1. PRESENT CONDITION OF URBAN

Transcription

ＣＰＮ版权所有　请勿随意转载
China Planning Network:
1st Urban Transportation Congress
Intermodal Balance: Roles of
Different Modes and
Transportation Policies
Professor Vukan R. Vuchic
University of Pennsylvania
Beijing, China
2 August 2007
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1.
Present Condition of Urban Transportation: Progress and
Problems
2.
Evolution of Transportation and Cities
3.
New Approaches to Urban Transportation
4.
The Family of Urban Transportation Modes
5.
Implementing Optimal Balance among Modes
6.
Examples of Success
7.
Conclusions: Experiences and Lessons Learned
8.
Some Recommendations for Chinese Cities
1. PRESENT CONDITION OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION:
PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS
Present transportation systems provide:
•Very high mobility for population
•Great economic and lifestyle benefits
Serious problems remain in different forms, affecting many cities:
•Large highways and parking garages can damage urban
environment and in the long run increase congestion
•Urban areas unfriendly to pedestrians divert trips to automobiles,
creating a “vicious circle”
•Increasing car dominance negatively impacts city’s livability
1. PRESENT CONDITIONS (cont.)
In summary: many cities face serious problems of:
•“Auto dependency”–excessive dependence on private autos
without real alternatives
•Chronic traffic congestion
•Inadequately financed transit systems
•Neglect of pedestrians, deteriorating livability of cities
•Economic viability
•Social conditions
•Environmental sustainability, energy consumption and
global warming.
1. PRESENT CONDITIONS (cont.)
Major obstacles to improvement in urban transportation are:
•Inadequate understanding: the problems in transportation are
more complex than is generally understood
•Special interest groups/lobbies are often stronger than the
interest of the public
2. EVOLUTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND CITIES
- Before 1900: “Walking Cities”
- Around 1900: rapid growth of cities and industrialization
- Electric transit –tramways and metros - allowed growth of cities
- Between 1900 and 1950 development of “Transit Cities:”
• Transit services on streets
• Independent, high-performance rail rapid transit - Metro
2. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 20TH/21st CENTURY (cont.)
- In USA from 1930, and Europe from 1950, in China from 1990:
• Creation of “Automobile Cities”
• Maximum growth of highways
- Traffic Engineering was developed
- Unrestricted use of autos and neglect of transit and pedestrians
created major problems:
• Excessive highway and parking construction
• Congestion
• Non-auto users became second-class citizens
- Today, cities with largest freeway systems have most severe
congestion, deteriorated environment and quality of life.
SECTION –A
Collision of Cities and
Cars
3. NEW APPROACHES TO URBAN TRANSPORTATION
- Studies of urban transportation policies suggest:
• Relationship of cities and transportation is very complex
• “Systems Approach”is necessary
• There is a need to recognize city’s “livability”
- Since the 1970’s: development of “Intermodal Cities:”
• Large cities must use a number of coordinated modes
• Improved efficiency, comfort, safety and reliability
• Reduced negative environmental impacts
• Refocus on human scale activities
4. THE FAMILY OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION
MODES
Intermodal cities rely on many modes of transport. The family of
modes includes:
• Street / road system with automobiles, trucks, bicycles:
o
Basic network in every city
o
Two major social benefits: convenience and ubiquity
o
Traffic engineering and ITS becoming more important
• Walking:
o
Optimal mode for high density travel
o
Environmentally friendly
o
Key component of urban “livability”
4. THE FAMILY OF MODES (cont.)
• Bus /trolleybus transit:
o
Lowest cost mode of public transportation
o
Does not compete easily with private auto
o
Upgrading to Bus Rapid Transit intensified
• Tramway and Light Rail Transit:
o
Many innovations in recent decades
o
Filling the gap: higher performance than bus, less expensive
than metro
o
Built in medium and large cities, (15 new systems in North
America, many in Europe)
o
Stronger image, more permanent and pedestrian-friendly
than diesel buses
4. THE FAMILY OF MODES (cont.)
• Metro or Rail Rapid Transit:
o
Highest capacity –lowest land and energy consumption
o
Very effective in large urban areas
o
Speed and reliability make it competitive with private car
• Regional Rail (underutilized in China)
• Taxi, minibuses, jitneys
• Automated Guided Transit (AGT)
• Intermodal Transit System:
o
Operationally and organizationally integrated modes
Investment cost / line length
ROW
categories
A
Metro
Rapid
transit
C
Bus
Street
transit
System performance: speed, reliability, capacity, image
Figure 1. Bipolarized transit
Investment cost / line length
ROW categories
A
Metro
Rapid
transit
LRT
B
BRT
Semirapid
transit
C
Bus
Street
transit
System performance: speed, reliability, capacity, image
Figure 2. Intermediate systems “filling the gap”between street transit and metros
SECTION –B
Family of Urban
Transport Modes
5. IMPLEMENTING OPTIMAL BALANCE
AMONG MODES
Given current practices and trends, the choices are to:
• Continue existing policies:
o
Increasing congestion
o
Suburban and exurban sprawl
o
Decay of cities.
• Introduce new policies which:
o
Increase mobility
o
Reduce negative impacts of transportation.
Total “Cost”/Trip
COST OF TRAVEL BY AUTO AND BY TRANSIT
T
A
Volume
TRAVEL DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN AUTO & TRANSIT
E –Equilibrium point;
E’–Improved equilibrium
Total “Cost”/Trip
T
A
E1
q
A
E
q
Δq
T
Volume
Car
Individual
Equilibrium
Transit
incentives
Social Optimum
Car
disincentives
Transit
Diverted
trips
Car
Transit
Total trips
4. ACHIEVING BALANCE AMONG MODES (cont.)
Having understood the fundamental problems, transportation
professionals should balance
Individual Behavior and System Optimum by:
Transit incentives: building high-quality, competitive transit
systems, fare innovations, better attitude toward passengers,
marketing, etc.
o
Transit incentives are easily justified and popular
Auto disincentives: traffic reduction policies, economic
policies (parking rates and structure, road pricing)
o
Politically more challenging, but justified and rational.
Cost [$/person-trip]
10
Toll
8
Fare
6
Parking
4
2
Gasoline
0
Auto
Large City - Peak
Auto Peak
without
Parking, Tolls
Bus / LRT / Metro
Express Bus /
Regional Rail
Direct costs of urban travel by different modes
10
Toll
5
Parking
Fare
Cost [$/person-trip]
Gasoline
0
Indirect
user cost
5
Subsidy
Subsidy
Environmental
Social
Environmental
10
Social
15
20
Auto
Large City - Peak
Auto Peak
without
Parking, Tolls
Bus / LRT / Metro
Total costs of urban travel by different modes
Express Bus /
Regional Rail
AUTO TRAVEL COSTS
Cost to
Highway System and Society
Cost to
User
Out of Pocket:
7¢/mile
Fixed:
38¢/m
PENNDOT /
Local Governments:
5-30¢/m
Society /
Environment:
3-50¢/m
USER PAYS 45 ¢/mile, BUT MAKES TRAVEL
DECISIONS BASED ON 7¢/mile
UNDERPRICED SERVICE
EXCESSIVE DRIVING
FORCES SUBSIDIES OF
OTHER MODES
EXCESSIVE DRIVING
HIGH COSTS ON SYSTEM &
SOCIETY
EXCESSIVE AUTO DEPENDENCY
6. EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS
SINGAPORE
• 1975 innovative Area Licensing Scheme introduced
• Extensive intermodal coordination implemented
• Excellent metro system, technology and operations
• Extensive and well organized bus services
• Advanced communication technology and ITS applied
• Electronic Road Pricing –ERP - prevents traffic congestion
• Land Transport Authority controls all transportation modes.
WEST EUROPEAN AND SOME NORTH AMERICAN CITIES
• Consistent improvements of transit systems, intermodal
integration, human orientation for livable cities
• Public policies strongly promote urban and rural transit,
pedestrians, bicycles.
SECTION –C
Balanced Intermodal
Transportation System Elements
7. CONCLUSIONS: EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS LEARNED
•Chinese cities should learn from the progress as well as mistakes of
European and U.S. cities
•Presently, serious problems are:
• Complexity of urban transportation often not understood:
o
Basic goals and policies are seldom clearly set
o
Transportation impacts on cities –their economy, quality
of life and sustainability - are underestimated
• For efficiency and good services, intermodal systems must be
achieved through policies that achieve their optimal balance.
7. CONCLUSIONS: EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS (cont.)
• While technological innovations continue to be important,
understanding of problems and introducing innovative
policies are usually the critical steps toward solutions
8. SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHINESE CITIES
•The goal in transportation planning should be not only efficient
transportation, but creation of livable cities
•Livable city require intermodal transportation
•Balanced transportation requires policies that favor public transport
and pedestrians over private automobile
•Increased auto ownership requires major improvements of transit
8. Recommendations (cont.)





The subway systems planned for Beijing, Shanghai and other cities must be
complemented by transit lines on ways independent of traffic and with
preferential treatments at intersections. This semirapid transit can be buses,
environmentally superb trolleybuses, or light rail transit which has a
demonstrated strong ability to attract passengers and have a very positive
impact on pedestrian areas and city’s livability
Auto travel must be made more efficient (less congested) by introduction of
higher direct costs of driving
Bicycle systems have much greater capacity than auto traffic.
Improvements of their facilities and increased discipline of bicyclists
should be used to encourage its use
Cooperation among transportation professionals and public officials is
essential for introduction of coordinated intermodal transportation systems
Education of the public about the problems and needed solutions for
transportation is important: informed public generally supports balanced
transportation systems and livable cities.
Direct references: The author’s
“TRANSIT TRILOGY:”



Vuchic. Vukan R., “Transportation for Livable Cities;”
Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, NJ, 1999.
Vuchic, Vukan R., “Urban Transit Operations, Planning and
Economics;”John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2005.
Vuchic, Vukan R., “Urban Transit Systems and Technology;”
John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2007.

1. PRESENT CONDITION OF URBAN

Transcription

Similar documents

Froggy Drawing handout2 - Mid Mon Valley Transit Authority

Fastfrate Roadfrate SS.indd

june 4 : fado irish pub

public transportation - ETHRA Public Transit

Pharr District Regional Characteristics and Inventory

WENDY GREUEL

PATransit Port Authority of Allegheny County DR500C Talking Bus

Presentation - Local Government Commission

EasyRide

Making Our Transit Dollars Go The Distance