: Shokrollah Gharedaghi
Shokrollah Gharedaghi1, Fahimeh Mardi-e- pirsoltan2
1. MSC SW,PhD Candidate of social work
2. Master of Social Work
Background and Aim : This study aimed to investigate and compare the experience of domestic
violence among women with addicted and non-addicted husband in the city of Karaj. To achieve
the above objectives causal-comparative method of non-experimental were used.
Methods : Research sample was all the married women living in the city of Karaj. These women
included in two groups of women with addicted and non-addicted husband. Among them
selected 134 people from each group through the non probability sampling of type available
sampling for the first group, and random sampling of random stratified sampling and non-regular
for women with non-addicted husband, and after gaining consent, to answer questions researcher
made questionnaire,were interviewed.
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Results : T-test results showed significant differences between the mean scores of violence
experienced by Women with addicted husband (43/2) and non-addicted married women (11/6) at
level of (p>0.01). The mean difference between the three categories: physical abuse,
psychological and economic significance were observed. Moreover, summers test showed there
is no significant relationship between the social status of women and experienced domestic
violence.
Conclusion : According to these results, it can be concluded that the women with addicted
husband, experience more violence than women with non-addicted husbands. Also among the
two groups of women with addicted husband and women with non-addicted husbands no
significant relationship between the social status of women and experienced domestic violence.
Keywords : Addiction, family, Domestic violence, psychological violence, physical violence,
economic violence
The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy based on
physiotherapy’s corrective action on chronic pain after withdrawal
Submission Author: Soodabe Gharibi
Alireza Ahmdian1, Soodabe Gharibi2
Background and Aim : Chronic pain after the withdrawal is one of the main causes of
psychological distress in patients with a history of substance abuse, but a review of other studies
have shown that acceptance and commitment therapy based on corrective exercises techniques
and aerobic exercises have effectiveness on controlling the symptoms of chronic pain after
withdrawal. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the initiative therapy in
reducing symptoms of chronic pain after withdrawal.
Methods : In this controlled study available, a person with chronic pain, who was 48 years, was
spending 2 years after withdrawal heroin, went on training acceptance and commitment of
mobility Mindfulness for 10 weeks and then as a single subject checked out of abuse studying.
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Results : The 10-week of acceptance and commitment therapy of corrective actions due to
reduce the symptoms of chronic pain after 3 months.
Conclusion : These findings indicate that acceptance and commitment therapy based on
corrective actions can be an effective way to control chronic pain which caused by heroin
withdrawal
Keywords : acceptance and commitment therapy, corrective exercises, addiction, chronic
A comparative study of riding behavior in normal motorcyclists with
methamphetamine and methadone user motorcyclists in Tehran
Submission Author: Hasan Gharibnavaz
Hasan Gharibnavaz1, Seiied Abbas Motevaliyan2, Mohsen Asadi-Lari3
1. MsC of epidemiology, epidemiology department, Iran university of medical science, Tehran, Iran
2. MD, PHD of epidemiology, department of epidemiology, Iran university of medical science, Tehran, Iran
3. MD, PHD of epidemiology, department of epidemiology, Iran university of medical science, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : accidents are one of de global concern in public health.1.2million
People die in car accidents annually. In Iran road accidents are main cause of years of life lost
and motorcyclists are the riskiest group of road users. So this study conducted to compare the
riding behavior between normal motorcyclists and drug user motorcyclists
Methods : This is an historical cohort that performed on 411motorcyclist in three study groups;
100 methadone consumer motorcyclists, 100 methamphetamine consumer motorcyclists and 211
normal motorcyclists. Participants matched in terms of age group and area of residence.
Motorcycle riding behavior questionnaire and a researcher made demographic questionnaire used
to collect data. Then, collected data were analyzed by SPSS (V-20) software via descriptive and
analytic analysis. Multivariate linear regression used for statistical analysis.
Results : There was a significant difference in riding behavior score between normal
motorcyclists (µ=99.8±25.3)with methamphetamine user (µ=122.8±22.1) and methadone user
(µ=117.4±30.1) motorcyclists (P<0.0001), but the differences among drug user motorcyclists
(methamphetamine consumers and methadone consumers) was not significant (P=0.292). Most
behavior occurred in all three groups were speed violations.
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Conclusion : results show, as other studies, in all three groups; speed violations were most
frequent behavior and traffic errors were second. Also it was found that drug use
(methamphetamine and methadone) can have an impact on motorcyclists riding behavior as it
can increases riding behavior score in drug user motorcyclists than normal motorcyclists.
Keywords : riding behavior, drug use, Manchester riding behavior questionnaire
Zingiber Officinale Alters Memory Impairment In Ecstasy Treated Rats
Submission Author: Fahimeh Ghasemi
Fahimeh Ghasemi Moravvej1, Mahsa Pourhamzeh2, Sara Soleimani Asl3, Mehdi Mehdizadeh4
1. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan , Iran
2. Student research committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
3. Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences,
4.
Hamadan, Iran
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : The spice Zingiber officinale or ginger possesses antioxidant activity
and neu- roprotective effects. The effects of this traditional herbal medicine on 3,4methylenediox- ymethamphetamine (MDMA) induced neurotoxicity have not yet been studied.
The present study considers the effects of Zingiber Officinale on MDMA-induced spatial
memory impairment in the male rats.
Methods : In this experimental study, 21 adult male Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g) were
classified into three groups (control, MDMA, and MDMA plus ginger). The groups were
intraperitoneally administered 10 mg/kg MDMA, 10 mg/kg MDMA plus 100 mg/kg ginger
extract, or 1 cc/kg normal saline as the control solution for one week (n=7 per group). Learning
memory was assessed by Morris water maze after the last administration.
Results : Escape latency and traveled distances decreased significantly in the MDMA plus
ginger group relative to the MDMA group (p<0.001).
Conclusion : Our findings suggest that ginger consumption may lead to an improvement Of
MDMA-induced neurotoxicity.
Keywords : Ginger, Spatial Memory, MDMA, Hippocampus
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A review of epidemiological evidence on the effect of Nickel toxicity
presented in cigarette smoke on human
Submission Author: Bahreh Ghasemi
Bahreh Ghasemi1
1. Payamenoor University of Isfahan, Isfahan,Iran
Background and Aim : Nickel is an essential micronutrient for human activity such as:
hormonal action, regulation of cell membrane, enzymes cofactor and lipid metabolism that it’s
entered to body following ingestion of food, drinking water, inhalation and dermal contact, but in
high concentration is toxic and carcinogenic, one of the ways to enter the high dose of this metal
to the body is inhalation of cigarette smoke. The aim of this study is an overview of the effect of
Nickel contained in cigarette smoke on genetic material, proteins, and enzymes and making
disorders in immunological function and changes in intracellular mechanisms.
Methods : This research is an overview on articles about Nickel toxicology and cigarette smoke
that contain heavy metals
Results : The toxic metal of Nickel absorb from soil and accumulated in plant vacuole, any
damage to this organelle such as burning or soaking release this element that easily absorb by
inhalation or dermal contact to human body . Results showed that inhalation of cigarettes smoke
make lung alveolar inflammation and sensitivities because Nickel ions presented in Tobacco
released, it’s one of the main reason for these problems. The Ni ions is bioactive, it interacts and
competition with iron, calcium and zinc that it can enter and replace to other metals in active site
of enzymes as a cofactor then cause disorders in enzymes function. Ni directly binds or interacts
with RNA, chromosomes/chromatin that make genotoxic and biotoxic effects with suppressing
Interleukin18, Galectin3 and Tumor necrosis factor that may act as promoting allergic reactions
and carcinogenic.
Conclusion : Due to Ni combine with the body’s biomolecules to form stable biotoxic
compounds and bind to plasma carriers for circulation around the body, we decided to
investigate toxic effects of Ni in cigarette smoker.
Keywords : toxic metal, Nickel, genotoxic, biotoxic and carcinogenic
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The effect of an educational intervention based on Pender's model of
family empowerment drug addiction treatment center in Tehran
University of Medical Sciences
Submission Author: Afsaneh Ghasemi
Afsaneh Ghasemi1, Khani Jeihooni A12
1. Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
2. Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
Background and Aim : Positive lifestyle, Quality of life and life satisfaction associated with a
reduction in problematic behavior, the addict's lifestyle and social factors that all lead to the kind
of familiarity that is his addiction, and maintain. Changes in all aspects of life, empowerment
programs for individuals, families, groups and social strata. So it's a major step by adopting
healthy lifestyle behaviors and quality of life, particularly the families of addicts found the
purpose of this study was assessing the effect of empowerment based intervention program on
promoting lifestyle among addicted individuals, their families and non-addicted individuals.
Methods : This study was a randomized control Trial which had three groups in study as
followed(1) 95 undertreated Methamphetamine addicted individuals as one intervention
group,(2) 95 persons who have an addict in their family as second intervention group and( 3) 95
undertreated methamphetamine addicted as control group. Sampling method was random
sampling among addicted individuals referred to Institute of Mental Health affiliated to Tehran
University of Medical Sciences. A questionnaire was used to assess lifestyle and health
promotion life behaviors. Data analysis performed using One-Way Anova and covariate.
Results : The results revealed that there were no significant differences before intervention
regarding age, sex and level of education among three groups but after the intervention there
were significant related to lifestyle domains (p<0. 001). Furthermore, regarding to assess
interaction effects among variables and covariate test showed that the mean score of three groups
after intervention, and the program had significant effect after controlling the age, sex and level
of education variables among intervention groups(p<0. 001)
Conclusion : Educational strategy proposed in this research program is to promote healthy
lifestyle and quality of life could be effective addicts and families It seems that this kind of
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intervention and strategies can promote lifestyle modification among addicted individuals and
their families
Keywords : Addiction, Empowerment intervention program, Amphetamine, Lifestyle, Family
Explanation of social factors affecting on Shahrekord citizens’ tendency
toward addiction
Submission Author: Leila Ghasemi pirbalooti
MarjanHeidari1, Leila GhasemiPirbalooti2, Maryam Nikzad3, ElhamAzadian4
1. Shahrekord Welfare and Social Security Organization Lecturer at university of applied science and
technology
technology
4.
technology
Shahrekord Welfare and Social Security Organization Lecturer at university of applied science and
technology
Background and Aim : This study aimed to investigate the effectivesocial factors on
Shahrekord citizens’ tendency toward addiction
Methods : Survey
Results : In this research independent variables were cultural poverty, economic poverty, family
atmosphere, religious beliefs, socio-economic status and background variable(gender, age,and
maritalstatus) and dependent variable was addiction.
Conclusion : The data indicated that there was a relation between economic poverty, family
atmosphere, socio-economic status; gender and addiction according to obtained significant level
less than 0.05 and also according to obtained significant level more than 0.05, cultural
poverty,religious beliefs and age were not accepted
Keywords : social factors; addiction; Shahrekord
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Determining the relationship between primary incompatible Schematic
and mega cognitive beliefs vulnerable to drug abuse among junior high
school students
Submission Author: Soroush Ghobadi
Soroush Ghobadi1
1. Islamic Azad university of Chalous
Background and Aim : Before a person converts to drugs, the stage is set which is known as
being vulnerable. The theory supports the idea that some people are more vulnerable facing
drugs and if they are put in contact with them they and people who are not vulnerable are
resistant. Aim: the aim of the present study is to evaluate primary incompatible Schematic and
mega cognitive beliefs vulnerable to drug abuse among students.
Methods : The research population includes all of the students in Kermanshah and 280 of them
were picked randomly. A multi level cluster sampling is used. Pearson coefficient and regression
are used and data was analyzed using SPSS-19 software
Results : Results show that there is a significant and positive relationship between mega
cognition beliefs components and addiction vulnerability. There is also a significant and positive
relationship between primary incompatible Schematic and addiction vulnerability. Four sub
scales of primary incompatible schematics (distrust/misconduct, abnegation, worthiness/ highspirited and vulnerability) can predict the disease and only the subscale of cognitive trust of
mega cognition beliefs can predict the disease
Conclusion : Findings of the present study can be used to reduce student's tendencies towards
drugs in intervention and training plans. So consultants at schools must consider the role of
primary incompatible schematics and mega cognitive beliefs. Also based on the findings of the
study it can be said that the role the two plays in addiction vulnerability cannot be denied so
therapist and consultant must pay attention to it.
Keywords : primary incompatible schematic, mega cognition beliefs, addition vulnerability,
student
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Comparing different personality disorders based on Millon clinical
patterns between addicts and normal population in Tehran
Submission Author: Soroush Ghobadi
Soroush Ghobadi1, Biouk Tajeri 2, Mikaeil Hassan Zadeh3, Masoume Hatami4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Young researchers and elites’ club of Islamic Azad university
Assistant professor of Islamic Azad university Karaj
Clinical Psychology expert of Islamic Azad University, Rodehen
Clinical Psychology PhD and Tehran university graduate [email protected]
Background and Aim : The present study is conducted in order to compare different personality
disorders between addicts and normal population in Tehran.
Methods : The method of study is comparison- correlation ex-post factor and the statistical
population includes all of the addicts and normal people in Tehran and the statistical sample
includes 100 addicts and normal people in Tehran based on random sampling. In this research
Millon multi axis clinical test, the questionnaire entails 175 articles in yes/no range.
Results : Findings show that there is a significant relationship between the prevalence rate of
schizoid personality between addicts and normal people. There is no significant relationship
between the prevalence rate of avoidant personality disorder between addicts and normal people.
There is a significant relationship between the prevalence rate depressed personality disorder
between addicts and normal people. There is a significant relationship between the prevalence
rate of dependent personality disorder between addicts and normal people. There is a significant
relationship between the prevalence rate antisocial personality disorder between addicts and
normal people. There is a significant relationship between the prevalence rate borderline
personality disorder between addicts and normal people. . There is a significant relationship
between the prevalence rate Narcissistic personality disorder between addicts and normal people.
There is a significant relationship between the prevalence
Conclusion : Rate sadistic personality disorder between addicts and normal people. Conclusion:
The prevalence of personality disorders especially a combination of them is very High among
addicts.
Keywords : personality disorder, addicts, non-addicts
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The impact of participate in the NA meetings on tendensy to use the
drugs
Submission Author: Abbas Ghodrati
Abbas Ghodrati1
1. Medical University Torbat Heydariyeh, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction treatment Included 97 percent of non druge treatment, and
only 3 percent of the detoxification. NA meetings also is a new non druge methods for
continuing addiction treatment. Our goal of this study also was the impact of participate in the
NA meetings on tendency to use the drugs.
Methods : This study is an experimental study that people with the random sampling method
division in control group (N = 30) and intervention group (N =30) . The tools were included two
questionnaire demographic and tendency to use the drugs of Golparvar. The intervention group
participated in 12 sessions of 90 minutes Narcotics Anonymous meetings and after 3 months the
results was followed.
Results : The average of tendency to use the drugs before the intervention, in the intervention
group 23/20±7/64 and in control group were 25/93 ±9/13 and between two groups were non
significant difference (p=0/056) , while after intervention the average of tendency to use the
drugs in the intervention group 37/42 ± 4/01 and in control group were 29/46± 5/69 (p=0/002) .
Conclusion : Based on the findings of this study participate in the NA meetings effective on
tendency to use the drugs. Therefore, organizations and responsible centers create the conditions
for informing to this meetings and also provide better facilities for hold up to meetings for the
addictions .
Keywords : Addiction, NA meetings, drugs use , drugs tendency
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Effectiveness of cognitive group therapy on self-esteem, quality of life
and psychological well-being of people dependent on drugs
Submission Author: Mehdi Gholami
Farhad Kahrazehi1, Mehdi Gholami2, Ezatollah Zamani3
1. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Faculty University of Sistan and Baluchestan.
2. M.A student of Psychology Azad University of Gorgan
3. M.A student of Psychology Azad University of Gorgan
Background and Aim : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cognitive
training group therapy on self- esteem, quality of life and psychological well-being was
dependent on drugs.
Methods : This method of testing and pretest-posttest control group design was used. The
population consisted of all men addicted Gorgan first half of 2015, who voluntarily admitted to
addiction treatment centers have been constituted. The sample consisted of 40 male drug after
clinical interview, selected from among all men addicted Gorgan were assigned to two
experimental groups and one control. Self-control training in the experimental group received 10
sessions of 45 minutes. Data collection Cooper smith self-esteem, quality of life and
psychological well-being questionnaires were used.
Results : Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that the efficacy of cognitive
group therapy on self-esteem, quality of life and psychological well-being of people dependent
on drugs was effective, the body which improves self-esteem, quality of life and psychological
well-being Members of the drug.
Conclusion : The most used approaches that can be used by therapists to treat addiction are
cognitive. So it is with special training, such as cognitive group therapy to improve the lives of
addicts, preventive measures and thus leaving the note. As well as training aid in the treatment
and better protection of life and psychological conditions are drug dependent people.
Keywords : cognitive group therapy, self-esteem, quality of life, psychological well-being,
people dependent on drugs
Assertive behavior of addict teenagers before addiction
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Submission Author: Mojtaba Gholami
Mojtaba Gholami1, Behnam Barzgar2, Farah Madarshahian3, Mohsen Hassanabadi4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Birjand university of medical sciences
Background and Aim : The results of studies show that the number of addict teenagers is
increased. Teen age is one of the risk factor for addiction. One of the very important factors in
social relations and skills is assertiveness so; this study was conducted to determine assertive
behavior of addict teenagers before addiction.
Methods : In this descriptive-analytic study, 80 addict teenagers (range of age 12-20 years) were
selected with randomize sampling in Birjand city. Instruments for gathering data were two
questioners, first questioner consist of 2 parts 1: demographic data and 2: addiction status of
participants. Second questioner was simple Rathus assertiveness schedule (SRAS) which can be
used in adolescents and had 30 questions and answers were evaluate with 6-points likert scale
(1= much like me, and 6= very unlike me). Higher scores indicate higher assertiveness. Scoring
for some questions was opposite. The score range was from 30 to 180. Participants were free for
participating in this study and if had tendency, completed the questioner. After gathering, data
was analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistic with spss software.
Results : In this study %68.7 participants were boy and %31.2 was girl. The mean age of boy
was %16.29 ±1.72 and girl %16.2 ±1.8. The most frequency of age was between 15_17 years old
(%50).There was %80 history of drop education in girls and %63.6 in boys. %67.3 of boys and
%28 of girls live with their whole family . %38 of boys was addict between 1_3 years and in
girls %36 between 2_3year. %65.5 of boys and %40 of girls smoke cigarette and %100 of boys
and %100 girls use opiate. The total means score of assertiveness was 104.93±20.41; the mean
score of boys was 108.57±20.52 and in girls was 96.92±18.05. There was significant difference
between sex and assertiveness score (p=0.017). The most frequency distribution of scores of
assertiveness (%52) was between 90_110 in girls and %38 in boys. There was significant
difference between living with family and assertiveness (p=0.049).
Conclusion : In this study, most of participants had low score of assertiveness. Education of
assertiveness skills to teenagers can be effective in prevention of addiction.
Keywords : Assertiveness, teenagers, addiction
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Using of communication skills by parents of addicted children
Submission Author: Mojtaba Gholami
Mojtaba Gholami1, Behnam Barzgar2, Farah Madarshahian3, Mohsen Hassanabadi4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Background and Aim : Parents need apply communication skills for helping their children and
transfer strong values to them. Absence of these skills can cause misunderstanding and conflict
and also supervision which had an important role in prevention of addiction. This study
conducted to determine Using of communication skills by parents of addicted children.
Methods : In this descriptive-analytic study, 100 parents of (mother or father) who had addict
children were selected with randomize sampling from different regions of Birjand city.
Instrument for gathering data was two questioners, first questioner consist of demographic data
and Second questioner consist of 20 questions about effective communication which answers
were evaluate with 5-points likert scale (1= never to 5= always). The score range was from 20 to
100. Participants were signed informed consent. After gathering, data was analyzed with
descriptive and inferential statistic with spss software.
Results : The results of this study showed that 74% of participants were fathers and 24% were
mothers. The mean age of mothers was 38.6 ± 7.3 and fathers was 45.4 ± 7.5. There was history
of substance abuse in 50% of fathers and 12% of mothers. 5% of participants experience divorce
and 11% had experience the death of spouse. The total mean score of communication was 60.1 ±
1.06. 50% of participants do not experience communication skills always and most of the times.
There was not significant correlation between age of parents and total score of communication
(r= 0.17, P= 0/09) but, there was significant relationship between history of substance abuse of
parents and communication skills (p<0.001). There was significant relationship between
communication skills and family cohesion (P=0.04) but, there was not relationship between
having job of parents and communication skills (P=0.64).
Conclusion : The results of this study showed that parents of addict children did not have
communication skills and communication skills education to them is unavoidable necessity.
Keywords : communication skills, Parent, addict, child
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Compareing personality traits and coping styles in drug dependent
persons with different type of substance and normal persons
Submission Author: Saeed Gholami Ahangaran
Saeed Gholami Ahangaran1, Mozhgan Firoozi2
1. MA of Clinical Psychology.Islamic Azad University of Roudehen
2. MA of General Psychology.Islamic Azad University of Arak
Background and Aim : The aim of this study was to compare personality traits and coping
styles in drug dependent persons with different type of substance
Methods : This study was causal comparative. Participation are 150 males between 18-50 years
old defined equally to 3 groups In the present causal comparative study three groups males
between 18-50 years old: Drug dependent (opium, molasses, methadone, morphine,
heroin)(n=50) Dependents irritants (glass, crack,ecstasy,cocaine,amphetamibes,ritalin) (n=50)
and normal subjects(n=50) were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Method: coping
strategies questionnaire Lazarus and Folkman (WOCQ) and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO)
were administered to all subjects. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were used to
analyze the data
Results : The result indicated that there was a significant different between neuroticism,
extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness personality traits in drug addicts,
stimulus addicts and normal subjects (P<0/001). also there was a significant different between
the seeking social support, Accepting responsibility, Distancing, Positive reappraisal, Plan full
problem solving, Self controlling, Scape avoidance components in stimuli addicts and normal
subjects(P<0/001) .finally there was a significant different between the Task-oriented strategy
and- Emotion oriented strategy of drug addicts, stimulus addicts and normal subject(P<0/001)
Conclusion : : The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between
coping styles and personality traits in addicted persons and normal subjects
Keywords : coping styles, personality traits, stimulants and drugs
373 |
Drug Abuse among Medical Students
Submission Author: Eskandar Gholami parizad
Elaheh Gholami Parizad1, Eskandar Gholami Parizad2, Fatollah Mohammadian3, Yousef
Veysani4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Clinical Microbiology Research Center,Ilam University Of Medical Science,Ilam,Iran
Psychosocial Injuries Prevention Research Center,Ilam University Of Medical Science,Ilam,Iran
Background and Aim : Developed personality emerges in an individual when physical growth
occurs in parallel with mental development. Failure to fulfill this important process, an
individual will be subjected to inflicting with diseases and mental disorders. Such a person is
also exposed to the risk of drug abuse and psychotropic medications. Drug addiction is one of the
most important health-related, social and political issues in the world especially in developing
countries. The prevalence of this phenomenon is more common among the youth. Among them,
the medical students are not immune to this adverse social and abnormal health-related
phenomenon
Methods : In this paper, a review of the studies was conducted in this area by the use of
keywords such as drug abuse, students and medical sciences in the search engines of Google
scholar and Mozilla. More than 27 articles were selected and their contents as well as their
results were collected and compiled into the present review paper.
Results : Numerous research findings showed that healthcare workers experience higher rates of
drug abuse than other professions. As well, due to the young population of Iran, there are major
problems in the field of addiction. The exact prevalence of this abnormally social phenomenon
among the medical students in our country is not clear, but different studies show different levels
between 20 and 40 per cent for the prevalence of drug abuse among this group. Smoking hookah
among the medical students in Syria was more than 23.5 per cent; and in another study, smoking
cigarette was from 2.68 per cent to 4.27 per cent, and opium abuse was more than 8.8 per cent. A
study in Yazd Province showed the abuse of cigarettes as 4.24 per cent, hookah 15.9 per cent,
alcohol 2.8 per cent. Taking psychotropic medications, glass substance and heroin were totally
about 12 per cent and opium abuse was 8.4 per cent among the group of medical students in this
study. A study among the medical students in India showed that the prevalence of drug abuse
varies according to the type of the drug between 32.5 to 85.5 per cent. In this study, the majority
of drug abuse was related to smoking hookah and cigarettes. A study among the higher education
institutes in Khorramabad indicated 29.7 per cent and 25.1 per cent for using hookah and
374 |
smoking, respectively. The main reasons obtained from the review of the studies related to the
target group in terms of drug abuse included lack of appropriate recreation and fun, being away
from the family, academic-related stress, anxiety, and stress for lessons and exams, residential
problems, lack of adequate facilities for sports and happiness in college campuses, family and
friends’ drug addiction and doing as other people do.
Conclusion : Lack of physical and mental development among young people including the
university students increases the risk for mental illnesses as well as drug abuse and addiction.
Given the medical students’ relative awareness of the issue of drug abuse, numerous studies
indicate that a noticeable percentage of this group are inflicted with this problem
Keywords : abuse, drugs, students, medical sciences, balance in social and mental development
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on Resiliency
Rate of Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) in the City of
Birjand
Submission Author: Hadi Gholamrezayi
Hadi Gholamrezayi1
1. Birjand University of Medical Science
Background and Aim : Resiliency, in psychological terms, is the ability to improve fast after
the disease, depression, and illness. One of the outstanding psychological intervention models in
addiction treatment and prevention of relapse in recent years is the pattern of cognitive
behavioral therapy (CBT), which focuses on contributing the patient to learn coping skills
necessary to manage risk situations and the treatment of associated psychological disorders.
Methods : In a quasi-experimental design, among 108 male patients admitted to government
hospital for methadone maintenance treatment in city of Birjand on the basis of the criteria
required to participate in the study, 55 patients were selected and randomly assigned to
experimental and control groups. To measure the rate of resiliency, the Connor-Davidson
Resiliency Scale (CD-RISC) (2003) was used. The collected data were analyzed by one-way
variance analysis test, t-test, and chi-square.
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Results : The results showed that the training of cognitive-behavioral techniques to increase the
resiliency at post-treatment stage (p=0.0001) and after 6 months of follow-up (p=0.001) was
significant in the experimental group, but a significant difference was not observed between pretest and post-test in the control group.
Conclusion : In order to achieve further effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment
(MMT), its association with the training of cognitive behavioral techniques is recommended
Keywords : cognitive behavioral techniques, resiliency, methadone maintenance treatment
(MMT).
The effects of chronic physical and psychological stress on the morphine
withdrawal induced symptoms in social and isolated male rats.
Submission Author: Mina Gholamzadeh
Mina Gholamzadeh1
1. Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction is a chronic reversible disorder and morphine, a potent opioid
analgesic that has strong potential for addiction and physical and psychological dependence.
Stress, a mental process that acts through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and
sympathoadrenal system, can leads to changes in the physiological homeostasis and emotional
disorders. Stress causes an unpleasant feeling in addicts, in which sensitivity to neurotransmitters
of reward centers is increased. Social conditions play an important role in the process of
addiction and withdrawal symptoms, so that social isolation exacerbates withdrawal symptoms
and the social life attenuates them.
Methods : The study consisted of two main groups of rats: addicted and normal. Each of these
groups divided in two subgroups: social and isolated, each of which is divided into three
subgroups with and without physical and psychological stress (12 groups; n=96). Induction of
morphine dependence initiated by injection of 10 mg/kg (i.p) morphine at first day and continued
with additive dose of 5 mg/kg (i.p) for seven consecutive days and then the rats received
morphine (40 mg / kg; i.p) from day 8 until 14th. At day 15, naltrexone (3 mg / kg; i.p) was
injected and immediately withdrawal symptoms were recorded for 30 minutes. Chronic Stress
induced using stress box device.
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Results : Naltrexone injection caused a precipitated withdrawal symptoms in groups treated with
morphine (P< % 5). Induction of isolation in lifestyle and chronic psychological and physical
stress on the animals exacerbate withdrawal symptoms in compare with groups who have a
normal social life and without chronic stress
Conclusion : A combination of stress and social isolation intensifies stress response system.
Stress response was more intense in animals that received stress and social isolation in compared
with animals that received stress, but have normal social life.
Keywords : Morphine addiction. Stress. Withdrawal symptoms.
Assessment of the rate and the relationship between addiction thoughts
and self-restraint among the patients under treatments in Methadone
Therapy center of Aran and Bidgol 2015
Submission Author: Fateme Ghorbani
Fateme Ghorbani2, Mohammad Ghasemof arani3, Abbas Baradaran arani4
1. University of Allameh Tabatabaei, Tehran, Iran
3. University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Thoughts , especially dysfunctional and irrational ones, are parts of root
cause- finding of mental disorders such as addiction to drugs. Also, the ability of the individuals
to control emotions, which causes an uncalculated behavior in most cases, has a very important
role in treatment and ethiology.To this end, ,the purpose of this research is to assessment the rate
and the relationship between addiction toughts and self-restraint .
Methods : To this end, the Mcmulin addiction thoughts (1990) and Schwart and Weinberger
self-restraint questionnaires (1990) were used.One hundred patients from the Methadone
Therapy center from Aran and Bidgol were available for sampling. To analyze the data,
correlation coefficient was used
Results : All five factors of addiction thoughts were meaningfully and significantly of high
relationship. The” I have the power to battle addiction” factor was of the highest and the variable
“I am not an addict” was of the lowest. Related to self restraint, the following factors were of the
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highest in order: consideration of others, impulse control and suppression of anger. Also ,
responsibility factor was of the lowest. No relationship was found between addiction thoughts
and self-restraint in general.
Conclusion : Since the sampling of this research is from the patients under treatment, the lowest
score was for the “I am not an addict” factor. This is so because patients naturally exclude
themselves from addicts as the treatments start. The lowest score was for “I don’t have the ability
to battle addiction” factor which confirms the motivation and determination of the patients
.Related to self-restraint ,the consideration of others was of the highest and that is because the
patients under treatment tried to compensate all of their misbehaviors towards others so they
behaved more considerably. The lowest score was related to responsibility , which demonstrates
lack of ability among the patients in achieving responsibility. In other words ,responsibility is a
factor which improves late.
Keywords : patients under treatment ,addiction thoughts, self-restraint
Evaluate the Effectiveness of Critical thinking Instruction on Student
Addict ability
Submission Author: FATEMEH GHORBANI
Fatemeh Ghorbani1, Alireza Pirkhaefi2, Heymaneh Arefi3
2. Azad University of Garmsar, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : One of the types of drug dependent persons besides a considerable
number of people can be found in terms of personality susceptible to drug addiction this means
that they are vulnerable to serious addiction to opiates Drank One of these features is said to be
taking these drugs. If the necessary training to take place on education as a way to prevent people
from getting involved with drugs in this group is highly soughtIn this study, effectiveness of
teaching critical thinking as a preventive strategy to reduce drug-takingStudents are tested
Methods : In this experimental study was a pretest-posttest control group of freshman high
school students in Kermanshah that of the 30 subjects (15 patients and 15 control group) were
selected by random cluster sampling method was Vulnerability assessment questionnaire for
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addict ability (APS) was used in 1998. And critical thinking, students were taught in eight
sessions
Results : The mean scores of the pretest and posttest experimental and control groups in two
stages, depending on the method used shows t The difference between the scores of all drugtaking, drug preparation, drug addiction and alcoholism admitted to the pre-test and post-test,
twice the level of 0/05 for the experimental group and the control group was statistically
significant, is insignificant.teaching critical thinking, which is one of the life skills to promote
mental health promotion and conquer one's weaknesses It is thought to increase the risk of
substance abuse
Conclusion : Teaching critical thinking on some of mediating variables, such as knowledge and
attitudes of young people towards drug that affects his behavior affects So, we can learn to be
effective in reducing drug-taking is not unexpected.
Keywords : Addict ability, Teaching critical thinking,Students
Attitudes and satisfaction of patients in methadone treatment centers
and the rate of success in these centers
Submission Author: Abolfazl Ghoreishi
Said Momtazi1, Abolfazl Ghoreishi 2, Ali Niksirat3
1. Department of Psychiatry,ZanjanUniversity of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Psychiatry ward,
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
3. Faculty of Medicine,ZanjanUniversity of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Background and Aim : Methadone is an opioid agonist belonging to the group of substances
known as opioids and are used to treated as a substitute for heroin and other opioid dependent
people. Approximately 160,000 people enrolled methadone maintenance programs in the United
States. Several studies have shown that many of these centers are not observed Set standards in
patients dependent on heroin
Methods : With Using a questionnaire designed and Face to face interviews with referring to
Centers that were randomly. We considered the use of other substances during treatment with
methadone as Failure to adequately therapy
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Results : 410 addicts, including 406 men and 4 women with a mean age of 89/36 years and
63/10 were SD 0.372 people had no higher education. 112 (3/27%) patients had a history of
prison and taking opium as the most consumed drug in 359 patients (5/87%), 281 (5/68%) of the
patients were married And 293 (5/71%) of whom had drug first before marriage experience.The
first experience of drugs referred to as the minimum age 8, maximum age 53 years old and the
average age was 38/23. Average scores (scores ranged between 5 and 25) in 79/16 patients and
in people over 40 years.The mean score of satisfaction (satisfaction scores ranged between 6 and
30) in 39/24 patients and in people over 40 years, and a higher figure indicates that in people
over 40 years, At 275 (1/67%), concomitant use of drugs (failure) and in the age group of less
than 40 years suggests that the success rate was higher in younger people are more motivated to
quit drugs.Gender and level of education had no impact on the success rate
Conclusion : The results of this study showed that patients in methadone treatment centers have
Positive attitude to this kind of treatment And these centers have an important role in
encouraging people to quit drugs more complete and more extensive and more accurate
monitoring of the activities of these centers as well as more effective information, addicts to quit
drugs and started living away from encouraging
Keywords : Attitudes,satisfaction,methadone ,treatment centers
The Impact of Education on Knowledge and Attitude of Medical
Students about the Abuse of Prescription Drugs in Iran
Submission Author: Abolfazl Ghoreishi
Mehdi Nobakht 1, Abolfazl Ghoreishi 2
1. Faculty of Medicine,ZanjanUniversity of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Psychiatry ward,
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Background and Aim : The abuse of prescription drugs is considered as an important challenge
for societies. Regarding many factors contributing to this challenge and its negative impact
especially on young and educated people, there is an attempt in this paper to survey the impact of
education on knowledge and attitude of medical students about the abuse of prescription drugs
Methods : This was a quasi-experimental study which was conducted on medical students. Two
groups of 53 medical students were selected as participants for both intervention group and
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control group.These participants were studied using the researcher-made questionnaires about
knowledge and attitude towardthe abuse of prescription drugs.
Results : Education plays a significant role in both raising the students’awareness and changing
their attitude about the abuse of prescription drugs (p value < 0.0001). The age variable had a
significant relationship with pre-training knowledge. The female participants had less pretraining knowledge about drug abuse (p value < 0.001) so that it was not observed after
intervention
Conclusion : It is suggested that education can be considered as a strategy to prevent drug abuse
and reduce the demand for drug abuse by raising the awareness and amending the attitudes as
well as promoting the anti-consumption culture.
Keywords : Education, attitude, awareness, abuse, drugs
Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on
aggression and general health in patients with methamphetamine
psychosis
ShahinGhouchani
M.A in clinical psychology, ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
BRANCH (ALBORZ)
Faculty of Psychology - Department of Clinical Psychology
Ali Farhoudian
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry; Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center,
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Saeed Gahanian PH.D,
ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND RESEARCH BRANCH (ALBORZ).Faculty
of Psychology - Department of Clinical Psychology
ABSTRACT:
Generally, drug addiction causes some disorders in cognition, behave and physiologic.
Stimulants are a categorized as the drugs which creates more extensive problems in cognition.
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is known as a new and third generation treatment
The purpose of this research is to examine the effectiveness of Acceptance and commitment
therapy (ACT) on the aggression and general health of patients who are diagnosed as psychotics
due to the use of Methamphetamine.
381 |
Method: this research is done by quasi experimental design with repeated major control group .
The studied population was consist of all the males patients referring to 4 drug abuse treatment
center.30 patients randomly assigned to the experimental group who received acceptance and
Commitment Therapy in six session and control group who took usual treatment. Both groups
were assessed by the GHQ and Buss-Perry AQ questionnaires in 3 intervals during their
treatment period. The independent and paired T tests with repeated major variance analysis were
used for data analysis.
conclusion:the research results showed that the treatment by ACT caused decreased in
aggression and increased in general health of experimental group compared to control group
who received usual treatment.(p=0/0001)
Keywords: acceptance and commitment Therapy, Aggression, General Health,
Methamphetamine Psychosis
Assessment of adolescents' attitude toward drug abuse and related
demographic factors
Submission Author: Senobar Golshani
Senobar Golshani1, Omran Davarinejad2, Vahid Farnia3, Mostafa Alikhani4, Roya Nori5
2.
3.
4.
5.
Substance abuse prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical
Substance abuse prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical
Iran
Substance abuse prevention Research Center, Farabi Hospital,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,
Kermanshah, Iran
Background and Aim : Increasing trend toward substance use among adolescents is completely
worrying, because the majority of adolescents who begin to use drugs in early adolescence will
continue of substance use in the coming years. Also amount of substance use and related
problems increases. One of the important factors in the success rate of consumption cessation
and discontinuity is attitudes toward substance abuse. The present study aimed to assess
adolescent attitude toward drug abuse and related demographic factors in Kermanshah
382 |
Methods : This present study is cross-sectional. The statistical population was all high school
students in Kermanshah in 2013-2014 semesters, which sample size of 347 subjects, were
selected by multistage cluster sampling method. In this study, participants responded to the
attitude towards drug abuse questionnaire demographic information questionnaire. Data were
analyzed by independent statistical t test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation
Results : The results showed that 37.2 % of students had good attitudes, 61.1% had intermediate
attitude, and 6% had a bad attitude toward substance abuse. Attitudes towards drug abuse in the
groups did not differ according to gender and field of study. Also the results showed that there is
difference in students attitude towards substance abuse according to their economic status and
their fathers educational level (p< 0/01). But there was no difference according to the educational
level of their mothers.
Conclusion : Since the majority of students' have intermediate attitudes toward drug abuse, its
recommended programs to change attitudes toward substance abuse in the schools run
Keywords : Attitudes toward substance abuse, Adolescents
A Comparative study of the Matrix Model and Methadone Treatment of
Anxiety and Sleeping Disorders among the Addicted People in Abadan
Submission Author: Zahra Gorjian
Zahra Gorjian1, bahman Nazarzadeh2, Nahid Mahmoudi3
1. Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
2. Khuzestan Welfare Organization
3. Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction is a disease which needs to be treated and alarmed to keep
the public health concerning the new drugs. The other concern is the widespread use of synthetic
amphetamines in the treatment of addiction by means of methadone. Thus, this study aimed at
investigating the effect of matrix model (i.e., Psychotherapy-counseling) on the reduction of
addicted people’s anxiety and sleeping disorders.
Methods : This study was designed based on the case study research method. Research sample
included 30 addicted patients who refer to the Kosar center of abused drugs in Abadan. They
383 |
were divided equally into two groups, based on their urine test. 15 people were treated through
methadone (i.e., the control group) and Matrix model therapy (i.e., the experimental group).
Before and after a sixteen-week period, (GHQ) was filled by both groups.
Results : 93 percent of the addicted patients were males and the rest were females. They were in
their forties. There was not a significant difference among them concerned with their material
status. 80 percent of them were below the senior high school level. 46 percent of them were
jobless and all of them were cigarette smokers. The rate of anxiety and sleeping disorder was
9.8±3.8 in the matrix model group and 7.7±3.08 in the methadone group in the pre-test. Results
showed that these rates decreased to 7.4±3.11 and 6.46±3.06 in both respectively in the post-test.
This decreased, significant in the matrix model group comparing to the methadone group (p =
0.002).
Conclusion : Sleeping and anxiety problems are one of the common problems among addicted
patients, especially those who use amphetamines. This may be due to the particular system
disorders which damage the brain tissues. Findings showed that matrix treatment model can
decrease the effects of addiction and treat it effectively.
Keywords : Matrix, Methadone, Addiction treatment, Anxiety and sleeping disorders
Prevalence of psychological disorders among drug users; A systematic
review
Submission Author: Amir hossein Goudarzian
Amir hossein Goudarzian1, Reza Ghahari2, Hafez Eslami3, Masoumeh Bagheri Nesami4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Student research committee, Mazandaran university of medical sciences, Sari, Iran
Associate Professor, School of Nasibeh Nursing & Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical
Sciences, Sari, Iran
Background and Aim : Undoubtedly, drug addiction is one of the most important problems of
the society that cause several neurological disorders in drug users. Research literatures suggest
that different factors such as improper nurturing and neuro-psychological fatigue play an
important role in creating this phenomenon that eventually causes psychological disasters.
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Considering the importance of the issue, this review study was done to determine the prevalence
of psychiatric disorders among drug users in 2015
Methods : This systematic review study conducted by searching keywords such as
Psychological disorders, Addiction, Drug and Addict, using comprehensive databases such as
Scopuse, Embase, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and ISI web of science. It
incorporates any article published from 2000 to 2015 in both Persian and English languages
which has considered at least one psychological disorder as its main variable. At the end, among
152 articles, 33 articles were selected for review
Results : According to recent studies psychological disorders such as anxiety, aggression,
paranoia, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, interpersonal sensitivity and
hypochondrias are dramatically more prevalent in addicts than the normal persons. According to
the DSM-IV (Statistical Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders) the most important feature of
drug addiction is the combination of cognitive and psychological symptoms that force the person
to use drug despite having various physiological disorders and create a vicious cycle which lead
to increasing mental disorders in person. The relevant results of some studies show that among
the population of opium addicts, almost all subjects suffer from at least one psychological
disorder. Moreover, according to other studies, criminal behaviors such as delinquency, theft and
suicide are widespread among drug users that indicate symptoms of severe mental disorders
Conclusion : Based on what we have found, it seems that psychological disorders faced by drug
users is an alarm on public health. Given the importance of this issue it is recommended that
measures such as institutionalizing in drug rehabilitation centers and specialized counseling be
taken in order to early detection and treatment of psychological symptoms
Keywords : Prevalence, psychological disorders, drug users, systematic review
Socio-cultural differences and addiction; A systematic review
Amir hossein Goudarzian1, Hafez Eslami2, Reza Ghahari3, Masoumeh Bagheri Nesami4
1. Student research committee, Mazandaran university of medical sciences, Sari, Iran
385 |
4. Associate Professor, School of Nasibeh Nursing & Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical
Background and Aim : Study of subcultures in anywhere of community is one of the most
valuable way to identify factors of social damages. Subcultures is pattern of behavior, values and
norms that become tradition in some particular groups. Among the causing factors of social
damages, addiction has a special place and its important factor of declining population.
Therefore this study conducted with the aim of determination relationship between socio-cultural
issues and the phenomenon of addiction.
Methods : This systematic review study conducted in 2015 with search keywords such as
Culture, social, addiction, cultural differences, drug addiction in society, in PubMed, SID,
Science direct, Google scholar, Scopus, ISI web of knowledge databases. All English and
Persian articles that Published in 2001-2015 were collected. From 64 founded articles, 21
appropriate studies were selected for inclusion.
Results : According to result of studies there are the norms in all cultures in 3 areas(treatment
recommendations, folk beliefs and customs) that will facilitate way of drug uses. Recommend
drug uses in order to reduce the pain caused by diseases(arbitrary treatment by opium) and drug
use to more focus and stay awake to study courses is such false beliefs in some tribes. According
to some studies, most causes of gradual addiction was soiree long that was accompanied with
recreational drug use. The meetings soiree rampant today's with cultural changes especially in
urban areas and unfortunately, due to the wide range of abnormalities.
Conclusion : Todays with Social and cultural changes, situation provided easily to drug abuse
and many risks threatens communities, especially young peoples. Therefore recommended that
families train children in order to prevention drug use and also conducting dedicated training
workshops in schools and universities.
Keywords : Addiction, Systematic review, Socio-cultural differences
Prevalence of suicide among drug users compared with healthy subjects;
A systematic review
Amir hossein Goudarzian1, Fatemeh Rezaei2, Mohhamad Ali Heydari Gorji3
386 |
3. Associate Professor, School of Nasibeh Nursing & Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical
Background and Aim : The problem of drug addiction is a social major issue that has physical
and psychological complications for the users and threatened our public health(aspects of Social,
economical and cultural). Under the irreparable effects of addiction on individuals, family
foundation destroyed, so suffering person decided to end of his/her life. So this study conducted
with the aim of determining the rate of suicide in the addicts population of Iran.
Methods : This systematic review study conducted in 2014. All comprehensive databases such
as PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, SID and ISI web of knowledge were searched by keywords
such as Suicide, drugs abuse, drugs complications. Among 120 founded articles, according to
inclusion criterias such as published articles between 2002-2014 and descriptive or interventional
studies, 36 articles were selected for review. Then contents such as effects of addiction, causes of
suicide among drug users and risk factors of addiction, extract from selected articles.
Results : According to some studies the prevalence of mental illness such as depression, anger,
hostility, borderline personality disorder in smokers is clearly more than healthy peoples and
based on recent studies these disorders can be exacerbated over time in this population. From
mental ills, severe depression has more prevalence, that has align relationship with the risk of
suicide in this population. In addition to psychological disorders, physical effects are important
factors to turn one's thoughts of suicide. Drug users due to various physiological effects such as
AIDS, cancer, etc tired of his/her life. One of the problems of addiction is decline of the family
because of Various reasons such as aggression.
Conclusion : Summary, suicide in addicts has a high prevalence. Recommended that take
actions to prevent youth addiction and treat them, such as educational programs in academic
centers, refer addicts to treatment centers and psychological expert consultation.
Keywords : Prevalence, Suicide, Drug users, Addicts, Systematic review
Psychotherapy, drug addiction preventive approach
Submission Author: Mina Habib nia
Mina Habib Nia1, Fardaneh Gholipoor2, Nasim Allahverdi3
387 |
1. Senior nursing education, nursing instructo of Islamic Azad University Khalkhal,Ardabil, Iran
2. Senior nursing education, faculty member of Islamic Azad University Khalkhal,Ardabil, Iran.
3. Senior nursing education, nursing instructor, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.
Background and Aim : Introduction: healthy young people 15 to 20 years to gain experience or
as a result of interaction with inappropriate or drug addicts have to use. Of course, many of these
young people due to feelings of helplessness, frustration, inadequacy, and loneliness and stress
relief, and unfortunately wont get rid of this addiction is simply not possible. The purpose of this
study was to determine the preventive approach to drug addiction is psychotherapy.
Methods : Methods: This review is based on a thorough search using a keyword psychotherapy,
addiction, prevention, drug Mkhdr.dr Persian and English sources, scientific literature, library
and implement relevant articles were written .
Results : Results: During the study period of 2009-2015, about 50 paper found that 30 related
articles discussed keyword research purposes Bvd.kh that psychotherapy can be effective in
reducing the risk of addiction is.
Conclusion : Results personality disorder over everything people vulnerable to addiction. .
Neurotic and psychotic characters in total can be vulnerable to addiction. Neurotic personalities,
who have mental illnesses are mild mental weakness, anxiety, obsession, fear and Bytsmymy
marked, psychotic characters, namely those due to lack of mood, difficulty in social adaptation
and a changing mood and judgments are unstable. Patients with these diseases are easier to find
and bias among addicts become drug. Obviously, many of these individuals remain non-addicted
Keywords : Psychotherapy, addiction, prevention, drug abuse
Genotyping study detected genetic bases of Methamphetamine abuse
tendency
Submission Author: Arvin Haghighatfard
Arvin Haghighatfard1
1. Department of biology, science and research branch,Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
388 |
Background and Aim : Methamphetamine is a neurotoxin and potent psycho-stimulant of the
phenethylamine and amphetamine classes that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) and obesity. Tendency to methamphetamine abuse is a major problem
worldwide especially in young generation. Previous studies indicated that tendency to stimulants
abuse is associated by a package of behaviors, including: novelty seeking, attention deficit and
disability to taking responsibility. As genetic bases of many behaviors had been detected, finding
correlation of shared genes and SNPs between these behaviors and meth tendency is
hypothesized. understanding the genetic markers of tendency to methamphetamine could help to
prediction of high risk individuals and prevention of addiction. whole genome SNPs with array
comparative genomic hybridization could helps to obtain comprehensive data in multi-factorial
disorders like addiction.
Methods : Blood samples collected from 50 methamphetamine addicted and 50 healthy subjects
and DNA was extracted. Addicted and healthy subjects had no psychiatric or somatic disease.
Genotyping for the subjects was performed using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP
Array 5.0 or 6.0 (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
Electroencephalography-event related potential tests and Wisconsin sorting test examined for
executive functions, cognition assessment from all subjects.
Results : We detected Several SNPs with genome-wide significance. The strongest association
founded in 53 SNPs involved in dopaminergic pathway, signal transduction and mitochondrial
complexes. Cognitive and executive functions abnormalities detected in addicted subjects.
Significant correlation between EEG-ERP results and SNPs in ERBB family detected.Also no
significant correlation founded between cognitive abnormalities and SNPs .
Conclusion : Our study showed strong genetic bases of tendency to methamphetamine addiction
.Also results supports the Colinger's theory about importance of dopaminergic pathway in
novelty seeking personality. Our results could be a basic information for further GWAS studies
about shared genes of methamphetamine addiction and other psychiatric disorders especially
ADHD.
Keywords : methamphetamine,genotyping,EEG-ERP
Genetic bases of Internet addiction revealed in genotyping study
Submission Author: Arvin Haghighatfard
Arvin Haghighatfard1, Atiye Alizade nik2, Elham Rastegari moghaddam3, Nooshin Nejati4
389 |
1.
2.
3.
4.
Department of biology, science and research branch,Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
Department of biology,Damghan branch,Islamic Azad university,Damghan,Iran
Department of biology,Damghan branch,Islamic Azad university,Damghan,Iran
Department of biology, centeral Tehran branch,Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Internet addiction disorder is not listed in the latest Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-IV), however is listed in Section III, as a disorder
requiring further study. Previous psychological studies showed significant relations of internet
addiction with depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive
disorder .Genetic bases of these related psychological disorders revealed in several cohort
studies. our study aimed to investigate the genetic bases of internet addiction with a whole
genome assessment.
Methods : DNA extracted from blood samples of 50 internet addicted and 50 healthy subjects.
Internet addicted and healthy subjects had no psychiatric or somatic disease.Genotyping for the
subjects was performed using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 5.0 or 6.0
(Affymetrix,
Santa
Clara,
CA)
according
to
the
manufacturer’s
protocol.Electroencephalography-event related potential tests and Wisconsin sorting test
examined for executive functions,cognition assessment from all subjects.
Results : We detected Several SNPs with genome-wide significance. The strongest association
with Internet addiction founded in 38 SNPs involved in dopaminergic pathway and
neurodevelopment of CNS.cognitive and executive functions abnormalities detected in addicted
subjects.Also significant correlation between these abnormalities and SNPs in genes involved in
neurodevelopment detected.
Conclusion : our study showed strong genetic and developmental bases of internet addiction and
could present a basic information for further GWAS studies about shared genes of internet
addiction and other psychiatric disorders. Also supports theories about genetic base of non
substance use addictions.
Keywords : Internet addiction,genotyping,dopaminergic,CNS
The relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence
and psychological well-being of addicts city
Submission Author: Sadegh Haghighi
390 |
Sadegh Haghighi1, Maryam Yavari Kermani2, Mehran Roozbhi3, Sajjad Roointan4, Sahar
Haghighi5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran.
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University,Iran
M.A student, Islamic Azad University Yasouj, Iran
Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityArsanjan, Iran
Student, Islamic Azad University Yasouj, Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction problem will lead to stress in human societeis because drug
addiction phenomenon has biological, psychological, social and cultural costs too much and
leaves devastating for the individual and society. The present study examined the relationship
between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being in addicts in
Yasouj.
Methods : Statistical population includes all addicts in the city of Yasouj at spring of 2015. The
sample consisted of 120 addicts who were selected by random sampling. Data collection tools
were three standardized questionnaires included Abdollahzadeh spiritual intelligence, emotional
intelligence, Petrides and Farnhaym and Psychological well-being. To evaluate the data using the
SPSS software and statistical methods mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics were
used.
Results : The results showed that there were significant relationship between the emotional
intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being and addiction. There were
significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being more positive
than emotional intelligence and psychological well-being in Addicted Individuals.
Conclusion : The findings of this study reinforce the emotional intelligence and spiritual
intelligence leads to a healthy person becomes addicted. Also, increased psychological wellbeing of many addicts can not only grown in terms of spirituality but also can regain their mental
health.
Keywords : emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, psychological well-being, drug
addiction
391 |
The relationship between coping strategies, self-control, negative
automatic thoughts in the fields of drug use among students of Azad
University of Yasouj in 2015
Sadegh Haghighi1, Mehran Roozbhi2, Sahar Haghighi3
1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran.
2. M.A student,Yasouj Branch, Islamic Azad University Yasouj, Iran
3. Student,Yasouj Branch, Islamic Azad University Yasouj, Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction problem will lead to stress in human societeis because drug
addiction phenomenon has biological, psychological, social and cultural costs too much and
leaves devastating for the individual and society. The present study examined the relationship
between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being in addicts in
Yasouj.
Methods : The study population included all students in winter of 2014 inYasouj University.
The sample consisted of 160 undergraduate students Yasouj University that were selected by
cluster sampling method. Method of studying was descriptive-Correlation. Data collecting tools
were three questionnaires of Endler & Parker Copying Strategies, self-control scale and negative
automatic thoughts, and to measure the variables used Kendall and holon. To assess the results of
the statistical methods: mean, standard deviation, independent t test and Pearson correlation
coefficient were used.
Results : The results showed that there was a significant difference between Copying Strategies
and self- control. Between Copying Strategies and self- control-oriented drug use among
students there was a significant difference. There were significant relationship between Negative
automatic thoughts and low self-control P <0/05.
Conclusion : The findings of this study reinforce the Copying Strategies and self- control can
lead to a reduction in negative thoughts and tendency to use drugs and thus can prevent people
who consumption likely to be used.
Keywords : Copying Strategies, self- control, your thoughts are negative, the tendency to the
material consume
392 |
Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy group therapy in reducing risky
behaviors, impulsivity in alcohol-dependent individuals
Sadegh Haghighi1, Maryam Yavari Kermani2
1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran.
2. Assistant professor, Department of psychology, Payame Noor University,Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction problem is biological, cultural, social and interpersonal
which can have a negative impact on people's lives and this can negatively impact a person's
behavior is out of control that can be dangerous for the individual and society are forced to lead.
Methods : The sample consisted of 30 alcohol-dependents. Participants were divided into
control and experimental groups. The experimental group were 15 samples that had 8 sessions
therapy and the control group.
Results : The results showed that the teaching of dialectical behavior therapy had more reduced
impulsive behavior. Also, no significant correlation between the control group and decrease
impulsive behavior in alcoholics.
Conclusion : Dialectical behavior therapy training can lead to a reduction in alcohol-dependent
impulsive behavior, and as a result decreased many of high-risk behaviors associated with
drinking alcohol modified.
Keywords : Dialectical behavior therapy, impulsivity, alcohol drinkers
Frequency of mental disorders in substance-abusing inpatients in Urmia
psychiatric center
Submission Author: Mah Monir Haghighi
Mah Monir Haghighi 1, Roya Yavarian2
1. Urmia University of Medical Science
2. Urmia University of Medical Science
393 |
Background and Aim : Nowadays substance abuse is increasing and affects all aspects of
individual and social life negatively. Substance abuse usually associated with other psychiatric
disorders such as psychotic, mood and anxiety disorders. The main purpose of this research was
to determine frequency of mental disorders in substance-abusing inpatients in Urmia psychiatric
center in 2011.
Methods : 170 inpatients participated in this descriptive cross-sectional research. All of them
had substance abuse or dependency. Data gathered by using a demographic characteristic
questionnaire and by psychiatric interviewing with participants. Descriptive statistical methods
were used.
Results : 85/3 % of patients were male and 14/7 % were female. The most common age-group
was 21-40 years old( 73/2 %). 44/1% were divorced and 32/9% were married. 64/1% had
secondary and high school education and 56/5% were jobless. 52/3% reported abusing of multisubstance. 61/8% had psychotic disorders, 15/3% had mood disorders and 57% had personality
disorders( group B).
Conclusion : Comorbidity of mental disorders and substance abuse is common. It should be
noted the correct diagnosis of these disorders is really important for successful treatment of
dependency and mental disorder.
Keywords : comorbidity, substance abuse, mental disorders
Prevalence of tendency to substance abuse among medical university
students and its relationship with Identity styles
Submission Author: Marjan Hajfiroozabadi
Marjan Hajfiroozabadi1, Siamak Amiri2, Tooran Bahrami Babaheydari3, Sahar Khoshkesht4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alborz University of Medical sciences Karaj, Iran.
Background and Aim : Adolescence is an inevitable stage of mankind development that has
paid attention because of its special sensation. Adolescence is an appropriate time to forming
394 |
Identity (sense and concept of himself) that mix the individual's history and necessary
capabilities for psychological health in adulthood. One of the serious dangers in this stage is
adolescence tendency to the drug and substance abuse, and is one of the most prevalent disorders
in youth and adolescence stage. The objective of this research is the survey on the relation
between Identity styles and tendency to substance abuse among male medical university
students.
Methods : This research is a sectional – type correlation study that has operated on the 339
persons of male, students that were educate in alborz medical university. two standardized
identification styles (ISI=G6) and questionnaire of recognizing risk exposed people, has used.
Data collection operated by researcher in a stage and then data analyzed by using descriptive
statistics (absolute and relative frequency and standard deviation ) and inference statistics ( χ2
test,regression ) in SPSS 18 edition.
Results : The results that obtained from analyzing data show that 35.8 percent of students have
informational Identity style, and 27.4 percent have normative style and 36.8 percent have
Diffuse/ avoidant style. 57.3% of students have tendency toward substance abuse And also χ2
test show that there is a significant relation between tendency to substance abuse and positive
addiction history in family
Conclusion : There is a significant relation between Identity styles and tendency to substance
abuse (P=0.001).
Keywords : Identity Styles, Substances abuse, medical Students
The study of the relation between cognitive distortions and resiliency in
addict patients under treatment at methadone-therapy clinic Aran &
bidgol city.
Submission Author: Meysam Hajimohammadi
Meysam Hajimohammadi 1, Fateme Ghorbani2, Abolfazl Shajari3, Ali Agha Amini Mehr4
1.
2.
3.
4.
395 |
MS in General Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Arak
MA in Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Allameh Tabatabai
General Physition
General Physition
Background and Aim : Addiction is a widespread social deviance which many countries are
involved in. personal beliefs and thoughts are among the risk factors. Cognitive distortions are
part of the inaccurate thoughts that should be noticed in the therapy of addiction. One of the
protective factors for addict patients under treatment is resiliency. In this study, the relation
between resiliency and cognitive distortions is observed.
Methods : Conner &Davidson resiliency questionnaire(2003) and abdollah-zadeh cognitive
distortions questionnaire (2010) are used. A number of 100patients of methadone-therapy clinics
in aran &bidgol participated in sampling. For data analysis, correlation coefficiency and
regression analysis are applied
Results : Finding show no significant relevancy between cognitive distortions and resiliency.
But 10%of resiliency changes could be explained by two cognitive distortions and the resiliency
was high in the sample group. Among these patients, the cognitive distortions should statements,
jumping to conclusion and magnification/minimization is respectively the most common.
Conclusion : It can be concluded that because of the hard conditions of the past, addiction and
its problems and on the country the current conditions, i.e.enduring the treatment period and
avoiding drugs and being hopeful to com back to the normal life, the resiliency is increased.
Recognizing the cognitive disorders in addict patients can laed us to develop educational
programs in methadone-therapy clinics.
Keywords : addict patients under treatment, resiliency, cognitive distortions
The relationship between anger and aggression with tendency to
addiction in male students of secondary schools of Tabriz
Submission Author: Darush Hakimi
Darush Hakimi1, Rahim Badri2, Dariush hakimi3, Ali eghbali4
1.
2.
3.
4.
396 |
Tabriz University
Tabriz University
Tabriz University
Farhanghian University
Background and Aim : This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anger and
aggression with the propensity to addiction in male students of secondary schools in Tabriz
Methods : The population of this correlational study, was students of secondary schools in the
academic year 94-93. according to Morgan 375 students using randomized cluster sampling
method was chosen as a sample. Measurement tools, including prepared addiction Questionnaire
(Wade and Butcher (1992)), spilberger Anger (1999) and Ahwaz aggression (1379). For data
analysis Pearson correlation and simultaneous multiple regression methods were used.
Results : The results showed a positive significant relationship between anger and aggression
with tendency to addiction. So that the share of each variable aggressive, angry reaction, anger
expression, were respectively (0/111), (0/213) and (0/255).
Conclusion : Anger and aggression can predict propensity to addiction among students.
Keywords : Aggression, anger, tendency to addiction, student
Prevalence of drug use among students of Guilan University
Submission Author: Hoda Hallajzadeh
Hoda Hallajzadeh 1, Milad Bastami2
1. Assistant Professor of Social Sciences, University of Guilan
2. Student of Social Sciences, University of Guilan
Background and Aim : Addiction is a multi-dimensional problem in all communities of
interest, but its prevalence among young people and more educated people is a cause of concern.
In this regard, the present study has focused on the students. Objective: This study aimed to
assess the prevalence of addictive drug use among students of Guilan University.
Methods : A cross -sectional study was conducted. The sample size included 300 students of the
faculty of humanities who have been randomly selected. This questionnaire was developed by
the researchers.
Results : The results showed that of the 300 students, 190 of them are boys and 110 are girls.
Undergraduate students were 278 people (93%) and graduate students were 22 people (7 %).
According to the results, 83 percent of students have used addictive substances at least one time
397 |
where 24% were female and 59% were male. Furthermore, among 115 people have used
addictive substance, 61.7% were male. Men significantly consumed the substances i.e. hookah,
cigarette and alcohol, which are widely used hookah taking 81.7% of the substance. Opium,
marijuana, hashish and psychotropic pills were in the next rankings, but the percentages were
low. Women also tend to have shisha with the 90.9%. Cigarettes with 38.6%, alcohol with 27.3
% and opium, marijuana and hashish with a low percentage were in the next rankings.The men
continue to consume more than women. Weekly consumption of men was higher than women. In
other words, women are more careful consumers as compared with the men. The average age of
men and women were 22.14 and 20.89, respectively.
Conclusion : The average difference in age of start of drug use show that the women age is
going down and the need for cultural programs to control this problem is felt. 72.3% of men and
60% of women living in a rented house (out of the university campus) at least have used one of
the drugs. But the living conditions in university residence are very different for boys and girls
regarding the use of drugs. In fact girl’s percent was considerably lower. This is also due to
differences in monitoring and rules in university residences for boys and girls. Regarding the use
of addictive substances, living with family result in more controls for girls than boys. The results
show that students need to learn more about preventing drug use through the cultural activities of
the university.
Keywords : Addiction, Student, University of Guilan, Drug use.
Review the success of addiction treatment centers
Hoda Hallajzadeh 1, Morteza Farrokhi2
1. Assistant professor of sociology, University of Guilan
2. Graduate student of Sociology, University of Guilan
Background and Aim : The disorders of misuse of drugs and its critical outcomes arising from
them‫ ؛‬is considered one of the main risks for physical and mental health around the world. Most
addicts tend to change their life style related to narcotics‫ ؛‬but there are so many problems in cure
stage ،it causes to return and quit curative period. To note to the effective use of different
cures،it’s necessary to emboss the various effectiveness of this curative ways based on certain
scales and identify what variables should be using these curative ways efficiently. As the
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numbers to the quitting addiction centers are high to 80% ، it’s vital to focus on effective factors
and find the best type of removing addiction for whom seeking help.
Methods : The present research is to study to review the conducted researches on organizations
and quitting addiction centers performances and effectiveness of various curative ways in these
centers،and examine the success and efficiency of these centers in quitting addiction and its
index.It’s a library research method and done research indicates the field performance of each
quitting addiction centers and effectiveness amount of each center in quitting addiction of
people.
Results : Removing poison itself isn’t enough for continuing to give up addiction in centers that
weren’t successful in the field of mental health and in preventing from returning addicted people.
There’s a meaningful difference between mental health scores and expectancy of the attendants
to the under curative drugs with methadon. TC centers in healing the addicted people and
receiving the severeity of mental sickness are only successful to 50%.using right curative
techniques having high effectiveness behavior. It looks the value and its influence and consent
parts are different in the patients and services like these are supportive and they have a lot of
influence more than other variables.
Conclusion : No treatment itself is suitable for all people. The treatment should be available
easily. The effective treatment should consider multiple needs of the person not only misusing of
the drugs. The people in different situations have different needs for perfect treatment of
narcotics this should be considered by the therapists and those who seeking and their attendants.
Keywords : addiction ,treatment, treatment centers
The Study of Drug Usage Tendency Rate among the Youth with Single
Life
Hoda Hallajzadeh 1, Samire Alipoor2, Reza Eghamati3, Mohammad Nademi4
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Assistant professor of sociology, University of Guilan
Graduate student of Sociology, University of Guilan
Background and Aim : The spreading of drug usage among the youth in recent years in our
country has become an important issue. The importance of this issue becomes more highlighted
when we study it along with the prevalence of living with single life style. According to the
official statistics there are about two million drug addicts in our country and since the families of
these individuals are also involved with this problem it could be said that around ten million
people are grappling with the drug usage problem. On the other hand, the results of the census of
the year 2011 in Iran indicate that compared to previous five years the number of the people who
live alone has increased by 2 percent and thus have reached to 7.1 percent.The goal of present
research is the study of relation between living with single life style and drug usage based on
Travis Hirschi’s theory of social control. Thus, the present research is to answer this question
that whether among those who have a living with single life, drug usage rate is higher or not?
Methods : The case study in this research were 100 of individuals who are experiencing this
type of living in Rasht city and are living in so called single homes. The present research is
survey type and the means of study is questionnaire devised according to theory of social control.
Also, sampling method in this study is targeted non-random.
Results : The results of this research indicate that there is a significant relation between drug
usage and single life.
Conclusion : Lack of family supervision and living independently has caused the individuals
living single life to turn more towards drug usage. Also, the results have shown that there is a
relation between lack of participation in accepted social roles and activities and drug usage. And
there is a relation between not believing cultural norms and drug usage.
Keywords : Drug, Single life, Travis Hirschi, Rasht
The prevalence of high risk behaviors (substance abuse and alcohol
drinking) among Guillan university student: social bond and self-control
theory
Hoda Hallajzadeh 1, Seyedeh Masumeh Shadmanfeat2, Saeed Kabiri3
1. Assistant professor of sociology, University of Guilan
2. Graduate student of Sociology, University of Guilan
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3. PhD student of social sciences. University of Mazandaran
Background and Aim : High-risk behaviors are those that can have adverse effects on the
overall development and well-being of youth, or that might prevent them from future successes
and development. This includes behaviors with cumulative negative effects (e.g., substance use
and alcohol drinking). Risk behaviors also can affect youth by disrupting their normal
development or preventing them from participating in typical experiences for their age group.
The main goal of this research is explanation of university student tendency toward and
involvement in high risk behavior (substance abuse and alcohol drinking). Because control
theories is one of most important and applicable theory in social deviations area, in current study
we using self-control and social bond theory which assumed that the lack of self-control and
social bonds increase the possibility of criminal activity among university student.
Methods : We used survey method for collecting data. The standard cognitive self-control
(Grasmick et al, 1993: Cronbach's alpha = 0.81) and social bonding (Cho et al, 2014: Cronbach's
alpha = 0.88) scales assigned for this research. For analyzing data we have used Spss version 21
and Pearson Correlation, regression model and Analysis of variance (T-Test).
Results : The survey’s results from 258 students in University of Guilan indicate that there are
significant relationship between self-control (R: -0.526**), social bonds (R: -0.490**) and high
risk behaviors (substance use and alcohol drinking), in other word, the student who have weak
social bonds (attachment; involvement; belief and commitment) and low self-control reported
high rate of high risk behaviors than people with high self-control and strong social bond. Also,
the Inter regression model estimate that self-control and social bond predict 0.342 percent of
student’s high risk behavior’s variance, (R2: 0.342) and Beta values for self-control and social
bond independent variables indicate that self-control (Beta: -0. 389) is better factor than social
bond (Beta: -0. 156).
Conclusion : Moreover the analysis variance (T-Test) shows that girls in comparison to boys
reported lower rate of high risk behaviors (substance use and alcohol drinking).
Keywords : high risk behavior, substance abuse and alcohol drinking, social bonds, self-control.
Evaluation of family risk factors of addiction among adolescents: Based
on Life experience of consumers
Submission Author: Mahboube Hamed
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Mahboube Hamed1, Mohamad Hossein Javadi 2
1. University of Allameh Tabatabai
2. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Background and Aim : The importance of adolescence in the formation of identity and
personality is not hidden from anyone. Each person's developmental stages provide social skills
for healthy living. When we examine the causes and origins of crime in different people, we find
out problems in growth period, namely childhood and adolescence. Healthy identity formation is
related to many factors that the background of family is one of the most important of them
Methods : In this study, which was conducted by grounded theory, through interviews with 10
adolescents who were referred to drug rehabilitation centers, we explored family roots that are
effective in explaining their tendency to addiction and risk factors have been investigated in this
respect
Results : The main concepts extracted from the analysis of the interviews are "confusion" and
"disorder".
Conclusion : The obtaining results show that Family and lifestyle factors affect children in their
tendency to addiction and prevention through education to families can be achieve.
Keywords : Adolescents,Family Risk factors, Addiction
Effectiveness of mindfulness and counseling on the stress reduction in
drug relapse prevention
Submission Author: Ali Hamedi
Ali Hamedi1, Shahriar Shahidi2, Ali Khademi3
1. MA in Department of General Psychology, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad university, Urmia, Iran
2. Professor in Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3. Assistant professor in psychology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Background and Aim : The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of
mindfulness in the prevention of drug relapse.
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Methods : Using a quasi experimental design, 90 male drug abusers who had undergone
detoxification were selected from among all detoxified individuals referred to drug rehabilitation
centers in the City of Tehran.
Results : Results show that both intervention groups were effective in preventing relapse as
compared to the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the effectiveness of mindfulness training
and BDRC was about the same. There were no significant differences between patients with and
without experience of drug abuse and married and single patients.
Conclusion : Both mindfulness training and BDRC may be considered effective practical
methods in reducing the risk of relapse in male drug abusers.
Keywords : Mindfulness training, behavioral drug reduction counseling, drug abuse
The Effect of Medical Model Training of Addiction by Peers on Craving
After Detoxification in Gorgan Prisoners on History of Addiction to
Amphetamine Type Stimulants
Submission Author: Mohammad Hamzeloo
Mohammad Hamzeloo1, Aman Mohammad Iri2, Sadegh Movahedi3
1. Research Center of Gorgan Central Prison, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
Background and Aim : Craving is a critical component of addiction, and serves to elicit relapse
in methamphetamine users. The high rate of relapse suggests that craving might persist or
reemerge after a long period of abstinence. The purpose of the present study was to examine the
effect of medical model training of addiction by peers on craving after abstinence in male meth
users that incarcerated to Gorgan central prison.
Methods : 40 adult male prison inmates who had formerly received Substance Use disorder
diagnosis based on DSM-V criteria enrolled in this study on a voluntary basis. Participants were
randomly assigned to control group (n=20) or experimental group (n=20) with 3-session peer
training in the week. The two groups were homogeneous with regard to age and education. To
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measure the severity of craving after abstinence a week before and after the education, the
participants completed Post Detoxification Substance Use Craving Questionnaire.
Results : Comparing to the waiting group, medical model training in the experimental group led
to reduce craving more than 20% from the baseline levels and the differences between the two
groups were statistically significant (p<0.001).
Conclusion : The results indicated that peer education about the materials that
methamphetamine cooked from and the effects of methamphetamine on important brain
functions in evident and scientific way that participants can understand and accept may enhance
recovery efforts. Moreover, it introduces peer training of addiction medical model as new
preventive strategy and skills to prevent the reoccurrence.
Keywords : Craving; Medical Model Training; Methamphetamine Users, Peer Education;
Prisoners
Money addiction as a potential diagnostic category among behavioral
addictions
Submission Author: John Haracz
John Haracz1
1. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Background and Aim : The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; 2013) expanded the previous edition’s
chapter on substance-related disorders to include gambling disorder in a new chapter titled
“Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders”. Gambling disorder thereby became the first
behavioral addiction to be formally ratified as a clinical entity (Clark, 2014; Robbins and Clark,
2015). The new DSM-5 (2013, p. 481) chapter states “All drugs that are taken in excess have in
common direct activation of the brain reward system… .” Recent neuroeconomic studies using
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have shown activations of nucleus accumbens
(NA), a brain reward center (Haber and Knutson, 2010), when subjects receive money or assets
in behavioral economics paradigms. Therefore, a systematic literature review will be conducted
to assess whether future psychiatric nosologies should include money addiction as a diagnostic
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category involving an excessive behavioral focus on money accumulation, even in the absence of
typical gambling activities.
Methods : In addition to a review of the above neuroeconomic studies, a literature review of
reward-system function will be conducted in relation to excessive behavioral patterns that have
been proposed as potential behavioral addictions (e.g., Internet gaming, sex addiction, exercise
addiction, and obesity or eating disorders; DSM-5, 2013; Clark, 2014; Robbins and Clark, 2015).
Results : Accumulating evidence from neuroimaging and genetic studies suggest reward-system
alterations in potential behavioral addictions (Clark, 2014; Robbins and Clark, 2015). This
evidence may represent initial steps toward developing Research Domain Criteria (Casey et al.,
2013; Cuthbert and Insel, 2013; Insel et al., 2013), which could add dimensional neurobehavioral
measures to categorical diagnoses in future psychiatric nosologies. To assist with determining
whether these nosologies should include money addiction, these types of neuroimaging and
genetic studies could be conducted with subjects who compulsively seek wealth in a maladaptive
manner that disrupts their social or occupational functioning.
Conclusion : Behavioral addiction has been described as “behavior performed for its own sake”
(Robbins and Clark, 2015, p. 66). Clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic research should be
conducted to determine whether money addiction may be an appropriate diagnostic category for
individuals who compulsively seek wealth in association with disrupted social or occupational
functioning.
Keywords : Addiction, Reward, Neuroimaging, Gambling
relation between brain conditions and shaping addiction behaviour
Submission Author: Alireza Harivandi
Alireza Harivandi1, Shahram Sheikhani2, Ensiye Norouzi3
1. MSC in clinical psychology, Southern Khorasan Province Welfare Organization
3. Phd Candidate, Southern Khorasan Province Welfare Organization
Background and Aim : Many human behaviors become habits after a while and apparently will
not cause disruption in daily activities. Over time, some behaviors can be a fixed pool of human
behavior and unfortunately some of these behaviors can cause problems in other daily functions.
405 |
The formation of these patterns of behavior can be interpreted through both biological and
model-making processes
Methods : It seems that one of the rules of formation of addictive behaviors is conditioning of
brain cells. Generally performing an enjoyable behavior will create a swath of brain cells in the
cerebral cortex. By repeating this behavior over time, an increasing number of brain cells are
activated and more neural pathways in the cortex are formed. Sum of these neural pathways
makes previous behavior as a dominant and aggressive behavior that the entire nervous system
has been brought under control
Results : . Now this behavior can be considered as an addictive behavior, because much of daily
activities spent on it and as a result, other behaviors and activities of individuals, such as social
and personal activities are deteriorating. This issue can be explained a lot of addictive behaviors
such as sex, eating, playing and obsessive behaviors.
Conclusion : . It seems that one way to treat such addictive behaviors is considering the
conditioning of the brain cells. Indeed, perhaps by using behavioral techniques such as exposure
therapy and response prevention can be turned off Treasury behavior of faulty behavior and these
methods can be used as an effective treatment for addictive behaviors.
Keywords : Addictive behaviors, Conditioning, treatment.
Addictive Behaviors
Submission Author: Alireza Harivandi
Alireza Harivandi1, Shahram Sheikhani2
Background and Aim : Addictive Behaviors.Many human behaviors become habits after a
while and apparently will not cause disruption in daily activities. Over time, some behaviors can
be a fixed pool of human behavior and unfortunately some of these behaviors can cause
problems in other daily functions
Methods : The formation of these patterns of behavior can be interpreted through both biological
and model-making processes
406 |
Results : It seems that one of the rules of formation of addictive behaviors is conditioning of
brain cells. Generally performing an enjoyable behavior will create a swath of brain cells in the
cerebral cortex. By repeating this behavior over time, an increasing number of brain cells are
activated and more neural pathways in the cortex are formed. Sum of these neural pathways
makes previous behavior as a dominant and aggressive behavior that the entire nervous system
has been brought under control. Now this behavior can be considered as an addictive behavior,
because much of daily activities spent on it and as a result, other behaviors and activities of
individuals, such as social and personal activities are deteriorating
Conclusion : This issue can be explained a lot of addictive behaviors such as sex, eating, playing
and obsessive behaviors. It seems that one way to treat such addictive behaviors is considering
the conditioning of the brain cells. Indeed, perhaps by using behavioral techniques such as
exposure therapy and response prevention can be turned off Treasury behavior of faulty behavior
and these methods can be used as an effective treatment for addictive behaviors. Key words:
Addictive behaviors, Conditioning, treatment.
Keywords : Addictive behaviors, Conditioning, treatment.
Children act like their parents
Submission Author: Fateme Hasan Doost
Fateme Hasan Doost1, Maryam Momeni2, Nastaran Norouzi Parashkoh3, Marzieh Saeid nia4,
Fatemeh Ebrahim pour5
1. MSc in Nursing Education, Instructor, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Nursing and
Midwifery College, Qazvin, Iran.
3.
4.
5.
MSc in Nursing Education, Instructor, Giulan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht Nursing and
Midwifery College, Rasht, Iran.
Responsible for supervising kindergarten, State Welfare Organization of Qazvin, Alborz, Iran.
University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Nursing and Midwifery College, Qazvin, Iran.
Background and Aim : Today is full of many surprises and unknown In turbulent world, Our
children are constantly looking for the various patterns Thus a fixed pattern to create safe and
appropriate behavior in children is important because the formation of what is expected of him,
The first stage in the family and learn from the parents as the first person in his exposure. Due to
407 |
the frequency of alcohol consumption and smoking in young parents, the purpose of this study
was to investigate the relationship between parents and children behaviors in this parents.
Methods : A comprehensive electronic search was carried out using the keywords ‘‘Parents
Behaviors, ‘‘children behaviors’’ and ‘‘Parents Addiction ’’. We searched review and original
articles that were published on PubMed and Scopus database. There was no time period
restriction.
Results : The studies can be concluded that every child their knows parents free of any sin or
guilt , children's Love and belonging to parents causes to imitate many unwanted behaviors of
them That are stabilized in their personality On the other hand father love more than mother's
love influences in wellbeing and mental health.
Conclusion : Considering the important role of parents in education of children, then Modify the
inappropriate behavior of parents at home, learning how to deal with children, Identify high-risk
children in educational and training institutions such as kindergartens & schools, And the need
for cooperation & interaction between parents and educational authorities are important key in
children education.
Keywords : Parents Behaviors, children behaviors and Parents Addiction
Relation between social attachment, love and addiction
Submission Author: Fateme Hasan Doost
Fateme Hasan Doost1, Nastaran Norouzi Parashkoh2, Maryam Momeni3, Neda Alimohammadi4
2. MSc in Nursing Education, Instructor, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar Nursing and
3.
4.
MSc in Nursing Education, Instructor, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Nursing and
MSc in Nursing Education, Instructor,Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan Nursing and
Midwifery College, Hamedan, Iran.
Background and Aim : Drug addiction is a serious health problem. The idea of love as an
addictive drug has been described in art and literature across the ages, as well as by modern
408 |
scientists. Recent advances have demonstrated that both attachment figures and drugs of abuse
are highly rewarding stimuli that lead to long-term changes in physiology and behavior, often
utilizing the same neural substrates
Methods : A comprehensive electronic search was carried out using the keywords ‘‘social
attachments, ‘‘love’’ and ‘‘addiction’’. We searched review and original articles that were
published on PubMed and Scopus database. There was no time period restriction.
Results : Significant overlap exists between these two behavioral processes. In addition to
conceptual overlap in symptomatology, there is a strong commonality between the two domains
regarding the roles and sites of action of DA, opioids, and corticotropin-releasing factor. The
neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin are hypothesized to integrate social information into
attachment processes that is not present in drug addiction.
Conclusion : Social attachment may be understood as a behavioral addiction, whereby the
subject becomes addicted to another individual and the cures that predict social reward. Research
on the interaction between the social environment and drug abuse may be particularly
informative for prevention and treatments. Rather than the cause of addiction, perhaps love is the
drug for treating addiction. Understandings from both fields may enlighten future research on
addiction and attachment processes.
Keywords : social attachments, love, addiction
Prediction of relapse Likelihood in addicts based Dysfunctional attitudes,
Procrastination and Decision- making style.
Submission Author: Fateme Hasanabadi
Fateme Hasanabadi1, Abolghasem Khosh Konesh2, Mojtaba Habibi 3
1. Shahid Behehti University, Faculty of Psychology, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Drug abuse is a chronic and relapsing disorder that leads to many
negative consequences.he purpose of the present study was to prediction of relapse Likelihood in
addicts based Dysfunctional attitudes, Procrastination and Decision- making style.
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Methods : To reach this aim, 180 addicts staffs (include 90 participant with relapse and 90
participant without relapse) were selected by aimed and available sampling and participated in
this study. All participants were asked to complete the Dysfunctional attitudes (DAS),
Procrastination, Decision- making style (GDMS) and Relapse Prediction Scale (PRS). Data was
analyzed using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient and step wise multivariate
regression.
Results : The results showed that Dysfunctional attitudes, Procrastination and Decision- making
style can predict relapse Likelihood in addicts significantly. There was significant positive
correlation between Dysfunctional attitudes, Procrastination, Intuitive and Avoidant Decisionmaking styles with relapse Likelihood. On the other there was significant negative correlation
between Rational Decision- making style and relapse. Also finding suggested that there was not
significant relationship between Spontaneous and dependent Decision- making styles with
relapse Likelihood.
Conclusion : In general, Dysfunctional attitudes, Procrastination and Decision- making styles
are importance components to predict relapse and these factors can account for a high amount of
variance in the relapse Likelihood among addicts.
Keywords : Dysfunctional attitudes, Procrastination, Decision- making styles, relapse
Addiction: a cultural medicine approach
Submission Author: Mohammad Hosein Hasani
Mohammad Hosein Hasani1
1. PhD Candidate,Department of Sociology, Allameh Tabataba'i Univereity, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction is a disease that doctors, psychiatrists and social medicines
have emphasized on biological, psychological and social aspects in their studies but cultural
factors is not considered in their explanation of addiction. Considering addiction as a culture in
contemporary societies, the purpose of this paper is to provide cultural medicine as a new
approach in understanding, prevention and treatment of addiction.
Methods : This research conducted using thematic meta-analysis of existing theories and
integrating the results. For this purpose, four theories of the cultural sociology, cognitive
sociology, anthropology of health and health communication were selected and thematically
410 |
meta-analyzed. In the second phase the results of the meta-analysis were merged and a new
theory was built.
Results : The results show that the cultural medicine could be posed as the fourth paradigm in
explaining and treatment of addiction. This new paradigm puts the cultural factors over the
biological, psychological and social causes of addiction. This means that the addiction is caused
by negative attitudes, false believes, antisocial values, lack of health knowledge and unhealthy
lifestyle. According to the cultural medicine, even physical and psychological dependence to
drug abuse is due to lack of meaning in the life. Therefore, addiction is in fact a cultural disease
and affective solutions for its treatment is to promote cultural values, beliefs, attitudes,
knowledge and lifestyle of the addict and in sum, making his or her life meaningful. Hence,
addiction prevention and treatment programs should pay more attention to cultural, cognitive and
lifestyle changes of the addicts along with along with biological, psychological and social
considerations.
Conclusion : cultural medicine is a new approach in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of drug
addiction. In this view addiction is considered as a cultural disease influenced by factors such as
attitudes, values, beliefs, knowledge, and lifestyle. So, any plan for the prevention and treatment
of addiction must be focused on bringing meaning in to the life of the addict and make changes
in his lifestyle and attitudes.
Keywords : Cultural medicine, Cultural Sociology, Cognitive Sociology, Anthropology of
Health, Health Communication
Social Cognitive Model of Addiction Prevention
Submission Author: Mohammad Hosein Hasani
Mohammad Hosein Hasani1
1. PhD Candidate,Department of Sociology, Allameh Tabataba'i Univereity, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim : Addiction is a social ill that its multiple consequences, undermines the
foundations of society. Plenty of addiction prevention models have been developed but in the
most of them there are some neglected components. This article aims to develop a new model
with an emphasis on social cognitive dimensions, compensating the weaknesses in the previous
models.
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Methods : Using qualitative meta-analysis, models of addiction prevention were chosen
purposively and analyzed thematically. The results of the meta-analysis integrated with social
cognitive components and a new model was developed for addiction prevention.
Results : Social Cognitive Model of Addiction Prevention includes four phases: In the first stage
a comprehensive study is conducted, consisting of etiological and epidemiological meta-analysis
of addiction research and analyzing cultural, social and environmental context of the target
population. In the second stage, a social cognitive pre-test of participants in preventive
intervention is conducted. In the third stage, the social cognitive intervention program is
designed and implemented, using the results obtained in the first and second stages. The fourth
stage is post-testing of participants in the prevention program. Comparing pre-test and post-test,
reveals the success rate of social cognitive intervention. In the case of undesirable result, the
third and fourth stages must be repeated. The main advantage of this model, in comparison to the
previous models is the planning of preventive interventions based on the results of the metaanalysis of addiction research, analysis of social and cultural context of the target population and
the results of the pre-test.
Conclusion : Social cognitive model is a new approach that promotes efficiency of preventive
interventions and provides new horizons to fight against addiction and ensuring the health of the
society.
Keywords : Social Cognitive Model, Addiction Prevention, Cognitive Sociology, Qualitative
Meta-analysis, Thematic Analysis
Epidemiology and Pathology of burned patients with addiction
Submission Author: Seyede sara Hashemi
Zari Afrasiyabi1, Mitra Zardosht2, AliAkbar Mohammadi3, Masoomeh Kherad4, Zahra Zardosht5,
Seyede Sara Hashemi6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Shiraz Burn Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
Background and Aim: The fight against drug use is in the implementation of cultural activities
and preventive approaches. One of the problems that must be considered is secondary damage
that people have when become addicted. One of them is burns which is very common. The only
treatment is not sufficient in this regard should be taken to prevent serious effort and application.
Methods: In this study, data on burned patients (over 14 years) who had an addiction over two
years 91 and 92 were studied and the following results were obtained: Of the 897 patients
admitted, 129 (14.4%) had a variety of drugs and addictive stimulant that among 71 patients
(55%) and the sap of opium poppy users were drug, with 116 (90%) for the men were accounted.
Per cent burns over 30% of these patients mainly and the average age of 35 to 25 years and the
most frequent cause of burns are a fire and explosion and the mortality rate was 24%, while the
mortality rate of patients were 7/24 percent.
Results: The results of this study indicate that in addition to problems of addiction to
consumption, causing secondary problems in young population and efficient society.
Conclusion: According to studies, most people with addiction are young population and labor
force, Therefore, creating a wave of awareness in cooperation with the authorities and all people
felt against addiction are need which in turn will increase the productivity of individual and
social level.
Keywords: burn, addiction, coping measures
Examining Anxiety and depression disorders in addicts referred to drop
Center Golestan in 2015
Submission Author: Seiedeh Maryam Hashemi Nasab
Seiedeh Maryam Hashemi Nasab1, Atefeh Bagheri 2, Seied Mohammah Hoseini 3, Mohammad
Reza Salmasi4
1. Gorgan University of Medical Sciences
2. Gorgan University of Medical Sciences
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3. Decrease Damage Center
4. Governor Employee
Background and Aim: Today, drug abuse is increasing in all societies is expanding. Some
addicts may have psychological disorders include antisocial personality disorder, borderline
personality disorder, anxiety, and depression and so on. The purpose of this study was to
evaluate depression and anxiety in patients addicted referred to drop Center.
Methods: This study is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The current data collected using
questionnaires about anxiety and depression in a sample of 86 people admitted to addict referred
to drop Center in Golestan province. Data for the analysis of T test and Pearson's correlation
coefficient was used.
Results: Among drug addicts who came referred to drop Center, 86 people were selected
randomly. 27 women and 59 men were addicted. The mean age of the sample was 32.92 years.
There was no significant difference between the sexes with anxiety and depression. The gender
difference was not significant anxiety and depression at the level of 0.05. The results showed that
the relationship between gender and anxiety, depression (p = 0.044) was observed but Anxiety,
depression and age (p = 0.113), BMI (p = 0.276), education (p = 0.192) and job (p = 0.828),
there was no significant relationship. The mean anxiety and depression score in addiction is
21.14. The mean anxiety score of 10.14and the mean depression score was 10.88. In general,
anxiety and depression scores of addicts who referred to drop Center of Golestan province
assessment are high.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among drug abusers can be difficult to
avoid high-risk behaviors and antisocial permanent and increasing lead. Considering the results
of this study and other studies we recommended to increase community participation in the
planning and delivery of services in the young population
Keywords: anxiety, depression, addict
Cognitive enhancement & drug addiction treatment
Submission Author: Peyman Hassani Abharian
Peyman Hassani Abharian1, Reza Daneshmand2
1. ICSS (institute for cognitive science studies)
414 |
Background and Aim: Drug addiction could be defined as the narrowing of person’s goals to
pursue the rewards by obtaining, using and recovering from drugs of abuse; despite its
undesirable consequences. Cognitive deficits are common problems in field of drug addiction.
Different types of drugs have acute and chronic effects on attention, memory and executive
functions especially in working memory, decision making and response control. These
impairments might be more intensive in chronic drug of abuse. There are lines of evidence that
indicate, these impairments reduce the prognosis of addiction treatment. On the other hand, there
is no acceptable pharmacological treatment for many different types of drug addictions such as
cannabinoids, and also stimulant agents like cocaine and methamphetamine, up to now,
especially about methamphetamine, which its addiction is a social non-solved problem in the
world. It is shown that after the cannabis, methamphetamine is the second most widely abused
illicit drug all over the world.
Methods: All the Pub Med Medline articles related to cognitive enhancement in drug addiction
and also all of the articles related to cognitive enhancement in other psychiatric or neurological
disorders from 2010 till now were reviewed in this article.
Results: In the field of cognitive neuroscience, it is suggestible that attenuation of drugs
rewarding effects could be useful for addiction treatment. In this way cognitive enhancement,
especially the executive functions improvement might be considered as an applied route.
Cognitive enhancement is defined as interventions for improvement of mental functions for
achievement of a healthy life. Two different types of cognitive enhancers are available;
pharmacological agents and non-pharmacological techniques. The most important
pharmacological cognitive enhancement agents are cholinergic and adrenergic factors. Different
types of these groups are available as the safe using medicines, such as cholinesterase inhibitors
like donepezil, rivastigmine and , galantamine; partial nicotine agonists like varenicline;
sympathomimetic-like agents (modafinil), alpha2-adrenergic agonists (guanfacine),
norepinephrine transporter inhibitors (atomoxetine), and central nervous system stimulants
(methyphenidate). Non-pharmacological factors include nutrition and nutritional supplements
such as Omega 3, physical exercise, enough and high quality sleep, relaxation and meditation,
mnemonic techniques; and especially computerized and pen and paper brain training programs;
and finally different types of brain stimulation methods such as trans-cranial direct current
stimulation, and repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation for cognitive enhancement.
Conclusion: Most of the non-pharmacological enhancement techniques are more efficient and
safe than pharmacological agents in this field. However; combination of pharmacological and
non-pharmacological cognitive enhancers is also suggestible.
Keywords: cognitive enhancement, drug addiction, cognitive deficits, pharmacological
cognitive enhancers, non-pharmacological cognitive enhancers.
415 |
Demographic characteristics and history of high risk behaviors in
women entering in methadone maintenance program in Iran
Submission Author: Seyed esmaeil Hatami
Seyed esmaeil Hatami1, Seyed kaveh Hojjat3, Mahdi Rezaea4, Mahin Hamidi5, Mina Norozi
khalili6, hadiseh monadi ziarat7
1. Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of medical
sciences.Bojnurd, Iran
2. Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of medical
3.
4.
5.
6.
Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of medical
M.A of Clinical Psychology,Bojnurd, Iran
Department of community medicine, North Khorasan University of medical sciences.Bojnurd, Iran
Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of medical
Background and Aim: Most addiction studies in Iran have focused on the male population and
less attention has been given to females with drug dependency. Therefore, this study was
conducted with the objective of analyzing the epidemiology of drug use in females under
treatment in addiction treatment centers.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2014 and 79 addiction treatment
centers were enrolled in the study. Demographic characteristics and history of high-risk
behaviors was recorded in a checklist by the psychologists through interviews with patients. We
compare life time history of high risk behaviors and demographic characteristic of participants
based on type of maintenance treatment
Results: In North Khorasan province, 1272 females were under treatment in addiction treatment
centers, forming17.5% of total patients. The mean age of patients was 44.31± 14.83 years.
Opium and sap with 1179 cases (92.70%), followed by heroin and crack with 75 cases (5.90%)
accounted for the highest use among individuals under study. Only 2.91% of participants had a
history of high risk behaviors throughout their life; this number was 78.38% in the methadone
maintenance treatment group and 21.62% in the buprenorphine maintenance treatment group.
Only 1.26% of the women under methadone treatment had a history of drug injection.
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Conclusion: It seems that the demographic characteristics and history of risky behaviors in
women undergoing maintenance treatment are different from studies conducted on other country.
Low prevalence of heroin users and IV drug abusers are not compatible with the objectives of
harm reduction policies.
Keywords: methadone maintenance treatment, high risk behaviors, women
Comparison of drug using tendency between boy and girl students in
B.A. course
Submission Author: Saeid Heidari
Saeid Heidari 1, Saeid Ahar 2, Shirin Zardoshtian 3, Mohammad Ali Aslankhani4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Physical education and Sport Science, Razi kermanshah University, Iran
Physical education and Sport ScienceAllameh Tabataba’iee University, Tehran, Iran
Razi kermanshah University, Iran
University of Shaheed Beheshti ,Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: With extension of science and Universities around the country, we see
many students who are looking for science in various majors .In humanities majors number of
girl students are more than boy students. Whereas today’s girls are the futures mothers and pay
attention to them is inevitable. Nowadays tendency of drug using between students is increasing.
Identifying current situation for proper planning to resolve this problem is necessary .Thus this
research performed to compare drug using tendency between boy humanities major's students
and girl humanities majors students.
Methods: Statistical society of this research is the all B.A. students (boyand girl) of Mazandaran
University in 1392-1393 semesters. Between this society , 242 persons ( 121 boy and 121 girl )
who chose in random by Morgan table answered to questionnaire (questionnaire made by
researchers , with 30 questions, it’s admissibility confirmed by sport and psychology experts ,the
consistency coefficients is 0.87).kolmogorov-smirnovtest that is used for random test and survey
of normal distribution . T-test that is used in two independent groups for survey of difference
between groups .Significant level in all tests was 0.05 ( p=0.05).
Results: Drug using tendency among boys was more than girls (p=0.03).In addition, drug using
tendency among sport major students is lesser than other B.A. students (p=0.04).One of other
417 |
considerable results of this research was that when there isn’t public prohibition, girls students
have more drug using tendency than boys students (p=0.02).
Conclusion: The current research shows that boy students have more drug using tendency which
administrators should make job opportunities and provide sport places for them to reduce this
tendency. Fewer drugs using tendency of sport students shows the effect of regular and planned
sport activities on reduction of drug using tendency. Sport students’ awareness of drug damages
and necessity of self-controlling are the causes of drug using reduction. one of other considerable
results of this research was that in a situation which there isn’t public prohibition and
advertisement against drug using , girl students have more drug using tendency than boy students
( p=0.02) . These results shows that advertisement against drug should continue in more effective
ways and girl students should give more attention .Provide cultural places and drug acquaintance
workshops and other Preventive measures for sake of drug using tendency controlling should be
considered.
Keywords: students, drug using tendency, girl and boy, sport, cultural planning.
Comparison of Self-Discrepancy in the adolescents without criminal
history and delinquent adolescents in Isfahan
Submission Author: Saeid Heidari Soureshjani
Saeid Heidari Soureshjani1, Kasiri Nayereh2, Mohamadi Somayeh3
1. Deputy of Research & Technology, Sahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, , Iran
2. Health Education, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, ,Iran
3. Deputy of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Background and Aim: Adolescents, as a vulnerable population, are at risk for developing types
of social complications and ills for several reasons. The aim of this study was to compare SelfDiscrepancy between the adolescents without criminal history and delinquent adolescents in
Isfahan.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted in 2012, 79 adolescents of 15-18 years age in
Rehabilitation and Training Center, and 120 adolescents without criminal history and studying in
high schools of Isfahan were matched for age. Data gathering tool was a questionnaire consisting
418 |
of demographic data and 27 items concerning self-discrepancy. The data were analyzed by
ANCOVA, ANOVA, chi square and independent t test in SPSS software.
Results: The mean (±standard deviation) score of real self, ideal self, ought-to-self, difference
between real self and ideal self and difference between real self and ought-to-self in delinquency
group was 63.08 ±13.82, 80.97±15.34, 77±14.14, -17.89 ± 18.17 and -13.92 ± 17.09,
respectively and in adolescents with no criminal history 73.63±9.33, 79.35±14.69, 75.07±15.56,
-6.07±15.17 and -1.31±16.3, respectively. Real self-mean score was significantly higher in the
group with no criminal history (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference in the mean
scores ought-to-self) p=0.36) and real self (p=0.45) between the two groups.
Conclusion: The real self was scored in delinquency group less than the control group;
therefore, educational planners and school authorities should adopt an appropriate training
approach with regards to real self to protect adolescents against delinquent behavior.
Keywords: self-discrepancy, delinquent, adolescent
Evaluation of the process of Drug Abuse Diagnosis in Isfahan in 2014
Submission Author: Asghar Heidarian
Asghar Heidarian1, Ali Ajami2, Mahmod Sadeghi3, Maryam Mokhtari4, Elham Heidari5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Health Centre of Isfahan Medical University
Background and Aim: In Islamic Republic of Iran lows for some purpose such as marriage,
employment, driver health card, licenses craft, accused of drug use and abuse, referrals from the
armed forces and security units of offices, required to provide a certificate of non-addiction.
When they refer to selected laboratories, their urine will be taken in protected environment for
prevention of adulteration, and then examined for the presence of Morphine and Meth (Glass)
compounds. When addicted person have too much time to refer to lab to get non addicted
certificate, they will try to hide their addiction in different ways. So, we decided to evaluate
positive results in referrals on these laboratories in Isfahan in 2014 comparing having or not
having time to take the test
419 |
Methods: The current research is a descriptive – analytical study on 270278 people who referred
to 23 selected laboratories under supervision of the Health Department Center during the year
2014 in Isfahan. In this method, referrals to these laboratories divided to two groups: The first
group is those who have about a week time to refer to laboratories (for marriage, employment
and driver) and the second group is those who have not any time to refer to laboratories (referrals
from the armed forces and security units of offices). Date analysis was performed by Spss-20
software.
Results: The present results indicate in the first group (with respite time) positive for morphine
and meth compounds respectively 2912 (1.09%) and 1010 patients (0.37%), While these values
in the second group (without respite time) are respectively 872 patients (26.65%) and 235
patients (7.18%).
Conclusion: Because of national guideline for diagnosis of Drug Abuse, there is a week time for
who wants to take non addicted certificate to refer to Lab and basically them aware of the
referral process to get this certificate, therefore if they are drug abuser, they try to hide their
addiction in different ways. In the other hand, because of availability of diagnostic strips in
pharmacies, they take these strips and when ensure that their result is negative, they refer to Lab.
Now, we suggest reviewing the process of referral or at least minimize the time of referral shit,
also Prevention the sale of diagnostic strips in pharmacies.
Keywords: positive drug abuse, respite time, non-addicted certificate, adulteration, referral
process
Addiction and stress
Submission Author: Mojtaba Heisari hafshejani
Mojtaba Heisari Hafshejani1, Dr.Shirin Asgharian2, Sayed Jalil Hosseini Irani 3, Homeira
Mohammadi4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences ,Polyclinic Imam Ali (AS) – BSc Laboratory Science,
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim: Stress is the common experience that is associated with human beings
since the ancestral period and it can be defined as a negative emotional experience that
accompanies with biochemical, psychological, cognitive changes. Adverse, uncontrolled and
vague events, that people are immersed in, are very stressful and if one do not pay attention to
them it may provide the context of person's addiction.
Methods: This study is reviewed-systematic. Information are gathered from the newest and
scientific articles in national and international journals and library resources in 2015.
Results: Stress management strategies can be included on a range. Some of these strategies is
include relaxation, time management, assertive behavior training, problem solving, adaptive
skills training, coping with irrational thoughts, nutrition and sport. Observe small
recommendations for adaptive coping with stress are also important, that some of them are
include: Set the physical environment, to encourage, communicating with people who are
successful in their lives, to the prize draw, set rules for him, enriching the spiritual life, having
daily notebook, avoid perfectionism, no rush to do things, preparation for the changes, attention
to this issue that stress has cumulative mode, go on holiday and having fun. These items,
although do not eliminate stress completely, but reduce stressful situations.
Conclusion: Changing internal attitudes and perceptions and interactions with the environment,
increase physical ability to cope with stress .Besides,Changes in the living environment can
reduce stress terms and thus reduce the risk of addiction.
Keywords: stress, addiction
Comparison of coping strategies and life quality between addicts and
non- addicts
Submission Author: Alireza Homayouni
Alireza Homayouni1, Soraya Bialayesh2, Arsalan Khanmohammadi Otaghsara3, Alireza Eslami4
1.
2.
3.
4.
421 |
Department of Psychology, Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandargaz, Iran
Department of Psychology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
MA in psychology
Background and Aim: In recent years addiction has become one of the most important
problems in the world dimensions, which is beyond individual and physical aspects and has an
inappropriate influence on behavioral and emotional condition of the addicts. Therefore the
research examined the coping strategies and life quality among addicts and non-addicts.
Methods: The research was causal-comparative. 100 addicts were selected and were compared
with 100 of normal people who were not addicted to any substances. To gather the information,
the brief form of life quality questionnaire of world Health Organization, and Lazarus &
Folkman’s coping strategies questionnaire were given to the subjects and were analyzed with
independent T- test.
Results: The results revealed that there is a difference between two groups in coping strategies
and life quality. The addicts got higher score in Escape-Avoidance coping strategies in
comparison to the normal people, they also gained lower scores in Self-controlling coping
strategies, seeking social support and accepting responsibilities, in comparison to the normal
people.
Conclusion: Addiction reduces the psychological health and makes people to use negative
strategies to cope with the difficulties and make them unable of thinking logically, in addition
addiction causes crisis in normal life and can endanger the physical, psychological and social
health.
Keywords: coping strategies, life quality, addiction
Relationship between Personality, religiosity and tendency to substance
abuse
Submission Author: Alireza Homayouni
Alireza Homayouni1, Arsalan Khanmohammadi Otaghsara2, Soraya Bialayesh3, Alireza Eslami4
1.
2.
3.
4.
422 |
Department of Psychology, Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandargaz, Iran
MA in psychology
Background and Aim: Religion and to be religious can play an important role in human's
individual and social life. The religion can be brought into many aspects of human behavior and
can affect their behavior and reduce probably of abnormal functions. So the study was aimed to
investigate the relation personality traits and religious orientation in two groups of addicted and
non-addicted people.
Methods: 80 addicted and 80 no addicted individuals selected and responded to Five-factor
personality test and Alport's religious orientation scale. Data analyzed with Pearson correlation
formula.
Results: Findings showed that there is positive correlation between Extroversion and Openness
with internal religious orientation, that the correlation was higher in non-addicts. Also there was
negative correlation between Neuroticism with internal religious orientation in non-addicts.
However, there was no correlation between Extroversion, Openness and agreeableness with
external religious orientation.
Conclusion: Based on results it is suggested to do plans to increase intrinsic religious orientation
related to personality traits in order to decrease tendency to addiction.
Keywords: personality, religiosity, substance abuse
Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Carum copticum on the number of
astrocytes and neurons in the nucleus accumbens of adult rats addicted
to morphine
Submission Author: Ali Honarvar
Ali Honarvar1, Roozbehi Amrollah2, Jafari Mehrzad3, Delaviz Hamdollah4, Ghanbari Amir5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim: More than 5.1 million addicts are in Iran. The cure for this social
problem must be addressed. The use of herbs to treat diseases has been common in human
423 |
societies for long time. There are Documents of thousands years of experience and valuable
information on medicine and plant health. Based on existing research copticum scientific name
Trachyspermum copticum L is a medicinal plant that is used to treat various diseases. It has
many therapeutic effects such as anti-septic, blood cholesterol reducer, mucokinetics and muscle
spasms reliever, but the Iranian people believe this plant is also used in the treatment of
addiction. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Carum
copticum on histological structure of the nucleus accumbens of adult rats addicted to morphine.
Methods : Hydro-alcoholic extract Carum copticum fruit at concentrations of 10 and 20 per cent
was prepared by Maceration method. Seven groups of ten male rats by injecting morphine
subcutaneously for 21 days were addicted. One control group, received morphine for 3 weeks
and nothing for 2 weeks (morphine group) and two groups simultaneously received morphine
and extracts of Carum copticum 10 and 20 percent respectively for 5 weeks. One group received
morphine for 3 weeks and 5 mg / kg methadone for 2 weeks (methadone group), two groups
received morphine for 3 weeks and extracts of Carum copticum 10 and 20 percent respectively
for 2 weeks. All groups on day 35 were deeply anesthetized with ether and perfused. According
to the Paksynvs atlas for study of the nucleus accumbens, brain of animals cut to the certain parts
by brain slicer. 5 micron sections were stained with H&E and phosphotungstic acid. The number
of astrocytes and neurons in the nucleus accumbens counted and calculated by Stereology
method. We used SPSS software and ANOVA statistical test for analyzing.
Results: All groups receiving morphine showed a significant reduction in the number of neurons
in the nucleus accumbens (P<0.05). In comparison of treatment groups, Carum copticum 10%
compare to 20% and methadone showed statistically significant neurons survival (P<0.05).
Carum copticum 10% along with the morphine group compared to other groups showed a
statistically significant increase in the number of astrocytes (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study morphine decreased the number of neurons.
Ajowan hydro-alcoholic extract concentration of 10 percent could be better than other methods
of treatment in neurons survival. The extract of Carum copticum 10% increase the number of
astrocytes in compare to the other methods that can be used as morphine addiction treatment.
Keywords: Carum copticum, morphine, methadone, nucleus accumbence
Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Carum copticum on the withdrawal
syndrome of adult rats addicted to morphine
424 |
Submission Author: Ali Honarvar
Ali Honarvar1, Roozbehi Amrollah2, Jafari Mehrzad3, Delaviz Hamdollah4, Ghanbari Amir5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Background and Aim: Long-term effects associated with opioid use causes tolerance and
physical and psychological dependence. Long-term administration of opioids may be stop
internal production with negative feedback, so if the medication stopped, appears a temporary
shortage in endogenous opioids and withdrawal syndrome emerged. The management for this
social problem must be addressed. The use of herbs to treat diseases has been common in human
societies for long time. There are documents of thousands years of experience and valuable
information on medicine and plant health. Based on existing research Carum copticum is a
medicinal plant that is used to treat various diseases. It has many therapeutic effects such as antiseptic, blood cholesterol reducer, mucokinetics and muscle spasms reliever, but the Iranian
people believe this plant is also used in the treatment of addiction. The purpose of this study is to
evaluate the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Carum copticum on Withdrawal syndrome of
adult rats addicted to morphine.
Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extract Carum copticum fruit at concentrations of 10 and 20 per cent
was prepared by Maceration method. Seven groups of ten male rats by injecting morphine
subcutaneously for 21 days were addicted. One control group, one group received morphine for 3
weeks and nothing for 2 weeks (morphine group) and two groups simultaneously received
morphine and extracts of Carum copticum 10 and 20 percent respectively for 5 weeks. One
group received morphine for 3 weeks and 5 mg/kg methadone for 2 weeks (methadone group),
two groups received morphine for 3 weeks and extracts of Carum copticum 10 and 20 percent
respectively for 2 weeks. All groups on the days of 21 and 35 naloxone were injected
intraperitoneally and Symptoms of dependence on morphine as diarrhea, jumping ،itching and
weight loss were evaluated. We used SPSS software and ANOVA statistical test for analyzing.
Results: The average weight of the rats in the control group compared with the other groups on
days of 21 and 35 showed no statistical significant difference. Jumping and itching within the
day of 21 of receiving the extract of Carum copticum 10% group showed reduction of symptoms
significantly compare to other groups (P<0.05). Diarrhea in the group receiving 20% of the
extract of Carum copticum showed statistical reduction significantly compare to the other groups
(P<0.05). On day 35, groups that received the 10 and 20% extract of Carum copticum jumping
and diarrhea symptoms significantly showed statistical reduction compare to the group receiving
methadone, but the greatest effect in reducing the itching is related to methadone group, although
groups that received extract of Carum copticum also have reduced itching (P<0.05).
425 |
Conclusion: According to finding of this study, the concentrations of 10 and 20 percent hydroalcoholic extract of Carum copticum are effective like methadone in reducing symptoms of
withdrawal syndrome of morphine.
Keywords: withdrawal syndrome, Carum copticum, morphine, methadone, Addiction
Stopping the cycle of alcoholism in children
Submission Author: Sayedeh maryam Hoseini
Sayedeh maryam Hoseini1, sayedeh maryam2
1. Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahr-e-kord University of Medical
Sciences
2. Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahr-e-kord University of Medical
Sciences,
Background and Aim: As we already know that addiction starts in childhood and youth. We all
agree that youths should not use alcohol, but how can this be accomplished? The aim of this
study is to stop the cycle of alcoholism in children.
Methods: This study was to review studies of the Year 2005 – 2015. The PubMed, Springer,
Science Direct was used as database. Key words used included addiction, children, alcoholism,
and drug.
Results: One component of individual risk for alcoholism may involve cognitive vulnerabilities
prodromal to alcoholism onset. Children of alcoholics (COA's) are at increased risk for
behavioral and emotional problems, including alcoholism. Currently, most such programs for
COA's use a short-term, small-group format, often conducted within schools. Generally,
interventions include alcoholism education, training in coping skills and social competence,
social support, and healthy alternative activities.
Conclusion: Social protection and care of children is very Effective in the prevention and
cessation of alcohol consumption.
Keywords: addiction, children, alcoholism, drug.
426 |
The role of dory dare behavior against addiction in adolescents
Submission Author: Sayed Jalil Hoseini Irani
Sayed jalil Hoseini irani1, Zahra Ayazi2, Homeira Mohamadi3, Asieh Molavi4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Background and Aim : The rapidly changing social and cultural environment as a result of the
natural evolution of cultures, development of technology, access to a variety of useful and nonuseful information and falling of social and cultural boundaries, face down today’s human life
with frequency challenges. Increasing industrialization in developing countries, has taken
education and training of children from families and given to educational institutions,
dramatically and reduce learning the skills that they need in everyday life.
Methods: This paper is a review survey that has been developed with library and digital search
and of search and based on clinical experience in normal conditions and the crisis in the health
centers, in 2015.
Results: Life skills are a set of capabilities that increase adaptation and positive behavior, and
cause people accept responsibility for their social role, and face challenges and difficulties of
life, without hurting themselves and others, and have healthy choices and behaviors throughout
life. One of the most important skills is dare-dory "NO", which can deal with wide phenomenon
of addiction, with the lowest cost and most effect. Dare dory “NO” facilitates achieve a
reasonable, healthy, purposeful and flexible living, increases ability to deal with problems and
vicissitudes of life, increases the skill of decisively rejecting of inappropriate suggestions of bad
friends, offers positive self-image of the person, raises ability to deal with anger and control it
Conclusion: Dory dare behavior, is an interpersonal behavior that involves honestly and fairly
expression of thoughts and feelings, so that be appropriate socially and also feelings and welfare
of others is considered. Expressing honest opinions, feelings and attitudes, without anxiety, is
acceptable and legitimate and effective defense against the destructive phenomenon of addiction.
Keywords: dory dare behavior, addiction, adolescents.
427 |
A review of repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) techniques in treatment
of nicotine addiction
Submission Author: Seyyed esmaeil Hosseini
seyyed esmaeil hosseini1, alireza karimi javan 2
1. Institute for Cognitive Science studies , Tehran , Iran
2. Institute for Cognitive Science studies , Tehran , Iran
Background and Aim: The dependency on tobacco and nicotine is the main cause of
preventable human death in the world. But most smokers are not able to quit smoking easily.
Psychosocial and pharmaceutical treatments haven't had acceptable results. Thus, an urgent need
to develop an effective treatment for quitting smoking is felt. So the treatment methods which
help to stimulate the brain are growing. We aimed to review studies that have evaluated the brain
stimulation techniques, and future planning for the researches which are underway on addiction
treatment.
Methods: Introducing the four cranial electrical stimulation (CES), deep brain stimulation
(DBS), Repetitive transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current
stimulation (tDCS). rTMS and tDCS are two methods selected to be applied in this paper.
Results: The study suggests that rTMS and tDCS are effective in treating of tobacco addiction
by affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to reduce tobacco cravings and
influencing the reward system which is engaged in nicotine addiction treatment. It is possible to
increase the treatment effectiveness of rTMS and tDCS methods by optimizing of their
stimulation parameters and lengthening of treatment duration.
Conclusion: Most studies should be conducted to confirm the usefulness of the brain stimulation
method, but recent studies show that rTMS and tDCS are potentially therapies for tobacco
addiction.
Keywords: rTMS, tDCS, treatment, nicotine addiction
428 |
Evaluation of health literacy in program of methadone maintenance
therapy in Esfahan̓ Clinics Clients
Submission Author: Mahmood Hosseini
Mahmood Hosseini1, Arash ghodousi2
1. Department of Nursing Education, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Khorasgan Branch ,Islamic Azad
University, Isfahan, Iran
2. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Background and Aim: Health literacy is the capacity of individuals to obtain and understand
basic health information. Health -literacy set of skills and the abilities to apply these skills in
health status. It is not necessarily related to public education. This study aimed to assess health
literacy in patients in program of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 276 patients undergoing methadone
maintenance therapy (MMT) in Addiction Treatment Centers in Isfahan, during six months of
2015. Data collected using cognitive, psychometric and demographic questionnaires. Data were
analyzed using Independent T-test, one way ANOVA and Descriptive statistics.
Results: A total of 258 male and 17 female with a mean age of 35.69±9.70 years old were
examined. The means of health literacy in cognitive, psychometric domains were 59.68±10.07
and 68.24± 12.61, respectively. The level of cognitive and psychometric health literacy were
desirable (P-Value<0.05). The level of psychometric health literacy was more than cognitive
level. There were a relation between age, education, insurance and chronic disease and health
literacy score.
Conclusion: Patients ̓cognition about theirs’ health status were in the acceptable range. Also in
cognitive domain, patients try to communicate with their healthcare provider to get more health
information. Therefore, it indicates the need for more attention to health in patients undergoing
methadone maintenance therapy.
Keywords: health literacy, methadone maintenance therapy
429 |
Factors affecting tendency for drug abuse
Submission Author: Mohammadali Hosseini
Mohammadali Hosseini1, Zivar Taheri2, Mohaddeseh Mohsenpour3, Mehdi Amiri4
1. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Rehabilitation Management, Department of Rehabilitation Administration, University of Social Welfare
3.
4.
and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Nursing Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, and Medical Ethics and
Law Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.
Rehabilitation Management, Tehran Municipality Health Office, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction is an unpleasant social phenomenon that leaves heavy
destructive consequences, like a storm, for the addict, their family and community. Studies show
that addiction has a growing trend in Iran. The purpose of this study was to identify factors
affecting tendency for drug abuse.
Methods: This quantitative content analysis study was conducted on 32 people attending an
addiction treatment center in Shahin Shahr in 2014. Participants were selected by purposive
method and data were collected through interviews. After converting to text, content of the
interviews was analyzed by quantitative content analysis method.
Results: Results: Data are presented in four main categories with the highest repetition: (1)
environmental factors (friendly gatherings, communicating with drug users), (2) family factors (a
drug user in the family, loneliness and separation from family, family problems and disputes),
(3) individual factors (attracting the opposite sex, wealth, being athlete, curiosity and receiving
energy, youth ignorance, sickness), and (4) social factors (having a hard job, unemployment, lack
of recreation, convenient access to drugs).
Conclusion: Conclusion: The most prevalent factors affecting tendency for drug abuse included
environmental and family factors. So it is necessary to perform preventive measures in the
community by developing related education in families, schools and universities so that tendency
for drug abuse is reduced in Iran.
Keywords: factors and tendency, addiction, drug abuse
430 |
Potential determinants of HIV-related knowledge among people who
inject drugs (PWIDs) and their main sexual partners in Iran
Submission Author: Samira Hosseini Hooshyar
Samira Hosseini Hooshyar1, Razieh Khajehkazemi2, Armita Shahesmaeili3, Hamid Sharifi4,
Maryam Esmaeili5, AliAkbar Haghdoost6, Abbas Sedaghat7
1. Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV surveillance, Institute for Futures
Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
5.
6.
7.
Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV surveillance, Institute for Futures
Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV surveillance, Institute for Futures
National HIV/AIDS/STI Program Manager, Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of
Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: HIV/AIDS prevention among people who inject drugs and their partners
is highly related to their increased knowledge concerning this area. Hence, this study aimed to
assess and compare the level of HIV-related knowledge and its potential associated factors
among PWIDs and their main sexual partners.
Methods: Between the autumn of 2010 and the winter of 2011, 226 PWID and their main sexual
partners were recruited in three metropolitan cities. Demographic and behavioral data as well as
HIV testing and HIV-related knowledge were collected through interview. The relationship
between knowledge and mentioned variables were analyzed using linear regression.
Results: The mean (± SD) age of PWIDs was 37.03±1.08 and of sexual partners was
33.92±0.52. The great majority of respondents knew that avoiding sexual contacts can reduce the
risk of contracting HIV (87.2% and 94.3% in PWIDs and sexual partners respectively), that a
healthy looking person can have HIV (94.2% in PWIDs and 93.5% in sexual partners), and that
use of shared needle or syringe can transmit HIV (99.1% vs. 98.6%). In addition most of them
knew that using condoms can reduce the risk of HIV transmission (84.0% in PWIDs vs. 99.55%
in sexual partners). Finally 97.5% of PWIDs and 93.9% of sexual partners knew that an infected
pregnant woman can transmit HIV to her fetus. The difference between PWID and their partners
was only significant for the last two items (P=0.0001 and P=0.03 respectively). Regarding
misconceptions about HIV, only 41.3% of PWIDs and 44.8% of sexual partners knew that a
person cannot get HIV from mosquito bites. Also 61.8% of PWIDs and 59.5% of sexual partners
431 |
knew that a person cannot get HIV by sharing a meal with someone who is infected. Among
PWIDs, HIV-related knowledge was significantly associated with age group (30-34 vs. ? 29
years, p=0.02), increasing level of education (Guidance school and high school vs. Primary
school and less p=0.016, p=0.015, respectively) and having ever tested for HIV (p=0.001) .But
among main sexual partners, level of knowledge was significantly associated with having ever
injecting drugs (p=0.04), having ever tested for HIV ( p=0.01 ) and knowing the result of last
HIV test (p=0.02).
Conclusion: PWIDs and their main sexual partners had an average to fairly good knowledge on
most items related to HIV knowledge except misconceptions. The level of knowledge did not
differ much between PWIDs and their partners. Overall, young adults of PWIDs and those with a
higher level of education among them and their partners were significantly more knowledgeable.
HIV-related knowledge was also significantly associated with HIV testing and knowing the
results which emphasizes on the importance of knowledge and education in these critical groups.
Hence we think HIV/AIDS-related education programs should include specific interventions to
change practices, along with knowledge.
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, knowledge, PWID, sexual partner, Iran
A Study of Narcotic Anonymous Male Members’ Quality of Life in 2012
in the City of Yazd
Submission Author: Fateme Hosseini kasnavia
Fateme Hosseini kasnavia1, Fatemeh Hosseini 2, Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani3, Akbar
Kordy4, Banafshe Farzinrad5, Morteza Musazade 6
1. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd,
Iran
Iran
4.
5.
6.
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Iran
psychiatric resident ,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shaheed Sadoughi University of
Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd,
Iran
General Physician, Yazd, Iran
Background and Aim: Research evidence suggests that quality of life (QoL) of substance users
is seriously low .This study aims at assessing domains of QoL in Narcotic Anonymous (NA)
members.
Methods : With a cross-sectional design , based on specified inclusion criteria , a total of 386
NA members were randomly selected in the city of Yazd ,Yazd province ,Iran , in 2012 .The
WHO QoL–BREF questionnaire was used to assess domain scorers of QoL .The data was
analyzed by SPSS version 17 package using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)and LSD test .
Results: Between age, marital status, drug type used and length of abstinence with domains of
QoL , were significant differences (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The findings of the present study imply that consistent participation in NA self-help
groups can significantly lead to an increase in QoL. Further research is recommended to find out
casual relationships between participation NA and QoL in Iran.
Keywords: quality of life, Narcotic Anonymous, substance users
The influence of naranon family group sessions on depression of
addicts, wives
Submission Author: Narjes Hosseini Ravarizadeh
Narjes Hosseini Ravarizadeh1, Mohssen Gorganinegad 2
1. Department of Clinical psychology, Azad University of Kerman
2. Psychiatrist
Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Nar- Anon family
group meetings on depression in women with a husband addicted.
Methods: A number of 30 women married addicts referring addiction clinics was targeted.
Sampling was selected and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (experimental
and control) groups. Experimental Group for one month, three sessions per week for an hour and
a half each session, and twelve step meetings attended Nar- Anon family group. To measure the
variables depression questionnaire "Beck" was used. Covariance statistical method to analyze
data using SPSS version 18 was used.
433 |
Results: The results showed that the families of the Twelve Steps of Nar- Anon family group
meetings to help reduce depression in women with a dependent spouse(p<0/05).
Conclusion: Therefore the implementation of these programs will be of interest to authorities.
Keywords: addiction, depression, Nar- Anon family group, Twelve Steps, addicts, wives.
Comparison of sense of coherence in substance abusers vs normal
individuals
Submission Author: Mohammadreza Hosseinpour
Mohammadreza Hosseinpour1, Habib Shoja2
1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Clinical Psychology Department Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tabriz, Iran.
2. Islamic Azad University of Ardabil, Ardabil, Iran.
Background and Aim: Antonovsky defines sense of coherence as a personal orientation life. He
emphasized his belief that that sense of coherence can explain why a person goes under high
level of stress and stay health. Flensborg believe that the sense of coherence in recent year has
helped to understanding of the social factors that influence health and disease. The concept of
sense of coherence to the growing attention as a model, has attracted causing health in recent
years.
Methods: This is a comparative study. Statistical population includes all people who abuse drug
addiction. Participants consisted of35 persons and they were recruited based on acceptance
criteria. Then matched control group in age, sex and education level were selected. Measure of
Sense of Coherence Questionnaire Antonovsky was version of 13 questions. Data's were
analyzed by independent test.
Results: The results showed that the mean scores of the two groups are different. This means
that the sense of coherence in substance abusers is lower than normal. The results of the
independent t-test showed that the difference is not significant from the mean.
Conclusion : The current research shows that physical and psychological consequences of
addiction to reduced quality of life and life satisfaction in those taking the drug leads
434 |
Antonovsky, Hankin And Stone examine the alcoholic men found to have a weak sense of
coherence can be excessive alcohol to deal with stress lead
Keywords: sense of coherence, substance abusers, drug addiction
The Effectiveness of Treatment Based on Acceptance and Commitment
to sexual and marital satisfaction in Drug Users’ Spouses
Submission Author: Rahelle Hossini
Rahelle Hossini1, Dr Ali Farhoudian2, Alireza Qmarsi3
1. Islamic Azad University of Isfahan
Sciences, Tehran, Iranian Mehr Club
Background and Aim: Addiction is one of the most common problems of today life which as a
disease, the individual and his/her family undergo some malfunctions in all aspects of life.
Meanwhile, the wives of drug users are at risk of serious physical, sexual and marital problems.
Psychosocial interventions can play an important role in reducing sexual and marital
dissatisfactions. Therefore, however, acceptance and commitment therapy may contributes to
sexual satisfaction in their marriage
Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 30 partners of drug users were selected using available
sampling method and were randomized into control and experimental groups. The examination
group participated in Acceptance & Commitment individual counseling sessions for 8 weeks
(each session was 40 minutes). Participants in both groups compl questionnaires as a pre- and
post-test. Analysiseted Hudson Sexual Satisfaction and Enrich Marital Satisfaction of covariance
was used as statistical method
Results: Based on the pre-test, post-test and control groups, no significant differences were
detected between the two groups
Conclusion: The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy is not affecting on
sexual and marital satisfaction of drug users’ spouses
Keywords: sexual, marital, drug users’ spouses, acceptance, commitment, therapy
435 |
Willingness in intoxication
Submission Author: Asiye Hozoorbakhsh
Asiye Hozoorbakhsh1, Asieh Hozoorbakhsh 2, dr mahmood malmir3, Dr Arash Ghodousi 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Law school, Islamic Azad University, Branch, Khorasgan, Isfahan.
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Branch, Khorasgan, Isfahan
Background and Aim: For passivity in the drunkenness as a condition of criminal resolver
responsibility, either law, or the definition is not provided in Islamic Penal Code (Islamic
criminal law). This makes the disagreements between the definitions of these terms and Criminal
Responsibility Lawyers and Jurists, so it is necessary to end these disputes.
Methods : We used library resources and websites matter of perspectives legal, medical and
legal studied and checked the effects of alcohol intoxication, Will define, Because of the effects
of alcohol intoxication and criminal responsibility they have Another definition and find concept
and examples of denied alaradgy, criminal responsibility than offenses it is noted.
Results: The Research found that doing the willingness the crime the material and spiritual and
meant to do or not to do it and guidance and control body and authority meant to the power of
choice between commission and omission. Passivity while drunk means the lack of such a force
that would occur if the person to act on his from makes be canceled.
Conclusion : The intoxication criminal, does not exempted him from punishment because they
are willing to do the criminal act and thus the condition of passivity when drunk as drunk could
not be confirmed and accordingly willingness as a condition of intoxication defense not
established.
Keywords: alcohol, passivity while drunk, drunk.
436 |
The effectiveness of emotion regulation training based on the process
model of grass and linhan in improving emotion regulation strategies
and relapse prevention in patients with drug and alcohol use
Submission Author: Saeed Imani
Saeed Imani 1, Farshad Sheybani2, Narges Zamani3, Sarah Bowen4, Hosein Maleki5, Vahid
Sadeghi-FiroozAbadi6, Mehdi Khanbani7
1. Shaheed Beheshti University, Department of Clinical Psychology, Tehran, Iran.
2. Department of Clinical psychology, Iran University of Medical Science
3. Department of Clinical psychology, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad
4.
5.
6.
7.
University, Hamedan, Iran
Addictive Behaviors Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Coordination Council Drug Control, Hamedan,
Department of Clinical Psychology, Shaheed Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Clinical psychology, Shaheed Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim: Emotion regulation is a fundamental principle in setting up, evaluation
and organization of compatible behavior and also in preventing the outbreak of negative
emotions and incompatible behaviors and an important factor in determining health and having a
successful performance in social interactions. Therefore, the present study investigated the
effectiveness of emotion regulation training based on the process model of Gross and Linhan in
improving emotion regulation strategies and relapse prevention in patients with drug and alcohol
use.
Methods: The present study has a quasi-experimental design. Twenty-four patients, who scored
1 standard deviation higher than the mean, were diagnosed as having emotional disorders. The
participants were chosen from the people admitted in outpatient addiction withdrawal clinics via
selective sampling. They were assigned in three experimental and control groups. A quasiexperimental pre-test/post-test design was used for the study. The experimental groups were
exposed to Gross emotion regulation and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (relying on emotion
regulation component) during 8 seventy-five-minute sessions. In each session, 60 minutes were
devoted to training and 15 minutes to homework. The control group, on the other hand, received
no intervention. Both experimental groups were investigated via emotional intelligence
questionnaire of Shart et al. (1998) in pre-test and post-test phases. The results were analyzed by
Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA).
Results: The results of the experiment indicate that addicts have disorders in subscales of
emotion regulation such as positive affect, empathy and extroversion. After emotion regulation
training based on the process model of Gross was given, no significant changes were observed in
empathy and extroversion variables. However, negative affect score decreased and positive
437 |
affect score increased. In emotion regulation training based on the process model of Linhan,
significant changes were observed in the scores of positive affect, empathy and extroversion
variables. Extroversion and empathy variables indicated the most significant effects. Moreover,
the rate of relapse into drug use in patients examined by dialectical behavior therapy for emotion
regulation was less than the other two groups and there was a slight difference in relapse between
the group examined by emotion regulation based on the process model of Grass and the control
group.
Conclusion: Given that addicts will face emotional problems in intrapersonal and interpersonal
relations during drug withdrawal, there is a need for a therapy that improves emotion regulation
strategies after drug withdrawal and prevents the relapse into drug use. Due to the effectiveness
of emotion regulation component in dialectical behavior therapy, emotion regulation training is
suggested.
Keywords: emotion regulation, grass, linhan, relapse, drug use, alcohol
Defense mechanisms and styles in the families of individuals addicted to
cigarette, alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs and addictive drugs use and
disuse
Narges Zamani1, Saeed Imani2, Farshad Sheybani3, Sarah Bowen4, saeed atari5
1. Msc in clinical psychology , Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad
2.
3.
4.
5.
University, Hamedan, Iran
Assistant Prof. of, Shaheed Beheshti University, Department of Clinical Psychology, Tehran, Iran.
Ph.D Candidate in clinical psychology, Iran University of Medical Science
General Medicine, head of the psychiatry hospital niayesh, Tehran, IR Iran
Background and Aim : addiction can be defined as a refuge for humans disappointed by
defects, insecurities, and mental disorders and not only the addicted person will suffer from
mental disorders, his/her family will be also harmed. Therefore the present research aimed to
investigate the defense mechanisms and styles in the families of individuals addicted to smoking
cigarettes, alcohol, sedative drug and addictive drugs.
438 |
Methods: A number of 280 participants were recruited from families of addicts to cigarette,
alcohol, sedative drug and addictive drugs. Each group consisted of seventy persons of the
addicts’ families. In order to observe the morals of the research convenience sampling was used.
The tool for the assessment of defense mechanism is Andrews the Defense Style Questionnaire.
All four group’s Defense mechanisms were compared with each other using compare means, one
way analysis of variance, one way test and Post Hoc.
Results : The Findings of the present study suggested that the highest mean percentage of
undeveloped mechanisms were in entourage of addicted patients to drug and alcohol, and lower
mean and percentage were in sedative anxiety-inducing drugs disorder respectively. Denial was
at the peak of undeveloped mechanisms used by relatives of alcohol misuser. The lowest one
among the undeveloped mechanisms with 6.3 percent was transition to action, exercised by the
relatives of drug addicts.
Conclusion: Defensive mechanisms change our cognition of ourselves. Therefore immature
defense mechanisms hinder individuals’ recognition of reality and negate the chance of rational
and effective defense, and debilitate the insight capacity and self-scrutiny of individuals.
Keywords: defense mechanisms, defense styles, use and misuse of cigarettes, alcohol, sedativehypnotic drugs, addictive drugs.
Investigation of Predisposal Factors of Industrial Drugs use among
Married Men in Hamadan
Narges Zamani 1, Hosein Maleki2, Saeed Imani 3, arezoo norouzkhan4, Farshad Sheybani5, Sara
Edalat Lari6, adeleh yousefi siakucheh7, fatemeh asgari8, rezvaneh asadi asadabad9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
439 |
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
Shaheed Beheshti University, Department of Clinical Psychology, Tehran, Iran.
M.A student in clinical psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University Rodehen,
Tehran, Iran.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Iran University of Medical Science
Department of Counselling, Islamic Azad University
9. Department of Clinical Psychology, Shaheed Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim: Addiction to drugs that considered as social perturbation refers to
“existence destructor phenomenon”. It is called because it paves the road for demise of numerous
social and cultural values and norms and threatens the health of society. This destructive disaster
allures many into cold embrace of the soil each year. Therefore the present research seeks to
investigate Predisposal factors of industrial drugs use among married men in Hamadan.
Methods: The present research is a descriptive, causal comparative study. The population for the
study consisted of all married men using industrial drugs who have Refer to drug rehabilitation
centers in Hamadan. 1200 persons have been selected by random sampling based on entrance
criterion. Psychological assessment includes a DSM-5 based interview and a self-made scale of
Predisposal factors of addiction (1394), which was analyzed using Pearson Correlation
Coefficient and multiple regression.
Results: the results of the present study indicate that Predisposal factors are: positive attitude
toward drugs, turbulent sexual relationships, mental disorders, and personality traits, family
related factors, absence of restrictions and support. These factors are relatively considered to be
greater Predisposal factors of addiction.
Conclusion: Results showed that age, sexual factors, Interpersonal Relationship, Relationships
within the individual and familial relations in a family are among the most Predisposal factors of
addiction.
Keywords: predisposal factors of industrial addictive drugs use, risky factors, positive attitude
toward drugs, turbulent sexual relations, mental disorders, and personality traits
The effectiveness of individual training for communication skills
involved in mental health and social anxiety of addicts in over 15 years
addiction: case studies of two patients
Narges Zamani 1, Saeed Imani 2, Saeed Zamani3, AmirHosein Jahangir4, Rezvaneh Asadi
asadabad5, Fatemeh Asgari6, Adeleh Yousefi siakucheh7, Sara Edalat Lari8, Saeed Atari9
1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
440 |
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Department of Psychology, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
Department of Medical science, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
Islamic Azad University
Niayesh Psychiatry hospital , Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Despite their importance, interpersonal relations sometimes rapidly
disintegrate in an irreversible way that they cannot be repaired. For instance, when drug use
becomes higher priority in an individual's life, interpersonal and intrapersonal relations
disintegrate. Therefore, the present research, using case studies, aims to investigate the
effectiveness of individual training for communication skills involved in mental health and social
anxiety of addicts with over 15 years of addiction.
Methods: In a single case study, an experiment (i.e. multiple baseline of the therapy process),
was conducted on two subjects. The first case was 36 years old had exhibition stands. He had
history of 16- year drug use and four drug withdrawals. He was divorced and had three children.
The second case was 43 years old. He had a socks manufacturing job and had history of 17- year
opium, hashish and shire use. His main problem was excessive masturbation. Both participants
were evaluated by using Lovibond and Lovibond's (1995) depression, anxiety and stress scales
and Connor's social phobia inventory (2000) before, during and after the intervention.
Results: The results of the study indicated that this therapy improves mental health and
decreases social anxiety. Regarding the first case, baseline depression, anxiety and stress scores
were 30, 24 and 36, respectively. The improvement rate in these subscales were 37%, 43% and
49% and total improvement rate in all three subscales was 43%. The baseline social phobia score
was 61% that reached 49% at the end of the therapy. Concerning the second case, the baseline
depression, anxiety and stress scores were 0.27, 0.37 and 0.36. The improvement rates in these
subscales were 41%, 49% and 52% and the total improvement rate in all three subscales was
47.34%. The baseline social phobia score was 43 % that reached 29%. The total improvement
rate of mental health variables was 45.17.
Conclusion: It seems that training for communication skills decreases social phobia symptom
through affecting interpersonal relation component.
Keywords: mental health, stress, depression, social anxiety
441 |
A comparison of personality profile of male and female addicts
Narges Zamani 1, Saeed Imani 2, Saeed Zamani3, Vahid Sadeghi-Firoozabadi4, Mehdi Khanbani5,
Nadia Ghorban Zadeh6, Sara Edalat Lari7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Shaheed Beheshti University Tehran, Iran.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Shaheed Beheshti UniversityTehran, Iran.
Clinical Psychologist
Background and Aim: Addiction is a chronic, progressive, and destructive illness. Not only it
can cause the death of the afflicted person, it can also harm the addict’s family and society.
Therefore the aim of the research was the comparison of personality profile of male and female
addicts.
Methods: The statistic population of the present research is the addicted women and men, living
in Hamadan province who attended drug rehabilitation centers in the second half of 1393. 132
women and 294 men were selected from the mentioned population by convenience sampling.
They answered NEO five-factor personality inventory. Data were analyzed using frequency
distribution, percentage, descriptive statistic indexes, multi variable analysis of variance statistic
test.
Results: Results indicated that there is a significant difference between personality profile of
addicted women and addicted men. In some variables such as the Neuroticism and Openness to
experience of the addicted women were higher than the men, but the average score of
Extroversion personality, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness was higher among the men.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that addicted men and women who are spending their
rehabilitation period may present different personality traits.
Keywords: addiction, personality profile, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Extroversion,
Agreeableness, Conscientiousness
442 |
The efficacy of group training of anger management skills on risky
behaviors of female addicts after drug rehabilitation
Narges Zamani 1, Saeed Imani 2, Farshad Sheybani3, Hassan Khani4, Saeed Zamani5, Sarah
Bowen6, Saeed Atari7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Iran University of Medical Science
Applied Research for Public Health and Sustainable Development, University Of North Khorasan,
Bojnourd, Iran.
Niayesh Psychiatry Hospital , Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Training life skills eventuates in better adapting and coping individuals
during and after a crisis. Therefore the aim of the present research was to investigate the efficacy
of group training of anger management skills on risky behaviors of female addicts after drug
rehabilitation.
Methods: The present study has a quasi-experimental and pre-test/post-test design. The study
population consists of the girls and women who were addicted to drugs and alcohol and showed
risky behaviors after drug use. The sample consists of 18 girls and women from the experimental
group and 18 non addicted girls and women from the controlling group were selected using
random sampling, based on entrance criterion. Psychological assessment included DSM-5 based
interview and Barratt impulsiveness scale(1994) which was accomplished by experiment and
control group before the beginning and after of anger management sessions and assertiveness
training sessions. The analysis of the data was accomplished based on covariance analysis.
Results: The present research indicated that using group training anger management skills has
mitigated anger in risky behaviors of the girls and the women significantly.
Conclusion: In the field of treatment and presenting services to those who are in a state of
emotional crisis, training life skills reduce impulse and anger concerning its essence and long
term blanket effect in all life aspects seems to be so efficient and promising.
Keywords: life skills, anger management, risky behaviors, addiction, Barratt Impulsiveness
443 |
Comparison of schema therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on
ruminations in women with substance use disorders
Saeed Imani1, Narges Zamani 2, Farshad Sheybani3, AmirHosein Jahangir4, Sarah Bowen5, Saeed
Zamani6, Mehdi Khanbani7, Hosein Maleki8, Vahid Sadeghi-FiroozAbadi9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Department of Medical science, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
Department psychology, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
Background and Aim: Comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and cognitive behavioral
therapy on rumination in women with substance use disorders
Methods: This study is quasi-experimental and control groups. The population of this study was
impulsivity women with substance use disorders in Hamedan city. After interview a number of 9
patients allocated in each group by convenience sampling. The research instrument was the
structured clinical interview based on DSM-5 and Rumination Response Scale (RRS).
Experimental Group (schema therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy) were conducted for
within 3 month (14 sessions of 45 min). Inventories during pre and posttests completed and
multivariate analysis of Covariance and LSD were used for analyzing the data.
Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between the mean scores in
reduction of ruminations between schema therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy group
(p<0.001).
Conclusion: According to this study cognitive behavioral therapy group is more effective than
schema therapy in reduction of ruminations in women with substance use disorders.
Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, schema therapy, rumination, substance use disorders
444 |
Investigating performance of families of youth suffering from drug use
disorders
Farshad Sheybani1, Narges Zamani 2, Saeed Zamani3, Saeed Imani 4, Sarah Bowen5, Adeleh
Yousefi Siakucheh6, Rezvaneh Asadi Asadabad7, Fatemeh Asgari8, Saeed Atari9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Shaheed Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
Niayesh Psychiatry Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: psychological disorders not only lead to the inefficiency of mentally ill
people but also highly influence their family and waken their performance. The aim of the
present study is to recognize the features and performance of the families of adolescents and
youth suffering from drug use disorders.
Methods: The present research is a descriptive, causal comparative study. The population for the
study consisted of the families of adolescents and youth suffering from drug use disorders treated
at drug withdrawal centers and clinics. The sample included 81 families of adolescents and youth
suffering from drug use disorders and 81 families of adolescents and youth with no drug use, that
were selected by convenient sampling. These families were matched with regard to
socioeconomic status. To collect data, family assessment device was used. Moreover, the data
was analyzed via independent sample t-test.
Results: The present study indicated that there is a significant difference between families of
youth suffering from drug use disorders and families of adolescents and youth with no drug use
(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Families of children that suffer from psychological disorders (drug use disorders)
need to be supported and rebuilt so that they can have a natural performance and to prevent
damage in individual, family and social performance of other family members.
Keywords: drug use, drug use disorders, family performance, family assessment device
445 |
Investigation of epidemiologic mental disorders among addicts
Narges Zamani 1, Saeed Zamani2, Saeed Imani3, Arezoo Norouzkhan4, Farshad Sheybani5, Sara
Edalat Lari6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Department of Clinical Psychology Islamic Azad University of Rodehen, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim: The prevalence of mental disorders is rising around the world and the
study of epidemiology of mental disorders has a great role in recognizing the existing condition
of society’s mental health and estimating for needed facilities for every point of time. Therefore
the goal of the present study is to investigate the epidemiology of mental disorders in families of
addicts to drug use and misuse in Hamadan.
Methods: The present research uses descriptive method based on entrance criterion. The
population for the study consisted of all individual using industrial drugs who have Refer to drug
rehabilitation centers in Hamadan in autumn and winter of 2015. Sample of research includes
150 patients suffering from addiction disorders and living in urban areas of Hamadan. Tools of
the research included checklists of symptoms of mental disorders (SCL-90-R).
Results: The present study indicates that 91.74 percent of the addicts referring the drug
rehabilitation clinics were suffering from mental disorders. These patients were marked with the
highest scores in the scales of aggression, depression, Paranoid thoughts, stress, phobia,
obsession, physical discontentment, schizophrenia and sensitivity in mutual relationships.
Conclusion: Since planning for presenting basic health services for individuals requests an
awareness of actual situation of disorders in society, the outcome of this study partly enlightens
the responsibility of health and therapy programmers in Hamadan province in order to formulate
services.
Keywords: epidemiology, mental Disorders, addictive disorders, use and misuse of drugs,
SCL_90_R
446 |
Investigation of the relationship between tobacco and diabetic
neuropathy in people treated at Diabetes Clinic of Rafsanjan University
of Medical Sciences in 2013
Narges Zamani 1, Ehsan Abadi pisheh2, Saeed Imani 3,Arezoo norouzkhan4, Sara Edalat Lari5,
Farshad Sheybani6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Department of Medical science, Tehran Medical University, Tehran, Iran
Islamic Azad University Rodehen, Department of Clinical Psychology, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim: Diabetes is an illness that results in irreversible effects like neuropathy.
Therefore, the present study is aimed at investigating the relationship between tobacco and
diabetic neuropathy in people treated at Diabetes Clinic of Rafsanjan University of Medical
Sciences.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on all of the patients treated at
Diabetes Clinic of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. The data was collected using all
the check lists available in files of diabetic patients of Ali ibn Abi Talib hospital of Rafsanjan.
The data consisted of information about neuropathy including clinical symptoms, demographic
and laboratory information. The data was analyzed by Chi-square test and t-test. The significance
level in the tests was 0.05.
Results: The present study was done on 3621 diabetic patients treated at Diabetes Clinic of
Rafsanjan in 2013. The results indicate that 33 percent (1185) and 67 percent (2436) of the
participants were male and female, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the age of
studied participants was 5/13±51 years old. Most of the diabetic people studied (about 65.3 %)
were rural. In studies conducted on risk factors effective in neuropathy, it was revealed that
neuropathy has direct relationship with age, smoking, female gender and LDL levels (p<0.001,
p<0.001,p<0.001 and p=0.004 respectively) and inverse relationship with HDL levels and drug
use (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant relationship between BMI and
neuropathy (p=0.994).
447 |
Conclusion: tobacco and overweight could influence on diabetic neuropathy.
Keywords: tobacco, diabetic neuropathy, diabetes
The effectiveness of anger management on risky behaviors (impulsive
behaviors and explosive anger) in alcoholic patients: Case studies of
three patients
Farshad Sheybani1, Narges Zamani 2, Saeed Zamani3, Saeed Imani4, arezoo norouzkhan5,
fatemeh asgari6, adeleh yousefi siakucheh7, rezvaneh asadi asadabad8, Sara Edalat Lari9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Department of Clinical Psychology ,Iran University of Medical Science
Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University Rodehen, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Shaheed Beheshti University, , Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim: Alcoholism is more destructive than drug addiction and its toxicity
causes irritability, violent behavior and depression. Thus, the present study was aimed to
investigate the effectiveness of anger management on risky behaviors (impulsive behaviors and
explosive anger) in alcoholic patients.
Methods: In a case study and a kind of multiple baseline experiment, the process of therapy for
three subjects took place. Three alcoholism patients suffering from impulsive disorders and
explosive anger were evaluated via the use of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (1994) before, during
and after intervention.
Results: The results of the study indicated that the training of anger management skill which is
also a life skill led to a decrease in non-planning, cognitive and action impulsivity symptoms in
the first and third cases and a decrease in planning and action impulsivity in the second case. Full
improvement rate for explosive rage variable was 0.52.
448 |
Conclusion: The current study revealed that anger management skill training had clinical
effectiveness on risky behaviors of alcoholism patients. Although the present study did not enjoy
a control group, the results have implications for high generalizability of the findings related to
risky behaviors. Finally, it could be said that life skills training for therapy is effective and more
controlled evaluation studies are needed to reach a decisive conclusion.
Keywords: anger management, risky behaviors, impulsive behaviors, explosive anger,
alcoholism
Comparison of workaholism between three groups of surgery students
(General surgery, neuro surgery, Kidney Surgery) in Namazi Hospital in
Shiraz
Submission Author: Najmeh Iraji meymandi
Najmeh Iraji Meymandi1, Nadereh Sohrabi2
1. Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht ,Branch, Iran
2. Department of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Islamic Azad, Marvdasht Branch, Iran
Background and Aim: People working for whatever reason cannot avoid. We have half of their
waking hours engaged in plant. With all the good advantage of work,there is one anomaly in the
world of work, those around him, organizations and even the whole society will suffer.
workaholism is one of the aberrations. This study aimed to compare the rate of workaholism
among surgical residents work in the fields of general surgery, neurosurgery and surgery of the
kidneys and the urinary tract.
Methods: The study was causal-comparative. In this study, the surgical residents work in the
fields of neurosurgery, general surgery and kidney and urinary tract surgery in the Namazi
Hospital of Shiraz in the academic year 93-94 Were enrolled The study population was formed.
The sample included 90 patients who were 30 in each field. The participants will be selected
using census method. The instrument was a questionnaire was Samani workaholism. To analyze
the results of the analysis ANOVA and Tukey test were used.
Results: The results showed that the mean workaholism as assistants in the three general
surgery, neurosurgery assistants and surgical assistants kidney and urinary tract 40.96, 20.26 and
449 |
23.83 was. The results of analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference
between the three levels of workaholism. (p<0.005)
Conclusion: Scores of workaholism is high among students assisted. University of Medical
Sciences can rearrange priorities, alternative employment programs and ensure that residents,
leave the hospital within the specified time from the workaholism is poor.
Keywords: Workaholism, surgical residents, general surgery, neurosurgery, kidney surgery
Pathology of young tend to abuse drugs
Submission Author: Sepideh Iranfar
sepideh Iranfar1
1. Department of Speech Therapy, Student Research Committee, Medical University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Background and Aim: This study aimed to identify and examine the causes of addiction among
youth and to identify factors which reduces substance abuse among young people and
adolescents cope statistics.
Methods: This study is designed by surveyed method and the questionnaire was applied to
measure the variable in the sample of undergraduates of IAU in Abadan by random sample.
Results: Validity of the questionnaire was specified through content validity and reliability by
the test-retest method was calculated as well as the Cronbach's alpha coefficients reported 0.83.
The correlation of two tests was 0.56. To test hypotheses chi squared was done at the 0.95
confidence level.
Conclusion: According to the study , important factors in youth drug trends can be introduced as
easy access to materials unemployment, violence, bad friends, major depressive disorder and
intermittent depression, family problems, anxiety disorder much control or lack of control.
Keywords: addiction, pathological tendency to addiction, youth
450 |
The prevalence of hallucination in people referring to drug abuse
treatment center of West of Tehran in 2014
Submission Author: Somayeh Iranmadar makki
Somayeh Iranmadar makki1, Mohammad Reza Najarzadegan (MD) 2
1. Faculty of Mental Health and Behavioral science , Iran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
2. Department of psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction is a state caused by permanent use of some drugs (narcotics).
When one discontinues them, disorder in body function appears. This addiction cause relief and
temporary peace and sometimes stimulates short time joy. Beside, these effects cause the person
search for re-find drugs and permanent addiction. Addiction is one of the most important
problems in societies. Are stimulant abuse consequences, like hallucination which causes the
person to have perception without motivation which has a large amount of narcotics effects
called hallucinating drugs? According to high consumption of this group in the recent years and
outbreak of mental illnesses with hallucination and also the potential of this in other unknown
narcotics, this study has done in Tehran west drug abuse treatment centers
Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study all the addicts (counting all) with
questionnaire proved and by the use of patients files have been studied. All demographic
variables, socio-economic status, drug type, how to start, consumption duration gathered from
patients file and interviews have brought out and for study the disorder, physicians and therapist
certificate have been used. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS-20.
Results: Characteristics of samples Age (mean ±SD) 33.8±9.5 Gender Male n=100 94.3 %
Female n=6 5.7 % Marriage Status single n=38 35.8 % Married n=63 59.4 % divorced n=5 4.7 %
Hallucination frequency by Drug type opium and opioid n=66 Nurgizac n=8 Crack n=14 n % n
% n % 4 6 2 25 2 14.3 Total Hallucination frequency = 7.8 percent
Conclusion: Considering the importance of hallucination and its effect on personal and social
function and important complications and the risk of permanent psychosis and schizophrenia,
more studies to find the connection with narcotic type and further prevent and treat is suggested.
Also national plans, keep and support against drugs especially remove the most effective one
including hallucinating is very necessary.
Keywords: addiction, hallucination, drug abuse treatment center, Tehran West
451 |
The frequency of social and psychological disorder in people referring to
drug abuse treatment clinics of west of Tehran in 2014
Somayeh Iranmadar makki1, Mohammad Reza Najarzadegan (MD)2
1. Faculty of Mental Health and Behavioral science , Iran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Drug abuse is a psycho social disorder which is caused by misuse or
illegal use of alcohol, opium and so on, and the drug abuser gets used to this stuff. Drug abuse
has negative effects on physical mental and social function, the basis of these fields started from
the family then society. Drug abuse has been increased during past years as a result of social and
cultural problems and inappropriate preventing plans. Ignoring the scientific knowledge of
mental/social aspects of Iranian drug abusers may lead to failure in preventing and treating them.
According to lack of exact statistic about companion between drug abuse and mental/social
disorder to determine distribution of different mental disorder related to Drug abuses.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study in 2014, 192 people research community of addicted who
went to the clinics in Tehran west according to DMS-IV have been interviewed and visited by
psychologist. (Method of sampling: randomized tow step cluster sampling on 5 center)/
Results: The mean age of cases was 24.23±9/4, and 95.3 percent were men. 64 percent were
married and were self-employed. The mean of monthly salaries of employers was 6580000 with
standard deviation 1110000 Rials which seen to be less then real amount. Most popular drug was
opium and opioid. Mean age of first use 23.15 ± 7.36 (9-55) and the mean age of addictive is 26.
More than 55 percent claimed they got in touch with drugs by their friends. All the women (6
people) were affected by their partners. More than 2/3 said they continued using because they
depend on it, almost 75 percent are smokers too, 22 percent had been in court and 58.3 percent
had the drug abuse history at least in a family member. 91.2% of samples had one or more
psychological diagnosis that showed on the table (N= 187)
Conclusion: Psychosocial factors have an important role in starting, continuing and get back to
drug abuse and it’s necessary to pay more attention to their mental health in order to prevent and
treat them.
452 |
Keywords: drug abuse, psychological factors, social disorders, Tehran West
The prevalence of Neurologic Problems in Self-introduced Addicts in
West of Tehran, 2014
Somayeh Iranmadar makki1, Mohammad Reza Najarzadegan (MD)2
1. Faculity of Mental Health and Behavioral science , Iran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction is a primary, chronic, neurobiological disorder, with genetic,
psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations.
Approximately 10 percent of the world population has problems due to substance abuse.
Previous studies about basic mechanisms of addiction showed that changes in some
neurotransmitter levels affect the opiate dependence and therefore, one of the most important
problems of addiction is central and peripheral neurologic problems, learning about frequency
distribution of neurologic problems in addict persons is important
Methods: In a cross-sectional study in 2014, 192 people of addicted who went to the drug abuse
treatment clinics in west of Tehran have been interviewed (randomized tow stage cluster
sampling used for this investigation).
Results: The mean age of cases was 24.23±9/4, and 95.3 percent were men. Problems
Percentage was paresthesia 54 28.9 ?? ,Headache 17 9.1 ??Vertigo 11 5.9 ??Headache & Vertigo
together 11 5.9 ??Headache & paresthesia together 14 7.5 30 16 ??Headache & Vertigo &
paresthesia together
Conclusion: According to prevalence of headache and paresthesia in drug abusers; this problems
due to long time abuse, and cause of attitude to high dose abuse or more stronger drugs that
learning about this problems is important to prevention and treatment of drug abuse. Also
Vertigo is the most important neurologic problem cause of important neurologic disorder that
keeps more attention. And also it is necessary to carry out similar studies to understand the
relevance of addiction time and kind of substance with Vertigo in the future.
Keywords: neurologic problems, drug abuse treatment clinics, addiction ،West of Tehran
453 |
Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of
addiction
Submission Author: Maryam Izadi mazidi
Maryam Izadi mazidi1, Maryam Izadi - mazidi2, Sahar Eshrati3
1. Department of Psychology, Shahed university, Tehran, Iran
2. Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
3. Iran university,Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: There is evidence to suggest that repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS) is a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of addiction. The
present study aimed to review the recent developments with respect to the efficacy of rTMS for
addiction.
Methods: The bibliographic search consisted of a screening of the NCBI PubMed and Science
Direct databases up to December 2014. Because of the limited researches in this area, all studies
that evaluated the therapeutic use of rTMS in stimulant drugs including cocaine, amphetamine
and methamphetamine, nicotine, and alcohol considered in this review.
Results: Most of the studies supported the efficacy of rTMS in reducing cocaine, nicotine and
alcohol craving and nicotine and alcohol consumption.
Conclusion: This review discussed the current knowledge on the therapeutic applications of
rTMS in treatment of addiction.
Keywords: transcranial magnetic stimulation; addiction; treatment; stimulants; alcohol, nicotine
Survey of depression and suicidal ideation in men with substance abuse
Submission Author: Maryam Izadi mazidi
454 |
Maryam Izadi mazidi1, Maryam Izadi - mazidi2, Mahnaz Sadeghi3, Frough Riahi4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Clinical Psychologist
Department of Psychiatry, Joundishapour University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim: The present study was aimed to survey depression and suicidal Ideation
in men with substance abuse who referred to addiction treatment centers in Fasa/Fars.
Methods: This was a descriptive/analytic cross-sectional study carried out on 50 men with
substance abuse referred to addiction treatment centers in Fasa/Fars. The participants were
selected through convenience sampling in the spring of 2014. The data were gathered using
demographic forms, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale. Data
were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Chi square test and Fisher exact test.
Results: The results showed that 2% of participants had no or minimum amount of depression.
6% of the participants had mild symptoms, 20% had moderate and 50% had severe symptoms.
Risk of suicide was respectively low, high and very high in 68%, 18% and 14% of participants.
There was a significant difference in depression between different age subgroups (p=0,008). The
highest rate of depression was in age group of 20-30 years and then in age group of 30-45 years.
The results didn’t show significant differences in suicidal ideation between participants with
different educational level, age groups and marital statuses (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Simultaneous presence of depression and substance abuse make it harder to treat
substance abuse. Considering the association between depression and substance abuse, it is
helpful to use strategies that cover both of them. And considering the risk of suicide in some
patients with substance abuse, especially after multiple relapse, exploration of risk factors reduce
the risk of suicide.
Keywords: depression, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, men
Thalidomide Prevents Morphine Antinociceptive Tolerance in Rats
Submission Author: Esmael Izadpanah
Esmael Izadpanah1, Bashir Khodadadi2, Kambiz Hassanzadeh3, Mohammad Raman Moloudi4,
Hassan Amini5
455 |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
Background and Aim: Chronic administration of opiates induces tolerance to the analgesic
effect. Several investigations have been done to find agents in order to prevent the development
of this phenomenon. In present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of the thalidomide on
morphine-induced tolerance.
Methods: Groups of male rats received daily morphine in combination with thalidomide vehicle
or thalidomide (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg, ip). Nociception was assessed by a plantar test apparatus.
The latency was recorded when the animal reacted to the light stimulus; licking or raising the
hind paw. Treatments and evaluations continued until the induction of tolerance to the analgesic
effect of morphine.
Results: Our main finding indicated that chronic administration of morphine for 11 days induced
tolerance, while thalidomide (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg, ip) shifted the day of tolerance completing for
4, 5 or 10 days respectively. Moreover, thalidomide prevented the morphine-induced shift to the
right of the ED50 in the dose-response curve.
Conclusion: It was concluded that thalidomide ameliorated the morphine-induced tolerance to
the analgesic effect.
Keywords: analgesia, morphine, thalidomide, tolerance
The role of social work addiction at the individual level
Submission Author: Fatemeh Jaafari
Fatemeh Jaafari1, Mona Abolfathi2
1. University of Allameh Tabatabai Frgh
2. University of Allameh Tabatabai Frgh
Background and Aim: Addiction as a social phenomenon is a multifarious phenomenon with
the consequences economical, psychological and educational that affects individual and family
456 |
structure. Therefore different interventions and activities are needed in this field such as
Psychiatry, Medical, Nursing, Psychology and Social work. Activity of social worker at the
individual level divided two sections: 1- Before stopping substance abuse. 2- After stopping
substance abuse.
Methods: we used qualitative method to analyze the current data.
Results: The role of social worker at the first sections: Before stopping substance abuse social
work activity based on the fundamental concepts of harm reduction; crisis intervention and social
rehabilitation. Social worker plan different crisis interventions to decreases physical ,mental,
economical , educational and family problems. Social worker helps individual and family to
retain their abilities and other the quality of life. The role of social worker at the second sections:
In the next step of stopping substance abuse social worker focus in participation principle
concept and prevention from substance abuse. Social worker improves participation between
patient, family and therapists. The social worker also present social rehabilitation programs to
repair the damage cause by drug abuse for the individual and the family such as unemployment,
providing of facilities for the treatment of mental and physical diseases, rehabilitation on the job,
repairing family relationship .
Conclusion: Addiction is a social problem and the most important role of social worker is
increasing addict quality of life.
Keywords: harm reduction, addiction, crisis intervention, social rehabilitation, participation, the
quality of life.
The effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy to improve executive
function in substance abusers: A literature review
Submission Author: Golnaz Jabari
GOLNAZ JABARI1, MEHRAN SOLYMANI2
1. Shaheed Madani University, Tehran, Iran
2. Shaheed Madani University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim: Evidences suggest that drug-dependent individuals have defects in doing
tasks of executive control which is related to three different systems of prefrontal cortex. These
457 |
three systems are pre-frontal cortex and posterior cingulate & orbito-frontal cortex of.
Dysfunction of the different systems is related to behavioral, cognitive and emotional
abnormalities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of neurofeedback on executive
function of drug addicted .Besides, the similarities and differences in the results of
neurofeedback treatments have been investigated
Methods: A review of researches suggested that addicts have problems in the field of emotional
inhibition and executive function and as well as evidence of abnormal electroencephalogram data
are presented.
Results: The results have shown that drug-dependent individuals in all fields of executive
functions have problems
Conclusion: Difficulty in control inhibition is the main focus of the theories of addiction and
inhibition activity of the frontal cortex and prefrontal are important in neurofeedback treatment
and maybe neurofeedback intervention will change way of treatments of drug addiction in the
future
Keywords: executive function, neurofeedback, substance-related disorder
Pattern of Substances Use cessation attempts among Iranian Adults
Submission Author: Akram Jabbari, Nejad Kermani
Akram Jabbari Nejad Kermani1, Alireza Noroozi2, Mohammad Reza Baneshi3, Ahmad Hajebi4,
Ali Akbar Haghdoost5, Elham Mohebbi6, Maryam Mehrabi7, Mahshid Salemianpour8, Roya
Nikbakht9, Akram Jabbari Nejad10
1. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University
2.
3.
4.
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of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk
Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). Head of Substance Abuse Prevention and
Treatment Office (SAPTO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of School of Behavioral Sciences
and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran Director. General, Mental
Health, Social Health and Addiction Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education
5. Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office (SAPTO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University
of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Background and Aim: Substances use disorders are associated with a diverse range of negative
effects on health, social and economic status of people who use substances and their families.
Information on quitting is essential to improve treatment programs, resource allocations and
implementation of appropriate policies. This study was performed to explore the pattern of
alcohol, stimulating and opioid drugs cessation attempts among Iranian adults.
Methods: A cross-sectional street-based study was conducted with 728 Iranian adults. The
participants were recruited by multistage cluster sampling method from five cities of Iran
(Tehran, Mashhad, Kerman, Urmia and Arak). Participants were asked to fill the questionnaire
on the number of previous quit attempts for opioids, stimulants and alcohol, methods for
quitting, and the longest period of abstinence after quitting.
Results: Among those who had a positive previous history of substance cessation attempt 84.7%
were male and 15.3% were female. The number of quitting attempts for opioids were 26.3%
(once), 31.4% (twice), 21.2% (three to five times), and 21.2 (more than five times).
Corresponding figures for stimulants (mainly ATSs) were; 32% (once), 36% (twice), 20% (three
to five times), and 12% (more than five times). The attempt cessation for alcohol consumption
was 41.7% (once), 35.7% (twice), 71.1% (three to five times), and 15.5% (more than five times).
The main approach to quit substances were as follow: at home without any help of a professional
therapist, opioids (34.2%), stimulants (25%) and alcohol (70.8%), peer group residential centers,
opioids (29%), stimulants (26.9%) and alcohol (8.5%), office or drug treatment centers under
physician supervision opioids (24.6%), stimulants(36.5%) and alcohol (6.1%). The longest
period of abstinence after quitting of opioids was 20.9% (less than a month), 28.2%, (one month
to one year) and 50.9% (more than a year). The corresponding figures for stimulants were 8.2%,
15.4%, and 4.6%; and for alcohols were 13.6%, 24.6, and 39.1% respectively.
Conclusion: This study shows the high number of attempt cessation and short-period of
abstinence after quitting which reflect the relapsing nature of substance use involvement.
Highlighting the most common methods for cessation, and also the number of quit attempt may
help policy makers to identify an appropriate intervention to treatment access and quality in Iran.
Keywords: substances use cessation, Iranian
459 |
Evaluation of addiction in drug abuse centers and short- term residential
centers of Alborz state in 2014
Submission Author: Said Jafari
Said Jafari1, Fatemeh Rasolikia2, Mohammad Mahdi Aghabagloo3, Abbas Gholami Rouchi4
Background and Aim: The importance of addiction in Iran is related to its widespread among
the people of society. The problem of addiction is global matter and considered as one of the
health-care problem of many societies. There might be few countries in the world being safe
from this damage.
Methods: The aim of this study is to find the aspects of addiction. The data was obtained by
center's psychologist who refrred to drug abuse centers and short- term residential centers to
complete the questionnaire in the presence of the patient. Researches were started from
1393/10/1 to 1393/11/30 and the findings were analyzed using computer software SPSS version
19
Results: The youngest resorter was about 13 years old and the oldest was 83 years old. In this
study 97% of persons were men and 2.8% were women. The mean age of resortes was 38.51
with SD=10.973 80% OF clients were married and 35.5% of them only educated until the end of
quidences school. 38% of clients had been worker and 57.5 % of them had monthly income
about 5000000- 10000000 Rials. 27.9% have spent up to 180000 Rials per week for drugs .27.5
% have expressed that their reason to refer to center for laying away the drugs was the honor if
family. According to expression of client, 82.7 % of persons had been smoke consumers and
83.4 % opium consumers. The beginning age of drug consumption in 31.3 % persons was
between 20-24 years old. 81% of client have expressed their consumption thtough
smoked.73.7% have consumed the drugs between 2-3 times a day. The opium has been declared
by 43.1% of persons as a consumed material over the past month. 70.1 % of persons had a
history of addiction in their family, especially their brother (13.8 %) and their father(12.5%).
Friendly party with percent of 42.8 was the most important places to experience drug
consumption for the first time.29.4 % have declared the friends outside of school as a bidder.
40.7% had a history of previous treatment under the doctor's supervision. And 43 % have
announced temptation as a reason for reusing drugs.
Conclusion: The most commonly used drug was opium and the age of addiction continue to
decline to youth. It's prevalence is high in individuals with low education. Many clients had a
460 |
history of previous pretermit. The results have also shown a significant correlation between
person's addiction and its history in her/his family.
Keywords: drug abuse treatment centers, short- term residential centers, Alborz state
Analysis of the factors in changing public attitudes to addiction, with
emphasis on the medicalization of addiction
Submission Author: Ahmad Jafari
Ahmad Jafari1, Farigh Mirogeshlagh2, Tohid Dadkhah3, Marjaneh Yazdani4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Social Researcher and School Counselor
Addition Researcher
Social Researcher
Social Researcher
Background and Aim: Studies have revealed that as well as the medicalization discourse on
public attitudes to addiction is not the prevailing attitude, the efforts taken by the medical and
rehabilitation institutions will not be successful. However, most of the institutions and
organizations responsible for drug built based on the medical discourse (In medicalization
discourse, addiction is considered as a disease. Contrary to the common discourses such as
criminalization discourse that treat adductor as an offenders or moral and religious discourse that
look at addiction as sin and evil act), but evidence suggests that such an attitude among ordinary
people has not remarkable position. Given the importance of medical discourse in dealing with
addiction, this paper is going to analyzing the factors in changing public attitudes to addiction in
the favor of one attitude that is derived from the medical discourse and considers addiction as a
treatable disease.
Methods: In this paper, the survey method was used and data were collected by self-constructed
questionnaire. The population of this paper is all citizens of Karaj that have over than 20 on
2014, which 400 of them were randomly chosen as sample.
Results: The findings infer that a very small percentage of respondents see addiction as a disease
(i.e. up to 21%). So that, confidently one could say that medicalization discourse of addiction, is
still in its infancy. The results are showed the quantity of attitude that considers addiction as a
treatable disease among respondents significantly correlated with socio-cultural variables such as
461 |
the religiosity, the trust in the medical profession, the punitive view, the modern attitudes and
values, the interaction with the addicts, the education and the socio-economic status. Multiple
linear regression analysis showed that mentioned above variables are able to estimate up to 36%
of dispersion of disease-oriented attitude to addiction.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study can be concluded that, although the
medicalization of addiction tied to the development of medical institutions, but socio-cultural
factors play an important role in generalizing that discourse among public. The results have been
explained in the framework of conceptual implications of medical, the constructivist and
modernity approaches.
Keywords: attitude, medicine, illnesses, addictions and penalties.
Exploring the process and causes of addiction in children, in Kerman,
Iran
Submission Author: Aboobakr Jafarnezhad
Aboobakr Jafarnezhad1, Narges Khanjani2, Batool Tirgari3
1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical
Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical
Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3. Department of Internal and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
Kerman, Iran
Background and Aim: For centuries substance abuse has disrupted the lives of humans.
Unfortunately the special situation of Iran in the Golden Crescent region has been effective on
increase in drug abuse. Since the most vulnerable social group to drug addiction are children.
The purpose of this study was exploring the process of addiction in children in Kerman.
Methods: This study was conducted by qualitative methods. Grounded theory was used to
explain the process and factors affecting addiction of children in Kerman. Initially purposeful
sampling and then theoretical sampling was done until data saturation. Thirteen participants
including addicted children, parents and social workers entered the study. Semi structured
interviews were conducted.
462 |
Results: The results showed that the facilitating and causative factors are social gaps (the outside
environment, people in connection with the child, easy access to substances in the community
and social damages), economic gaps) financial poverty, lack of facilities at home), cultural gaps
(low education of parents, lack of understanding of community issues), and religious gaps (low
commitment to religious beliefs)
Conclusion: The results showed that patron groups such as peers, teachers, social workers,
welfare centers and the most important family members are effective in prevention and in
support of these children. Enhancing culture and promoting life skills, and knowledge are
important in preventing and reducing addiction in children.
Keywords: addiction, children, qualitative study
The Effects of Afghan Narcotic on Russian Federation
Submission Author: MohammadTaghi Jahanbakhsh
Mohammad Taghi Jahanbakhsh1
1. School of International Relations of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim: In recent decades Afghanistan had been one of most important
producers of drug all over the world. Hence afghan narcotic problem and its effects in various
dimensions are one of the worries of Afghanistan peripheral countries including Russian
Federation. Russia in new millennium has sustained growth in amount of consumption and the
number of drug users. Regarding to Russia's National Security Strategy to 2020 document, this
paper has tried to answer this question that "How could be analyzed the impacts of Afghan
narcotic on Russian Federation's national security?"
Methods: This research was conducted by descriptive-Analytical method and used library and
electronic resources.
Results: The findings assert that Russia and Western Europe are the first target markets of
Afghan narcotic that values at over thirteen billion dollars.
Conclusion: According to the statistics, Russia has over than 2.5 million addicts that 68 percent
of them are Heroin users. Spread of HIV/AIDS through injection drug users (IDUs) incurs
staggering expenses on economy and security of this country. Additionally, drugs poses a threat
463 |
on the national and human security of Russian federation, health care, environment and good
governance which all them included in national security strategy document of the Russian
Federation excluding the latter.
Keywords: Afghanistan, AIDS, drug, heroin, economy, society, security, Russian federation.
The effect of psychological empowerment on mental health treatment
and substance abuse in Shafa center
Submission Author: Jaddem Jahandide
Jaddem Jahandide1, Alireza omara shahestan2
1. Shaheed beheshti University
2. Background and Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effects of psychological empowerment
on mental health. The research population, which was conducted in a descriptive framework,
included all patients who were treated for substance abuse ın Shafa Center in Sib Soran City,
Baluchestan, Iran in 1393
Methods: Seventy two applicants were randomly selected and completed the questionnaires of
psychological empowerment by Vtn Cameron and mental health questionnaire (SCL25). Validity
and reliability of the questionnaires were measured according to experts' opinions and
Cronbach's alpha, respectively. The data were analysed through escriptive statistics (as mean and
standard deviation) and inferential statistical methods (as one-sample t-test and multiple
correlation coefficient).
Results: The results showed that psychological empowerment and mental health status of
patients were significantly at a low level
Conclusion: the current study showed that there is a significant correlation between
psychological empowerment and mental health. Furthermore, it was revealed that three
components of self-efficacy, significance and reliability could explain 40.5% of the variation of
mental health
Keywords: psychological empowerment, mental health patients.
464 |
The effect of relaxation and anger management anger much of global
opiate addicts leaving
Submission Author: Mahdi Jahangiri
Mahdi Jahangiri1, Abolfazl Hatami Varzaneh2
1. Farhangian University,Pardis of Shaheed Beheshti, Iran. Zanjan.
2. Department of Counseling, Allameh Tabatabaee University. Iran. Tehran.
Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of relaxation and anger
management to reduce the amount of anger at being left out of opiate addicts.
Methods: Experimental design (pre -test and post -test) with the control group, 200 opiate
addicts leaving , after initial screening , 45 patients were randomly selected from a drug high
anger scores. Research has two experimental groups and one control group. Relaxation in the
experimental group(n=15)relaxation program was conducted in groups. Anger management
treatment group (n=15) as well as a group received anger management program. In the normal
control group quit. Anger in two pre- test and post- test (two months later) was evaluated in three
groups. Spielberger Anger Scale questionnaire was used for data collection and data analysis of
covariance was analyzed by the index.
Results: Results showed that both relaxation and anger management techniques to reduce anger
scores had a significant level (P<0/01). Between rage and anger management in relaxation, there
are also significant differences (P<0/03), This means that the amount of anger in the anger
management group was more pronounced.
Conclusion: Although both relaxation and anger management methods were effective in
reducing anger, but the effectiveness of anger management was significantly higher than
relaxation.
Keywords: anger, relaxation, anger management, opiate addicts
465 |
Effectiveness of yoga as a treatment for addictions
Submission Author: Faezeh Jahanpour
faezeh jahanpour1, nahid sadat jahanpour2, farzan Azodi3
1. Bushehr University of Medical sciences, Bushehr, Iran
2. Shiraz educational department, Shiraz, Iran
3. Bushehr University of Medical sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Background and Aim: Addiction designates a process whereby a behavior, that can function
both to produce pleasure and to provide escape from internal discomfort, is employed in a pattern
characterized by (1) recurrent failure to control the behavior (powerlessness) and (2)
continuation of the behavior despite significant negative consequences (unmanageability).
Addiction is a debilitating psychiatric disorder and estimated economic costs in US society are
US$524 billion per year. Always we attempt to find the effective treatment for addiction. The
article aims to critically evaluate the evidence of effectiveness of yoga for the treatment of
addiction.
Methods: Methods: A literature review (from MEDLINE, 2000-2015) was performed using
appropriate keywords to search article that consider the effect of yoga on treatment of addiction
Results: Result: Yoga has been defined as ‘a part of Ayurvedic medicine that can consist of one
or more of the following: specific postures, breathing exercises, body cleansing, mindfulness
meditation, and lifestyle modifications’. Yoga can manage of various psychiatric conditions,
including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and schizophrenia and sleeping disorders. The
mechanisms of action for yoga's effect in addiction may be attributed to reductions in anxiety
and depression, stress, impulsive, addictive behaviors and psychosis. Yoga may also promote
personal development; increase emotional stability, life-satisfaction and self-awareness; improve
mental, physical and social health; or strengthen initiative, motivation and confidence to improve
maturation, intention, attitude and behavior necessary to overcome addiction.
Conclusion: The evidence support the effectiveness of yoga for treating addiction but further
researches needed to determine the benefits of yoga.
Keywords: yoga, addictions, drug abuse
466 |
Contributing factors of tendency toward hookah usage among teens and
youth in Iran-a qualitative study
Submission Author: Nahid sadat Jahanpour
Nahid Sadat Jahanpour1, Faezeh Jahanpour2, Farzan Azodi3
1.
2.
3.
Department of Education ,Shiraz, Iran
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Background and Aim: With the dramatic growing trend toward hookah usage and increased
morbidity and mortality caused by smoking, we started a study to research regarding the causes
of hookah usage among teenagers and youth living in the Bushehr city.
Methods: This is a qualitative study. Research environment is considered to be all public places
and the research population comprised of all teenagers and youth of Bushehr. 12 participants
were selected by purposive sampling. The method of data collection was semi-structured
interviews with Participants' that were recorded concession and immediately rewritten and
analyzed. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data.
Results: Data analysis resulted in five main themes including: the influence of culture, prone
context, sensory appeals, false beliefs and difficulty of quitting. The most common reasons of
increasing use of hookah in the city of Bushehr are: common culture of using hookah among
family and friends, lack of enforcement of prohibiting laws about the use of hookah public, lack
of knowledge about hookah complication and have the wrong belief about hookah" being less
harmful than smoking", desirable taste and smell of fruity hookahs and having no better fun and
social stress between young people.
Conclusion: The results suggest the officials to consider this problem as an urgent priority and
along with using effective methods for making the culture and educating people; they should
start planning to reduce the consumption.
Keywords: hookah, teens, youth, qualitative research, tobacco
467 |
The comparison of brain/behavioral systems activity and impulsivity in
substance users & normal subjects
Submission Author: Maryam Jalali farahani
Maryam Jalali Farahani1, Maryam Jalali2, Parviz Azad Fallah3, Ali Fathy Ashtyani4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Human science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim: Drug Addiction is as a chronic relapsing mental disorder which is linked
with severe motivation disorders and lack of behavioral dominant, and results in personality
corruption. This disorder afflicts millions of people that often emerges with other mental
disorders and imposes various economic and social costs on the society .
Methods: Popul

Addiction Science Congress

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