1. Introduction - Agua

The conservation of water and soil resources in the
Ronquillo basin in the Northern Sierra of Peru
CASCUS I
Prof. Dr. Achim Schulte, Freie Universitaet Berlin
Dipl.-Geogr. Joachim Krois, Freie Universitaet Berlin
Partners
CEDEPAS Norte
Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca
GIZ
ASPADERUC
CIPDER
Instituto Cuencas
SEDACAJ S.A.
SENAMHI
Municipalidad Provincial de Cajamarca
Municipalidad Distrital de Chetilla y de Magdalena
CARE
Contents
1. Introduction
1.
Environmental conditions and problems
2.
Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
2. Methods – scenarios implemented in rainfall runoff model NASIM
1.
Conceptual framework and hydrological model approach
2.
Two scenarios of two-dimensional measures (terraces/bund systems, aforestation)
3.
Two scenarios of point measures (reservoirs, check dams)
3. Results
1.
Rainfall and discharge variability
2.
Surface runoff in scenario terraces/bund systems
3.
Effectiveness of four scenarios concerning water yield
4. Summary
5. Conclusion
6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
Reservoir
Gallito Ciego
Granja Porcón
Yanacocha
City of
Cajamarca
(~2700 m asl)
Pacific
Atlantic
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
“Infiltration excess and overland flow”
on the slopes – the flat areas are cultivated
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
Reservoir
Gallito Ciego
Granja Porcón
Yanacocha
City of
Cajamarca
(~2700 m asl)
Pacific
Atlantic
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
<VALU
srtm_u
Ecological Zones
3.
Jalca
(> 3.500 m asl)
2.
Quechua
(2.300 – 3.500 m asl)
Yunga
(500 – 2.300 m asl)
Chetillano
Cajamarca
Ronquillo
50
-2
<VALU
srtm_u
C
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
A rainfall event in the Jalca region
in a zero order basin (headwater area)
of Rio Ronquillo watershed…
05.03.2009
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
…resulted in subsequent surface runoff formation…
“Saturation excess and overland flow”
on the flat areas – the slopes are cultivated
05.03.2009
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
…which in turn causes sever soil erosion and sediment transport
05.03.2009
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
Rainy Season  enhanced runoff,
soil erosion and flooding
Groundwater
Recharge
Dry Season  lower water availability
for human demand within the
watershed and downstream (e.g. for
the city of Cajamarca)
Soil infiltration
+
-
Surface runoff
Soil degradation
+
Soil erosion
+
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
Catchment
Ronquillo
Area
(km²)
Water
plant
42
Santa
Apolonia
Hydraulic
capacity
~100 l/s
42 km²
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Gauging station
Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Contents
1. Introduction
1.
Environmental conditions and problems
2.
Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
2. Methods – scenarios implemented in rainfall runoff model NASIM
1.
Conceptual framework and hydrological model approach
2.
Two scenarios of two-dimensional measures (terraces/bund systems, aforestation)
3.
Two scenarios of point measures (reservoirs, check dams)
3. Results
1.
Rain fall and discharge variability
2.
Surface runoff in scenario terraces/bund systems
3.
Effectiveness of four scenarios concerning water yield
4. Summary
5. Conclusion
6. Outlook
Conceptual framework
Concept for the implementation of soil and water
conservation measures in the Ronquillo watershed
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Rainfall-runoff-model
Hydrological model approach (NASIM 3.7)
 Grey-Box model (physical and conceptual components)
 deterministic model
 distributed model (Hydrological Response Unit)
Water flows
Model components
Precipitation
Atmosphere
Evaporation
Interception
Surface
River channel
Surface runoff
Channel runoff
Unsaturated zone
Saturated zone
Infiltration
Interflow
Discharge
Percolation
Baseflow
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Input data to rainfall-runoff-model
2.000 1.500 1.000-
Meteorological Station (FU-Berlin)
500 - 1
Meteorological Station (SENAMHI)
Gauging Station (FU-Berlin)
< 500
Continental water divide
0
Water divide Chetillano and Ronquillo
Major roads
<VALUE>
srtm_utm
Chamis
Ecological Zones
3.500,
Jalca
2.300,
Quechua
500,00
Yunga
Chetillano
(> 3.500 m asl)
Cajamarca
Alto Chetilla
Ronquillo
Captación
Santa Apolonia
(2.300 – 3.500 m asl)
(500 – 2.300 m asl)
Puente
Chetilla
Huaquillas
-214 -
<VALUE>
srtm_utm
CASC
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
!(
*#
KS-SE
KS_us
Meteorological and gauging station
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Scenario development
Soil and Water
Conservation
Techniques (SWCT)
(A) Widespread twodimensional measures in
agriculture and forestry
(B) Point measures along
river channels
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Scenario development
(A) Widespread twodimensional measures in
agriculture and forestry
Soil and Water
Conservation
Techniques (SWCT)
 Terraces/bund systems (S1)
 Aforestation (S2)
S1
S2
S1 Area: 24%
Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE)
S2 Area: 18%
Expansion of existing aforestation
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Scenario development
Soil and Water
Conservation
Techniques (SWCT)
S3
 Water retarding basins (S3)
 Check dams (S4)
(B) Point measures along
river channels
S4
Laguna Mataracocha
123.000 m³
Cushunga basin
25.000 m³
Balconillo basin
37.000 m³
Total storage volume: 185,000 m³
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Contents
1. Introduction
1.
Environmental conditions and problems
2.
Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
2. Methods – scenarios implemented in rainfall runoff model NASIM
1.
Conceptual framework and hydrological model approach
2.
Two scenarios of two-dimensional measures (terraces/bund systems, aforestation)
3.
Two scenarios of point measures (reservoirs, check dams)
3. Results
1.
Rainfall and discharge variability
2.
Surface runoff in scenario terraces/bund systems
3.
Effectiveness of four scenarios concerning water yield
4. Summary
5. Conclusion
6. Outlook
Rainfall (Chamis) and discharge variability
Baseflow according to UKIH seperation method
---
Flow recession curves for calculating reservoir volume
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Modeled surface runoff at gauging station Ronquillo
5.0x106
Modelled runoff
Current state
S1 (Terrace and bund systems)
20%
6
6
3.0x10
6
2.0x106
4
106
2
0.0x100
8
.0
0
.1
01
0
9
.0
1
.0
01
9
.0
4
.0
01
7.
.0
1
0
09
9
.0
0
.1
01
0
.1
1
.0
01
.
01
0
.1
4
0
0
.1
7
.0
01
0
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0
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01
1
.1
1
.0
01
1
.1
4
.0
01
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
1
.1
7
.0
01
1
.1
0
.1
01
Daily mean runoff (m3s-1)
Cumulative surface runoff (m³)
4.0x10
Modeled total water yield at gauging station Ronquillo
7
10%
2.5x107
2.0x10
7
1.5x10
7
4
107
2
5.0x10
6
0.0x100
Daily mean runoff (m3s-1)
6
0
01
.1
0.
08
01
.0
1.
09
01
.0
4.
09
01
.0
7.
09
01
.1
0.
09
01
.0
1.
10
01
.0
4.
10
01
.0
7.
10
01
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0.
10
01
.0
1.
11
01
.0
4.
11
01
.0
7.
11
01
.1
0.
11
Cumulative runoff (m³)
3.0x10
Modelled runoff
Current state
S1 (Terrace and bund systems)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Hydrological impact is increasing evapotranspiration
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Water availability and water deficit
5
6.0x105
3
4.0x105
2
2.0x105
1
0.0x100
11
20
11
01
.1
7.
0.
20
11
.0
01
01
.0
1.
4.
20
20
11
10
.0
01
.1
01
01
.0
7.
0.
20
20
10
10
4.
.0
01
01
.0
1.
0.
20
20
10
09
20
09
.1
01
01
.0
7.
4.
01
.0
1.
.0
01
20
20
09
20
08
20
0.
.1
09
0
01
Daily mean runoff (m³s-1)
4
8.0x10
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Water deficit (m³)
Cumulative curve of water deficit
S1 (Terrace and bund systems)
S2 (Afforestation)
S3 (Retarding basins)
S4 (Check dams)
5
Water availability and water deficit
Water availability and water deficit
Water yield
7
Modelled runoff
Current state
S1 (Terrace and bund systems)
S2 (Afforestation)
2.5x107
2.0x10
7
1.5x10
7
4
10
7
2
5.0x10
6
0.0x100
0
Daily mean runoff (m3s-1)
6
Maximum hydraulic
conductivity
64 ls-1
01
.1
0.
08
01
.0
1.
09
01
.0
4.
09
01
.0
7.
09
01
.1
0.
09
01
.0
1.
10
01
.0
4.
10
01
.0
7.
10
01
.1
0.
10
01
.0
1.
11
01
.0
4.
11
01
.0
7.
11
01
.1
0.
11
Cumulative runoff (m³)
3.0x10
Water abstraction
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Water availability and water deficit
Projected increase in population and water use
for the city of Cajamarca
(Sedacaj 2006)
*date of publication
Year
2005
2006*
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
Inhabitants 115,116 119,350 136,287 157,458 178,629 199,800 220,970 242,141
Increase
(%)
Water use
(l/s)
0
4
18
37
55
74
92
110
222
231
261
309
359
404
449
494
Politca
(12.02.2013)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Contents
1. Introduction
1.
Environmental conditions and problems
2.
Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
2. Methods – scenarios implemented in rainfall runoff model NASIM
1.
Conceptual framework and hydrological model approach
2.
Two scenarios of two-dimensional measures (terraces/bund systems, aforestation)
3.
Two scenarios of point measures (reservoirs, check dams)
3. Results
1.
Rainfall and discharge variability
2.
Surface runoff in scenario terraces/bund systems
3.
Effectiveness of four scenarios concerning water yield
4. Summary
5. Conclusion
6. Outlook
Summary
Measure
Mitigation of
soil erosion
Water availability
up-stream area
Water availability
down-stream
Terraces and bund
systems (S1)
++
++
--
Afforestation
(S2)
+
-
-
Retarding basins
(S3)
o
o
++
Check dams (S4)
o
o
o
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Conclusion
Terraces and bund systems reduce
surface runoff and enhance green water
availability.
However, in regions prone to water
scarcity the implementation of SWCT
may significantly alter the distribution of
water resources within the basin itself.
Thus upstream-downstream issues must
be taken into consideration for the
promotion of SWCT.
Aforestation with eucalyptus or
pine species diminishes water
availability upstream as well as
downstream. This unintentional
impact on water resources
should be accommodated in
aforestation initiatives.
Retarding basins are appropriate for
temporal water storage and reduce
water deficit. However, infrastructural
measures are expensive and need
professional planning and
maintenance structures.
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Implementation oriented water and soil resources management in the
Northern Andes of Peru under climate uncertainties
CASCUS II
Prof. Dr. Achim Schulte, Freie Universitaet Berlin
Prof. Dr. Robert Juepner, University of Kaiserslautern
Partners
Prof. Dr. Bjoern Waske, FU Berlin
Hydrotec GmbH Aachen
Prof. Eng. Victor Peña, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina
Prof. Eng. Mirella Gallardo, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina
Prof. Eng. Gaspar Méndez, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca
Eng. Carlos Cerdán, Universidad Privada Antonio Guillermo Urrelo
Eng. Antenor Florindez, Instituto Cuencas
Eng. Geog. Alicia Quispe, Gobierno Regional de Cajamarca
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Catchment
Ronquillo
Area
(km²)
42
Water
plant
Hydraulic
capacity
Santa
Apolonia
~100 l/s
Porcon & Rio
Grande
152
El Milagro
~200 l/s
Chonta
282
Cerrillo
(planned)
~370 l/s
(planned)
Porcon &
Rio Grande
Chonta
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Thank you for the attention!
Department of Earth Sciences
Institute of Geographical Sciences
Applied Geography - Environmental Hydrology and Resource Management
Prof. Dr. Achim Schulte
Malteserstr. 74-100, Haus H
12249 Berlin, GERMANY
email: [email protected]
Quality of rainfall runoff model
NSE: Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency
PBIAS: percent bias error index
RSR: ratio of the root mean
square error to the standard deviation
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook