Zootaxa,The Conopidae of Costa Rica (Diptera)

Transcription

Zootaxa 1528: 1–40 (2007)
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ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
ZOOTAXA
The Conopidae of Costa Rica (Diptera)
(Part 1: Conopinae – Conopini &Tropidomyiini)
JENS-HERMANN STUKE1 & JEFFREY H. SKEVINGTON2
1. Brunnenstraße 28, 26789 Leer, Germany; e-mail: [email protected].
2. Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, K.W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A
0C6, Canada; e-mail: [email protected]; web site: http://www.canacoll.org.
Table of contents
Abstract
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Materials & methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Results
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Conopini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Conops subgenus Diconops Camras, 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Conops (Diconops) geminatus Camras (figures 1–4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Conops subgenus Sphenoconops Camras, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Conops (Sphenoconops) nobilis (Walker) (figures 5–8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Physocephala Schiner, 1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Physocephala bipunctata (Macquart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Physocephala carbonaria (Bigot) (figures 9–12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Physocephala cayennensis (Macquart) (figures 13–15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Physocephala herrerai spec. nov. (figures 16–21). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Physocephala inhabilis (Walker) (figures 22–25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Physocephala lugubris (Macquart) (figures 26–28). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Physocephala wulpi Camras (figures 29–32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Physoconops Szilady, 1926 s. str. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Physoconops subgenus Aconops Kröber, 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Physoconops (Aconops) longistylus (Kröber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Physoconops subgenus Gyroconops Camras, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Physoconops (Gyroconops) ocellatus (Giglio-Tos) [status rev.] (figures 33–36, 38) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Physoconops (Gyroconops) parvus (Williston) (figures 37, 39–42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Physoconops (Gyroconops) spec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Physoconops (Physoconops) analis (Fabricius) (figures 43–46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Physoconops (Physoconops) anthreas (Williston) (figures 47–50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Physoconops (Physoconops) aureoscutellatus (Kröber) (figures 51–54) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Physoconops (Physoconops) discalis (Williston) (figures 55–58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Physoconops (Physoconops) nigromarginatus (Kröber) (figures 59–62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Physoconops (Physoconops) zumbadoi spec. nov. (figures 63–69) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Physoconops subgenus Pachyconops Camras 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Physoconops (Pachyconops) bulbirostris (Loew) (figures 70–73) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Physoconops (Pachyconops) connectens Camras (figures 74–77) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Physoconops (Pachyconops) costaricensis (Kröber) (figures 78–81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Physoconops (Pachyconops) guianicus (Curran) (figures 82–84) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Physoconops (Pachyconops) magnus (Williston) (figures 85–88) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Physoconops (Pachyconops) pallifrons (Coquillett) (figures 89–92) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Physoconops (Pachyconops) pictifrons (Kröber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Physoconops (Pachyconops) rufipennis (Macquart) [comb. nov.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tropidomyiini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tropidomyia Williston, 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tropidomyia bimaculata Williston (figures 93–95) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Accepted by Dan Bickel: 15 May 2007; published: 19 Jul. 2007
1
Abstract
The first part of a Conopid faunal review for Costa Rica presents data for 25 species from the Conopinae (tribes Tropidomyiini and Conopini). Two hundred and eighty-five specimens have been examined and identified. Physocephala herrerai spec. nov. and Physoconops zumbadoi spec. nov. are new to science. Sixteen species are reported the first time for
the country. We introduce the following taxonomic changes: Physoconops (Gyroconops) ocellatus (Giglio-Tos, 1892) is
a valid species [status rev.]; Physoconops rufipennis (Macquart, 1844) belongs to the subgenus Pachyconops Camras,
1955 [status rev.]; Physoconops gracilianus Camras, 1955 is a junior synonym of Physoconops pallifrons (Coquillett,
1904) [syn. nov.]. Keys for the species of the genera Physocephala Schiner, 1861 and Physoconops Szilady, 1926 are
presented. Most species are illustrated with photo plates.
Key words: Diptera, Conopidae, Conopinae, Conopini, Tropidomyiini, fauna, Costa Rica. spec. nov., syn. nov., status
rev., key
Introduction
Kröber (1937) was the first to compile a species list of Costa Rica´s Conopidae. Since then, some species have
been published as new for the country and many new specimens have been collected but there hasn’t been a
second attempt to summarise the knowledge. The aim of this work is to update Kröber´s list by collecting the
newly published faunistic data and by adding new records of Conopidae. To make the work easier for research
in the future we add determination keys for the species and illustrate most of the species with photographs.
This is the first of three parts of this project. We present the Conopinae now. The second part will deal with
Myopinae and the third part with Stylogastrinae.
Materials & methods
For determination to subgenus, the key of Thompson et al. (in press) is used. A key is presented for each subgenus or genus with more than one species recorded in Costa Rica. Synonyms used in older literature follow
Thompson et al. (in press). Literature citing faunistic records of Conopidae from Costa Rica is listed for each
species. The genera, subgenera and species are presented in alphabetical order. Unless otherwise stated, the
material has been determined by using the original description, using the keys of Camras (1955, 1957a, 1996)
and comparing the material with specimens determined by Camras. Material was used from the following collections:
CNC
INBC
MNHN
SMTD
UMBB
USNM
ZMAN
ZSMC
Canada, Ottawa, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes
Costa Rica, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)
France, Paris, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Germany, Dresden, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde
Germany, Bremen, Übersee-Museum
Washington, DC, USA, National Museum of Natural History
Netherlands, Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Museum
Germany, München, Zoologische Staatssammlung
Duplicates of some material from the INBC are deposited in the CNC and the Museum für Naturkunde
der Humboldt Universität, Berlin (ZMHB).
The original labels on the holotypes are listed in sequence from the topmost downwards, and the text of
each label is reproduced. A slash mark ("/ ") indicates a line break on the label
2 · Zootaxa 1528 © 2007 Magnolia Press
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Results
Conopini
Conops subgenus Diconops Camras, 1957
Conops (Diconops) geminatus Camras (figures 1–4)
Conops geminatus Camras 1957a: 10.
Specimen examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela: Upala, Dos Ríos, Sector San Cristbal, Send. Vivero, 2&,
600m, 16.–23.iv.2001, D. Briceño, Libre, L_N_316894_384123, #63103, INB0003328483 (CNC, ZMHB);
Prov. San José: Est. Santa Elena, 1.2 km al N de la Estacíon, 1400–1600m, 8.vii.1996, 1&, E. Alfaro,
L_S_373000_507500, #7918, INBIO CRI002470051 (INBC).
FIGURES 1–4: Conops (Diconops) geminatus Camras, 1957 [specimen INB0003328483].
CONOPINI &TROPIDOMYIINI OF COSTA RICA
Zootaxa 1528 © 2007 Magnolia Press ·
3
Conops subgenus Sphenoconops Camras, 1955
Conops (Sphenoconops) nobilis (Walker) (figures 5–8)
Conops nobilis Walker, 1853: 256.
FIGURES 5–8: Conops (Sphenoconops) nobilis (Walker, 1852) [specimen INB0003478843].
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: 1&, leg. Paul Serre (MNHN); Prov. Alajuela: Est San Ramón Oeste,
620m, 3–19.iv.1994, 1&, C. Cano, L N 318100_381900, #2818, INBIO CRI001769587 (INBC); Prov. Guanacaste: Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Sta. Cecilia, 700m, iv.1994, 1%, P. Rios, L_S_330200_380200, #2844, INBIO
CRI001794355 (INBC); Prov. Limon: Cerro Tortuguero, P.N. Tortuguero, 100m, iv.1989, 1&, R. Aguilar &
J. Solano, UTM 285000, 588000, INBIO CRI000088825 (CNC); R. V. S., Gandoca-Manzanillo, Sector Gandoca, 0.5km S de Estación, 0–3m, 01.xi.2001, 1&, B. Hermandez, Libre, L_S_393250_616550, #69045,
INB0003478843 (ZMHB). Literature: Camras (1955); Kröber (1937, as "Conops palliditarsis Kröb. ").
Physocephala Schiner, 1861
Key for the Costa Rican species of Physocephala Schiner, 1861
1
Antennal groove completely and densely silver dusted (figure 27); haltere completely black; frons black
(figure 27) ....................................................................................................... lugubris (Macquart, 1835)
- Antennal groove not or only inconspicuously dusted (figure 30); haltere at least partly yellow (figure 29);
frons partly yellow in many species (figure 30) ........................................................................................ 2
2 Mesopleuron without pubescent stripe (figure 9); knob of haltere completely dark black ....................... 3
- Mesopleuron with pubescent stripe; knob of haltere yellow or brown, at maximum a brownish darkening
at tip ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Gena uniformly dark (figure 10); antenna and proboscis at least partly darkened (figure 10); posterior dorsal corner of the katepisternum at most slightly dusted; tip of the female abdomen as figure 11: tergite 5
less curved and syntergite 6 shorter.................................................................... carbonaria (Bigot, 1887)
- Gena lighter in the middle (figure 17); antenna and proboscis completely orange (figure 17); posterior
dorsal corner of the katepisternum obviously dusted; tip of the female abdomen as figure 18: tergite 5
strongly curved and syntergite 6 quite long .................................................................. herrerai spec. nov.
The following four species are very similar and can be separated only by colouration characters-future
research has to test if these are good species or only colour forms of one variable species.
4 Keel of the antennal groove black up to the base of the antenna (figure 14); mesoscutum black ................
.................................................................................................................... cayennensis (Macquart, 1844)
- Keel of the antennal groove black in the middle (figure 30) or completely orange; mesoscutum black or
brown ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
5 Red brown species (figure 29); keel of the antennal groove regularly black in the middle; frons usually
yellow and brown, without a black T-marking (figure 30) ....................................... wulpi Camras, 1996
- At least mesoscutum and the apical tergites blackish; keel of the antennal groove completely yellow; frons
with T-marking (figure 23) ........................................................................................................................ 6
6 Scutellum black; wing as figure 25: radial cell r4+5 at the posterior side partly hyaline, radial cell r2+3 lighter
apically ................................................................................................................ inhabilis (Walker, 1849)
- Scutellum orange-brown; wing with radial cell r4+5 and r2+3 completely dark ................................................
....................................................................................................................... bipunctata (Macquart, 1844)
Physocephala bipunctata (Macquart)
Conops bipunctata Macquart 1844: 168.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Puntarenas: Rancho Quemado, Península de Osa, 200m,
viii.1991, 1%, F. Quesada, L_S_292500, 511000, INBIO CRI001301043 (INBC).
5
The characters given by Camras (1957a, 1996) to separate Physocephala bipunctata and Physocephala
inhabilis cannot be used and we have seen specimens determined by Camras that don’t fit the characters given
in his keys. The characters in our key are suitable to distinguish two closely related forms occurring in Costa
Rica but don't work for material from other Neotropical regions. Further studies are required to discover if
Physocephala bipunctata and Physocephala inhabilis are conspecific.
FIGURES 9–12: Physocephala carbonaria (Bigot, 1887) [specimen INBIO CRI002560231].
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Physocephala carbonaria (Bigot) (figures 9–12)
Conops carbonarius Bigot 1887: 42.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: 1920, 4%, leg. Paul Serre (MNHN); 1922, 1%, leg. Paul Serre (MNHN);
Prov. Alajuela: San Cristobal, 600–620m, 18.v.1998, 1%, F.A. Quesada, En Flores, L_N_318056_383200,
#50698, INBIO CRI002605412 (INBC); Prov. Guanacaste: Sendero Pailas, Catarata, 800m, 11–12.i.1994,
1%, M. Zumbado, L_N_306300_388600, #2666, INBIO CRI001725800 (INBC); Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa
Cecilia, 700m, ii.1989, 1%, xi.1988, 1&, GNP Biodiversity Survey, 6–19.ix.1993, 1%, P. Rios,
L_S_330200_380200, (10°59'26" N, 85°25'40" W), INBIO CRI000105737, INBIO CRI001048681, INBIO
CRI001613927 (CNC); Rincón de la Vieja, Upala, Dos Rios, San Cristobal, 600–620m, 1%, F. A. Quesada,
En Flor, L_N_318056_383200, #63528, INB0003341167 (INBC); Prov. Limon: Cero Tortuguero, P.N. Tortuguero, 100m, iv.1989, 1&, R. Aguilar & J. Solano, 28500, 588000, INBIO CRI000088780 (INBC); Fca.
Jenny, 31 km N Liberia, 300m, ix.1988, 1&, GNP Biodiversity Survey, 10°51'55" N, 85°34'27" W, INBIO
CRI001048686 (INBC); Tilarán, P.N. Tenorio, Send. Rancho Capú, Cerca Torres Elécticas, 740m, 23.xi.2000,
1&, J. Gutiérrez, Manual, L_N_428401_284482, #60989, INB0003117321 (CNC); Prov. Puntarenas: Cotoncito, 3.5 km N de la Lucha, 1600m, 15.xii.1997, 1&, A. Picado, L_S_322100_597200, #48768, INBIO
CRI002593507 (INBC); Fca. Buen Amigo, Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva, 1350m, 1–15.viii.1997, 1%, Z.
Fuentes, En Vegetac. Con Red., L_N_250850_449250, #47755 INBIO CRI002572275 (INBC); Buen Amigo,
San Luis Monteverde, 1000–1350m, vi.1995, 1&, vii.1997, 1&, vii.1998, 1%, Z. Fuentes,
L_N_250850_449250, #5336, INBIOCRI002147878, INBIOCRI002560231, INB0003046071 (INBC,
ZMHB); Est. Biol. Las Alturas, Coto Brus, 1500m, 1–21.iii.1992, 1%, M.A. Zumbado, L_S_322500_591300,
INBIO CRI000750262 (INBC); Cerro de Oro, Rio Nino, 200m, 4–15.v.1995, 1&, M. Chinchita,
L_S_279300_518700, #6017, INBIO CRI002350838 (CNC); Prov. San José: Send. Rio #2, 1km ai NE de la
Estacion Sta Elena, 1300m, 1%, 9–12.i.1996, A. M. Maroto, L_S_372000_508800, #7514, INBIO
CRI002376058 (CNC). Literature: Camras (1996); Kröber (1937).
Some of the female specimens listed here have been determined by Camras as Physocephala aurifrons
(Walker, 1849). Using the information of Camras (1996) these species can be separated by the pubescence and
the form of the male abdomen. We cannot see any differences in the material available and therefore the status
of aurifrons as well as its occurrence in Costa Rica remains doubtful.
Physocephala cayennensis (Macquart) (figures 13–15)
Conops cayennensis Macquart 1844: 169.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Guanacaste: Est. Maritza, Lado oeste del Volcan Orosi, 600m,
viii.1990, 1&, II courso Parataxonomos, L_N_326900, 373000, INBIO CRI000296572 (CNC); Santa Cruz,
B.N. Diriá, Vista del Mar. Torre Cocesna, 970m, 19.ii.2001, 1%, Y. Cárdenas, Red con Aguamiel,
L_N_357490, 235340, #61627, INB000313615 (CNC); Santa Cruz, Send la Vainilla, 400m, 20.vii.1999, 1%,
Y. Cárdenas. Manual (red. libre) L_N_240_190_360210, #54049, INBIO 003050386 (ZMHB); Z. P. Nosara
Cerro Romo, 800m, 11.v.2002, 1&, Y. Cárdenas, Red con Aguamiel, L_N_220700_382545, #69022, INBIO
003478331 (ZMHB); P. N. Rincón de la Vieja, Send. a las aguas termales, 900–1000m, 1&, 06.–07.x.2001, D.
Brieceno, Red con Aguamiel, L_N_305843_392970, # 64950, INBIO 003380928 (INBC); Prov. Puntarenas: San Luis, Fca. Buen Amigo, Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva, 1000–1350m, i.1996, 2&, Z. Fuentes,
L_N_250850_449250, #6823, #50809 INBIO CRI002390348, INB0003046080 (INBC).
7
FIGURES 13–15: Physocephala cayennensis (Macquart, 1844) [specimen INB0003478331].
Physocephala herrerai spec. nov. (figures 16–21)
Holotype &: "Sect. San Ramón de dos Rios, Prov. / Alaju, COSTA RICA, 620m. 18 / MAR–13 ABR 1995. F.
A. Quesada, / L_N_318100_381900 #5274"; (2) "COSTA RICA INBIO / CRI002 / 246242" [label with barcode]; (3) "Holotypus / Physocephala herrerai / spec. nov. / det. Stuke & Skevington, 2005" (INBC).
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 16–21: Physocephala herrerai spec. nov. [specimen holotype].
9
Description of the holotype (female)
Head 3.5 mm high. Eye brown, facets a little bit larger in the centre near the face. Hind margin of eye
slightly concave in the middle. Antenna completely orange, with black bristles at the top of the scape and
mainly dorsally on the pedicel. Ventral flagellum membrane-like. Second segment of the style as long as the
third segment, the third segment slightly blackish at the tip. Head mainly yellow, gena black with clear yellow
centre, upper parts of frons black, vertex and ptilinal fissure light brown. Obvious pubescence only bordering
the eyes with the exception of the frons, pubescence golden at the postcranium and grey at the gena. A less
obvious pubescence can be seen when looking at a suitable angle at the gena and the postcranium. Vertex and
postcranium (with the exception of the postgena) with long black hairs. Proboscis orange.
Thorax black. Only a few hard-to-find black hairs at the dorsal posterior part of the katepisternum and the
whole mesoscutum with scutellum and postpronotum covered with short black hairs. Thorax completely covered with a less obvious grey pubescence, the dorsal posterior part of the katepisternum with more obvious silver pubescence.
Legs orange brown with the exception of the hind femur, the apical part of the hind tibia and the top of the
claws that are all blackish. Legs covered with black hairs with these exceptions: anteroventral side of fore
tibia with short dense golden hairs, fore and middle tibia posterior at the apical part with dense golden pubescence, hind tibia apically covered with dense golden hairs, ventral and posterior part of the femora without
hairs. Coxa densely silver to golden pubescent, femora less obvious silver dusted.
Length of wing 12 mm (measured from the top of the wing to the tegula). Wing completely covered with
microtrichia with the exception of the alula, the anal lobe and the basal part of the posterior cubital cell cup.
Venation and colouration as shown on figure 21. Haltere yellow with a black basis and a black apex; 5–6 black
bristles at the stem. Calypters yellow brown with a slightly darker border and small golden hairs on the thicker
border.
Abdomen completely black to dark brown; covered with silver grey pubescence with the exception of
tergite 5, syntergite 6, and partly the lateral margins of tergite 2. Abdomen completely covered with black
hairs that are smaller and less dense at the base of tergite 1. Form of the tergites as shown in figures 16 and 18.
The elongated syntergite 6 and the rounded tergite 5 are distinctive. Theca very broad and completely covered
with black bristles that are arranged in small regular lines with about 6–12 bristles in each line.
Etymology
The species is named after Alvaro Herrera (INBIO; Santo Domingo, Heredia) who was very helpful when
we visited the INBIO collection in Costa Rica.
Diagnosis
The first couplet in Camras (1996) doesn’t work when identifying this species because the frons is about
half black and yellow. Following couplet 1 "Frons mainly or entirely dark" will lead to couplet 14 with the
species Physocephala carbonaria and Physocephala aurifrons. The distinction of Physocephala herrerai and
Physocephala carbonaria is given in our key. As stated above, the status of Physocephala aurifrons remains
doubtful and cannot be separated. Following couplet 1' "Frons mainly or entirely pale" will lead to couplet 30
where both species offered don´t fit Physocephala herrerai (i.e. it is not a rufous species and does not have a
pollinose pleural stripe).
Physocephala inhabilis (Walker) (figures 22–25)
Conops inhabilis Walker 1849a: 672.
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 22–25: Physocephala inhabilis (Walker, 1849) [specimen INB0003403853].
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: 1920, 1%, leg. Paul Serre (MNHN); Prov. Guanacaste: Santa Rosa
National Park, iv.1985, 300m, 1&, D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs, INBIO CRI001688678 (INBC); Santa Cruz
Camino a la Esperanza, 420m, 8.ix.1999, 1&, Y. Cardenas, Manual (red. libre), L_N_238450_363050,
11
#54081, INB0003044443 (CNC); Est. Murciélago, 80m, 4–22.viii.1994, 1&, C. Cano, L_N_320300_347200,
#3167, INBIO CRI002015857 (INBC); R.V.S. Bosque Diriá, 100–200m, 13.ii.2003, 1%, W. Porras, Libre,
L_N_239623_361899, #73261, INB0003702421 (ZMHB); Prov. Puntarenas: San Luis, Fca. Buen Amigo,
Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva, 1000–1350m, iii.1996, 1%, Z. Fuentes, Red de Mariposa,
L_N_250850_449250, INBIO CRI002399258 (CNC); Golfito, P. N. Piedras Blancas, Estación el Bonito,
Cerro Viude, 100–200m, 14.xii.2001, 1&, M. Moraga, T. de Luz, L_S_292800_548800, #65867,
INBIO003403853 (ZMHB). Literature: Kröber (1937, as "Physocephala bimaculata Kröb.").
See remarks under Physocephala bipunctata.
Physocephala lugubris (Macquart) (figures 26–28)
Conops lugubris Macquart 1835: 26.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Cartago: Sector La Represa, Sendero Rancho Negro, 1400–
1800m, viii.1996, 1&, R. Delgado, L_N_186600_562000, #7905, INBIO CRI002486457 (INBC); Paratso, P.
N. Tapati-Macizo de la Muerte, Torre #31, 1410m, 19.v.2000, 1&, C. Hansson, D. Rubi, Malaise,
L_N_188500_561800, #56722, INBIO033377733 (ZMHB); Prov. Puntarenas: San Luis, Fca. Buen Amigo,
Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva, 1000–1350m, vi.1996, 1&, Z. Fuentes, L_N_250850_449250, #7561,
INBIO CRI002384395 (CNC); Prov. San José: Llano Bonito, 4.4 km SO del Cerro Ventisquero, 2450m,
9.iv.1996, 1&, E. Alfaro, L_S_378500_513200, #7616, INBIO CRI002400779 (INBC); F. Cementerio de la
Máquina, P. N. Chirripó, 2100–2500m, 2.iii.1993, 1%, F. Quesada, M. Segura, L_S_378700_512500,
INBIOCRI001208701 (INBC). Literature: Kröber (1937, as "Physocepahala analis F.").
Physocephala wulpi Camras (figures 29–32)
Physocephala wulpi Camras 1996: 105, 111.
Literature: Kröber (1937, as "Physocephala testacea v. d. Wulp").
There is no known Costa Rican material of this species available and we can only accept the record of
Kröber (l. c.) who knew the species from several locations in the Neotropical region.
Physoconops subgenus Aconops Kröber, 1917
Physoconops (Aconops) longistylus (Kröber)
Conops longistylus Kröber 1916: 149.
Literature: Kröber (1937, as "Conops longistylus Kröb.").
The four nominal species of Aconops belong to three valid species. These three species of the subgenus
Aconops cannot be determined using existing keys. The characters used by Camras (1955) are not suitable to
distinguish the species. We haven't seen any specimens of this subgenus from Costa Rica and therefore the
occurrence of Physoconops longistylus in Costa Rica remains questionable, because it is possible that Kröber
confused his "Conops longistylus" with other similar species.
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 26–28: Physocepahala lugubris (Macquart, 1835) [specimen INBIO CRI001208701].
13
FIGURES 29–32: Physocephala wulpi Camras, 1996 [specimen from Bolivia, Santa Cruz].
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Physoconops subgenus Gyroconops Camras, 1955
Key for the Costa Rican species of Physoconops subgenus Gyroconops Camras, 1955 and the distinction of
the other species of the subgenus
1
2
3
-
Radial cell r4+5 hyaline; only known from Mexico. (no material seen, character from the original description).................................................................................................................... abbreviatus Camras, 1955
Radial cell r4+5 at least partly darkened; species widely distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions
......................................................................................................................................................................2
Wing without an isolated dark spot but with more distributed dark pattern including the apex of the wing;
flagellum as long as pedicel; known from the Nearctic (including Mexico) .................................................
................................................................................ arizonicus (Banks, 1916); sylvosus (Williston, 1882)
Wing with an isolated dark spot, apex of the wing hyaline or only slightly brownish (figure 36); flagellum
longer than pedicel (figure 33); known from the Neotropics (including Mexico) ...................................... 3
Legs completely yellowish or brownish (figure 39); labrum yellowish; tergites 1–3 without obvious
golden pubescence at the hind margin (figure 39); theca as figure 37: black field with bristles about as
long as wide ........................................................................................................ parvus (Williston, 1892a)
Legs black, only the tibia basally yellowish (figure 33); labrum black; tergites 1–3 with obvious golden
pubescence at the hind margin (figure 33); theca as figure 38: black field with bristles wider than long .....
......................................................................................................................... ocellatus (Giglio-Tos, 1892)
Physoconops (Gyroconops) ocellatus (Giglio-Tos) [status rev.] (figures 33–36, 38)
Conops ocellatus Giglio-Tos 1892: 5.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Guanacaste: P.N. Rincón de la Vieja, Send. a las aguas termales,
900–1000m, 10–11.x.2001, 1%, 1&, 6–7.x.2001, 1%, D. Briceño, L_N_305843_392970, INB0003381316,
INB0003381324, INB0003380962 (INBC); Rincón de la Vieja, Upala, Dos Rios, San Cristobal, 600–620m,
17.v.1998, 1%, F. A. Quesada, En Flor, L_N_318056_383200, #63528, INB0003341173 (INBC); Santa Cruz,
Vista del Mar, Torre COCESNA, 970m, 01.–14x.2002, 1%, Y. Cardenas, Red con Aguamiel,
L_N_235350_357500, #71641, INB0003541182 (INBC); Santa Rosa National Park, 300m, 13–15.viii.2001,
1&, 6–9.viii.2001, 1%, D. Briceño, Libre, L_N_313000_359800, INB0003360085, INB0003359956 (CNC);
Liberia, P. N. Santa Rosa, Est. Santa Rosa, Send. Los Lorrachos, 300m, 13.–15.viii.2001, 1&, D. Briceño,
Libre, L_N_313000_359800, #64281, INB0003360068 (INBC); P. N. Santa Rosa, Quebrada Costa Rica,
Send. Los Putos, 300m, 06.–09.viii.2001, 1&, D. Briceño, Libre, L_N_311750_356933, #64280,
INB0003359955 (ZMHB); Prov. Puntarenas: R. Priv. Karen Mogensen, Camino a Send. El Viejo Níspero,
300–500m, 8.vii.2003, 2%, Y. Cardenas, Red con Aguamiel, L_N_205600_420300, #74534,
INB0003738681–2 (CNC, ZMHB).
The identity of this species is based on the original description. The black tibiae are yellow at the base, fitting the Giglio-Tos description of Gyroconops occellatus: "tibiis omnibus medietate basali flavis".
Thompson et al. (in press) list Physoconops ocellatus as a junior synonym of Physoconops parvus. Based
on the characters given in the key, Physoconops ocellatus is a distinct species and should be accepted as valid
(status rev.).
15
FIGURES 33–36: Physoconops (Gyroconops) ocellatus (Giglio-Tos, 1892) [specimen INB0003359955].
Physoconops (Gyroconops) parvus (Williston) (figures 37, 39–42)
Conops parvus Williston 1892a: 46.
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela: Atenas, 22.ii.–08.iii.1995, 1%, 8–25.iii.1995, 1&, leg. M.
J. Someijer (ZMAN); San Cristobal, 600–620m, 18.v.1998, 1%, F.A. Quesada, En Flores,
L_N_318056_383200, #50698, INBIO CRI003605415 (INBC); Prov. Puntarenas: San Luis, Fca. Buen
Amigo, Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva, 1000–1350m, ii.1995, 1&, Z. Fuentes, L_N_250850_449250,
#4393, INBIO CRI002165192 (INBC); Prov. Guanacaste: Sector Sendero Volcán, 3.5km SSW del Volcán
Rincón de la Vieja, 1100, 9–10.vi.1994, 1%, D. Garcia, L_N_388816_308407, #3046, INBIO CRI002130788
(CNC); Sector Las Pailas, P.N. Guanacaste, A.C. Guanacaste, 800m, 6–26.vi.1994, 1&, K. Taylor,
L_N_309500_389500, #3063, INBIO CRI00908643 (CNC); Macizo Miravalles, Estación Cabro Muco,
1100m, 27.vi.–02.vii.2003, 1&, B. Hermández, Tp de Luz, L_N_299769_411243, #74526, INB0003737783
(ZMHB).
The identity of this species is based on the original description. The characters "the legs are brown or
brownish yellow" and "the wings are wholly greyish hyaline, save a quadrate brown spot in front a little
beyond the middle" characterise the species.
FIGURES 37–38: Theca of Physoconops (Gyroconops) parvus (Williston, 1892) (left) [specimen from Atenas] and
Physoconops (Gyroconops) ocellatus (Giglio-Tos, 1892) (right) [specimen INB0003360086].
Physoconops (Gyroconops) spec.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela: Atenas, 15.v.–2.vi.1995, 1&, leg. M. J. Someijer
(ZMAN).
There is one female specimen that doesn't fit the species mentioned before. It has the characteristic wing
pattern of ocellatus and parvus but a distinctly different theca. Because the condition of the specimen is very
poor it should not be described until additional material is available.
17
FIGURES 39–42: Physoconops (Gyroconops) parvus (Williston, 1892) [specimen INB0003737783].
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Physoconops Szilady, 1926 s. str.
Key for the Costa Rican species of Physoconops Szilady, 1926 s. str.
1
-
2
3
4
-
5
-
Wing completely covered with microtrichia; theca very long (figures 51, 57) with the field of dense black
bristles restricted to the apical third of the projecting part ........................................................................ 2
Basal radial cell br, posterior cubital cell cup and alula at least partly without microtrichia; theca in some
species shorter (figures 49, 61, 68) and if long (analis) the field with dense black bristles covering almost
all of the projecting part ............................................................................................................................. 3
Subscutellum grey dusted; gena partly blackish (figure 56) .............................. discalis (Williston, 1892)
Subscutellum golden dusted; gena yellow (figure 52)............................ aureoscutellatus (Kröber, 1937)
Mesopleuron with golden well defined dusted stripe that is connected with the pubescence at the inner
sites of the postpronotum (figure 47); subscutellum with bristles; theca as figure 49 ..................................
.......................................................................................................................... anthreas (Williston, 1892)
Mesopleuron without golden well defined dusted stripe (figure 59); subscutellum with or without bristles;
theca not as above ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Subscutellum without bristles; katepisternum at most with single weak bristle; wing as in figure 46: apex
behind radial cell r4+5 hyaline, radial cell r4+5 hyaline, radial cell r2+3 dark, slightly lighter apically (compared with radial cell r4+5); antennal groove and gena yellow; vertex red-brown; theca as figure 45 ............
............................................................................................................................. analis (Fabricius, 1805)
Subscutellum with bristles; katepisternum with 1–2 strong bristles; wing as in figures 62, 69: apex behind
radial cell r4+5 blackish, radial cell r4+5 blackish at the anterior border, radial cell r2+3 consistently dark (as
radial cell r4+5) throughout; antennal groove and gena black; vertex black; theca as figures 61, 68 ......... 5
Flagellum shorter than pedicel (measured ventrally) (figure 59); theca larger (figure 61) ...........................
................................................................................................................ nigromarginatus (Kröber, 1915)
Flagellum as long or longer than pedicel (measured ventrally) (figure 64); theca smaller (figure 68) .........
.................................................................................................................................... zumbadoi spec. nov.
Physoconops (Physoconops) analis (Fabricius) (figures 43–46)
Conops analis Fabricius 1805: 175.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Guanacaste: Est. Pitilla, 9 km S de Santa Cecilia, 700m, iii.1995,
2%, P. Rios, L_N_329950_380450, #4359, INBIO CRI002241465, INBIO CRI00241467 (INBC); Santa
Cruz, Send La Vainilla, 400m, 10.vii.1999, 1%, 20.xii.1999, 1&, Y. Cárdenas, Manual (red, libre),
L_N_240190_360210, #54052, #61854, INB0003058184, INB0003158267 (CNC); Santa Cruz, Camino a la
Esperanza, 400m, 15.vi.2000, 1%, Y. Cárdenas, Manual, L_N_363050_238450, #61626, INB0003131542,
[abdomen missing] (INBC); Santa Cruz, Send La Vainilla, 400m, 10.vii.1999, 1&, Y. Cardenas, Manual (red.
libre), L_N_240190_360210, INB0003058185 (ZMHB); Est. Murciélago, 8km S.O. de Cuajiniquil, 100m,
10–28.x.1993, 1&, C. Cano, L_N_320300_347200, #2403, INBIO CRI001672645 (INBC); P. N. Santa Rosa,
Send. Quebrada, San Emilio, 300m, 09.–12.xi.2002, 1%, D. Brieñco, Libre, L_N_313000_359800, #72000,
INB0003550645 (ZMHB); Liberia, P. N. Santa Rosa, Est Santa Rosa, Send. Los Borrachos, 300m, 13.–
15.viii.2001, 1%, D. Brieñco, Libre, L_N_313000_359800, #64281, INB0003360084 (INBC); Prov.
Heredia: San Antonio de Belen, 950m, viii.1991, 1%, M.A. Zumbado, L_N_219000, 516500, INBIO
CRI000589970 (INBC); Prov. Limon: Fca. Jenny, 31 km N Liberia, 300m, xi.1988, 1&, GNP Biodiversity
Survey, 10°51'55" N, 85°34'27" W, INBIO CRI001048685 (INBC); ACLAC Talamanca, San Miguel Alber-
19
gue Casacode, Send Cerillos, 10–30m, 24–25.ii.1999, 1&, A. Picado, L_S_391000_612000, #52455,
INB0003024832 (INBC). Literature: Kröber (1937, as "Conops angustifrons Will.").
FIGURES 43–46: Physoconops (Physoconops) analis (Fabricius, 1805) [specimen INB0003550645; theca from specimen INB 0003058185].
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Physoconops (Physoconops) anthreas (Williston) (figures 47–50)
Conops anthreas Williston 1892b: 80.
FIGURES 47–50: Physoconops (Physoconops) anthreas (Williston, 1892) [specimen INB0003410931].
21
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: 1920, 1%, 1926, 1%, leg. Paul Serre (MNHN); Prov. Alajuela: Cano
Negro, R.N.V.S., 20m, 2–14.ix.1994, 1%, K. Flores, L_N_450200_319100, #3215, INBIO CRI002116855
(CNC); Prov. Guanacaste: Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, 700m, viii.1988, 1%, GNP Biodiversity Survey,
10°59'26" N, 85°25'40" W, 18.iv.–9.v.1993, 1%, C. Moraga, L_N_330200_380200, INBIO CRI000124444,
INBIO CRI001308043 (INBC); P. N. Rincón de la Vieja, Sector Santa Maria, Send. Pailas de Agua Fria,
800m, 04.–06.xii.2001, 1&, D. Briceño, Red de Golpe, L_N_305475_392908, #66187, INB0003410931
(ZMHB); Tilarán, Tierras Morenas, Sector Rancho Capú, 740m, 20.–21.x.2000, 1&, I. Jimenez, Libre,
L_N_284421_428401, #63138, INB0003329280 (INBC).
Physoconops (Physoconops) aureoscutellatus (Kröber) (figures 51–54)
Conops aureoscutellatus Kröber 1937: 96.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Guanacaste: Tilarán, Tierras Morenas, Sector Rancho Capú,
740m, 9.i.2001, 1&, J.D. Gutiérrez, Red con Aguamiel, L_N_428401_284421, #61805, INB0003156401
(CNC); Rincón de la Vieja, Upala, Dos Rios, San Cristobal, 600–620m, 17.v.1998, 1&, F. A. Quesada, En
Flor, L_N_318056_383200, # 63528, INB0003341177 (ZMHB); Prov. Limon: Prococi, Colorado, Sector
Cerro Cocori, 30km N Cariari, 10.ii.–09.iii.1995, 1%, E. Rojas, Malaise, L_N_567500_286000, #4502,
INB0003378175 (ZMHB); Prov. Puntarenas: Est. Río Bonito, 100m, 8–16.xi.1997, 1%, E. Fletes,
L_S_293900,_548_100, #48883, INBIO CRI002596321 (INBC); Boque Esquinas, Pen. Osa, A.C. Osa,
200m, vi.1994, 1%, M. Segura, L_N_302450_545100, #3007, INBIO CRI001898467 (CNC). Literature:
Camras (1955).
Physoconops (Physoconops) discalis (Williston) (figures 55–58)
Conops discalis Williston 1892b: 80.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. 1913, 1%, Sammler unbekannt (SMTD); 1920, 6%, leg. Paul Serre
(MNHN). Alajuela: San Cristobal, 600–620m, x–xi.1997, 1&, F.A. Quesada, L_N_318056_383200, INBIO
CRI002598063 (CNC); Prov. Guanacaste: Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, 700m, xi.1988, 1%, iii.1995,
1&, ix.1988, 1%, L_N_329950_380450, 5–14.xii.1992, 1%, L_S_330200_380200, (10°59'26" N, 85°25'40"
W), INBIO CRI001048688, INBIO CRI002241466, INBIO CRI000120296, INBIO CRI000959564 (INBC);
Sector Murciélago, 80m, 3–20.x.1994, 1%, C. Cano, L_N_320300_347200, #3306, INBIO CRI002080313
(CNC); Rincón de la Vieja, Upala, Dos Rios, San Cristobal, 600–620m, 17.v.1998, 1%, F. A. Quesada, En
Flor, L_N_318056_383200, #63528, INB0003341176 (ZMHB); P. N. Rincón de la Vieja, Send. a la aguas termales, 900–1000m, 1%, 10.–11.x.2001, D. Briceño, Coya y Miel, L_N_305843_392970, #64957,
INB0003381315 (INBC); P. N. Rincón de la Vieja, Send. a la aguas termales, 900–1000m, 05.–07.xi.2001,
1&, D. Briceño, Coca con Miel, L_N_305843_392970, #65650, INB0003398151 (ZMHB); Prov. Puntarenas: Tajo, 1 km O del Tajo, 1480–1500m, 6.x.1998, 1%, 25.vii.1998, 3%, L_S_319350_596470,
INB0003017259, INB0003016645–7 (INBC); Fca. Cafrosa, Send. al Progreso, 1.5km NE de Progreso,
1280m, 22.i.1997, 1&, E. Navarro, L_S_318850_595950, #45446, INBIO CRI002490590 (CNC); Fca. Cafrosa, Avenida El Pizote, 1.4km NE de la Tigra, 1300m, 13.vi.1997, 1&, E. Navarro, L_S_318500_597100,
#46817, INBIO CRI002554986 (INBC); Camino a las Tablas, orilla de camino charral, 1200m, 25.ix.1998,
1&, B. Gamboa, L_S_318300_594400, #51690, INB0003017920 (INBC); Est. Rio Bonito, 2.3 km al O. del
Cerro la Gamba, 100m, 25.vi.–17.vii.1996, 1%, E. Fletes, L_S_293900_547075, #8315, INBIO
CRI002471480 (CNC); Z. P. Las Tablas, Cotoncito, 1570m, 14."ENF".2003, 1&, M. Alfaro, Libre,
L_S_321800_596700, #72740, INB0003566666 (INBC). Literature: Camras (1955); Kröber (1937).
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 51–54: Physoconops (Physoconops) aureoscutellatus (Kröber, 1937) [specimen INB0003341177].
23
FIGURES 55–58: Physoconops (Physoconops) discalis (Williston, 1892) [specimen INB0003341176; theca from INB
0003566666]
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Physoconops (Physoconops) nigromarginatus (Kröber) (figures 59–62)
Conops nigromarginatus Kröber 1916: 151.
FIGURES 59–62: Physoconops (Physoconops) nigromarginatus (Kröber, 1915) [specimen INB0003169115; theca from
CRI000312378].
25
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Guanacaste: Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, 700m, 1.1989, 1&,
GNP Biodiversity Survey, (10°59'26" N, 85°25'40" W), INBIO CRI001048683 (CNC); Prov. Hare: Est. El
Ceibo, P. N. Braulio, Carrillo, 400–600m, ii.1990, 1&, C. Chaves, L_N_256500_527700, INBIO
CRI000312378 (ZMHB); Prov. Limón: Valle de la Estrella, Reserva Biol. Hitory Cerere, Sendero Toma de
Agua, 100–140m, 17.iii.–17.iv.2000, 1&, F. Umafla, Malaise, L_N_184600_643400, #55587,
INB0003370385 (INBC); Prov. Puntarenas: Fca. Cafrosa, Avenida El Pizote, 1.4km NE de la Tigra, 1300m,
11.ii.1997, 1%, A. Picado, L_S_318500_597100, #45252, INBIO CRI002497685 (CNC); Fca. Cafrosa, Send.
al Progreso, 1.5km NE de Progreso, 1280m, 22.i.1997, 2%, E. Navarro, L_S_318850_595950, #45245,
INBIO CRI002497301–2 (INBC); Rancho Quemado, Península de Osa, 200m, v.1992, 1%, F. Quesada y G.
Varela, L_S_292500, 511000, INBIO CRI000852391 (INBC); San Luis, Fca. Buen Amigo, Monteverde,
1000–1350m, 20.iii–14.iv.1995, 1%, M. Segura, L_N_250850_449250, #4410, INBIO CRI002191302
(CNC); Golfito, P.N. Corcovado, Estación Los Patos, Mirador, 190m, 28.1.2001, 1&, K. Caballero, Manual,
L_S_516975_279950, #61795, INB0003155961 (INBC); Coto Brus, Z. P. Las Tablas, E. Progreso, C. Quijada
del Diabolo, 2100m, 23.v.2000, 1%, M. Alfaro Manual, L_S_317850_600700, #57462, INB0003169115
(ZMHB).
Physoconops (Physoconops) zumbadoi spec. nov. (figures 63–69)
Holotype &: "COSTA RICA Prov. Puntarenas, / Golfito. P. N. Corcovado. Send. Rio / Termo. 75m. 11 OCT
2002. K. Caballero Libre L S 281050 516800 / #71793"; (2) "INB0003546472 / INBIOCRI COSTA RICA"
[label with barcode]; (3) "Holotypus / Physocephala zumbadoi / spec. nov. & / det. Stuke & Skevington, 2005"
(INBC).—Paratypes [3%, 1&]: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Sitio Zinieblas, 2.5km NE de la Tigra, 1440m,
09.ii.1998, 1%, leg. A. Picado, L_S_ 318500_598599 #49673, INBIO CRI002600832 (CNC); Costa Rica,
Prov. Puntarenas, Z. P. Las Tablas, Sitio Las Juntas, 1440m, 13.i.2003, 1%, M. Alfaro, Libre, L. S.
321900_593300 # 72738, INBIO 0003566592 (ZMHB); Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa, Sierpe, Rancho
Quemado, 200m, 1&, 23.x.–29.xi. 1993, leg. A. I. Marín & A. H. Gutiérrez, Malaise trap,
L_S_292500_511000 # 2413, INBIO 0003377867 (ZMHB); Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, P. N. Corcovado,
Est Sirena, Send. Olla, 10m, 1%, 23.vi.2001, leg. K. Caballero, Manual, L_S_270500_508300 # 62672,
INBIO 0003313347 (INBC).
Description of the holotype (female)
Head 2.2 mm high. Eye brown, facets a little bit larger in the centre near the face. Prominent triangular
mark on the posterior margin of the eye. Ocelli orange; ocellar triangle large, reaching about the middle of the
frons. Antenna black with lighter orange brown areas ventral at the scape and more obvious basally at the ventral side of the flagellum. Form of the antenna as shown in figures 64 and 66: Flagellum broader and longer
than pedicel. Black bristles apical and basoventral at the scape and dorsal and ventral at the pedicel. Frons
black; face mainly yellow with slightly darkened areas in the antennal groove and at the gena; postcranium
black. Face, frons and postcranium completely silver pubescent with the exception of the glabrous border of
the antennal groove at the ptilinal fissure. Vertex and postcranium with black hairs. Proboscis black to dark
brown.
Thorax black. Two black bristles at the dorsal posterior part of the katepisternum and one black bristle
ventrally at the propleuron. Mesoscutum with scattered black hairs, two obvious submedial lines of black
hairs, several notopleural bristles, one pair of supraalar bristles, two pairs of postalar bristles, one pair of prescutellar bristles, two pairs of scutellar bristles and several bristles on the postpronotum. Thorax completely
covered with a less obvious grey pubescence, there are no areas with obvious pubescence.
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 63–69: Physoconops (Physoconops) zumbadoi spec. nov. [holotype]
27
Legs black with orange-brown bases of tibia and orange yellow pulvilli and empodia. Legs covered with
black hairs with these exceptions: posterior side of femora, anterior side of middle and hind femur, the posterior apical part of the fore and middle tibia that is densely covered with silver pubescence, the posterior apical
part of the hind tibia that is covered with dense short black bristles. Coxae densely silver dusted, femora less
obvious silver dusted. Each trochanter with one black bristles. Tarsi as figure 67.
Wing length 6.8 mm (measured from the top of the wing to the tegula). Wing mainly covered with microtrichia with the exception of the alula, the anal lobe and the basal part of the posterior cubital cell cup, the basal
radial cell br, the basal medial cell bm and the basal part of the discal medial cell dm. Venation and colouration
as shown in figure 69. Haltere yellow with a black base; several black bristles at the knob of haltere. Calypter
brown with a white border at the upper calypter.
Abdomen mainly black, tergite 2 and tergite 3 brownish black, with an obvious small yellow band at the
border of tergites 2 and 3. Tergites 1 and 2 with a less obvious grey pubescence, the remaining abdomen with
denser golden pubescence that is most obvious at the hind margin of tergites 3 and 4 and on the whole of tergites 5 and 6, the apical part of tergite 7 and tip of the abdomen shiny. Abdomen completely covered with black
hairs that are smaller and less dense at the base of tergite 1. Tergites as shown in figures 63 and 68. Theca
quite small as shown in figure 68.
Description of the male
One of the three males has a completely black face. Other than this, males only differ from females in the
typical differences in the postabdomen.
Etymology
The species is named after Manuel Zumbado (INBIO; Santo Domingo, Heredia) who facilitated our work
when we visited the INBIO collection in Costa Rica.
Diagnosis
The species is very distinctive. Because of the long pedicel it looks like a species of the Physoconops subgenus Pachyconops. The key of Camras (1955) places it in this subgenus. However, the small frons, two pairs
of scutellar bristles, one pair of prescutellar bristles, two submedial rows of bristles and the prominent triangular mark on the posterior margin of the eye are characters of Physoconops s. str. This combination of characters is not known from any other Physoconops. The species resembles Physoconops nigromarginatus, and one
paratype of P. zumbadoi was determined as nigromarginatus by Camras. The distinction of the two species is
given in the key above.
Physoconops subgenus Pachyconops Camras 1955
Key for the Costa Rican species of Physoconops subgenus Pachyconops Camras, 1955
1
2
Mesopleuron with distinct golden stripe of pubescence (figure 74); frons at least at the lateral sides partly
yellowish (figure 90); basal radial cell br completely hyaline (figure 92) ................................................ 2
Mesopleuron without a stripe of pubescence (figure 78); frons completely black (figure 79); basal radial
cell br partly dark (figure 81) ................................................................................................................... 4
Pubescence at the inner side of the postpronotum (humerus) not connected with the stripe from the
mesopleuron; anterior part of the vertex straight, forming a protruding ridge, frons therefore concave;
frons without crosswise depressions, appearing smooth; antennal groove ventrally not clearly separated
from the face but ending into a broad stripe of pubescence; hindcoxa without bristles ................................
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
....................................................................... pallifrons (Coquillett, 1904) [= gracilianus Camras, 1955]
Pubescence at the inner side of the postpronotum (humerus) connected with the stripe from the mesopleuron by the pubescence of the ventral part of the notopleuron; anterior part of the vertex convex or triangular and not protruding, frons therefore straight; frons with crosswise depressions, appearing wrinkled;
antennal grooves ventrally clearly separated from the face, with only a narrow stripe of pubescence; hindcoxa with bristles ....................................................................................................................................... 3
3 Anterior part of the vertex convex; frons light yellow; cheek brownish (figure 75); wing base and subcosta
yellow (figure 77) ............................................................................................. connectens Camras, 1955
- Anterior part of the vertex triangular; frons mainly brown; cheek yellow; wing base and subcosta brown..
........................................................................................................................... pictifrons (Kröber, 1919)
4 Basal radial cell br and base of discal medial cell dm dark (figure 88); larger species; theca shorter (figure
87). [not recorded from Costa Rica to date] ..................................................... magnus (Williston, 1892)
- Basal radial cell br and base of discal medial cell dm hyaline for at least one half (figure 81); smaller species; theca longer (figure 72) ..................................................................................................................... 5
The following three species are very similar and can be separated only by the colouration of the face-future
research has to test if these are good species or only colour forms of one variable species.
5 Face black, only the antennal groove yellow (figure 79) ............................. costaricensis (Kröber, 1927)
- At least parafacialia partly yellowish (figure 71) ...................................................................................... 6
6 Gena yellow (figure 83) .................................................................................... guianicus (Curran, 1934)
- Gena black (figure 71) ....................................................................................... bulbirostris (Loew, 1853)
-
Physoconops (Pachyconops) bulbirostris (Loew) (figures 70–73)
Conops bulbirostris Loew 1853: 30.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Guanacaste: Sector Las Pailas, 4.5km SW del volcan Rincón de la
Vieja, 800m, 18.ii.1996, 1%, S. Marshall, Cerca Enjambre Eciton, INBIO CRI002347878 (INBC); Prov. Puntarenas: San Luis, Monteverde, 1000–1350m, ii.1995, 1%, iv.1994, 1&, Z. Fuentes, L_N_250850_449250,
#4393, INBIO CRI001796473, INBIO CRI002165191 (CNC, INBC); Z. P. Las Tables, Quebrada Quijada del
Diablo, 1400m, 23.vi.2002, 1%, M. Alfaro, Libre, L_S_318100_598000, #70021, INB0003499921 (ZMHB).
Physoconops (Pachyconops) connectens Camras (figures 74–77)
Physoconops connectens Camras 1955b: 169.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela: San Cristobal, 600–620m, 2–26.iii.1998, 1%, 18.v.1998,
1%, 27.viii–30.x.1997, 1&, F.A. Quesada, En Flores, L_N_318056_383200, INB0003058789, INBIO
CRI002605414, INBIO CRI002598209 (CNC); Prov. Guanacaste: Est. Maritza, 600–800m, 17.ii.1996, 1%,
S. Marshall, L_N_327000_373600, #6919, INBIO CRI002239581 (DEBU); Estación Murciélago, 8 km SO.
de Cuajiniquil, 100m, 11–29.viii.1993, 7%, 3&, 16.vi–4.vii.1993, 2%, 10–29.x.1993, 1%, 22.vii.1993, 1%, 1&,
L_N_320300_347200, INBIO CRI001945994, INBIO CRI001946010–15, INBIO CRI001946018–9, INBIO
CRI001139929, INBIO CRI001723947, INBIO CRI001724438, INBIO CRI001852404, INBIO
CRI001173476, INBIO CRI001173475 (INBC, ZMHB); Fca. Jenny, 31 km N Liberia, 300m, ix.1988, 1%,
1&, x.1988, 2%, GNP Biodiversity Survey, UTM 316200, 364400 (10°51'55" N, 85°34'27" W), INBIO
CRI001048680, INBIO CRI001054194, INBIO CRI000007249, INBIO CRI000012835 (INBC); Liberia,
Santa Rosa National Park, Stor Santa Rosa, Area Adm., 300m, x.1999, 1%, 1&, 5.x.1999, 1%, ii.1992, 1&,
29
L_N_313000_359800, INB0003080984, INB0003080983, INB0003119429, INBIO CRI000427847 (INBC);
Liberia, P. N. Santa Rosa, Est Santa Rosa, Send. Los Borrachos, 300m, 15.viii.2001, 1%, D. Baceño, Libre,
L_N_313000_359800, #64281, INB0003360083 (ZMHB); Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Sta. Cecilia, 700m, 21.iii.–
07.iv.1993, 1%, 22.x–8.xi.1992, 1&, P. Rios, L_N_330200_380200, INBIO CRI000972115, INBIO
CRI001387185 (INBC); Prov. Puntarenas: San Luis, Fca. Buen Amigo, Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva,
1040m, 18–19.iii.1998, 1%, Z. Fuentes, F. Alvarado, L_N_250850_449250, #49882, INBIO CRI002602710
(INBC); 20 km S Sta Elena, 12.viii.1987, 1%, G. & M. Wood (CNC).
FIGURES 70–73: Physoconops (Pachyconops) bulbirostris (Loew, 1853) [specimen INBIO CRI001796473].
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 74–77: Physoconops (Pachyconops) connectens Camras 1955 [specimen INBIO CRI001946018].
31
Physoconops (Pachyconops) costaricensis (Kröber) (figures 78–81)
Conops costaricensis Kröber 1927: 135.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: 1920, 1%, 1&, leg. Paul Serre (MNHN); Prov. Alajuela: San Cristobal,
600–620m, 27.viii–30.x.1997, 6%, 1&, 26.v–3.vi.1997, 1&, 18.v.1998, 1&, 2–26.iii.1998, 1&, 9–30.v.1998,
1%, vii.1997, 1%, F.A. Quesada, En Flores, L_N_318056_383200, INBIO CRI00598202–8, INBIO
CRI002597896, INBIO CRI002605411, INB0003058801, INBIO CRI002526210, INBO CRI002597940
(CNC, INBC); Est San Ramón de Dos Rios, 620m, 3–19.iv.1994, 1%, 18.iii–13.iv.1995, 2%, L N
318100_381900, INBIO CRI001769588, INBIO CRI002246233–4 (INBC); San Carlos, P.N. Arenal, Sector
la Península, S. Mirador, 600m, 11–26.v.1999, 1%, 3&, 15–28.vi.1999, 1&, J.D. Gutiérrez, Malaise Seca,
L_N_271500_453800, INB0003149833–6, INB0003149362 (INBC); Prov. Guanacaste: Est. Pitilla, 9 km S
Sta. Cecilia, 700m, iv.1994, 1%, 18.iv–9.v.1993, 4%, vi.1994, 1%, 18–iv–9.v.1993, 1&, i.1989, 1&,
L_S_330200_380200 (10°59'26" N, 85°25'40" W), INBIO CRI001794356, INBIO CRI001357379, INBIO
CRI001308031, INBIO CRI001396583–4, INBIO CRI001884135, INBIO CRI001308030, INBIO
CRI001048687 (INBC); Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia Fila Orosilito, P.N. Guanacaste, 1000m, iv.1994,
1%, P. Rios, L_N_328650_378600, #3061, INBIO CRI001987680 (INBC); Est. Cacao, Lado SO Vol. Cacao,
P.N.G., 1000–1400m, viii.1991, 1%, C. Chaves, L_N_323300_375700, INBIO CRI000570940 (INBC); Est.
Murciélago, 8km S.O. de Cuajiniquil, 100m, 10–28.x.1993, 1%, 1&, C. Cano, L_N_320300_347200, #2403,
INBIO CRI001672658, INBIO CRI001672650 (INBC); Hda. Santa María, 750m, ix.1996, 1&, D. Briceño ,
F.A. Quesada, A. Solis, E. Araya, C. Moraga, L_N_304700_393300, #8347, INBIO CRI002556722 (INBC);
Sector Las Pailas, P.N. Guanacaste, A.C. Guanacaste, 800m, 6–26.vi.1994, 1%, K. Taylor,
L_N_309500_389500, #3063, INBIO CRI001908667 (INBC); P.N. Rincón de la Vieja, Send. a las aguas termales, 900–1000m, 10–11.x.2001, 1%, D. Briceño , Coca y Miel, L_N_305843_392970, #64957,
INB0003381311 (INBC); Bagaces, Fortuna Z.P. Miravalles, Send. Cabro Muco, 980m, 22–26.i.2002, 1%, J.D.
Gutiérrez, Libre (aguamiel), L_N_299151_410000, #66722, INB0003424408 (INBC); P.N. Santa Rosa, Send.
Quebrada San Emilio, 300m, 11.–14.viii.2002, 1&, 9–12.xi.2002, 1%, 2&, D. Briceño, Libre,
L_N_313000_359800, #70762, #72000, INB0003523841, INB0003550646–8 (CNC, INBC, ZMHB); P. N.
Santa Rosa, Quebrada, Send Los Patos, 300m, 06.–09.viii.2001, 1%, D. Briceño, Libre, L_N_311750_356933,
#64280, INB0003359902 (ZMHB); Coto Brus, Sabalito, Z.P. Las Tablas, El Tajo, 1600m, 28.vii.2002, 1%, M.
Alfaro, Libre, L_S_323200_589750, #70417, INB0003511422 (INBC); Prov. Puntarenas: San Luis, Fca.
Buen Amigo, Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva, 1000–1350m, vi.1998, 4%, 2&, viii.1998, 1&, viii.1996, 1&,
20.iii–14.iv.1995, 1&, iii.1996, 3%, 4–9.ii.1998, 1%, L_N_250850_449250, INB0003014278–83,
INB0003018866, INBIO CRI002453773, INBIO CRI002191300, INBIO CRI002399259–61, INBIO
CRI002601472 (CNC, INBC); Finca Cafrosa, Tajo, 1 km O del Tajo, 1500m, 17.x.1997, 1%, A. Picado,
L_S_319350_596470, #48073, INBIO CRI002576159 (INBC); Finca Cafrosa, Coto Brus, 1520m,
22.xi.1998, 1&, B. Gamboa, Manual (red, libre), L_S_317750_598200, #52512, INB0003054713 (INBC);
Coto Brus, Z.P. Las Tablas, E. El Progreso, S. Loma Indio, 1400m, 26.vi.1999, 1&, M. Alfaro, Manual,
L_S_316550_598500, #57113, INB0003148166 (INBC); Coto Brus, Sabalito, Z.P. Las Tablas, El Tajo,
1600m, 28.vii.2002, 1%, M. Alfaro, Libre, L_S_323200_589750, #70417, INB0003511423 (INBC). Literature: Camras (1955); Kröber (1937).
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 78–81: Physoconops (Pachyconops) costaricensis (Kröber, 1927) [specimen INB0003550646].
33
Physoconops (Pachyconops) guianicus (Curran) (figures 82–84)
Physoconops guianicus Camras 1955: 167.
FIGURES 82–84: Physoconops (Pachyconops) guianicus (Curran, 1934) [specimen INBIO CRI002410363].
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela: San Carlos, P.N. Volcán Tenorio, Alb. Heliconias, Send.
I. Danta, 1400m, 16–30.iii.2000, 1%, J.D. Gutiérrez, Malaise, L_N_293700_427050, #57298,
INB0003164765 (INBC); San Cristobal, 600–620m, 18.v.1998, 1%, 16.vi.–01.vii.1997, 1%, F.A. Quesada, En
Flores, L_N_318056_383200, #48931, #50698, INBIO CRI002410363, INBIO CRI002605413 (CNC,
ZMHB).
Physoconops (Pachyconops) magnus (Williston) (figures 85–88)
Conops magnus Williston 1892a: 43.
Physoconops magnus has not been recorded in Costa Rica yet. However, this species could occur in Costa
Rica and could easily be overlooked. Therefore we have included it in the key and present photos here.
Physoconops (Pachyconops) pallifrons (Coquillett) (figures 89–92).
Conops pallifrons Coquillett 1904: 92.
= Physoconops (Pachyconops) gracilianus Camras syn. nov.
Physoconops gracilianus Camras 1955: 165.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: 1920, leg. Paul Serre (MNHN); Prov. Guanacaste: Santa Cruz Camino a
la Esperanza, 420m, 15.vi.1999, 1%, Y. Cardenas, Manual (red. libre), L_N_238450_363050, #56088,
INB0003075071 (INBC); Liberia, P.N. Santa Rosa, Send. Los Patos, 300m, 30.vi.2000, 1%, 2&, D. Briceño,
Manual, L_N_313000_359800, #58899, INB0003306800, INB0003306806, INB0003306810 (CNC,
ZMHB); Est. Murciélago, 8km S.O. de Cuajiniquil, 80–100m, 4–22.viii.1994, 3%, 1&, 11–29.viii.1993, 1&,
4–18.ix.1994, 1%, 1&, 10–28.x.1993, 7%, 7&, 31.x–18.xi.1994, 1&, 5–18.xi.1994, 1%, 1&,
L_N_320300_347200, INBIO CRI001022541, INBIO CRI002015855, INBIO CRI002015845, INBIO
CRI001672646–7, INBIO CRI001672653, INBIO CRI001672655, INBIO CRI001672641–2, INBIO
CRI001672657, INBIO CRI001672648–49, INBIO CRI001672654, INBIO CRI001672643, INBIO
CRI001139802, INBIO CRI002127803 (CNC, INBC, ZMHB); Fca. Jenny, 31 km N Liberia, 300m, 5–
20.ix.1993, 1%, ix.1988, 1%, x.1988, 2%, L_N_316200, 364400, (UTM 316200, 364400, 10°51'55" N,
85°34'27" W), INBIO CRI001946649, INBIO CRI001048679, INBIO CRI000007179, INBIO
CRI001048684 (INBC); P.N. Santa Rosa, Send. Los Patos, 300m, 30.vi.2000, 1&, D. Briceño, Manual,
L_N_313000_359800, #58899, INB0003306807 (INBC); P. N. Santa Rosa, Send. Quebrada, San Emilio,
300m, 09.–12.xi.2002, 3%, 2&, D. Briceño, Libre, L_N_313000_359800, #72000, INBIO 003550639–42,
INBIO 003550644 (INBC); Prov. Heredia: Est. Magsasay, P.N. Braulio Carrillo, 200m, vii.1991, 1&, A.
Fernández, L_N_264600_531000, INBIO CRI001378194 (INBC). Holtype % Physoconops gracilianus Camras: Mexico: Cuernavaca, Mor., 23.ix., E.G. Smyth, Chittenden No. 12838, (USNM).
Camras (1955) separates Physoconops gracilianus from Physoconops pallifrons only by the colouration
of the cheek (Coquillett, 1904). The material from Costa Rica shows that this character is variable and not
suitable to distinguish the two species. Therefore we propose that Physoconops (Pachyconops) gracilianus
Camras, 1955 is a junior synonym of Physoconops pallifrons (Coquillett, 1904) [syn. nov.].
35
FIGURES 85–88: Physoconops (Pachyconops) magnus (Williston, 1892) [specimen: Chile, 05.XI.02, Arica].
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 89–92: Physoconops (Pachyconops) pallifrons (Coquillett, 1904) [specimen INB0003550641].
37
Physoconops (Pachyconops) pictifrons (Kröber)
Conops pictifrons Kröber 1916: 133.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Guanacaste: Los Almendros, P.N. Guanacaste, 23.x.–13.xi.1992,
1%, E. Lopez, L_N 334800, 369800, INBIO CRI000914178 (INBC).
Physoconops (Pachyconops) rufipennis (Macquart) [comb. nov.]
Conops rufipennis Macquart 1844: 167.
Literature: Camras (1955, record from Costa Rica marked with a "?"); Kröber (1937).
The type of Conops rufipennis Macquart, 1844 was examined. The specimen does not fit in the concept of
the subgenus Kroeberoconops Camras, 1955 because the flagellum is longer than the pedicel. The specimen
belongs in the subgenus Pachyconops (comb. nov.).
We haven’t seen Costa Rican specimens of this species so the occurrence of Physoconops rufipennis in
Costa Rica remains doubtful.
The subgenus Kroeberoconops now only includes two species – Physoconops (Kroeberoconops) hermanni (Kröber, 1915) and Physoconops (Kroeberoconops) argentinus Camras, 2004. The distribution of this
subgenus is restricted to Argentina and it is unlikely that Kroeberoconops occurs in Costa Rica.
Tropidomyiini
Tropidomyia Williston, 1888
Tropidomyia bimaculata Williston (figures 93–95)
Tropidomyia bimaculata Williston 1888: 11.
Specimens examined: Costa Rica: Prov. Cartago: Turrialba, 860m, 6.ii.1991, 1%, leg. Berghammer
(ZSMC); Prov. Puntarenas: Est. Biologica Las Alturas, Send. A Cerro Echandi., 1580m, 13.xii.1997, 1%, B.
Gamboa, L_S_322900_591050, #48904, INBIO CRI002597221 (INBC).
Acknowledgements
Manuel Zumbado (Santo Domingo, Heredia) and Alvaro Herrera (Santo Domingo, Heredia) facilitated our
work with the INBIO material. We also want to thank the parataxonomists of the INBIO, who collected the
Conopid material, for their important fieldwork. Ben Brugge (ZMAN), Dr. Christoph Daugeron (MNHN),
Uwe Karweit (SMTD), Helmut Riemann (UMBB), Wolfgang Schacht (ZSMC), Dr. Chris Thompson
(USNM) and Dr. Joachim Ziegler (ZMHB) supported us during our work in their institutions. Sid Camras
(FMNH) determined many of the Costa Rican Conopids. Dr. Martin Hauser (CDFA, Sacramento) and Dr.
Chris Thompson (USNM) gave valuable comments during different stages of the work.
Literature
Bigot, J.F.M. (1887). Diptères nouveaux ou peu connus. 31e Partie. 39: Descriptions de nouvelles espèces de Stratiomydi
et de Conopsidi. Annales de la Societé Entomologique de France (Serie 6) 7, 20–46.
STUKE & SKEVINGTON
FIGURES 93–95: Tropidomyia bimaculata Williston, 1888 [specimen coll. ZSMC].
Camras, S. (1955). A review of the New World flies of the genus Conops and allies (Diptera: Conopidae). Proceedings of
the United States National Museum, 105, 155–187.
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STUKE & SKEVINGTON

Zootaxa,The Conopidae of Costa Rica (Diptera)

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