ARC LNR - Agricultural Research Council

Transcription

no/nr 102
ARC LNR
Excellence in Research and Development
Animal Production Institute
Diereproduksie-instituut
newsletter
nuusbrief
National Beef Recording and Improvement Scheme
Nasionale Vleisbeesaantekening en -Verbeteringskema
2013
ARC LNR
COMMENTS / KOMMENTAAR ........................................................................ 3
NEWS ITEMS / NUUSBROKKIES ..................................................................... 4
ARC National Beef Performers Awards
National Special Performance Test Class ................................................................................. 4
National Best Elite Cow Awards .................................................................................................. 5
National Platinum Awards ........................................................................................................... 7
National Emerging Beef Farmer of the Year Award ...................... ............................................ 8
National Beef Cattle Improvement Herd of the Year Award ...................................................... 11
World Conference on Animal Production (WCAP) in Beijing, China ...................................... 11
ARTICLES / ARTIKELS .................................................................................. 15
Angus laat jou syfers klop! ..................................................................................................................... 15
Swart-Angus: Karkaskoning én Prins van die Voerkraal .................................................................... 16
Rasegte Angus-Bulle presteer by Nguni-koeie ................................................................................... 17
Effect of Year and Season on Feedlot Performance of Simmentaler Bulls ....................................... 19
Wat behels die Evaluasie van Bulle in Fase C .................................................................................... 21
The Brahman: The Embodiment of Hardiness ..................................................................................... 22
Breeding Strategies to improve Production Efficiency and reduce Carbon Footprint ..................... 24
A Breeding Objective that may reduce the Carbon Footprint ............................................................ 27
Mastitis is not just a Problem in the Dairy Industry ............................................................................. 28
High-tech Science for delivering Services to the Farmers ................................................................. 31
Praktiese Koei- en Versbestuur ............................................................................................................. 32
Profile of a Winner: Mr Zengetwa ......................................................................................................... 35
LNR Boeredae 2013 / ARC Farmer’s Days 2013 .............................................................................. 36
Fase C Rantsoene ................................................................................................................................... 41
Beginsels vir suksesvolle Vleisbees Produksie .................................................................................. 43
DNA Forensics is the Key to resolving Stock Theft in South Africa ................................................... 47
Genetic Improvement benefits Commercial Producers ...................................................................... 48
Waarin lê die Sukses van Stoetteling? ................................................................................................. 54
Ultrasoniese Skandering van Beeste ................................................................................................... 59
A Perspective on Legislation aimed at combatting Stock Theft in South Africa .............................. 60
Real Time Ultrasound Scanning Accreditation ................................................................................... 63
CONTENTS/INHOUD
CONTENTS/INHOUD
Compilers / Samestellers:
Dr Ben Greyling, Frans Jordaan & Celeste Appies
Design and printing / Ontwerp en drukwerk:
Asikhulume Pixart cc +27 12 661-9728
www.pixart.co.za
Copyright reserved: ARC- Animal Production Institute
No part of this publication may be duplicated, reproduced or published in any form without the
written consent of the General Manager: ARC-Animal Production Institute, Irene
Kopiereg voorbehou: LNR- Diereproduksie-instituut
Geen gedeelte van hierdie publikasie mag gedupliseer, gereproduseer of gepubliseer word in
enige vorm nie, tensy skriftelike toestemming van die Algemene Bestuurder: LNRDiereproduksie-instituut verkry is .
ARC-Animal Production Institute
LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut
Private Bag X2 / Privaatsak X2,
Irene, 0062, South Africa
Tel: +27 12 672 9087 Faks/ Fax (012) 672 9002
Email/E-pos: [email protected]
1
Dr Ben Greyling
Dit is altyd lekker om te kan kommentaar lewer as jy kan
terugkyk na 'n jaar wat deur baie hoogtepunte gekenmerk
is. Behalwe vir dienste wat na alle produsente in die bedryf
uitgebrei is, is heelwat nuwe projekte ook aangepak, soos
bv. die toets van bulle vir residuele voerrinname en –groei,
om maar een te noem. Gedurende 2013 het die
International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) ook
hul “Certificate of Quality” aan die LNR uitgereik, u
waarborg dat ons dienste aan die hoogste internasionale
standaarde en vereistes voldoen. Die LNR as nasionale
diensverskaffer moet natuurlik gedurig tred hou met
verandering nie net in die bedryf nie, maar ook hoe dit die
behoeftes van die produsent raak en dan daarby aanpas.
Verskeie van die artikels in hierdie uitgawe werp lig op
belangrike nuwe verwikkelinge wat u boerdery mag raak,
teweeggebring deur nuwe navorsing, waarvan u as die
produsent moet kennis neem ten einde die inligting
optimaal te kan aanwend. U sal ook sien dat van die artikels
deur vooraanstaande telers self geskryf is, dus van die boer
aan die boer! Die oorgrote meerderheid van die artikels is
egter geskryf deur tegnici, spesialis-navorsers en selfs
diensverskaffers in 'n poging om 'n gebalanseerde prentjie
te skep van waaroor die Vleisbeesskema gaan. Ons fokus
dus baie sterk op inligting-oordrag in hierdie uitgawe
aangesien ons gedurende die jaar heelwat versoeke in die
verband gekry het vanuit die bedryf. Daar is verder heelwat
nuusbrokkies wat allerlei noemenswaardige gebeure
gedurende 2013 toelig. Soos gebruiklik bevat hierdie
uitgawe ook 'n gedetailleerde weergawe van ons jaarlikse
hoogtepunt, nl. 2013 se Nasionale Toekennings van die
Vleisbeesskema van die LNR wat by die Tshwane
Lenteskou aangebied is. Ek hoop u
geniet u nuusbrief terdee en will
terselfdertyd van die geleentheid
ARC LNR
COMMENTS/KOMMENTAAR
Programbestuurder: Vleisbeesverbetering
Programme Manager: Beef Cattle Improvement
gebruik maak om u en u geliefdes 'n baie voorspoedige
2014 toe te wens.
It is always a pleasure to reflect on a year that was
characterized by many highlights. Besides having
expanded our services to all role players in industry, the
Scheme also embarked on several new projects, in
collaboration with our partners in industry. These include, to
name but one, the testing of bulls for residual feed intake
and -growth. During 2013 the International Committee for
Animal Recording (ICAR) also awarded the ARC with their
Certificate of Quality, your guarantee that our services
comply with the highest international standards and
guidelines. In a changing environment the ARC continually
needs to take note of changes taking place within industry
and how these affect the needs of the producer. And off
course position ourselves to address these needs! A variety
of articles in this edition of your newsletter cover a range of
new developments, the result of new research, that may
affect your farming enterprise and which you should take
note of in order to apply it optimally to your benefit. It is
noteworthy that some of the articles have been written by
prominent breeders – thus from the farmer to the farmer!
The majority of articles are contributions from technicians,
specialist researchers and even service providers in an
attempt to bring you a balanced picture of what the Scheme
is all about. Hence the focus is information dissemination, in
response to several requests from industry during the year.
This issue also highlights a variety of newsworthy items of
2013, and as is custom, brings you a detailed reflection of
the annual highlight of the Scheme - the ARC's National
Awards that took place at the Tshwane Spring show. I trust
you will find this issue informative and also would like to
take the opportunity to wish you and your loved ones a very
prosperous 2014.
ARC awarded Certificate of Quality
from International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR)
The main objective of ICAR, and international nonprofit organization, is to promote the development and
improvement of the activities that relate to
performance recording and evaluation of farm
livestock. In order to achieve this objective, ICAR
develops definitions and sets standards and
guidelines for the purpose of identifying animals,
registration of their parentage, recording their
performance and their evaluation and also to publish
the findings. ICAR recently introduced the Certificate
of Quality (that replaced the ICAR Special Stamp) in
order to acknowledge its member organizations (such
as the ARC) who provides services that comply with
their standards and guidelines. The following
activities relating to performance testing were
acknowledged in the Certificate of Quality awarded to
the ARC:
Identification system for dairy cattle, beef cattle
Recording of production of dairy cattle, beef
cattle, dairy sheep
Genetic evaluation of dairy cattle
Recording of production of meat sheep and
goats
Genetic evaluation of beef cattle
Laboratory analysis and data processing for
members
Farmers making use of the services of the ARC's
Performance Recording and Improvement Schemes
can thus rest assured that the services offered and
executed comply with the highest international
standards.
3
ARC NATIONAL BEEF PERFORMERS AWARDS
Dr Ben Greyling, Frans Jordaan and Celeste Appies
ARC-Animal Production Institute, Irene
ARC LNR
awards included the following categories:
The Special Performance Test Class for Phase C tested
th
bulls was presented for the 35 year, making it one of the
flagship awards of the event. The purpose of this award is to
put performance testing in its correct perspective and
promote it among the leading breeders of all breeds; to
promote the appropriate use of performance data in the
show ring; and thirdly to bring together all parties interested
in beef cattle production.
based on their merit classification. In light of the high profile
of this class and to minimise the influence of personal
preferences, three judges, Mr Martin Seyfferdt, Mr Jan de
Jongh and Mr Theo Dicke adjudicated this class. The
Pinzgauer bull, SG 11 0001, bred by Mr Paul Bester of
Silence Genetics (Pty) Ltd (Mooketsi) walked away with top
honours this year. Congralutations to Paul, as well as all the
other finalists.
The bulls that participated in this class had to complete a
standardized growth test (Phase C) and their performance
had to be recognized either by a gold or silver merit
certificate. The bull had to have at least 10 contemporaries
in the Phase C test and also had to comply with the
minimum breed standard with regard to scrotal
circumference. The bull also had to be inspected and
approved by the breeders' society concerned. Nominations
for the class are subsequently done by the respective
breeders' societies from a list of bulls that qualified on the
above-mentioned standards. Only one bull per breed could
be entered for the class, and the final placing of bulls during
judging in the ring at the awards ceremony is based only on
functional efficiency and appearance, since the
performance of the bulls is already taken into consideration
Winner: Pinzgauer Bull bred by Mr Paul Bester
The ARC National Special Performance Test Class.
The ARC National Best Elite Cow awards sponsored
by Farmer's Weekly.
The ARC National Platinum Bull awards sponsored
by GMPBasic.
The ARC National Emerging Beef Farmer of the Year
Awards sponsored by ABSA.
The ARC National Beef Cattle Improvement Herd of
the Year Awards sponsored by ABSA.
ARC NATIONAL SPECIAL PERFORMANCE TEST CLASS
Dr Robert
Kleinloog
Freddie
Rautenbach
FR 11 027 Santa Gertrudis
Neil Dry
RK 11 0041 Angus
Willie
Roode
NMS 11 0042 Beef Shorthorn
Dami
Stemmet
RO 11 0009 Brahman
4
The ARC's annual National Beef Performers
Awards took place on Thursdays 29 August at
the Spring Show in which many of South Africa’s
top achievers participated. Besides being attended by
eager participants and recipients of awards, this prestigious
event was also honoured by the presence of
representatives from DAFF and other main stakeholders of
industry, highlighting the importance and status of this
event on the annual agricultural calendar. The event also
received widespread exposure in the agricultural media.
The aim of the awards is to give recognition to South
Africa's most outstanding achievers when it comes to
breeding of genetically superior animals, using
performance recording and -testing as a tool. This year's
DS 11 0672 Charolais
NATIONAL SPECIAL PERFORMANCE TEST CLASS
TABLE 1 The 2013 ARC National Special Performance Test Class bulls
Breed
Bull ID No
Born
ADG
Wean
Index
(g)
FCR
Ind
Ind
Kg/Kg
Centre
Tested
Adjusted
Adjusted
Adjusted
Shoulder/Hip* Body Length
Scotrum
Height (mm)
(mm)
Circum. (mm)
Angus
RK 11 0041
12/10/2011
103
2 324
120
5,08
111
Cedara
1 286
1 492
356
Beef Shorthorn
NMS 11 0042
20/12/2011
104
1 918
112
6,57
106
Irene
1 206
1 390
371
Brahman
RO 11 0009
08/09/2011
103
1 783
121
5,69
103
Irene
1 241
1 364
273
Charolais
DS 11 0672
17/07/2011
105
2 297
110
4,79
107
Glen
1 188
1 470
322
Hugenoot
SFF 11 4606
22/12/2011
106
2 119
126
5,67
106
Irene
1 237
1 362
339
Limousin
DL 11 0125
30/10/2011
110
1 723
106
5,65
105
Sernick
1 192
1 381
312
Pinzgauer
SG 11 0001
14/10/2011
100
2 035
104
5,48
103
Irene
1 210
1 432
349
2
PinZ yl
PZ 11 0434
19/10/2011
99
1 718
120
5,70
109
Irene
1 133
1 316
292
Santa Gertrudis
FR 11 0027
20/08/2011
100
2 064
121
5,65
105
Glen
1 270
1 455
372
TABLE 2 The owners of the 2013 National ARC Special Performance Test Class bulls
Breed
Bull ID No
Owner/Contact person
Town
E-mail
Angus
RK 11 41
Dr R Kleinloog (Robert)
Nottingham Road [email protected]
Cell No
082 573 7424
Beef Shorthorn
NMS 11 42
Mr D P Dry (Neil)
Magaliesburg
[email protected]
083 778 8000
Brahman
RO 11 9
CJ & JW Roode (Willie Roode)
Ermelo
[email protected]
082 701 1121
Charolais
DS 11 672
Mr A P Stemmet (Dami)
Senekal
[email protected]
083 264 1231
Hugenoot
SFF 11 4606
Pan Lochner Boerdery (Edms Bpk) (Pan) Wierdapark
[email protected]
082 553 4135
Limousin
DL 11 125
John & Tracey Devonport
Houghton
[email protected]
083 454 3095
Pinzgauer
SG 11 1
Silence Genetics (Pty) Ltd (Paul Bester)
Mooketsi
[email protected]
083 627 6899
2
PinZ yl
PZ 11 434
Bertie van Zyl 3 (Pty) Ltd (Paul Bester)
Mooketsi
[email protected]
083 627 6899
Santa Gertrudis
FR 11 27
Mr Freddie Rautenbach
Excelsior
[email protected]
082 775 2408
ARC NATIONAL BEST ELITE COW AWARDS
Table 1 lists the bulls and their respective performance figures, while Table 2 lists the owners of the bulls.
Sponsored by Farmer's Weekly
Paul
Bester
PZ 11 434 PinZ2yl
Paul
Bester
SG 11 0001 Pinzgauer
20
Pan
Lochner
SFF 11 4606 Hugenoot
DL 11 0125 Limousin
Tracey
& John
Devonport
estimation. This year is the 35th anniversary of the ARC
National Best Elite Cow award. Farmer's Weekly has been
the sponsor of this award since 1979, joining the ARC to
give recognition to outstanding performing cows.
To qualify for an ARC National Best Elite Cow award, a
cow must comply with the following requirements:
A. Registered breeds:
1. The cow must be alive on the evaluation date.
2. The cow's age at first calving must not exceed 39
months.
NATIONAL BEEF PERFORMERS AWARDS
The aim of the ARC National Best Elite Cow Award is to
identify cows which, based on performance test records
and breeding values, have proven themselves as
genetically superior in all economically important traits,
such as reproduction, maternal ability and pre-weaning
growth rate (weaning weight). The ARC-Animal Production
Institute this year decided to consider cows of all beef
breeds for the ARC National Best Elite Cow Awards,
irrespective of which service provider (ARC, SA Stud Book
or Breedplan) the relevant breeders' society uses for
registration, performance testing and breeding value
21
5
ARC NATIONAL BEST ELITE COW AWARDS
TABLE 3 The 2013 ARC National Best Elite Cow Awards sponsored by Farmer's Weekly
6
Breed
Cow ID No
Age
Age
Ave.
1st
(last) Number
ACP1
calving Calves calving
(days)
(months)
years)
Repro- Average Average
ductive Weaning Effec.
Index2 Index3 Index4
Birth Weight EBV
(kg)5
Dir7 Acc
Mat8 Acc
Weaning Weight EBV
(kg)6
Dir7 Acc
Mat8 Acc
Angus
NEL 01 0012
11
10
24
361
119
110
105
1,1888
1,2475
16,0064
16,8049
Beefmaster
AHA 00 0120
12
11
27
369
115
105
-
0,2989
0,5676
9,685
8,359
Bonsmara
JCV 95 0040
18
16
27
366
116
108
102
-0,0192
1,0282
10,4089
8,8084
Braford
TH 00 0091
12
10
35
366
NA
NA
NA
1,4082
NA
12,0067
5,0059
Brahman
R10 98 0025
14
15
24
358
NA
NA
NA
2,3081
NA
26,0077
8,0074
Brangus
C 02 0001
11
9
28
368
NA
NA
NA
0,4080
NA
8,0072
-1,0059
Charolais
MF 01 0002
11
9
35
359
111
103
101
1,1688
1,1375
14,2084
6,0058
Drakensberger
HN 01 0087
11
9
36
364
111
113
-
2,6788
0,4273
17,4083
9,4075
Hugenoot
BLN 01 0002
12
10
21
410
111
98
-
-1,4488
0,6773
1,1080
2,3052
Limousin
DK 01 0051
11
10
27
358
NA
NA
NA
2,.2084
NA
20,0082
9,0075
Nguni
MVN 99 0029
13
12
25
364
117
102
90
1,2578
0,2659
10,7085
2,5061
Pinzgauer
PGJ 99 0030
14
10
36
378
109
99
107
0,4988
-0,4172
3,8082
1,3053
Santa Gertrudis
VV 02 0135
10
8
27
354
118
117
-
0,4184
-1,4983
3,2083
11,9082
Simbra
AJP 00 0029B
12
11
24
369
NA
NA
NA
1,1084
NA
12,005
7,0071
Simmentaler
ASM 01 0044
12
10
26
360
NA
NA
NA
1 9080
NA
15,0071
7,5035
South Devon
JM 00 2226
12
9
-
371
115
113
117
-5,5278
1,2457
3,3071
7,5035
Sussex
TZ 01 0100
11
9
34
375
110
104
107
1,1989
0,5975
18,8084
9,5058
1. Av. ICP
2. Reprod. Index
3. Average Weaning Index
4. Average Eff. Index
5. Birth Weight EBV
= Average Intercalving Period
= Reproduction index (based on age at first calving and average ICP)
= Average weaning weight index of calves
= Average cow efficiency ratio (205 day weight / Cow weight 0,75 ) index
= Estimated Breeding Value for birth weight
3. The cow's average inter-calving period must not exceed
425 days.
4. The cow must have calved normally during the 18
months before the evaluation date.
5. The cow must not have more than one calf without a
valid weaning weight after the first calf with a valid
weaning weight.
6. Breeding value requirements:
6.1 Wean direct breeding value must be within the best
50% of the active females in the breed.
6.2 Wean maternal breeding value must be within the
best 50% of the active females in the breed.
6.3 Birth direct breeding value must be within the lowest
99% of the active females in the breed.
6.4 Birth maternal breeding value (where available)
must be within the lowest 99% of the active females
in the breed.
7. The cow must have a minimum of seven calves with
reliable weaning weights.
8. The cow may not have received a previous ARC
National Best Elite Cow award.
B. Commercial herds (where no BLUP breeding values
are available):
The breeding value requirements (above-mentioned
item 6) are replaced with the following:
6.1 No calf with a weaning index below 90.
6. Weaning Weight EBV
= Estimated Breeding Value for weaning weight
7. Dir
= Direct EBV (accuracy)
8. Mat
= Maternal EBV (accuracy)
*NA = Not Available for these breeds.
Neville Landsdell
6.2 Average weaning index of calves must be
at least 100
6.3 Maximum of two calves with a weaning
Angus
index below 100.
Pieter van Deventer
The following aspects of the qualifying cows (see
above) are evaluated to identify the Best Elite Cow
per breed:
5.1 Birth and weaning breeding values of the
cow.
5.2 Average efficiency index (if available).
Beefmaster
5.3 Approval ratio (percentage of her progeny
approved for registration by the breeders'
society concerned), considering the sex and herd book
status of each calf.
5.4 Average inter-calving period and reproduction index.
5.5 Percentage of performance tested calves (with valid
birth and weaning weights).
5.6 Number of calves with valid weaning weights in relation
to the cow's age.
The Best Elite Cows are selected purely on performance, based
on the above criteria, and the physical appearance of the cow
plays no role in the selection process.
This year these awards were presented to the owners of 17
cows. Including this year's 17 awards, Farmer's Weekly has
presented a total of 413 trophies since 1979. Its commitment to
sponsor the awards since 1979 should be saluted!
The 2013 ARC National Best Elite Cow Awards are listed in
TABLE 4 The owners of the 2013 ARC National Best Elite Cow Awards sponsored by Farmer's Weekly
Breed
Angus
Cow
ID No
Owner/Contact Person
NEL 01 12
Town
Neville Lansdel
E-mail
Alexandria
Cell Number
[email protected]
046 654 0102
Beefmaster
AHA 00 120 Pieter van Deventer
Coligny
[email protected]
018 632 6061
Bonsmara
JCV 95 40
Ermelo
[email protected]
082 324 9633
Johan & Michiel Geldenhuys
Braford
TH 00 91
Thiele Estate (Carl Thiele)
Paulpietersburg
[email protected]
082 944 0481
Brahman
RIO 98 25
Llewellyn Labuschagne
Letsitele
[email protected]
082 579 5479
Brangus
C 02 1
Reinet Meyer
Bloemfontein
[email protected]
082 923 2639
Charolais
MF 01 2
Davie van der Merwe (Willie Strauss)
Schweizer-Reneke
[email protected]
083 944 9220
Drakensberger
HN 01 87
Neuman Brothers (Rodney & Leonard)
Vrede
[email protected]
082 746 8142
Hugenoot
BLN 01 2
Louis Nel
Melkrivier
[email protected]
082 375 3640
Limousine
DK 01 51
John & Tracey Devonport
Houghton
[email protected]
083 454 3095
Nguni
MVN 99 29
Michiel van Niekerk
Boshof
[email protected]
083 234 0358
Pinzgauer
PGJ 99 30
Cappuccino Stud, ZZ2 (Paul Bester)
Mooketsi
[email protected]
083 627 6899
Santa Gertrudis
VV 02 135
Tina de Jager
Vryburg
[email protected]
082 774 4777
Simbra
AJP 00 29B Abraham Pelser
Steenbokpan
[email protected]
014 766 0226
Simmentaler
ASM 01 44
Daniel van der Merwe (Niel)
Senekal
[email protected]
082 416 6342
South Devon
JM 00 2226
John Miller
Cathcart
[email protected]
083 659 8269
Sussex
TZ 01 100
Theo van Zyl
Ladybrand
[email protected]
082 564 4921
Table 3 and the owners of the cows in Table 4. Congratulations to each of these owners for an outstanding achievement.
Willie Strauss
Carl Thiele
NATIONAL BEST ELITE COW AWARDS
Reinet Meyer
Llewellyn & Corrie Labuschagne
Charolais
Louis Nel
Braford
Michiel van Niekerk
Hugenoot
Brangus
Paul Bester
Nguni
Pinzgauer
Johan & Michiel Geldenhuys
Rodney & Leonard Newman
Bonsmara
Drakensberger
Brahman
Tina de Jager
Santa Gertudis
Abraham Pelser
Simbra
Niel van der Merwe
Simmentaler
Tracey & John Devonport
John Miller
Limousin
Theo van Zyl
South Devon
Sussex
ARC NATIONAL PLATINUM AWARDS
Sponsored by GMP-Basic
This category was introduced in 1996, to give recognition to
excellent performing bulls from excellent performing cows.
For a bull to qualify for an ARC National Platinum Award, it
had to receive a gold merit award in Phase C and its dam
had to be an Elite Cow award winner before or during the
year in which the bull received a gold merit award. This is
the 17th year that the Platinum Awards are presented and
the third year that GMP-Basic is the sponsor of this highly
competitive class. Breeders participating in Phase C
(central standardised performance tests) of the ARC's
National Beef Recording and Improvement Scheme are
encouraged to test bulls bred from top performing proven
dams. Bulls considered for this year's awards must have
completed the Phase C test between 1 January 2012 and
31 December 2012. To date a total of 113 Platinum Awards
have been made in this category.
The five ARC National Platinum Award bulls are listed in
Table 5 and their owners in Table 6. Congratulations to all
these breeders!
7
TABLE 5 The 2013 ARC National Platinum award bulls sponsored by GMP-Basic
Bull ID No
Breed
SP 10 7
Drakensberger
DAM*
Age 1st Aver.
Calv- calving ICP
ings (mnths) (days)
Adjusted
Wean ADG FCR
Scrotum Dam ID No
Index Index Index
circum.
Age
(yrs)
110
13
9
113
119
326
JA 00 9
37
364
EBV (kg)
Birth Weight
Weaning Weight
Dir
Mat
Dir
Mat
-0,7388
1,1173
7,183
8,475
BEI 10 118
Bonsmara
110
120
111
374
BEI 00 17
13
10
33
386
0,4790
0,5378
8,686
12,280
GR 10 248
Drakensberger
116
115
111
327
GR 00 35
13
8
23
423
1,5787
0,6372
10,583
4,875
HFN 11 201 Bonsmara
102
121
108
320
HFN 97 40
16
12
27
400
0,6090
0,2678
11,487
9,980
NFS 10 89
126
100
112
316
NFS 98 231
15
11
32
414
6,2387
1,.2676
27,983
10,777
Bonsmara
* The information of the dam is the newest available. This could have changed since the cow received the last Elite award.
TABLE 6 The owners of the ARC National Platinum award bulls sponsored by GMP-Basic
Bull ID No
SP 10 7
Breed
Owner/Contact Person
Drakensberger
Mr S P Fourie (SP)
Town
E-mail
Hartbeesfontein
Cell Number
[email protected]
082 745 4906
BEI 100118
Bonsmara
Mr P S Beith (Peter)
Vaalwater
[email protected]
083 297 2626/7
GR 10 248
Drakensberger
Mr G W Roux (Gawie)
Ventersburg
[email protected]
083 264 5487
HFN 11 201
Bonsmara
Mr HF Naude (Hennie)
Heilbron
[email protected]
083 269 9293
NFS 10 89
Bonsmara
Sernick Bonsmaras (Nick Serfontein)
Edenville
[email protected]
082 384 0020
Hennie Naudé
Bonsmara
Nick Serfontein
Peter Beith
Bonsmara
Gawie Roux
Bonsmara
Drakensberger
SP Fourie
Drakensberger
NATIONAL EMERGING BEEF FARMER
ARC OF
THE YEAR AWARD
Sponsored by ABSA
HISTORY & BACKGROUND
The ARC keeps refining the Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo
Scheme in its quest to effectively serve and support
emerging farmers. Since 2007, when DAFF officially
launched the Scheme, the ARC Animal Production Institute
has invested considerably into this scheme in order to fast
track its progress. The Scheme recently received funding
from Treasury to appoint nine more technicians and 36
interns to be involved in recording and improvement of the
herds of emerging farmers.
The Scheme is currently operational in all nine provinces.
Currently more than 420 emerging farmers out of the 1 415
participating in the Scheme have been registered on
8
Intergis. The aim of the Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo Scheme is
to assist emerging beef cattle farmers to adopt and apply
the available beef recording and improvement technology
to increase the productivity and profitability of their herds.
This is achieved by applying improved management
practices and accurate selection for economically
important traits. The ultimate goal of the Scheme is to fully
integrate the participants into the National Beef Recording
and Improvement Scheme.
Since 2003, emerging beef cattle farmers have shared the
stage with elite commercial cattlemen through a national
award for those participating in the Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo
Scheme. This year the awards celebrated a decade of
existence, with the winner being sponsored by ABSA to
NATIONAL PLATINUM AWARDS
ARC NATIONAL PLATINUM AWARDS
BULL
TABLE 7 The 2013 ARC National Emerging Beef Farmer of the Year Award: Provincial Winners
ARC NATIONAL EMERGING BEEF FARMER
Province
Name/
Contact Person
Town
Farm/Project Name
Limpopo
Mrs R Mamonare
Mookgopong
Ngaonaboko Farming Project
Mpumalanga
Mrs & Mr Tshabangu
Middleton
Middleton Abattoir farm
082 442 3579
Nguni & cross breeds
200
082 777 7162
082 570 2154
Bonsmara
146
Eastern Cape
Mr M Zengetwa
Elliott
Grootfontein farm
072 205 3072
Bonsmara
146
North West
Mrs P Sejanamane
Zeerust
Semmelang Bomme project
083 681 8350
Nguni
224
Free State
Mr R Thekiso
Thaba-Nchu
Khumo farm
083 685 1757
071 029 9307
Bonsmara
97
Northern Cape
Mr K Holele
Kuruman
Pender farm
082 827 0663
Nguni & Bonsmara
170
Western Cape
Mr J Davids
Napier
Agri Dwala farm
028 423 3868
Angus & Cross Angus
200
Santa Getrudis & Bonsmara
162
Brahman, Nguni & Bonsmara
804
078 309 3949
073 632 9502
Gauteng
Mrs P Dlamini
Nigel
Leeufontein farm
083 333 0941
KwaZulu Natal
Mr D Sithole
Umuludi
Vreesnet farm
073 436 9104
082 555 7867
attend the annual Beef Federation Improvement Congress
in the USA.
PURPOSE
The aim of the awards is:
To acknowledge members of the Kaonafatso ya
Dikgomo Scheme that performed well on specific
criteria related to recording, management and
performance of their herds;
To encourage emerging beef cattle farmers to improve
their standard of living through better returns from
animal production and job creation;
To promote participation in the Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo
Scheme;
To promote sound breeding and management
principles in the beef cattle industry; and
To demonstrate the benefit of
performance testing, practically by
means of identifying outstanding herds.
IDENTIFYING THE WINNERS
All emerging farmers participating in the Kaonafatso ya
Dikgomo Scheme are screened annually to identify those
meeting the requirements of the award. The nine provincial
winners identified from the qualifying herds are listed in
Table 7. The gross margins records and performance of the
herd, especially reproduction,
are the most important conMr R Thekiso
sideration in the selection of
the national winner. Congratulations to Mr Zengetwa of
Elliot in the Eastern Cape for
taking top honours in this
category and walking away
Free State
with his prestigious prize
sponsored by ABSA!
Mr D Sithole
Mr Zengetwa
Kwa-Zulu Natal
Mrs R Mamonare
NATIONAL EMERGING
BEEF FARMER OF THE YEAR AWARD
Mr J Davids
Western Cape
10
Number of
Cows
Breed
Cell Number
Mr M Zengetwa
Eastern Cape
Winner
Mrs P Dlamini
Gauteng
Mr A Tshabangu
Mpumalanga
Mr K Holele
Northern Cape
Limpopo Province
Mrs P Sejanamane
North-West
Sponsored by ABSA
HISTORY
To promote participation in performance testing;
This award category was introduced in 1997, and this year
was the 16th year that the award was presented on a
provincial (previously regional) as well as national level.
The ARC National Beef Cattle Improvement Herd of the
Year Award is probably the most prestigious award in the
South African beef cattle industry. The national winner's
main prize is a visit to the annual conference of the Beef
Improvement Federation (BIF) in the USA.
This year is the first year that herds of all beef breeds,
irrespective of which service provider (ARC, SA Stud Book
or Breedplan) the relevant breeders' society use for
estimation, were considered for the ARC National Beef
Cattle Improvement Herd of the Year Award. The ARC also
decided to extend the competition to include herds in other
Southern African countries, e.g. Namibia. The latter was
considered with the nine provincial winners for the national
(overall) winner.
To demonstrate the benefit of performance testing practically by means of identifying outstanding herds.
IDENTIFYING THE PROVINCIAL WINNERS
AND NATIONAL WINNER
The criteria used to select the finalists in each province
were as follows:
The herd must participate in performance testing with
one of the service providers (ARC, SA Stud Book or
Breedplan) that the relevant breeder's society uses for
estimation.
At least 12 and/or 18 months weight must be recorded;
The aim of the awards is:
To acknowledge breeders that perform well on several
criteria related to performance testing, genetic
improvement, breeding and management;
To encourage cattlemen to improve the efficiency of
their enterprises;
Phillip de Waal
NATIONAL BEEF CATTLE IMPROVEMENT
HERD OF THE YEAR AWARD
To promote sound breeding and management principles in the beef cattle industry; and
At least birth, weaning and cow weight (at calving and/or
at weaning of calves) must be recorded in the herd;
PURPOSE
Western Cape
Jan & Gideon van Zyl
Chris Purdon
Eastern Cape
Joggie Briedenhann
At least 20% of the weaned bull calves must be tested in
Phases C or D (not applicable to breeds using
Breedplan as service provider);
The promptness of submitting all data and the accuracy
of all performance test data must be within acceptable
norms;
Gideon Brits
Gauteng
Danie Olivier
K J v Rensburg
Mpumalanga
Peter Farrant
Arthur de Villiers
Free State
Jan Hattingh
Northern Cape
Non-SA Countries
20
ARC NATIONAL BEEF CATTLE IMPROVEMENT
BEEF CATTLE IMPROVEMENT
ARC NATIONAL
HERD OF THE YEAR AWARD
Kwa-Zulu Natal
Limpopo Province
North-West
11
TABLE 8 The 2013 ARC National Beef Cattle Improvement Herd of the Year Award Provincial Winners
ARC NATIONAL BEEF CATTLE IMPROVEMENT
Province
12
Owner/
Contact Person
Eastern Cape
Chris Purdon
Free State
Arthur de Villiers
Gauteng
Gideon Brits
KwaZulu-Natal
Danie Olivier
Limpopo
Peter & Nick Farrant
Mpumalanga
Kerneels Jansen
van Rensburg
Jan Hattingh
North West
Northern Cape Jan van Zyl
Western Cape
Phillip de Waal
Non-SA
Countries
Joggie Briedenhann
Herd Name
& Breed
Veejay
Angus
Arcadia
Bonsmaras
Beefmaster
Alliance
Hotvoor
Bonsmaras
Culmpine
Bonsmaras
Nooitverwag
Beefmaster
Salerika
Simmentalers
Kroonvee
Brahmane
Locheim
Hereford
Hartebeestloop
Bonsmaras
Town
E-mail
Cell Number
Average Average
Number 1st calving
ICP
of Cows (months) (days)
Average
Reprod.
Index
Cathcart
082 879 2744
[email protected]
450
35
379
100
Vrede
082 564 8912
[email protected]
824
29
398
107
Nigel
082 457 2816
[email protected]
900
26
374
120
Vryheid
083 229 9195
[email protected]
458
32
380
106
Vaalwater
082 822 8935
[email protected]
99
34
377
105
Ermelo
082 651 2783
[email protected]
420
34
376
103
Delareyville
083 274 4493
[email protected]
272
24
376
NA
Olifantshoek
082 444 5222
[email protected]
441
33
428
NA
Moorreesburg
082 783 0011
[email protected]
146
28
374
113
Stampriet,
Namibia
00264 81 2316169
[email protected]
480
27
386
115
*NA = Not Available for these breeds
The herd must consist of at least 50 cows;
The average ICP for all the cows in the herd may not
exceed 415 days;
The average age at first calving for all the cows in the
herd may not exceed 36 months;
The average elapsed time since last calving for all the
cows in the herd may not exceed 415 days; and
At least 96% calves must have been born alive.
To select the provincial and national winner from the
list of finalists, the following aspects are considered:
Level of participation of the herd in performance testing
regarding the various phases and traits concerned;
Level of reproductive performance of the herd;
Breeding objectives for the herd;
Genetic progress and genetic level of the herd;
Application of performance test data and BLUP
breeding values in the selection, breeding and
management of the herd;
Application of modern scientific breeding techniques in
the herd;
Involvement of the
owner in performance
testing activities and
promoting performance testing;
Arthur de Villiers
Mentoring and training of new and/or
emerging farmers by
the owner of the herd;
and
Herd size.
The performance of the
herd, especially relating to
Winner
reproduction, is the most
important consideration in
the selection of the
winner. This year Mr Arthur de Villiers from Vrede in the Free
State took the number one position in South Africa in this
category and also walked away with a prize worth more
than R50 000, sponsored by ABSA. Congratulations to
Arthur and all the provincial winners.
The provincial winners and the non-SA winner for the 2013
ARC National Beef Cattle Improvement Herd of the Year
Award are presented in Table 8.
GMP Basic GMP Basic GMP Basic GMP Basic
GMPBasic® Livestock Management ear tags
and management
program
people can approach some-one in the community
perhaps to assist them with the record keeping of their
animals within the system. In addition to this the GMP
Traceability company offers remote support and
administration services for clients offices.
Affordable training courses for the GMPBasic
software system are provided by GMP Traceability.
Cows with calves - are all the cows working?
Cow reproduction performance
The primary goal of owning beef cattle must be to
produce beef for the nation. Food security for all
citizens of the country is an absolute must. There is no
justification for some-one to be 'owning' cattle merely
for the sake of owning cattle as a measure of wealth.
Beef cattle need to be produced through the birth of
calves from fertile cows. Each beef cow in any of the
regions of South Africa should be considered a
national asset. These assets must be productive.
Focus must be placed on improving the beef
farming skills of beef cattle owners. An important
aspect to reach the goal of one calf per year per
sexually and physiologically mature cow is to have a
good record keeping system. Such a system should
also be able to cover many aspects simultaneously for
producer, state vet services, government and the
consumer.
Calves are linked back to specific cows in this
screenshot. Keeping records of the calves born and
the inter-calving days are important to determine
whether a cow is
worth while keeping.
The producers’ responsibilities are to
ensure that the cows
have sufficient quality feed with supplementary summer or
winter lick for 24
hours a day to assist
with good beef production.
For more information from GMP Traceability:
Tel: 011 954 4971
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.gmptags.co.za
The GMPBasic livestock identification,
management and traceability system is such a
system. It affords the beef producer the function to
identify the cow (dam) and to link all the offspring to the
dam's records. When all the cows in such a herd are
linked up with their calves then a comprehensive
reproduction analysis is possible. The daily
management with GMPBasic® also assists the
producer with compliance and certification challenges
in the livestock industry.
People have different levels of literacy,
computer skills and financial resources available. This
is where the GMPBasic system lends itself well to
being able to manage multiple owner profiles on one
computer. It means that poor or elder or less educated
13
ANGUS
ANGUS LAAT JOU SYFERS KLOP!
word die kruisteling met geregistreerde Angus-bulle met
soveel sukses toegepas. Kruisteling veroorsaak
beduidende basterkrag wat 'n toename van 15% tot 30%
sal veroorsaak ten opsigte van, onder meer, die
volgende:
Speengewig;
Melkproduksie;
Vroeër volwassenheid;
ANGUS
Die Angus is oorspronklik 'n Skotse beesras. Die meeste
sintetiese beesrasse, soos Beefmaster en Bonsmara, is
geteel met Engelse beesrasse, soos Hereford en
Shorthorn, as grondslag vir verbetering van bouvorm en
karkasgehalte. Wanneer karkasgehalte geneties oor
400 jaar in 'n beesras vasgelê is, soos by die Angus,
verseker dit dat die Angus deur ander rasse as 'n norm vir
karkasgehalte gebruik word. In Landbouweekblad van
12 Julie 2013 (“Bonsmara 'n heilsame smaaksensasie”)
meet Bonsmara-boere hul vordering op karkasgebied
aan Angus. Dit word verwelkom. Die Angus-ras
produseer konsekwent smaaklike en sagte vleis van
gehalte met 'n fyn grein, met presies genoeg vermarmering wat 'n onvergelyklike eetervaring verseker.
'n Bonsmara-tipe koei met haar Angus-kruiskalf op Campher
se plaas
Hoër gemiddelde daaglikse gewigstoename (GDT)
in vergelyking met ander beesrasse;
'n Rooi poenskopkalf;
ANGUS
Op 17 Julie vanjaar het die 30ste jaarlikse Malutiaanteelslagvee- veiling naby Bethlehem plaasgevind.
Op die veiling is Angus x Bonsmara-vervangingsteelversies wat lewend gemiddeld 315 kg weeg, teen tot
R23,65/kg verkoop. Angus x Bonsmara-speenkalwers is
teen R18,50/kg verkoop, terwyl ander rasse se
speenkalwers op dieselfde veiling teen R16,40/kg
verkoop is. Waarom die prysverskille? Die erfdwang van
die Angus-bulle is sigbaar by die kalwers. Dié tipiese
dieprooi poenskopdiere is met trots deur deelnemende
boere van die omgewing aangebied. Dit is nie slegs
bouvorm wat Angus-kruiskalwers 'n bogemiddelde prys
besorg nie. Die waarde van hierdie diere is geleë in die
toevoeging wat die Angus-teelmateriaal ten opsigte van
karkasgehalte maak.
ANGUS
Kruisteling met geregistreerde Angus-bulle word
besonder suksesvol toegepas omdat die Angus-ras
nie in die teling van sintetiese beesrasse in Suid-Afrika
gebruik is nie.
Die kalwers sal dieselfde blokkige bouvorm as die
Angus vertoon.
Die bykomende bonus is dat die kalf wat die resultaat
daarvan is, vir toelating tot die Certified South African
Angus Beef®-protokol in aanmerking sal kom. Dit is 'n
voordeel vir enige kommersiële vleisbeesboer omdat
dié bykomende bemarkingsopsie aansienlike waarde toevoeg. Angus x Bonsmaraverse beland selde in die voerkraal.
Hulle is gesogte vroulike vervangingsteeldiere wat van 15 maande tot 18
maande gepaar kan word. Dit het 'n bykomende kalf tot gevolg, veral wanneer
dié ouderdom vergelyk word met die
tradisionele paring op 24 maande tot 27
maande. Sulke vroulike diere is teelkragtig in menige kommersiële beesvleisproduserende kuddes en bly dit steeds,
selfs ná die ouderdom van tien jaar. Maak
seker jou syfers klop met Angus-teelKruisteling op sy beste. Dié foto is geneem op die plaas Roodekop op die
materiaal.
ANGUS
Aangesien Angus nie in die teling van sintetiese
beesrasse in Suid-Afrika gebruik is nie en dus nie aan die
meeste ander vleisrasse in Suid-Afrika verwant is nie,
plaas van mnr Loutjie Campher in Noordwes
15
SWART ANGUS Karkaskoning én Prins
ANGUS
ANGUS
ANGUS
ANGUS
van die Voerkraal
Jare lank het sommige voerkrale teen swart beeste
gediskrimineer. Die ongekende groei wat die
Angus-ras beleef en die klem wat Angus-telers
wêreldwyd op prestasiemeting plaas, het die
bordjies egter verhang.
SAV NETWORTH 4200. 'n Bul wat 'n wesenlike impak op Suid-Afrikaanse Angusteelmateriaal het. Sy speengewig op 205 dae was 452 kg. Net Worth se SuidAfrikaanse indekse (bepaal deur sy aanteel in Suid-Afrika) is: Speen: +32,9 kg;
Melk: +8,7 kg; Groei (12 maande): +51,6 kg; Oogspierarea: +2,89. Dit is enige
speenkalfprodusent en voerkraal se droom.
Die Angus-ras se gewildheid groei met rasse skrede.
Hier is sommige van die syfers en redes vir dié gunstige
groeineigings. Die nasionale gemiddelde speengewigte, gemiddelde daaglikse gewigstoename en
karkasmetings vir Angus-, Drakensbergeren Dexterbeeste vir 2004 en verlede jaar is in die tabel te sien. Die
Angus se gemiddelde speengewig vir manlike en
vroulike diere het sedert 2004 met 11% gestyg, terwyl
die Drakensberger s'n met 9% en die Dexter s'n met
16% gestyg het. Drakensbergers en Dexters het egter
verlede jaar nog nie die gemiddelde speengewig bereik
wat die Angus al in 2004 bemeester het nie. As die
gemiddelde daaglikse gewigstoename (GDT) bekyk
word, toon die Angus 'n toename in GDT van 0,083 kg
per dag, die Drakensberger 'n toename van 0,049 kg
per dag en die Dexter 'n afname van 0,13 kg per dag.
Die Drakensberger en die Dexter het weer eens verlede
jaar steeds nie die GDT bereik waaroor die Angus in
2004 beskik het nie. Voerkrale se diskriminasie teen
swart diere moet iets van die verlede word as die Angus
se prestasie op karkasgebied beskou word. Die gehalte
van beesvleis word gemeet aan die oppervlakte van die
oogspierarea van die dier en die marmering van die
karkas wat dit produseer. As swart beeste aan die hand
van SA Stamboek se 2012-verslag beskou word, is die
Drakensberger se oogspierarea heeltemal in pas met
rooi beesrasse s'n, soos die Hereford en die Bonsmara,
terwyl die Angus se oogspierarea (87 cm2) groter as dié
van enige vleisbeesras is. Die Dexter en die Angus se
marmeringtelling (onderskeidelik 3,4 en 3) is ook beter
as enige ander beesras s'n. Alles dui daarop dat die
gaping tussen die Angus en beesrasse van alle kleure in
die toekoms verder gaan vergroot.
Die rede daarvoor is die voordeel van 'n massiewe
genepoel wat Suid-Afrikaanse Angus-stoettelers geniet
vir die verbetering van hul ras en vleisproduksie in SuidAfrika in die algemeen. Die Angus is en bly die
karkaskoning en die prins van die voerkraal!
Navrae: Mnr. John Boulle,
rasdirekteur, tel. 051 447
9849 of sel 076 604 4900.
*Artikel het oorspronklik in
Lanbouweekblad verskyn
ANGUS
TABEL 1 Vergelykbare syfers vir Angus-, Drakensberger- en Dexter-beeste vir 2004 en 2012
RAS
SPEENGEWIG (kg)
OP 205 DAE
MANLIKE en
VROULIKE DIERE
GEMIDDELDE
DAAGLIKSE GEWIGS- OOGSPIERAREA
TOENAME (GDT)
TYDENS RTUTYDENSSENTRALE SKANDERING (cm2)
TOETS (g)
VLEISMARMERING
TELLING
2004
2012
2004
2012
2004
2012
2004
2012
Drakensberger
208
228
1 712
1 761
-
58
-
2,2
Angus
219
246
1 832
1 915
-
87
-
3
Dexter
148
177
1 508
1 378
-
57
-
3,4
*Bron : LNR Jaarverslag: Nasionale Vleisbeesverbeteringskema 2004 en SA Stamboek Logix Beesvleisverslag 2012
16
Nguni-koeie
ANGUS
RASEGTE ANGUS-BULLE presteer by
Onder leiding van dr. Michiel Scholtz is voorgestel dat
gebruik gemaak word van 'n effekleur, poenskopras wat
maklik identifiseerbaar en horingloos is, en met
aanvaarbare prestasievlakke vir voerkraaloperateurs. Die
antwoord was – natuurlik - Angus.
Gevolglik is kruisteling met swart Angus-bulle by Ngunikoeie voorgestel wat horinglose, swart kalwers sou lewer.
In 2011 is 'n memorandum van ooreenkoms deur die
onderstaande genote onderteken ingevolge waarvan die
gebruik van Angus-bulle by Nguni-koeie Angus x Ngunikalwers sou lewer wat geskik sou wees vir die
Gesertifiseerde Suid-Afrikaanse Angus Beef-protokol en
deur die supermarkgroep Pick n Pay bemark kon word. Die
genote is die SA Angus-genootskap, Angus Beef (Edms.)
Bpk., Beefcor-voerkraal, die Nywerheidsontwikkelingskorporasie (IDC), Limpopo se departement van landbou,
die Nguni-ontwikkelingstrust, die Landbounavorsingsraad
(LNR) en die Pick n Pay-groep.
Bulle is vanoor die hele Suid-Afrika aangekoop van Angusstoettelers en by die Tawoomba-navorsingstasie onder
toesig van me. Erna van Schoor versorg en met hartwaterbloed geïmmuniseer. 'n Twee dae lange opleidingswerksessie is aangebied om al die voornemende boere op
hoogte te bring met die gebruik en versorging van die
Angusbulle, die werking van die Angus Beef-protokol,
naspoorbaarheid en bestuur.
20
Navorsing deur die LNR het die volgende aan die lig
gebring:
ANGUS
Een van mnr. Albertus Erasmus van Wesselsbron se Angus x
Nguni-verse
Die kruisspeenkalwers was 18% swaarder vergeleke
met die suiwer geteelde kalwers.
Die kruisspeenkalwers se gemiddelde daaglikse
gewigstoename was 38% beter vergeleke met die
suiwer geteelde kalwers.
Die vleisgehalte van die kruiskalwers was bykans
dieselfde as dié van suiwer geteelde Anguskalwers.
ANGUS
Min boere sou twee dekades gelede glo dat die Ngunibeesras aan die vooraand was van die produksie van
beesvleis van topgehalte. Voerkraaloperateurs het openlik
gediskrimineer teen kalwers van Nguni-koeie en Nguni's
het meesal gesog geraak vir hul huide. In Limpopo is 'n
projek begin wat deur die IDC gefinansier word. Dertig
dragtige Nguni-koeie en -verse word aan 'n beesvleisboer
gegee. Binne die leentydperk van vyf jaar moet die boer die
lening met 30 dragtige Nguni's afgelos. Die boere het egter
laat blyk dat alternatiewe vir die suiwer geteelde Ngunispeenkalwers gevind moes word. Verskeie voerkraaloperateurs het die suiwer geteelde Nguni-kalwers gepenaliseer en dit het 'n laer as verwagte inkomste tot gevolg
gehad.
In Januarie verlede jaar het mnr. Cedric Majopelo van
Limpopo se departement van landbou hierdie bulle aan die
begunstigdes toegeken. Hoewel die bulle in moeilike
omstandighede koeie moes dek, het die bulle by die
Limpopo-bosveldtoestande aangepas, gegroei en
uitstekende resultate gelewer.
Laat in Januarie vanjaar is besoek gebring aan die kuddes
om die bulle en nageslag te besigtig. Die kalwers was
horingloos, met die konformasie van die Angus en die
meeste met 'n swart haarkleed.
ANGUS
Die nageslag van Angus-bulle by Nguni-koeie in Limpopo is
horingslose kalwers met die konformasie van die Angus
ANGUS
In kruisteling met twee eeue oue beesrasse in
Limpopo het Angus-bulle 'n merkbare verbetering in
die grootte en winsgewendheid van speen-kalwers
van Nguni-koeie.
Die eerste besending van hierdie Angus x Ngunispeenkalwers is op Donderdag 27 Junie aan die Beefcorvoerkraal op Bronkhorstspruit gelewer word waar hulle
gevoer sal word en in die Gesertifiseerde SA Angus Beefprojek opgeneem sal word in opdrag van Pick n Pay.
Hierdie kalwers, almal verwek deur geregistreerde,
prestasiegeselekteerde Angusbulle, kom in aanmerking vir
die Angus Beef-protokol.
Die twee eeue oue beesrasse word met sukses in moderne
beesvleisproduksie gebruik en die toekoms van
beesvleisproduksie lê opgesluit in doelgerigte kruisteling.
Top-Angusteelmateriaal is beskikbaar op die nasionale
Angus-veiling in die Afridome, Parys, op 6 Augustus om
11:00.
17
FEE STRUCTURE FEE STRUCTURE FEE STRUCTURE
FEE STRUCTURE
National Beef Recording
and Improvement Scheme
18
Item
Unit Price
(VAT Excl)
1. PREFIX REGISTRATION ON INTERGIS
Registration of Prefix
(Once Off) R200.00
Change of Prefix
R 12.00
Session (transfer) of Prefix
R120.00
2. PEDIGREE RECORDING ON INTERGIS (Seed Stock)
Once-off joining fee
R219.00
Annual subscription fee
R219.00
Annual per capita - paper option
R 2.00
Annual per capita fee - electronic option
R 1.20
3. PERFORMANCE RECORDING ON INTERGIS
3.1 Phases A & B
R525.00
Annual herd fee
R180.00
Annual per capita fee - paper option
R 4.70
R 2.90
3.2 Central Standardized Bull Growth and Feed Efficiency
Tests at ARC Test Centres (Phase C and RFI)
Feed costs
Actual feed consumed
Management fee per bull
R295.00
Processing (dip, dose, etc.)
R120.00
RTU scanning
Free
3.3 On-farm post weaning Growth Tests (Phase D)
Farm visit
R825.00
Fee per bull in test
R 47.00
RTU, all measurements
Free
4 GENETIC EVALUATION
Annual per capita fee (BLUP)
R 1.75
Additional herd profile
R150.00
5 CERTIFICATION SERVICES
R250.00
Annual subscription fee
R250.00
Annual per capita fee - paper option
R 2.35
R 1.45
Printing of individual animal certificate (min R25)
R 2.50
6 ADDITIONAL SERVICES
6.1 RTU Scanning
Farm visit
R825.00
RTU scanning per animal
R 41.00
6.2 Consultation
Farm visit
R825.00
Consultation / per hour (maximum of R800 per day) R150.00
The prices for pedigree recording include:
Capturing of birth notifications
Cancellations, transfers and re-instatements
One inspection form per year
Capturing of animals following inspection
Capturing of inspection results
Annual per capita list with all animals on system
Capturing of data on the INTERGIS
The Data can be submitted by the farmers directly to the INTERGIS in
one of the following ways:
Electronic files submitted through BeefPr" Directly on the system
through the INTERGIS Interface
Via a paper option that should be send to the ARC Data Editing
section in Bloemfontein
Electronic files submitted through any other software, provided
the file format is compatible with the INTERGIS
None of these options will put an additional burden on the particular
breeders' society and all enquiries should be directed directly to the ARC.
The only responsibilities of the breeders' society will be to request the
ARC LNR
1 April 2013 – 31 March 2014
inspection forms and distribute them to the inspectors. The breeders'
society will also have to return the completed inspection forms to the
ARC. A new/different Group (Breed) code will be created on the
INTERGIS to accommodate this Certification.
ARC representation on breeders' society technical committees:
Direct cost for traveling and subsistence
The prices for genetic evaluation include:
An annual BLUP analyses using the ARC's current operational
models that were developed for the breed
One electronic or paper herd profile per herd
One sire summary that will be supplied to the Society
Certificate Services
The fee includes the following:
Capturing of all birth notifications if applicable (including pedigree
information if available)
Capturing of individual animals following an inspection/approval.
An annual per capita list as on 1 July with all the animals in the
possession of the member (the annual per capita fee will also be
levied on the number of animals on this per capita list).
One inspection form with individual animal ID's per year per
member, if required for inspection purposes.
Capturing of inspection results if completed on the inspection form.
Cancellations, transfers and re-instatements
Access to information
Individual members will have access to their own information and a
breeders' society will have access to the information of all its members.
Technology Transfer Services
Training courses:
Beef Recording and Performance Testing
Beef Breeding with Breeding Values
BeefPro Beef Cattle Management Software
GenePro Breeding Management Software
Beef Cattle Management
Manuals, Books & Newsletters:
Beef Breeding in SA
Beef Production Manual
Newsletter
Articles for journals, newsletters, agricultural magazines, etc.
Lectures at farmer's days, etc.
Consultation Services
Herd screening - Identification of non-functional, unproductive
and/or inefficient animals
Identification of excellent bulls and cows (potential AI bulls &
embryo donor cows)
Herd reproduction analysis and services (data/report available
prior to visit)
Herd profitability analysis (total input/output)
Setting up herd management programmes
Breeding plans:
Breeding objectives (software assisted)
Breeding strategies (software assisted)
Selection of animals for breeding groups and AI
Visual evaluation and linear classification
Inspection of animals for registration
Screenings of animals for sales
Interpretation of breeding values, diagnostics of performance
figures
Please note: The ARC is not a Registering Authority and can therefore not issue
registration certificates in its own name. However, the ARC can issue registration
certificates on behalf of a Registering Authority. If you want to make use of the
pedigree recording services of the ARC it is recommended that your Society apply to
the Registrar of Animal Improvement to become a Registering Authority and the ARC
will assist you in this regard. Alternatively you can negotiate with another existing
Registering Authority so that the ARC can issue the registration certificates on behalf
of that Registering Authority for your breed.
THE EFFECT OF YEAR AND SEASON on feedlot performance of
SIMMENTALER BULLS in a warm and arid area
M.N Ferreira, M.M Scholtz, F Jordaan and B.J Greyling
Farmers have been sending
their bulls to the ARC's
central growth test centres
(bull testing centres) for
many decades throughout
the year, and this study was
under-taken to establish
the effect of year and
season on the performance
of the animals, specifically
on the growth, feed intake
and feed efficiency (total
weight gain / total feed
intake). Simmentaler bulls
at the Armoedsvlakte bull
testing station of the ARC
near Vryburg were used as
the test group in this study.
Following adaptation of animals to their new feed (28 days),
the bulls were given a complete high energy ration according
to the standardized central growth tests (Phase C) of the ARC.
Bull calves between 151 and 250 days of age were tested for
84 days following the adaption period. During the adaption
period bulls received 7kg of feed per day for the first two
weeks and the second two weeks they received 10kg of feed
per day per bull.
In the second week of adaption the gates at the individual
feeding troughs were closed, and then the bulls learned where
they must eat. Each bull was assigned a specific feeding
trough. Each bull also got a transponder around his neck with
a number, the number correlates with the number of the
feeding trough. Each transponder only opens the gate of the
feeding pen with the same number. There are 10 feed troughs
in one kraal. Individual body weight and feed intake were
measured on a weekly basis. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is the
amount of feed an animal consumes to gain 1kg body weight.
The lower the FCR the better the animal utilises the feed
consumed. Data of 162 bulls were used between 1999 to
2012, representing 5 summer and 5 winter tests respectively.
The test number indicates the month in which the test started.
The Vryburg region receives on average 344mm of rainfall per
year, mainly during summer, with the lowest rainfall (0mm) in
June and the highest (70mm) in February. The average midday
temperatures range from 19 oC in June to 33 oC in January. July
is the coldest month with an average night temperature 0o C.
TABLE 1 Summer tests
Year &
Season
1999
1999
2000
2008
2012
(02)
(10)
(10)
(01)
(11)
Average
Total weight
gained for
summer test (Kg)
Total feed
intake for
summer test (Kg)
FCR for
summer test
177.86
172.08
187.50
155.07
176.67
1180.00
1265.92
1439.00
886.67
1254.81
6.63
7.36
7.67
5.72
7.10
173.83 ± 11.90
1205.28 ± 201.81
ARC Animal Production Institute, [email protected]
TABLE 2 Winter tests
Year &
Season
1999
2000
2001
2007
2012
(03)
(03)
(05)
(06)
(05)
Average
Total weight
gained for
winter test (Kg)
Total feed
intake for
winter test (Kg)
FCR for
winter test
168.67
174.55
156.18
174.29
161.67
1138.52
1233.91
1173.00
1477.43
978.58
6.75
7.07
7.51
8.48
6.05
167.07 ± 8.04
1200.29 ± 181.42
7.42 ± 0.90
*Test number indicated in brackets
The total weight gain, total feed intake and feed conversion
ratio are indicated in the Table 1.
The following was evident from the observations:
Summer
During the 2008 summer test the total weight gain was
the lowest, with only 155 kg weight gained accompanied
by the lowest feed intake. The FCR however was good at
only 5.72. Normally lower weight gains are associated
with poorer efficiency (FCR).
During the 2000 summer test the total weight gained was
188 kg, with a total of 1 439 kg feed consumed, resulting
in a FCR of 7.67.
Winter
During the 2007 winter test the total weight gained was
174 kg, while a total of 1 477 kg feed consumed. The FCR
for the test was 8.48, the worst FCR despite a relatively
high total weight gain.
The best winter test was in 2000 with a total weight gain
of 175 kg, accompanied by a total feed consumption of
1234 kg and an FCR of 7.07.
In conclusion, there were no statistically significant differences
between any of the performance traits among seasons,
indicating that season does not have an effect on
performance. This result may be due to the large variation in
performance both within and between seasons, with no
specific pattern.
The fact that there no significant differences could be
demonstrated in the performance between the bulls tested
among the different seasons, could also be attributed to the
fact that the bulls tested at the Armoedsvlakte are well
adapted to the environment of the region. Furthermore, it is
not clear whether the large variation, in particular for FCR, is
due to genetic differences of the bulls between tests or
whether it can be ascribed to pre-testing management or
weather conditions. The poor FCR of the winter test (2007) and
the good FCR of the 2008 summer test may be due to the
temperature and/or humidity (rainfall), but further research is
needed to establish the relationship between performance
within a specific year and season, taking into account weather
patterns, including temperature and rainfall.
6.93 ± 0.76
*Test number indicated in brackets
19
Tuli
Limousin
Afrigus
Ankole
Senepol
Boran
SA Beefmaster
Drakensberger
Beef Breeding in
South Africa
Pinzgauer
Angus
Braunvieh
2nd Edition
Charolais
Gelbvieh
CONTENTS
Hugenoot
PinZ2yl
Red Poll
SA Hereford
CONTRIBUTORS
Sanganer
Shorthorn
South Devon
EDITOR
Wagyu
Brahman
SA Braford
Simbra
Santa Gertrudis
Afrikaner
Sussex
Bonsmara
Brangus
Dexter
Simmentaler
PRICE / PRYS
Nguni
Romagnola
R 200-00 PER COPY (plus R 50-00 postage and packaging if applicable)
R 200-00 PER KOPIE (plus R 50-00 posgeld en verpakking indien toepaslik)
ORDERS / BESTELLINGS
Una-Lou Lecuona
Fax: 012 672-9113; Tel: 012 672-9391
E-mail: [email protected]
Afrisim
Wat behels die
EVALUASIE VAN BULLE IN FASE C
Leon de Lange
Fase C toetsing behels die volledige
evaluasie van stoetbulkalwers vir ekonomies belangrike eienskappe onder gestandaardiseerde toestande. Die eienskappe
waarna gekyk word is voeromsetverhouding, groei-vermoë, raseienskappe en
strukturele korrektheid. Bulle wat genomineer word vir
Fase C moet as moontlike kudde-vaars gesien word en
dus moet die seleksie van sulke diere vooraf baie
oordeelkundig geskied en die volgende punte is van
belang:
Daar moet sorgvuldig na die ma se teelrekords gekyk
word, of sy wel die potensiaal het om 'n stoetbul te
kan teel. Dus moet haar vrugbaarheid, melkproduksie en retensie uitstekend wees
Die kalf moet 'n aanvaarbare geboorte massa hê
Teelorgane moet goed ontwikkel wees
Daar moet ook geen ooglopende genetiese defekte
soos skede-, uitgroei hoewe-, kort onderkaak-,
skewe bek-, swak rug- en temperament probleme
wees nie. Van hierdie genetiese defekte op 'n jong
ouderdom kan net vererger
gedurende die
toetsperiode, wat dan sal lei tot swak prestasie
Vir 'n bul om te kwalifiseer om in Fase C getoets te word,
moet die dier jonger wees as 250 dae by aankoms by die
betrokke toetssentrum. Die dier moet ook tussen sekere
gewigsgrense per ras wees by aankoms. Na aankoms by
die toetssentrum gaan die bul deur twee fases, naamlik
'n aanpassingsperiode van 28 dae wat gevolg word deur
die toetsperiode van 84 dae. Gedurende die
toetsperiode word die bulle individueel gevoer en
weekliks geweeg om hul groeivermoë en voeromset te
bepaal. Die bulle ontvang 'n rantsoen met 'n ruvesel
inhoud van 30%. Die rantsoen is spesiaal geformuleer
om optimale groei te verseker, sodat die ekonomiese
eienskappe sinvol geevalueer kan word.
Vir hierdie evaluasie is twee gewigte van belang nl.
begintoetsgewig en eindtoetsgewig. Hierdie gewigte
word gebruik om die volgende groeimaatstawwe te
evalueer nl.
LNR Diereproduksie-instituut; [email protected]
EVALUASIE VAN BULLE
Leon de Lange
voer die bul benodig om een kilogram in lewende
liggaamsgewig toe te neem.
Ander aspekte wat ook aandag geniet is die neem van
liggaamsmates nl. skouerhoogte, liggaamslengte,
veldikte en skrotum omtrek. Hierdie mates help met die
bepaling van die raam-tipes van die bulle, en die
skrotum omvang is weer 'n aanduiding van die
reproduksie vermoë van die bul.
Aan die einde van die toets word die bul deur 'n ras
keurder geïnspekteer vir goedkeuring alvorens 'n bul kan
kwalifiseer vir 'n meriete toekenning. Om die meriete
prestasie van die bulle te bepaal word die bul se groei en
voeromset vergelyk met dié van al die bulle van dieselfde
ras wat die afglope 10 jaar by die betrokke sentrum
getoets is. Dus kan u slegs een bul laat toets, en die bul
kan nog steeds geevalueer word. Merietes, volgens
prestasie, wat toegeken word wissel tussen goud, silwer,
brons en submeriete (lg vir bulle wat nie voldoen het aan
prestasiestandaarde nie). 'n Meriete toekenning deur 'n
bul behaal word op die linkerblad gebrand met 'n
duidelike herkenbare "V". 'n Goue meriete bul is 'n bul
wat bogemiddeld presteer wat betref voeromset en
groeivermoë, terwyl die brons meriete bul een is wat
weer binne 10% onder die rasgemiddeld presteer.
Daar moet onthou word dat die goue meriete bul nie
noodwendig altyd die beste keuse is vir alle
omstandighede nie. Raam-tipe is bv. ook van groot
belang by verskillende weidings omstandighede. Goue
presteerdes word egter in alle raamtipes gekry en die
variasie binne 'n ras moet tydens seleksiebesluite benut
word. Deur u bul vir 84 dae in die bekwame hande van
die Bultoetssentrum bestuurders te laat, kry u 'n
volledige korrekte evaluasie van u bul vir beide
genetiese en visuele eienskappe. Die LNR beskik oor 4
toetssentrums deur die land, nl. Irene, Vryburg, Glen en
Cedara. 'n Vyfde sentrum op Elsenburg in the wes- Kaap,
wat bedryf word saam met die department van landbou
en die boere van die streek, is ook beskikbaar vir
toetsing.
Die gemiddelde daaglikse toename of G.D.T. Dit is
die groei per dag van die bul, wat in toets is, oor die
toetsperiode.
Die doeltreffendheid waarmee voer omgesit word in
eetbare vleis, is baie belangrik. Hierdie voeromsetverhouding (V.O.V.) word akkuraat bepaal gedurende
die toetsperiode van 84 dae. Rekord word gehou van
die hoeveelheid voer wat aan die bul uitgereik word,
en deur sy groei te monitor kan bepaal word hoeveel
21
THE BRAHMAN
Sietze Smit
THE EMBODIMENT OF HARDINESS
THE BRAHMAN THE BRAHMAN THE BRAHMAN
Breed Director, Brahman Breed Society of South Africa; [email protected]
22
animal's heat adaptability. The heat increment of food
can therefore be utilised for production, milk or growth,
instead of energy for extra cooling mechanisms.
Mothering ability
The Brahman breed's extremely protective disposition
towards its progeny allows commercial producers to farm
with Brahmans in extensive areas, which would otherwise be
unproductive because of predators. It creates an ideal
environment for the calf to grow.
Calving ease
Brahman cows have an inherent capacity to restrict the birth
weight of their calves before birth. Small calves allow for
easy births. The breed's characteristic slightly drooping
rump furthermore facilitates the birthing process.
The Brahman is one of the most popular beef cattle breeds in
South Africa, with herds distributed all over the country and in all
climatic regions. This economically-efficient breed, which is
characterised by a large hump over the top of the shoulder and
neck, boasts many strong points. They fill a unique space in beef
production due to their ability to withstand hot and humid weather
conditions.
Adaptability
Hair coat
Its short, thick, smooth and glossy hair coat, which reflects
most of the intense sunbeams by day, enables the Brahman to
graze during the hottest part of the day in full sunshine, while
other breeds lie under trees or look for protection from the
intense rays of the sun. No signs of heat stress are observed in
Brahman cattle on open grazing.
Skin pigmentation
All uncovered skin, such as on the muzzle, hooves, as well as
the tail brush, should be black pigmented. Black pigment
occurs under the hair coat on the entire skin surface of the
animal. The black pigmented skin surface keeps the harmful
sun rays from the deeper skin. Intense rays from the sun would
otherwise damage the deeper tissue.
Sweat glands
Brahmans have highly developed sweat glands. As a result of
the larger skin area, there are also more sweat glands.
Brahmans perspire with ease to cool off their bodies. A gland
excretes an oil with a characteristic odour, visible as a light
yellow-brown excretion between the animal's skin folds, and
also serves as a natural insect repellent.
Internal body heat
There is a high correlation between an animal's biological
reaction and its productive capacity. Its physiological reaction
is influenced by its body temperature, breathing tempo and
pulse rate. Brahmans produce less internal body heat in hot
weather. This single characteristic contributes the most to the
“Brahmans remain productive until the high age of
approximately 12 to 15 years.”
Extended marketing period
It is a known fact that Brahmans shed their milk teeth as late as 32
months. In the present A and AB grading system it
presents an indirect advantage for the commercial cattle farmer.
Brahmans and Brahman crosses can therefore be kept on the veld
longer before being sent to the feedlot, or rounded off on the veld
and then marketed.
Longevity
Brahmans remain productive until the high age of approximately
12 to 15 years.
Heterosis (hybrid vigour)
The Brahman is known as the “king of crossbreeding”. The breed's
genetic composition differs markedly from other
Cattle breeds. The Zebu genes obtained from three original Zebu
breeds, namely Guzerat, Nellore and Gir, contributed collectively
towards the development of a unique “Zebu breed”. Maximal
heterosis is obtained by mating of breeds that are distantly related.
The Brahman has contributed towards the development of 16
other beef-cattle breeds. Worldwide, especially in the sub-tropical
and tropical production areas, the Brahman cow is considered
unbeatable as far as productive capacity is concerned. Her traits
include:
Excellent mothering ability.
High fertility and reconception.
Weans heavy calves and good milk production.
Longevity.
Heat-tolerant.
This article has been reproduced with the permission of
Stockfarm magazine
17 th
WORLD BRAHMAN CONGRESS
The Brahman Breeders' Societies of South Africa and
Associations from the Southern African region are
privileged and honoured to be hosting the 17th
World Brahman Congress during April 2014 in South
Africa.
The World Brahman Congress is hosted bi-annually
by a member country of the Brahman World
Federation, consisting of 20 member Countries. The
objective of the Congress is to strengthen links
between Brahman breeders, to encourage the
implementation of modern science techniques and
to promote Brahmans as a dominant breed in the
global arena. This prestigious event will also
celebrate 60 years of Brahmans on the Southern
African continent.
VENUE
The congress, international show and sale will take
place at world class venues in Parys, Free State
Province: Khaya IBhubesi and The Afri Dome, from 5
- 11 April 2014.
Khaya IBhubesi is an exceptionally distinguished
conference venue with scenic splendour and riverine
tranquillity. The welcome function on Sunday
evening, the Technical Conference as well as the
opening and gala functions will be held here..
The Afri Dome with its majestic indoor arena will
certainly add to the festive character of the World
Congress and will host all animal related congress
activities as well as informal day- and evening
functions.
TECHNICAL CONFERENCE
The congress program will commence with a 2-day
technical conference on Monday 7 and Tuesday 8
April. The conference will offer a platform where
Brahman breeders and livestock scientists can
discuss the latest developments in breeding
technology, promotional opportunities and to
exchange ideas on an international level.
The global scenario of beef production and the
demand in 2014 and beyond with specific reference
to role of the Brahman breed in developing
countries will set the scene for interesting
discussions. The technical conference promises to
bring new and much needed scientific research
information relevant to the Brahman industry.
SHOW AND SALES
Nine hundred and fifty Brahmans' will be exhibited
with judging taking place on 9 and 10 April. The
judging of the 150 non-halter trained Brahmans will
be on Saturday 5 April in the 2014 Challenge.
At 17:00 on Tuesday 8 April, 60 of the best Brahmans
ever to be on sale will be under the hammer and will
include 20 Grey & red desired seed stock sires and 40
outstanding females. During the Gala function 20
superior grey & red Heifers will be on offer on the big
screen.
EVENING PROGRAMMES & TOURS
DIE BRAHMAN BEESTELERSGENOOTSKAP VAN SUID-AFRIKA
THE BRAHMAN BREEDERS’ SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA
Unit/Eenheid 7, Genius Loci Office Park/Kantoorpark, Nr./No. 6,
CP Hoogenhoutstraat, Langenhovenpark
Privaatsak/Private Bag X12, BRANDHOF 9324
T. 051 446 4619 / 3452
F. 051 446 3148
F. [email protected]
W. www.brahman.co.za
The evening entertainment programmes will reflect
an authentic South African flavour across the
performing arts spectrum with artists like The
Campbell's, Radio Kalahari Orkes, Cultural Singer
Pieter vd Westhuizen and The Rainbow Tenors. These
artists will entertain and welcome all our local and
international guests.
Optional pre- and post-Congress tours have
specifically been put together, not only to introduce
visitors to prominent Brahman breeders but also to
visit some of South Africa's most pristine wildlife and
natural areas. An alternate programme will offer
visits to local interesting areas and activities such as
the Vredefort Dome World Heritage site on the
outskirts of Parys and a river cruise on the Vaal River.
To date the SA Brahman Breeders' Society already
processed 500 registrations which include 120
foreign and 60 SADEC registrations for the 2014
Congress. It is evident that all involved in the
Brahman industry is looking forward to the
Congress and all its associated activities with
immense enthusiasm!
For costs, programme & conference details
and online registration for both the Congress
as well as pre- and post- congress tours go to
www.brahman.co.za or contact Karin Botha:
[email protected] / +2751 4440172
23
BREEDING STRATEGIES to IMPROVE PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY
and REDUCE THE CARBON FOOTPRINT from beef cattle
M M Scholtz1,2, M C Mokolobate1.2, J Hendriks1.2, A Theunissen3 & F W C Neser2
1
ARC-Animal Production Institute, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa
University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
3
Northern Cape Department of Agriculture,Land Reform and Rural Development,
P. Bag X9, Jan Kempdorp, 8550
BREEDING STRATEGIES
2
Note: This article is based on a paper
that was presented at the 11th World
Conference on Animal Production that
was held in China in October 2013, as
well as a scientific article that was
published in volume 43 of the South African Journal of
Animal Science.
INTRODUCTION
The atmospheric lifetime of methane (CH4) is 12 years,
compared to 100 to 200 years of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Furthermore the heating potential of methane is 23 times
that of carbon dioxide. Reduction in CH4 levels will thus
have a significant effect on the Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
reduction targets set by governments, since its impact will
be faster due to the shorter lifetime and bigger due to the
higher heating potential, compared to CO2. More emphasis
on the reduction of methane emissions from livestock can
thus be expected in the immediate future.
The aim of this article is to describe possible breeding
strategies by which production efficiency in beef cattle can
be improved. An effective way to reduce GHG from beef is
to reduce the cattle numbers and increase the production
per animal, thereby improving their productivity. There is
sufficient genetic variation in South Africa's livestock
genetic resources (and in other developing countries) to
facilitate breeding for improved production efficiency.
The breeding strategies to be discussed are:
1. The effective use of crossbreeding and the use of
appropriate genotypes.
2. Improvement in the low reproductive rate
3. A breeding objective for improved efficiency in
extensive cow-calf production systems
4. Selection for alternative measures of efficiency
DISCUSSION
Crossbreeding and the use of appropriate genotypes
Many studies have shown that the efficiency of beef
production in indigenous Sanga breeds can be increased
when economic important traits are maximized through
heterosis. Crossbreeding systems are generally employed
for this purpose and/or to improve adaptation in exotic
breeds. A study in South Africa provided information on the
effects of heterosis on production traits, using the Afrikaner
as the dam line and European (Charolais and Simmentaler),
British (Hereford) and Zebu (Brahman) breeds as sire lines.
This and the other studies suggest the use of appropriate
genotypes to increase production efficiency in beef cattle. It
was shown that the kilogramme calf weaned per large
stock unit can be increased by up to 21% through properly
designed sustainable crossbreeding systems, thereby
24
increasing cow efficiency and reducing the carbon footprint
of beef production.
Improvement in the low reproductive rate
The estimated calving percentage for beef cattle is 35% in
the communal sector and 62% in the commercial sector.
More emphasis should therefore be put increasing fertility.
It is only in the case of growth and production traits that
quantitative breeding technology has succeeded in the
prediction of breeding values that are not problematic.
Traits linked to fertility and/or survival (age at first calving,
calving interval) are all influenced significantly by the
environment, management or arbitrary decisions taken by
breeders or scientists. The appropriate quantitative
breeding technology to properly handle most of these traits
still needs to be developed or refined.
Although selection for days to calving has been proposed
some time ago and seems to be an effective way to improve
fertility in beef cattle, its application is still limited in
developing countries since adequate data is not recorded
by farmers.
Improvement in kilogram calf weaned per Large Stock
Unit
A possible breeding objective/goal that may reduce the
carbon footprint of extensive cow-calf production systems
is kilogram calf weaned per Large Stock Unit (KgG/LSU).
Since a LSU unit is linked to specific metabolisable energy
requirements it should be possible to eventually “link” this
breeding objective with the carbon footprint of weaner calf
production.
In South Africa a LSU is defined as an animal that need 9kg
of grass/day with a mean Digestible Energy concentration
of 55%, and 75 MJ Metabolisable Energy. An improvement
in KgC/LSU reflects an improvement in cow efficiency and
should reduce the carbon footprint of weaner calf
production.
The information from performance recording of 30 beef and
dual purpose breeds in South Africa over a 10 year period
FIGURE 1 Kilogram calf produced per Large Stock Unit
FIGURE 2 Kilogram calf produced per Large Stock Unit by
different cow weights
was used to estimate the KgG/LSU for the different breed
types. The results are indicated in Figure 1.
The KgG/LSU produced by Sanga (indigenous) derived
breeds was higher than that of other breed types. This is
probably due to retained heterosis in these composite
breeds and demonstrates the advantage of appropriate
genotypes. It was also found that KgC/LSU is independent
of cow weight (Figure 2), which is contrary to the calf/cow
weight ratio which favours smaller cows (Figure 3).
The fact that there are differences in the KgC/LSU between
certain breed types, points to genetic differences, providing
the potential for improvement through selection. These
calculations were only done on breed averages. The next
step is now to do a genetic analysis on a breed level to
estimate genetic parameters for the trait KgC/LSU, and its
genetic correlations with other traits of relevance (e.g.
weaning weight, cow weight, cow LSU) before a decision
can be taken whether selection for it will be feasible. The
combination of calf weight as a trait of the cow and cow
LSU units in a selection index will probably be the most
feasible option and such a selection index will be
investigated.
Selection for alternative measures of efficiency
In respect of post weaning growth, breeding programmes
mainly focus on growth and efficiency traits. Selection for
(lower) residual feed intake (RFI) differs from other feed
efficiency traits such as feed conversion ratio (feed
intake/growth) and feed efficiency (growth/feed intake),
since it is independent from growth and body weight, thus
not leading to increased maintenance requirements in
mature animals. Residual feed intake is improved by
reducing feed intake whereas feed conversion ratio can be
improved by either better growth or lower levels of intake
or both. It will also lead to less methane emissions since a
positive correlation exists between RFI and methane
production, thus reducing the carbon footprint.
Following the suggestion to use residual feed intake as a
measure of efficiency, MacNeil suggested the use of
residual daily gain (RDG) as an alternative. Both RFI and
RDG hold benefits as efficiency traits, where RFI will
decrease intake without affecting growth and RDG will
improve growth without affecting feed intake. In South
Africa the heritability estimates for RFI vary between 0.27
and 0.31, whereas that of RDG was estimated to be below
0.2.
Evaluation of candidate animals for selection based on RFI
and RDG in South Africa provide quite different ranking of
their merit and the use of a selection index is an efficient
FIGURE 3 Association between cow to calf weight ratio and
cow weight
approach for breaking this antagonism. Applying economic
weights to the EBV for ADG (Average Daily gain) and DFI
(Daily Feed Intake) directly is straightforward and likely to
be most transparent to farmers when compared to
selection indexes using residual measures of efficiency. It is
therefore recommended that genetic evaluation systems
include analyses of the primary traits ADG and DFI.
Bivariate methods to estimate protein (muscle) and
adipose (fat) deposition efficiencies have been developed
recently. This implies that in future it may be possible to
select animals for efficiency of fat deposition and/or
efficiency of muscle growth. In addition to normal growth
measurements (weight and gain), feed intake and body
composition between two growth points will be required
for this. Whereas individual feed intake is already
measured in some testing stations, body composition can
be derived from Real Time Ultrasound scanning.
CONCLUSION
Most beef breeding programmes in developing countries
lack basic definition of breeding objectives and criteria to
improve production efficiency. In these countries,
maximum production may not be feasible or the
recommended production system, which is in contrast to
production systems in northern hemisphere temperate
zone developed countries. Systems of optimal production
that are in harmony with the environment and which utilize
appropriate genotypes should thus be developed. This
should include the definition of breeding objectives which
could be linked to both tangible (profitability) and
intangible (carbon footprint) factors of sustainable
production systems in changing environments.
25
A breeding objective that may
reduce the carbon footprint of extensive cow-calf production systems
Motshabi Mokolobate
& Michiel Scholtz
ARC-Animal
Production Institute
[email protected]
Livestock is believed to be a major contributor to global
warming, which mainly resulted from the FAO publication
“Livestock's Long Shadow” which indicated that livestock is
responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions .This initial figure has been scaled down to 5-10%,
indicating that livestock contributes about 65% of the total
agricultural GHG (C02 equivalent) which is mostly accounted
for by enteric methane emissions (produced in the digestive
tract of ruminants, including game). It is imperative that these
GHG are reduced, with great emphasis placed on methane,
since it is the second most abundant GHG and has a shorter
life span and a greater heating potential than other GHG,
which will result in quicker and greater impact, if its
emissions can be reduced. Reducing methane levels will
have a significant effect on the GHG reduction targets set by
governments. The emission of GHG from livestock is
calculated either in terms of kg CO2 (carbon dioxide)
equivalent per kg of meat or milk available for consumption,
or per area of land used.
Livestock on extensive pastures produce more methane
than livestock on intensive production systems, since the
lower quality feed (mainly pastures that they are consuming)
produce more GHG per kilogram feed intake than the higher
quality feed used in intensive systems. Livestock agriculture
is the largest user of land resources in southern Africa. Over
70% of the surface area is suitable for extensive livestock
farming in South Africa. Thus, the majority of beef cattle
farming (cow- calf production cycle) is largely extensive. The
cow-calf portion of the production cycle, (the extensive part
in Southern Africa) accounts for 72% of the nutrient
requirements from conception to harvest.
Until now most measurements for beef improvement in
South Africa, and many other parts of the world, have been
per individual animal (weaning weight, calving interval,
growth rate, etc.). A measurement is however needed that
expresses performance per constant (standardized) unit
which will eventually be included in selection indexes.
Selection for productivity and efficiency will for instance have
a permanent mitigating effect on the production of GHG's, as
higher productivity will lead to higher net efficiency as a result
of diluting the maintenance cost of animals.
A possible breeding objective/goal that may reduce the
carbon footprint of extensive cow-calf production is being
investigated. A trait that expresses performance (e.g. calf
weaning weight) per constant unit, viz. kilogram calf weaned
per Large Stock Unit (KgC/LSU) may be useful as such a
breeding objective. Since a LSU (Large Stock Unit) is linked
to specific metabolisable energy requirements it should be
possible to eventually “link” this breeding objective with the
carbon footprint of weaner calf production.
In a breeding objective/goal, the trait under consideration is
the end product—what should be achieved. Decisions about
such a trait are based purely on the end result, not on
whether it is difficult or easy to measure or whether there
may be problems in selecting for it. The next phase will then
be to identify selection criteria, which are the traits that
should be actually used in the selection of animals. Traits in
the selection criteria should be correlated with the trait in the
breeding objective, easily measurable and heritable.
This investigation used the information of 30 beef and dual
purpose breeds recorded over a period of 10 years. The 205
day corrected weaning weights and cow weights were used
FIGURE 1 The relationship between kilogram calf
weaned/LSU (KgC/LSU) and cow weight
FIGURE 2 The relationship between the calf to cow
weight ratio and cow weight
to estimate the kilogram of calf weaned / Large Stock Unit
(KgC/LSU). In South Africa a Large Stock Unit (LSU) is
defined as the equivalent of an ox with a weight of 450kg and a
weight gain of 500 g per day on grass pasture with a mean
Digestible Energy (DE) concentration of 55%. To maintain
this, 75 MJ Metabolisable Energy (ME) is required. In practice
this means a requirement of 9kg of grass per day that meet
these requirements.
This investigation indicated that KgC/LSU is independent of
cow weight (R2 = 0.08) as indicated in Figure 1. This is
contrary to the calf/cow weight ratio that is currently being
used in South Africa (and other countries) which favours
smaller cows. In Figure 2 the relationship between cow
weight and the cow to calf weight ratio is demonstrated. From
this Figure it is clear that this ratio favours smaller cows (R2 =
0.45).
This investigation is continuing with the aim to identify the
optimal way in which to improve true cow efficiency through
breeding. To achieve this well-defined breeding objective(s)
and selection criteria are needed.
Acknowledgement
This work is based on research supported in part by Red Meat
Research and Development South Africa and the National
Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF), under grant UID
75123.
The Grant holder acknowledges that opinions, findings and
conclusions or recommendations expressed in any
publication generated by the NRF supported research are
that of the authors, and that the NRF accepts no liability
whatsoever in this regard.
Note:
This paper is based on an article that was
published in Natural Science (2013) Vol. 5, pg. 167
– 171. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ns/
27
MASTITIS
Dr DG Catton
IS NOT JUST A PROBLEM
MASTITIS
MASTITIS
MASTITIS
MASTITIS
Industrial Veterinary Consultant; [email protected]
28
Recently, Kansas State University have supplied a
notification to beef farmers, where they have drawn to the
attention of beef farmers that mastitis can play a very
important economic role in beef production and in particular
linked to pre-weaning calf weight gain variations. They
have emphasized that where mastitis infections are
present, this results in reduced milk yield and this can
reduce the weaning weights of calves by between 7 – 12 %.
BASIC DETAILS CONCERNING MASTITIS
Mastitis is defined as an inflammation of the mammary
gland in any mammal. These infections can be as a result
of an injury, but virtually all cases are due to infectious
bacteria, but typically Staphylococcus or Streptococcus.
Mastitis can be classified into 4 degrees of severity:
Peracute – swollen, hot, red udder, fever, depression,
weight loss, depressed appetite
Acute – severe udder inflammation, some fever, mild
depression
Sub acute – less pronounced udder symptoms, cows
do not appear sick
Sub clinical – no visible signs or symptoms but infectious agents present
The bacteria responsible for mastitis are widely distributed
in the environment and in particular on the skin of most
animals. Cows can come in contact with them through
bedding, pastures, in dry kraals, or from other cows through
cross suckling by calves and in particular from flies. The
biggest bacterial culprit is Staphylococcus aureus and this
is often found as a teat canal infection (which is not
necessarily a case of mastitis) and is often found in heifers
prior to their first lactation.
Factors that are often associated with mastitis include wet
and muddy conditions, confinement conditions, nutritional
stress (which results in an impact on the immune function)
where teats are wide and flat-tipped, older cows (since
pendulous udders are more prone to physical injury and
contamination) and significant fly population.
Virtually all flies can physically carry disease organisms
onto an animal. The common indicator of mastitis is the
somatic cell count (SCC). These are white blood cells
known as leukocytes and they constitute the majority of the
somatic cells in milk (which is counted by a machine) to
produce the somatic cell count. The number of somatic
cells increases in response to pathogenic bacteria in
particular Staphylococcus aureus and typically values less
than 100 000 cells/mℓ would be considered uninfected,
while cows with greater than 300 000 cells/mℓ are infected
with significant pathogens.
Several research projects have evaluated the prevalence
and significance of mastitis in beef cows and heifers,
reporting infections in 7-54% in animals involved. In a
study at Louisiana State University, mastitis in heifers
reduced weaning weights by 23 pounds (10.45 kg). This
matches closely with a couple of published veterinary case
studies, where it was reported that there are decreases of
between 31.5 and 26.5 pounds (14.3 – 12.0 kg).
The predominant bacteria were S. aureus and its concentration relative to other infectious species increased with
cow age (this is typical of infections found in dairy cows).
The persistence of S. aureus infections was observed in
both Angus and Brahman sired heifers in research done at
the University of Arkansas. Bacterial infection was measured in teat secretions and milk collected during
pregnancy and early lactation.
Another study (Watts et al.) specifically linked S. aureus
infections to a 42-pound (19.1 kg) depression in preweaning gains. In this group of cows, 37 % of the animals
(and 18 % of all quarters) were infected with the organism.
Work at North Carolina State evaluated mastitis in a group
of Simmentaler heifers, collecting and analyzing milk
samples six times during their initial lactation. They found
mastitis affiliated bacteria in milk from about one third of the
animals. Using an SCC of 292 000 cells/mℓ as the dividing
line, these were grouped into “high” and “low” SCC groups.
The elevated SCC levels were associated with a 16 %
reduction in milk production. At Oklahoma State, scientists
working with Hereford and Hereford-cross females also
showed that mastitis negatively affects the nutritional
composition of milk, reducing concentrations of butterfat,
lactose and protein. In this study they found that 62 % of the
heifers were infected and this value jumped to nearly 67 %
th
th
in cows that were nursing their 5 to 9 calf.
If S. aureus was present in an early sample, it was almost
always detected in milk samples taken later from the same
quarter (thus S. aureus infections are very difficult to treat
and cure and often become chronic infections). They also
showed that if a quarter was clean during pregnancy, there
was a high likelihood it would remain so going into lactation.
The authors made a point of commenting on the widespread presence of dry scabs on the udders of these
heifers, which was largely due to horn flies (which are blood
sucking flies in the US).
Researchers at Pennsylvania State tested the efficacy of
an intramammary infusion of cephalosporin, given at
weaning in hopes of reducing mastitis during the following
lactation. While this protocol did eliminate existing infections in a majority of animals, it apparently did nothing to
prevent new infections. This was somewhat surprising,
since this is a proven practice with dairy cows, but the
authors suggested the differing response was due to the
extended length of the “dry period” in beef vs. dairy
production systems. Regardless, this would probably not
be a practical option in most beef cowherds. In another
MASTITIS
All of this highlights the value of prevention starting with
developing heifers.
Critical control points should include:
Adequate and balanced nutrition to support immune
function
Good hygiene in facilities and pastures to minimize
opportunity for udder contamination and to limit fly
breeding sties
An integrated fly control program that targets all
problem flies
MASTITIS
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
MASTITIS
US EVIDENCE – HOW BIG IS THE PROBLEM
Oklahoma study, intramuscular injection of oxytetracycline
at weaning and/or calving was evaluated as an effort to
reduce mastitis. Unfortunately, this drug was not effective.
Regardless of treatment, 53,7 % of cows were infected at
weaning, and 43,4 % were infected at their subsequent
calving date. If one of the quarters was impacted, weaning
weights dropped by 22 pounds (10 kg); if three or four
quarters were infected, the resulting reduction was 56
pounds (25,5 kg).
Mastitis also impacts reproduction. An Israeli company has
shown that mammary infections can double the length of
time it takes a cow to return to heat after calving. This is
accompanied by lower levels of reproductive hormones
and reduced follicle function and oocyte competence.
20
MASTITIS
IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
In today's market, all of these represent cost-effective
investments in the health and productivity of the cowherd.
21
GUIDELINES FOR
IMPORTING AND EXPORTING ANIMALS AND GENETIC MATERIAL
This shall only apply to any kind of animals, or animal of a
specified breed as per Animal Improvement Act, 1998 (Act
62 of 1998).
Refer to Section 16 and 17 of the Animal improvement
Act, 1998 (Act 62 of 1998) and Regulations 13 and 14.
The facts:
Anybody may import animals and genetic material of an
approved breed.
An applicant does not have to be a member of the relevant
breed society-but:
Such applicants will not be able to register any animals or
progeny.
All will be referred to the relevant breed society if it
involves an animal - or if the import is for genetic material
from a donor that has been previously screened and
approved by the society.
Copies of all import authorizations are also sent to the relevant
breed societies & Registering Authorities - and this information
could be used to recruit new members.
Breeders' Societies and Registering Authorities could take this
opportunity to provide members with a value-added service –
receiving and screening applicants – and then forwarding
these to the registrar for further processing.
Applying to import or export an animal or genetic
material:
Apply on the prescribed form that is available from the
office of the registrar – or at the breeders' society.
Take care to fill in all the required information to avoid
delays.
Ensure that either proof of payment of the prescribed
administration fee – or actual payment is included.
Application to import or export animals or genetic material can
be sent directly to the registrar – or can be screened and
forwarded by the respective Breeders' Society – or registering
authority – as a service to members
This will save time where the genetic material in question has
not been screened.
Note that all imports are subjected to positive identification.
This includes full DNA for all bulls and Semen.
Cows and heifers need only be verified by way of a blood
sample or hair follicle for later reference (depending on the
provider of the DNA Registry service)
If the exporting country does not have such a service, this can
be done locally before release from quarantine.
The process at the Registrar's office:
The office will process the application – making sure that all
the prescribed information has been included. Where
necessary, applications will be referred to the relevant
Breeders' Society for recommendation.
IMPORTING ANIMALS FOR OTHER PURPOSES
This includes shows, sales, breeding and veterinary treatment
and normally applies more to equine industry.
30
All animals must be positively identified in accordance
with the Animal Identification Act, 2000 (Act 6 of 2002) or
in accordance with the bylaws of the relevant Society.
Where applicable, animals must have a country
identification mark.
The relevant form must be completed.
EXPORTING ANIMALS AND GENETIC MATERIAL
Nobody may export any animals or genetic material
without an animal improvement authorization.
No applications are processed without an inspection
report from the relevant Breeders' Society. This report will
certify that the animals are either registered or nonregistered and that they comply with the minimum
standards for the breed.
This should also be seen as an opportunity for breed societies
to provide a useful service to all owners of animals of the breed
in question.
If all the prescribed information has been provided, the
registrar's office will process the application/s – and forward
the authorization/s to the Directorate: Animal Health for
further processing.
A copy of the authorization will be sent to the relevant
breeders' society and the relevant registering authority.
This information is strictly confidential.
Should applicants have any queries regarding what
information is needed, the following can be contacted:
Registrar: Animal Improvement
Mr. Joel Mamabolo
Tel.: 012-319-7424
For Import, export and Reproduction Centers:
Mr. Hulisani Muswubi
Tel.: 012-319-7486
Ms Vivian Mvimbi
Tel.: 012-319-7576
Mr. Alfred Mabena
Tel.: 012-319-7434
For registration of Reproduction operators:
Mr. Hazel Madikologa
Tel.: 016-319-7590
High-tech science for delivering services to the farmers by the
Agricultural Research Council's Gamete-Tek Cryo- Mobile Laboratory
Prof TL Nedambale
Germplasm Conservation & Reproductive Biotechnologies
[email protected], [email protected]
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization, the world
population is expected to grow by more than a third, or 2.3
billion people, by 2050. The projections show that feeding a
world population of 9.1 billion people in 2050 would require an
overall increase in food production by some 70%. Hence, South
Africa does not stand alone in facing the global challenges of a
rising population and diminishing natural resources. Cattle from
poor communities are an important but unproductive asset for
South Africa as these herds comprise some 40% of the national
herd, whilst only contributing 5% to South Africa's GDP.
Although the list of challenges faced by emerging cattle farming
is long, the reality is that this sector still exists and it is currently
the biggest part of the developing herd and highly profitable.
The challenges include a lack of superior genetics,
inaccessibility to technologies and financial constraints.
Currently, less than 1% of the embryos in the embryo transfer
industry (ET) are produced by in vitro technology in Africa (IETS
data report, 2010). Without improvements in these
technologies, the ET industry may have little opportunity for
growth in Africa. However, South Africa is currently the leading
country in Africa when it comes to embryo transfer technology.
There are a few private service providers for this technology in
the country, but due to the exorbitant pricing of the services very
few emerging farmers make use this technology. In addition,
the application of these technologies in the rural areas is
challenging in itself due to difficulties such as rough terrain, lack
of facilities, infrastructure and electricity necessary to operate
sophisticated equipment such as microscopes that are used for
semen and embryo evaluations.
Moreover, the genetically superior
embryos or sperm
cells are then ARC Gamete-Tek Cryo-mobile Laboratory
transferred to
cows (also called embryo or sperm recipients) of lesser genetic
merit (emerging farmer's cow). The Gamete-Tek Cryo-Mobile
Laboratory is the first state of the art mobile laboratory with an
innovative new way of delivering Assisted Reproductive
Technologies to both the emerging- and commercial farming
sectors.
The use of the Gamete-Tek mobile laboratory is vital for rapid
field evaluations, providing the farmer with information about
their bulls or gametes immediately. Another benefit is that their
bulls will also be evaluated for functional efficiency and
structural correctness. The ARC–API developed its research
capacity for assisted reproductive technologies to ensure
increase in success rates of AI and ET. Moreover, the ARC-API
is in a better position to offer quality scientific services to the
agricultural sector. Semen is collected and evaluated using
Computer Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) system (a). The CASA
system is fitted with sophisticated video cameras, software and
a computer. It provides automatic sperm motility- and velocity
analysis and captures images that were previously
unattainable. The ultimate goal of the mobile laboratory is to
improve the genetics of the whole herd through the application
of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) by bringing the
advanced reproduction science to farmers.
The Agricultural Research Council-Animal Production Institute
(ARC-API), in partnership with the Technology Innovation ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: ARC Gamete-Tek Cryo- Mobile Lab
Agency (TIA) and the Provincial Departments of Agriculture are was funded by a grant from the Technology Innovation Agency
currently rolling out the implementation of the Livestock (TIA).
Development Programme. In this
initiative the ARC is introducing and
expanding on the dissemination of
Assisted Reproductive Technologies. The benefit of using Assisted
Reproductive Technologies such as
artificial insemination and embryo
transfer technology lies in the fact
that it allows farmers to obtain
multiple progeny from genetically
superior females or males.
Embryo evaluation following embryo collection inside the Gamete-Tek mobile laboratory
A
B
C
(A) Computer Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) system to analyse the fertility of fresh or frozen bull semen including DNA fragmentation and morphology
before fertilization (CASA system is equipped in Gamete-Tech mobile Lab) ;(B) Calves born in Limpopo from Artificial insemination during 2012/2013
breeding season ; (C) Farmers from Vuvha, Limpopo at ARC Gamete-Tek Cryo-Mobile Laboratory.
31
Praktiese Koei- en Versbestuur
vir medium-raam vleisbeeste
PRAKTIESE KOEI- EN VERSBESTUUR
Arthur M. de Villiers
Arcadia Bonsmaras, Vrede, [email protected]
Die stelling dat u bul die belangrikste enkele dier in u
de Lange
kudde isLeon
verwys
sekerlik primêr na sy geweldige
genetiese bydrae (50% van elke kalf) asook ook sy groot
fisiese bydrae tot die kudde (tot 40 en meer kalwers per
jaar). MAAR – selfs die beste superieure bul is van geen
waarde as daar nie 'n koei of vers is wat sy gene by wyse
van soveel as moontlik kalwers kan “dra” nie. Daarom
wil ek dit dus kategories stel dat u koeikudde se
produksie en bestuur die begin en einde van u
beesboerdery is.
Met elke besluit en aksie wat u neem t.o.v. u koeie en
verse behoort die klem te lê op konsepsie en herkonsepsie.
VAN GEBOORTE TOT SPEEN
Tydens hierdie periode behoort 'n verskalf onder normale
omstandighede met 'n gesonde, goeie moeder en op
gemiddelde tot goeie weiding goed genoeg te groei om
in 'n normale produserende koei te ontwikkel. 'n Goeie
norm vir die meeste ekstensiewe beesboerderye in alle
dele van die wêreld is 'n massatoename van 1kg per dag
vanaf geboorte tot speen (205 dae). D.w.s. u speenvers
behoort op 205 dae ±235 – 240kg te weeg. (30 – 35kg
by geboorte + 205kg).
Indien u verskalf baie swaar gekry het in hierdie periode
mag dit wees dat sy nie die teiken massa van 320kg op
18 maande gaan bereik nie. Teenoorgesteld, as u
verskalf weer te geil gegroei het tydens hierdie periode
mag sy moontlik vet aanpak in haar uier wat haar
toekomstige melkproduksie nadelig kan beïnvloed. Die
feit dat sy van kleins af so vet is, kan ook in sekere gevalle
hormoon versteurings veroorsaak.
Een dosering vir melk-lintwurm en moontlik rondewurms op 3 tot 5 maande kan 'n positiewe effek hê op
die kalf se groei. Net voor speen is dit, met die oog op
gesonde diere vir maksimale reproduksie, ook noodsaaklik om 'n inentingsprogram teen die algemene
siektes in die betrokke gebied te volg wat moontlik die
volgende kan insluit: Brucellose, Knoppiesvel-, Spons-,
Lam-, Miltsiekte, BVD ens. Oorweeg eerder die nuwe
meerstammige Sponssiekte entstof as die ou tradisionele Sponssiekte entstof.
BVD immunisering moet ook streng in samewerking met
u veearts gedoen word en is van groot belang. Drie-daestywesiekte kan in die natter dele van die land 'n
probleem wees en dit kan die moeite werd wees om te
ent daarteen.
VANAF SPEEN TOT EERSTE DEKSIKLUS
Verse het die vermoë om, alhoewel hulle matig gewig
kan verloor vanaf speen tot jaar ouderdom, te
kompenseer om normale geslags-aktiewe diere te wees
op 18 - 20 maande. Navorsing is gedoen waar bewys
32
is dat as verse eerder sekere tye van die jaar (bv. in die
winter) effens gewig verloor dit beter is vir reproduksie
as een wat heeltyd in haar lewe net gewig optel tot en
met puberteit. Die normale gewig vir 'n mediumraam
vers om by die bul te kom is 320kg. A.g.v. seisoens- en
bestuurs-praktykverskille behoort verse op maksimum
ouderdom van twee jaar by die bul gesit te word. Onder
sekere omstandighede is dit ook moontlik om verse
tussen 14 en 16 maande by die bul te sit. Streef daarna
om gespeende verse apart van enige koeie groot te
maak. Een dosering met 'n breë spektrum rondewurm
middel na speen en dieselfde dosering net voor die verse
gedek word, is gewoonlik 'n goeie bestuurspraktyk. 'n
Jaarlikse opvolg van die inentings program, soos
aanbeveel deur die veearts wat bekend is met die
gebied, is die regte ding om te doen.
Bosluisbeheer in elke gebied verskil, maar probeer om 'n
matige bosluisbelading op u diere te hê. As diere te
skoon gedip word, is dit gevaarlik omdat immuniteit
teen bosluis oordraagbare siektes verlaag of selfs verloor
kan word. Te veel bosluise daarenteen sal produksie
benadeel en kan selfs wonde en speenbeskadiging
veroorsaak.
VANAF DRAGTIGHEID TOT KALWING
Gewoonlik sal dragtige diere weiding meer effektief
benut teenoor diere wat nie dragtig is nie – let gerus op
na die individuele kondisie van die koeie kort nadat hul
kalwers gespeen is – die koeie in die beter kondisie is
gewoonlik die wat reeds dragtig is en hulle behoort ook
beter deur die winter te gaan as die nie-dragtige diere.
'n Goeie praktyk is in elk geval om dragtigheids ondersoeke so gou as moontlik na die dekseisoen te doen en
dan die dragtige diere met meer sorg en aandag te
bestuur. Dit beteken net goeie veldweiding vir hierdie
diere, verkieslik spaarveld en die normale lek vir die
seisoen en die gebied.
Baie belangrik: sorg dat u koeie of verse in 'n goeie
kondisie kalf – dit het die heel grootste effek op
herbesetting. Indien u verse in 'n oorvet kondisie kalf is
dit ook nadelig – die kalf groei onnodig groot in die
baarmoeder voor geboorte en in die geboortekanaal pak
te veel vet aan. Dit lyk baie keer of 'n oorvet vers nie hard
en lank genoeg kan druk tydens die geboorteproses nie.
Moeilike geboortes het verskeie nadele. Die kalf is moeg
en uitgeput, begin stadig drink, en omdat die moeder
seergekry het met die kalwing is sy minder geneë om die
kalf te “vat” en te laat suip. Bogenoemde koei of vers se
baarmoeder herstel ook baie stadiger as die een wat
normaal binne ±2 ure kalf. Met enige swaar geboorte is
dit goeie praktyk om so gou as moontlik die koei te spuit
met 'n volle dosis (10ml/100kg) langwerkende
antibiotika.
Die koei se kondisie behoort tussen 2,5 en 3,5
kondisiepunt uit 5 te wees met kalwing. 'n Goeie praktyk
is om alle dragtige diere 30 tot 60 dae voor kalwing te
supplementeer met minerale (mikro en makro) en
Vitamien A, D en E.
Werk rustig met die diere tydens of net na die
dekseisoen. Die embrio is redelik gevoelig vir stres en
kan geresorbeer of geaborteer word.
VANAF KALWING TOT HERBESETTING
Hierdie is 'n kritiese periode vir die beesboer. Sodra die
een hekkie van 'n lewenskragtige kalf suksesvol oorkom
is, verskuif die fokus weer terug na die koei – sy moet so
gou as moontlik weer herbeset raak. Soos vroeër
genoem is haar kondisie by kalwing die belangrikste
aspek van hoe gou sy weer beset sal raak. Die tweede
belangrikste aspek is die feit dat sy moet gewig optel
tydens die dekseisoen. As sy dus met 'n kondisietelling
van 2,5 kalf, moet sy aan die einde van die dekseisoen 'n
3 tot 3,5 kondisietelling hê. Indien u hierin geslaag het,
behoort u koeitrop 'n 90%+ herbesetting te hê. Dit word
aanvaar dat die bulbestuur ook heeltemal korrek was.
Dit is baie belangrik dat verse en koeie geskei word
tydens die dekseisoen. Indien u vers-trop nie groot
genoeg is om een trop en ten minste een bul te regverdig
nie, sit hoogstens die verse saam met die eerste-kalf
koeie. Die beste is ook om selfs die tweede-kalf koeie
ook apart te laat loop gedurende die dekseisoen.
'n Goeie lae-koste praktyk is om, veral met eerste-kalf
koeie, die kalwers in die laaste maand van die
dekseisoen elke aand af te hok. Indien dit nie prakties
moontlik is nie, kan die kalwers ongeveer tien dae voor
die einde van die dekseisoen by een geleentheid vir 48
uur afgehok word. Die uierdruk van opgehoopte melk
het 'n positiewe effek op die hormone wat her-konsepsie
bevorder. Nog 'n behandeling met minerale en Vitamiene A,D en E voor die dekseisoen (na kalwing) is
gewoonlik noodsaaklik.
Dit is gewoonlik nie nodig om volwasse diere te doseer
vir rondewurms nie, maar indien die diere se kondisie
swak is of hulle reageer stadig in die nuwe seisoen, mag
dit u loon om hulle daarvoor en ook vir lewerslak te
doseer. Indien u 'n “nat” seisoen beleef het of as u diere
uit vleie, panne, gronddamme of ander oop waters drink
is lewerslak behandeling gewoonlik nodig. Let op dat u
nie 'n middel gebruik wat slegs die volwasse slak
doodmaak nie maar wel een wat ook die onvolwasse
slak doodmaak. Drie-dae-stywesiekte enting kan
voordelig wees as dit 'n probleem in u area is.
Bosluisbehandeling soos nodig.
ALGEMENE OPMERKINGS T.O.V. U KOEIE/VERSE
Sorg dat u binne u drakrag norme vir u gebied bly.
Oorbelading is 'n sekere resep vir swak konsepsie.
Ken ten minste drie klimaks-, drie intermediëre- en
drie pioniergrasse op u plaas. 'n Suksesvolle
beesboer ken sy veld en pas dit op. Wees 'n
“grasboer”.
Gee die normale minerale lek vir u gebied in die
somer en 'n goeie onderhoudslek (wat gewoonlik
ureum bevat) in die winter as die koeie droog is.
Ongeveer 10% natuurlike proteïen in hierdie lek het
gewoonlik positiewe resultate. Begin betyds (eerder
te vroeg as te laat) met u onderhoudslek vir u gebied.
Lekbakke van omgekeerde trok-buitebande werk
goed. Tussen 10 en 15 koeie per lekbak verskaf
gewoonlik voldoende vreetspasie vir ad lib lek
voorsiening.
Skoon, koel water wat altyd beskikbaar is, is van
uiterste belang.
Ten minste 'n basiese vorm van rekord houding is
noodsaaklik en sluit o.a. geboorte datum, nommer
van die kalf, geslag, nommer van die moeder en 'n
speenmassa in.
Pas moontlik u dekseisoen so aan dat die koeie nie te
vroeg in die lente kalf nie. U sal ligter kalwers speen
maar u koeie sal goedkoper en gouer na kalwing herbeset raak.
Vrugbaarheid is relatief laag oorerflik. Bestuur en
voeding speel 'n baie groot rol in die verband en dit bly
egter 'n goeie praktyk om aanteelkoeie, wat sonder rede
nie 'n kalf speen nie, slegs een kans in haar leeftyd te
gee, daarna moet sy haarself opoffer. Loseerders moet
sonder sentiment uitgeskot word! U moet wel oortuig
wees dat u alles van u kant af gedoen het om u koei of
vers die beste kans te gee om beset te raak en 'n goeie
kalf te speen.
Hierdie is baie basiese riglyne vir ekstensiewe beesboere. Daar kan baie uitgewei word oor voeding en
gesondheid. My mening is dat indien u t.o.v. voeding
oorboord gaan met te hoë kostes, u beesboerdery-wins
onder druk gaan kom. Beeste behoort so vêr as moontlik
op goeie natuurlike weiding klaar te kom.
Navorsers het bevind dat stoetvee-telers die hoogste
mate van beroeps tevredenheid ervaar van alle beroepe.
Geniet dus u verse, koeie en kalwers. Beesboerdery bly 'n
goeie belegging (met lae risiko) – goed vir u
gemoedstoestand en vir u Bankbalans!
33
PROFILE OF A WINNER: MR ZENGETWA
THE BONSMARA STUD BREEDER FROM THE EASTERN CAPE
Mr Moses Mnyamezeli Zengetwa's dream of becoming a
recognized stud breeder was realized during the 2013 ARC
National Beef Performers Awards held at the Spring Show in
Pretoria on the 29th of August 2013. The achievements of this
Bonsmara stud breeder from Cala outside Elliot, in the Eastern
Cape Province, were acknowleged when he took first prize in the
category ARC National Emerging Beef Farmer of the Year
Awards, sponsored by ABSA. He competed with farmers of all 9
of South Africa's provinces that participated in the Kaonafatso ya
Dikgomo Scheme (KyD) of the ARC. The Scheme was launched
in 2007, and is funded by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries (DAFF), with the aim of assisting emerging beef
cattle farmers to adopt and apply available beef recording and
improvement technology to increase the productivity and profitability of their herds. The Scheme also aims to groom participating
emerging farmers for integration into the National Beef Recording
and Improvement Scheme .
Way back in 1988, Mr Zengetwa leased the 830ha farm (Grootfontein) from the then Transkei homeland government. In 1996,
farmers who had lease agreements were given the opportunity to
buy and own the farms that they leased. He seized the
opportunity and bought the farm, with the vision to start a
Bonsmara stud. Mr Zengetwa started his endevours by buying
10 Bonsmara heifers and a stud bull. In the years that followed,
he continued buying several Bonsmara stud bulls to use in his
herd, and currently owns a total of 152 Bonsmaras.
In 2008, he joined the ARC's Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo scheme
and the Beef Profit Partnerships and started proper and unique
identification of his animals, also keeping accurate herd records
and gross margins data. His daughter, Yonela, assisted him with
the identification, data capturing and up to date general management duties on the farm. Calving percentages of more than 80%
have been recorded on his farm since he joined KyD. Profit is the
main driver behind Mr Zengetwa's enterprize, and he sold 34
weaners at an auction held in Elliot in May 2012, receiving the
award for the “Best Beef Farmer” in the district.
MR ZENGETWA
Simpiwe Nini ARC Animal Production Institute, Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo, [email protected]
Mr Zengetwa firmly believes in sharing of knowledge and skills,
and he is actively involved in the farming community. He founded
and chairs the Beestekraal Farmers' Co-operative, using it as a
platform to assist and motivate other members of the cooperative. He is a member of the Bonsmara Breeders Society,
continues to acquire skills and knowledge from all Farmer
Support Teams, the department of Agriculture and local commercial farmers as well as stud breeders in the district.
Mr Zengetwa's active participation in Phase A1 and A2 of the KyD
scheme has helped him to gain access and participation in the
ARC's Phase D performance test. Twenty of his bull calves have
subsequently been selected and weighed and will participate in
the test under the supervision and technical guidance of ARC's
personnel.
Mr Zengetwa’s aim is to access the national market in order to
expand his farming enterprise and take it to the next level.
The ARC wishes to thank ABSA bank for sponsoring the award
and congratulates Mr Zengetwa with his outstanding achievement. His achievements will surely bring hope to many aspiring
farmers, motivating them to strive towards achieving excellence
in cattle production.
WES KAAP BULTOETSSENTRUM
Toets Nr.
Aankoms
Aanpassing
1
13-01-14
16-01-14
2
24-02-14
3
24-03-14
4
Toetsperiode
TOETSDATUMS 2014
Vertrek
Gebore na
13-02-14/ 08-05-14
09-05-14
11-05-13
27-02-14
27-03-14/ 19-06-14
20-06-14
22-06-13
27-03-14
24-04-14/ 17-07-14
18-07-14
20-07-13
30-06-14
03-07-14
31-07-14/ 23-10-14
24-10-14
26-10-13
5
04-08-14
07-08-14
04-09-14/ 27-11-14
28-11-14
30-11-13
6
15-09-14
18-09-14
16-10-14/ 08-01-15
09-01-15
11-01-14
7
06-10-14
09-10-14
06-11-14/ 29-01-15
30-01-15
01-02-14
8
27-10-14
30-10-14
27-11-14/ 19-02-15
20-02-15
22-02-14
35
LNR BOEREDAE 2013
ARC LNR
Frans Jordaan
LNR BOEREDAE 2013
LNR BOEREDAE 2013
LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut, [email protected]
Die Nasionale Vleisbeesskema van die LNR het verskeie
boeredae gedurende 2013 landwyd aangebied en die
opkoms van telers by hierdie dae het alle verwagtinge
oortref. Een ding wat soos 'n paal bo water uitgestaan
het is die belangrikhied van die “inhoud” van hierdie
boeredae. Dit is dus belangrik dat sprekers op boeredae
toepaslike en bruikbare kennis oordra. Telers het ook hul
waardering uitgespreek vir die feit dat die Landbou
Navorsingsraad steeds sterk staan in die bedryf, steeds
uiters relevant is en deur hande te vat met die bedryf van
krag tot krag gaan.
Die Landbou Navorsingsraad bedien die totale spektrum
van die vleisbeesproduksiebedryf, en besef terdee dat
die interaksie tussen stoet telers en opkomende boere
asook kommersiële boere van kardinale belang is om
sukses vir almal binne die boerdery gemeenskap in SuidAfrika te verseker. Die LNR se boeredae is die ideale
geleentheid vir hierdie interaksie tussen telers en
opkomende boere te bewerkstellig. Sommige van
vandag se opkomende boere is die kommersiële telers
van more wat weer op hul beurt 'n stoetbul koop ten
einde hul kudde se genetika te verbeter. Die LNR tesame
met die bedryf het 'n enorme taak om hierdie telers te
ondersteun en te ontwikkel en te verseker dat opkomende boere die nodige rugsteun ontvang ten einde
groei te bewerkstellig.
Enige teler is natuurlik geregtig op die Landbounavorsingsraad se gesubsideerde dienste, ongeag van
watter diensverskaffer u gebruik van maak vir registrasie
en prestasie aantekening. Sien die Nasionale Vleisbeesskema se dienste en tariewe elders in die nuusbrief.
LNR BOEREDAE 2013
Noordwes - Vryburg
36
Gedurende die boeredag op Vryburg wat by die
bultoetssentrum op Armoedsvlakte aangebied is, was
van die hoogtepunte 'n aanbieding van Prof. Michiel
Scholtz wat die boere meer vertel het van klimaatsverandering en die invloed daarvan op beesvleis
produksie, 'n onderwerp wat tans baie aandag geniet vir
navorsing wêreldwyd. Mnr Stephen Rasebotsa het 'n
lesing gegee oor die vleisbees skema vir die opkomende
boere oftewel Kaonafatso Ya Dikgomo en het die bykans
100 opkomende boere se vrae beantwoord en meer lig
gewerp opr die pad vorentoe vir hierdie boere.
Die dag is ook goed bygewoon deur kommersiële en
stoettelers van die omgewing en Dr Michael Bradfield
het hulle meer vertel aangaande die voordele wat
genetiese verbetering vir die kommersiële produsent
inhou.
Mnr Jurgen Hendriks, senior navorsingstegikus van die
LNR en bultoetssentrumbestuurder by Glen, se onderwerp het gehandel oor netto voerinname en netto groeitempo wat 'n aanduiding is van die doeltreffendheid van
diere, 'n aspek wat tans wêreldwyd nagevors word met
die doel om meer doeltreffende diere te teel deur
produksie per grootvee-eenheid te verhoog sonder om
die dier se raamtipe te vergroot. Daarna het Mnr Frans
Jordaan van die LNR 'n oorsig gegee oor die Nasionale
Vleisbeesskema se dienste. Van die meer onlangse
verwikkelinge is dat ultrasoniese skandering nou kosteloos gedoen word indien die Landbounavorsingsraad se
tegnici u Fase D groeitoets aflsuit. Die Vleisbeesskema
van die LNR het geakkrediteerde tegnici in alle streke om
boere te bedien in hierdie verband.
Die borge vir die Vryburg boeredag was Putter Voere,
Virbac en Suidwes Landbou LTD.
Die personeel van die Vryburg streek word weereens
geluk gewens en bedank vir hul harde werk en lojaliteit
om ook van hul boeredag 'n groot sukses te maak.
Wes Kaap - Stellenbosch
Die Wes Kaap boeredag is op die landgoed van die
bekende Mnr Johann Rupert gehou, te L'Ormarins naby
Franschhoek. Na lekker reën van die vorige paar dae
wat die boeredag voorafgegaan het was die boere in
goeie luim en het daar 'n goeie gees geheers, afgesien
van die bitter koue weer wat almal trotseer het om die
dag by te woon. Die skilderagtige omgewing het
bygedra tot 'n baie suksesvolle boeredag waar toepaslike aanbiedinge weereens deur 'n verskeidenheid
van sprekers gedoen is. Prof. Michiel Scholtz het weggespring met sy lesing oor klimaatsverandering en die
invloed daarvan op beesvleisprododuksie, waarna Mnr.
Brink Van Zyl van Afgri Veevoere meer lig gewerp het op
strategiese aanvullings vir optimale vleisbees produksie.
Mnr. Jurgen Hendriks het daarna die boere meer vertel
van netto voerinname en netto groeitempo se belangrikheid as dit kom by die seleksie van meer doeltreffende
diere. Jurgen is tans besig met sy M.Sc. studie in die
verband en sal eersdaags sy bevindinge publiseer. Mnr.
Frans Jordaan het die boere getrakteer met 'n lesing wat
gehandel het oor die toepassing van Blup teelwaardes
en hoe die teler m.b.v. teelwaardes bulle kan identifiseer
wat nageslag sal produseer wat sal voldoen aan vooraf
bepaalde teeldoelwitte en seleksie-kriteria. 'n Voorbeeld
is dogters wat of bestem is as vervangingsverse of as
terminale kruisings om optimale groei te verseker, Beide
kan twee baie uiteenlopende bulkeuses tot gevolg hê.
Sonder teelwaardes kan die keuses nie gemaak word
slegs op visuele beoordeling nie.
Na die lesings het Mnre Hannes Muller en Renier Theron
'n praktiese demonstrasie aangebied om die teorie en
praktyk bymekaar te bring. Diere van die Fredericksburg
Angus stoet is vertoon en met belangstellendes
bespreek.
Borge: RMB Private Bank, BKB, PathCare, Afgri
Feeds/Veevoere, Anthonij Rupert Wyne en Zoetis.
Die personeel van die Wes-Kaap streek het met harde
werk weereens verseker dat almal wat die dag
bygewoon het waarde kon put daaruit. Die dag is
bygewoon deur ongeveer 110 boere en belangstellendes.
Oos- Kaap - Port Elizabeth
Die Oos Kaap boeredag is te Bathurst naby Port Alfred
aangebied en is deur 'n goeie “mengsel” van boere wat
alle sektore van die vleisbeesbedryf verteenwoordig
bygewoon. Mnr. Stephen Rasebotsa het 'n lesing gegee
oor die LNR se skema vir opkomende boere, Kaonafatso
Ya Dikgomo. Dit is gevolg met 'n motiveringspraatjie van
die 2013 nasionale wenner van die LNR se Opkomende
Vleisbees boer van die jaar kompetisie (geborg deur
ABSA), Mnr Moses Zengetwa van Elliot. Hy het 'n
inspirerende boodskap van hoop aan alle telers gebring
met sy boodskap dat “met harde werk en goeie
beplanning enigiets bereikbaar is”.
Mnr. Greame Cole van ENB (Port Elizabeth) het 'n
uitstekende lesing aangebied oor die gesonde bestuur
van jou balansstaat en finansiering in die huidige
finansiële klimaat. Hierna het die welbekende Dr. Fafa
Malan van Virbac 'n baie insiggewende lesing oor spoor
elemente aangebied en wat die gevare van tekorte kan
inhou vir die vleisbees-produsent.
Dr. Michael Bradfield van Breedplan se lesing het
gehandel oor genetiese verbetering en die voordele wat
dit vir die kommersiële produsent inhou.
Mnr. Maliviwe Mpayipheli van die LNR het gepraat oor
die uitdagings wat die kommunale boerdery stelsel
inhou en metodes wat gevolg kan word om produksie te
verhoog in hierdie uitdagende omgewing.
Die dag is afgesluit deur 'n puik praktiese demonstrasie
op Dohne Nguni Stoet deur Mev. Leonie Yendall, self 'n
Nguni stoetteler. Sy het die belangrikheid van 'n
funksionele effektiewe koei aan alle belangstellendes
gedemonstreer en vrae rondom teling in die algemeen
beantwoord. Almal bymekaargetel (beamptes & borge
ingesluit) het 132 mense die boeredag bygewoon.
Borge: ABSA, ENB, GWM, Virbac, Molatek, J&B Boerdienste, PPE-Port Elizabeth, Riverview Trading, BKB-Port
Elizabeth, Olifantskop Veevoere, Zoetis, Engen Petroleum.
Die Oos-Kaap streek se personeel kan met reg trots wees
op wat bereik is met die boeredag. Dit was opvallend
een van die boeredae met 'n ongelooflike goeie program
- baie dankie aan Sakkie van der Merwe en die res van sy
span.
GLEN BULLTESTING CENTRE
Test Nr.
Arrival
Adaptation
1
12-12-13
17-12-13
2
09-01-14
3
06-02-14
4
TEST DATES 2014
Test Period
Departure
Born after
14-01-14/08 -04-14
11-04-14
12-04-13
14-01-14
11-02-14/06 -05-14
09-05-14
10-05-13
11-02-14
11-03-14/ 03-06-14
06-06-14
07-06-13
06-03-14
11-03-14
08-04-14/01 -07-14
04-07-14
05-07-13
5
03-04-14
08-04-14
06-05-14/29 -07-14
01-07-14
02-08-13
6
01-05-14
06-05-14
03-06-14/26 -08-14
29-08-14
30-08-13
7
29-05-14
03-06-14
01-07-14/23 -09-14
26-09-14
27-09-13
8
26-06-14
01-07-14
29-07-14/21 -10-14
24-10-14
25-10-13
9
24-07-14
29-07-14
26-08-14/ 18-11-14
21-11-14
22-11-13
10
21-08-14
26-08-14
23-09-14/ 16-12-14
19-12-14
20-12-13
11
18-09-14
23-09-14
21-10-14/13 -01-15
16-01-15
17-01-14
12
16-10-14
21-10-14
18-11-14/10 -02-15
13-02-15
14-02-14
37
ARC FARMER’S DAYS 2013
ARC LNR
Frans Jordaan
LNR-Animal Production Institute, [email protected]
38
The National Beef Recording and Improvement scheme
(Beef Scheme for short) held several succesfull farmer's
days country-wide during 2013, with the aim to ensure
information dissemination and technology transfer in
the form of lectures and practical demonstrations. The
days were very well attended and supported by all
sectors of industry and the support of our sponsors is
acknowledged and much appreciated. The support from
farmers from all sectors of the beef industry on these
days once again highlighted the importance of the
relevance of the content of a farmers day. The ARC has a
mandate to service farmers from all sectors and making
use of any of the service providers involved with
registration and performance recording activities. These
days thus present the ideal opportunity to create an
environment where breeders of all sectors can interact
and learn from each other. The ARC, on behalf of
government, also has the responsibility to develop
emerging farmers through its Kaonafatso Ya Dikgomo
scheme. The emerging farmer of today will be the
commercial farmer of tomorrow, buying his stud bulls to
upgrade the genetics of his herd. It is thus vital to ensure
close interaction and cooperation between farmers from
all sectors to ensure a healthy industry in future.
Any farmer is more than welcome to utilize the subsidized services rendered by the ARC, irrespective of the
particular service provider he or she makes use of for
registration and performance recording purposes.
Northwest - Vryburg
One of the highlights at the Vryburg farmers day was the
presentation of Prof Michiel Scholtz on climate change
and the possible effects it can have on beef production.
This is a topic which is relevant world-wide and countries
are currently engaging in research to formalize policies in
this regard for future. The 3rd Global Conference on
Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security and climate
change was held from 3 – 5 December in South Africa.
Mr Stephen Rasebotsa gave a presentation on the
functioning and aims of Kaonafatso Ya Dikgomo, the
improvement scheme for emerging farmers. Almost 100
emerging farmers attended the day, and their questions
and concerns as well as the way forward were addressed
by the speaker. Dr Michael Bradfield of Breedplan
presented a very interesting lecture, highlighting the
benefits of genetic improvement for the commercial
producer. Mr. Jurgen Hendriks followed with a presentation that highlighted trends regarding the latest
research on nett feed intake and nett growth, and
indication of the efficiency of the animal with regard to
growth and feed utilization. The rationale behind this
research is to enable breeders to identify and select
animals that utilize feed more efficiently without
affecting mature frame-size. Mr Hendriks is currently
busy with his M. Sc. study at Freestate University, and
will in due course publish his findings on this important
topic.
Mr Frans Jordaan gave a presentation on the services
offered by the Beef Scheme and pointed out that the ARC
offers real time ultrasonic (RTU) scanning services at no
cost if it forms part of a phase D done by ARC officials.
The ARC now has accredited technicians servicing all
regions of the country and farmers are encouraged to
make use of this service for which a huge demand has
developed over the past two years.
The sponsors for the Northwest farmers day were Putter
Voere, Virbac and Suidwes Landbou LTD.
A big thank you to the staff of the Vryburg regional office
for their loyalty and hard work to ensure that the day was
a resounding success.
Western Cape - Stellenbosch
The Western Cape farmers day was held on the
picturesque L'Ormarins, the farm near Franschhoek of
the well-known business man, Mr Johann Rupert,
Despite the cold weather, the day was very well
supported by more than a hundred commercial and stud
farmers who were treated with presentations of a high
standard and that were relevant to both the commercialand stud farmer.
Prof. Michiel Scholtz enlightened the audience of the
possible effects of climate change on beef production.
This was followed by Mr. Brink Van Zyl from Afgri Feeds
emphasised the importance of supplements for optimal
beef production. Mr. Jurgen Hendriks summarized in his
presentation current trends and research regarding net
feed intake and nett growth, both of which are indicators
of efficient producers. Mr Hendriks was also recently
appointed as the bull test centre manager at Geln near
Bloemfontein, and we would like to wish him all the best
with his new position.
Mr Frans Jordaan gave a presentation on the use and
value of Blup breeding values by the commercial farmer
and encouraged farmers that buy a registered bull to
make use of breeding values to enable them to select an
animal in line with their specific breeding objectives. As
an example he pointed out that a bull for terminal
breeding used for optimal growth will have different
breeding values than a bull used to breed replacement
heifers, and stressed the fact that without breeding
values it will be almost impossible to make these
choices, especially if based on visual appraisal.
Just before lunch Mr. Hannes Muller and Renier Theron
gave a practical demonstration of Angus cattle from the
Fredericksburg Angus stud, discussing the breeding
values of the animals displayed and bringing it in line
with the breeding objectives for the herd as well as the
importance of visual appraisal.
Sponsors: RMB Private Bank, BKB, PathCare, Afgri
Feeds/Veevoere, Anthonij Rupert Wines and Zoetis.
The efforts of the staff of the Western Cape regional
office should be commended for ensuring a very
successful day. Thank you to Dr Jakkie Du Toit and his
team.
Eastern Cape - Port Elizabeth
The annual farmers day of the eastern Cape was held in
the small town of Bathurst, not to far from Port Alfred.
The day was attended by a good combination of farmers
from all sectors in the beef industry. Mr. Stephen
Rasebotsa of the ARC gave a presentation on the
functioning and aims of Kaonafatso Ya Dikgomo, the
scheme for emerging farmers, and he was followed by a
very motivational talk from the 2013 national winner of
the ARC's Emerging Beef Farmer of the year (sponsored
by ABSA)award, Mr. Moses Zengetwa from Elliot. Mr
Zengetwa inspired one and all with his message of hope
and philosophy that anything can be achieved through
hard work and dedication.
No farmer's day is complete without an input from a
financial guru, and Mr. Graeme Cole of FNB (Port
Elizabeth) gave a very good overview of the current
financial climate and how it affects your balance sheet
and financing in within a strict regulatory environment.
His talk was followed by a very entrtaining lecture from
the he well-known Dr. Fafa Malan of Virbac who stressed
the importance of and potential consequences of deficiencies on beef cattle.
Dr. Michael Bradfield of Breedplan followed with his
lecture on genetic improvement and the benefits to the
commercial producer. He highlighted the importance of
working with government to achieve a common goal, to
the benefit of all the people of South Africa. He also
pointed out that by taking hands with the ARC, the
partnership with Breedplan has already culminated in
several research projects proposed for the future.
Mr. Maliviwe Mpayipheli of the ARC, and a “boorling” of
the eastern Cape, followed Dr Bradfield and in his
presentation made reference to the challenges of a
communal farming environment and methods to enable
these farmers to become more productive.
The lectures were followed by a practical session
conducted by Ms. Leonie Yendall, an Nguni stud farmer,
who discussed the functional efficiency of cows, using
the Dohne Nguni Stud as a practical example. All in all
(officials & sponsors included) 132 people attended the
day.
Sponsors: ABSA, FNB, GWM, Virbac, Molatek, J&B Farm
Services, PPE-Port Elizabeth, Zoetis, Riverview Trading,
BKB-Port Elizabeth, Olifantskop Animal Feeds and Engen
Petroleum .
The staff of the Eastern Cape regional office can be proud
on the outcome of the day, in particular in view of the
very positive feedback received from the attendants.
Thank you to Sakkie van der Merwe and his team.
21
Fase C Rantsoene
Boerdery is verseker die beroep waar geloof die
grootste rol in speel. Ons glo dat dit spoedig gaan
reen, ons glo dat pryse gaan verbeter, ons glo dat ons
daardie top bul gaan teel wat erkenning gaan gee en
vir groot geld verkoop sal word en ons glo in 'n
Skepper wat sal voorsien vir 'n beter more. Maar ons
werk ook met die wetenskap wat ons toerus met
gereedskap waarmee ons uitkomste nie net kan
voorspel nie, maar selfs kan manipuleer.
Die ou gesegde van “om te meet is om te weet” vorm
die basis van ons landbouwetenskap. Deur
atmosferiese stelsels se herhalende verloop te
bestudeer, word met redelike akkuraatheid die weerpatrone van more voorspel. In omtrent elke
produksiestelsel, en spesifiek in dierevoeding, word
dieselfde gedoen. Alhoewel daar verskeie gesofistikeerde rantsoen simmulasie-modelle beskikbaar
is, is voeding egter nie 'n wetenskap waar die uitkoms
met presiesheid voorspel kan word nie. Die dier is 'n
lewende organisme wat deur baie faktore beinvloed
word. Verder het die herkouer nog sy rumen (fermentasiesak) waar afbraak van voer deur ensieme van
swamme, bakterië en protozoa plaasvind. Hierdie
gesofistikeerde ekosisteem van lewende mikroflora
is hoogs sensitief vir veranderende omstandighede,
waarvan pH en voorsiening van voedingstowwe die
belangrikste is.
Ons wil hê alle diere moet op insette dieselfde
reageer, maar net soos geen twee mense dieselfde
reageer op iets soos dit wat hul eet nie, reageer diere
ook nie dieselfde nie. 'n Voorbeeld is juis bulle se
uiteenlopende reaksie op voeding, wat tydens Fase
C- en D toetsing gemeet word, en uiteindelik gebruik
word om meer doeltreffende diere te identifiseer.
Putter voere is vir jare al die amptelike verskaffer van
die Fase-C rantsoen aan die LNR se bultoetssentrums landwyd (Glen, Vryburg, Irene en Cedara). Vier
privaat bultoets-sentrums in die Vrystaat word ook
bedien. Deur een rantsoen oor 'n groot gebied vir
evaluasie van bulle te gebruik, word rantsoen as 'n
veranderlike gestandardiseer. Dit is gerusstellend om
te weet dat 'n bul uit die Kalaharie, die Bosveld, die
Hoëveld en selfs Natal met dieselfde rantsoen geevalueer word. Die Fase-C rantsoen het intussen die
vlagskip-produk van Putter Voere geword. Baie
boere koop dit ook vir Fase-D toetsing en ook om
hulle bulle voor te berei vir veilings.
Die Fase-C rantsoen is na baie jare se navorsing deur
die LNR ontwikkel en geformuleer as 'n rantsoen
spesifiek vir die toets van bulle onder intensiewe
groeitoestande. Die rantsoen moet dus aan
spesifieke voorskrifte en vereistes voldoen. Dit is 'n
nogal 'n uitdaging vir 'n fabriek om 750 sakke van
40kg elk op 'n trok te laai en die gerusstelling te kan
hê dat sak no. 10 en sak no. 649 min genoeg van
mekaar verskil sodat bulle wat potensieel R100 000
werd is regverdig teen mekaar opgeweeg kan word.
Die samestelling van die rantsoen moet natuurlik
jaarin en jaaruit met variasie in lusern, chop, oliekoek
ens gehandhaaf word. Beskikbaarheid en koste van
grondstowwe speel ook 'n rol. Chemiese ontledings
mag wel vlakke van proteïen, vet of kalsuim
kontroleer, maar dit sê niks van die grofheid van
ruvoer nie, ook nie of die dier dalk suurpens gaan kry
of dalk kan opblaas nie. Deurlopende hand- en
oogkontrole, tesame met chemise ontledings is nodig
om kwaliteit te verseker.
Dit is egter belangrik om te weet dat hierdie Fase-C
rantsoen drasties van beesvetmesting verskil. In 'n
voerkraal moet 'n dier so gou moontlik en so goedkoop
moontlik geslag kan word. Iets soos vrugbaarheid en
die vermoë om weer veld toe te gaan is nie vir die
voerkraal belangrik nie. Om vetmesting vir Fase C
bulle te gebruik is dus moeilikheid soek. Die Fase-C
rantsoen verskil van vetmesting op die volgende
aspekte:
Manus Putter
Putter Voere BK
[email protected]
Totale proteïen is op 13% effe hoër. Ons soek
spiere op 'n bul en proteïen is hierin belangrik.
Ureum is op 0.6%, die helfte van vetmesting. Die
rede hiervoor is dat hoër ureum met swak vrugbaarheid verbind word.
Duurder natuurlike proteïen soos oliekoek en
lusern word ingesluit.
Graan word beperk tot 45% terwyl vetmesting tot
70% graan bevat. Suurpens en rumenskade moet
voorkom word. Oormatige vet en veral vetaanpakking in die testisnek moet voorkom word
want dit benadeel vrugbaarheid.
Totale ruvoer moet meer as 30% wees. Dit hou die
rumen gesond en verseker dat die bul maklik weer
op veld kan aanpas.
Mineraal- en Vitamienaanvulling verskil geweldig
van vetmesting en weereens is dit om dieregesondheid en vrugbaarheid te bevorder.
Oor milleniums heen het evolusie die rumen ontwikkel
om laegraad-vesel soos gras deur mikrobes af te
breek en energie vry te stel wat die dier kan benut.
Terselfdertyd is die mikrobes, wat in etlike miljoene
per milliliter rumenvloeistof voorkom, 'n bron van
proteïen vir die dier. Vir my bly hierdie een die van die
wonders van die natuur!! Die Fase-C rantsoen is myns
insiens baie naby aan wat die natuur vereis om die
rumen ekosisteem te onderhou en te voed ten einde
optimale groei en benutting van voedingstowwe te
bewerkstellig.
Dankie aan die LNR wat soveel moeite doen om
genetiese vordering in die beesbedryf van Suid-Afrika
te doen. Dit is 'n voorreg vir Putter Voere om ook 'n
stukkie te kan bydra.
41
LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut
Die 2012 uitgawe van die
“Handleiding vir die gebruik van teelwaardes
in vleisbeesteling”
is beskikbaar
(ISBN-13: 978-1-86849-411-8)
The 2012 version of the
“Guide to the use of
breeding values in beef cattle breeding”
is available
(ISBN-13: 978-1-86849-412-5)
Beskikbaar van/Available from:
Zelda King
Tel: (012) 672 9023
Faks/Fax: (012) 672 9113
E-pos/Email: [email protected]
Prys: R170-00 (BTW ingesluit)
Posgeld (indien van toepassing) R10-00
Price: R170-00 (VAT included)
Postage (if applicable) R10-00
ARC LNR
Beginsels vir
suksesvolle vleisbees produksie
Erick Joosten; LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut; [email protected]
Gedurende my 22 jaar diens by die Landbounavorsingsraad en spesifiek by diere produksie, was ek in
die bevoorregtse posisie om telers met unieke produksie
stelsels te ontmoet. Tog is daar sekere beginsels wat oor
verskillende produksie stelsels dieselfde bly.
Dit is alom bekend dat 'n dier se fenotipe, voorkoms van die
dier en prestasie, 'n wisselwerking is tussen die dier se
genetiese samestelling (genotipe) en die omgewing
waaraan hy blootgestel word.
Omgewing. Meeste elemente, soos reënval, bestraling,
humiditeit en temperatuur is buite beheer van die
produsent. Twee baie belangrike elemente in die
'Omgewing' wat die produsent egter wel kan beheer is i)
voeding, die hoeveelheid en gehalte daarvan, en ii) kliniese
welstand van die diere; siekte en parasiete. Goeie bestuur
is hier van uiterste belang.
Genotipe. Dit is die genetiese samestelling van 'n dier. Dit
is die onsigbare komponent, vervat in sy gene, van die dier
wat sy produksievermoë bepaal. Sodra daardie genetiese
samestelling vasgelê word met paring, is daardie
samestelling permanent. Dit kan nie weer in die dier
verander word nie! Onthou dat die bul en koei
onderskeidelik 50% tot die kalf se genetiese samestelling
bydra.
Fenotipe. Dit is die sigbare uitdrukking van die genetiese
produksievermoë van 'n dier gegewe die omgewing
waaraan die dier blootgestel is. Dit is wat die skaal wys ten
opsigte van groei (gewigstoename) of voorkoms soos bv.
die hoefontwikkeling van die dier. Die meeste fenotipiese
produksie eienskappe kan maklik objektief gemeet word.
Wanneer die produsent daardie genetiese samestelling
vasgelê het, kan hy vir die res van daardie dier se
produktiewe lewe slegs die omgewing wysig om 'n
verandering te bewerkstelling in die fenotipe. Goeie
genetika sal positief reageer op 'n verbeterde omgewing,
maar met swak genetika is die uitdaging soveel groter.
Oorerfbaarheid. Dit is die genetiese komponent van 'n
dier se prestasie wat oorgedra kan word na sy nageslag, en
kan as 'n persentasie uitgedruk word. Tabel 1 gee 'n breë
riglyn oor die erfbaarhede van die mees algemene
produksie eienskappe.
Genetiese korrelasies is waar 'n verandering in een
eienskap ook 'n verandering in 'n ander eienskap te weeg
sal bring. Hierdie korrelasies kan positief wees, dit beteken
dat 'n verbetering in die beplande eienskap ook 'n
verbetering in die ander eienskap sal hê. Maar dit kan ook
negatief wees, m.a.w. 'n verbetering aan die een kant mag
lei tot gepaardgaande verswakking in 'n ander eienskap.
Daar is 'n paar belangrike genetiese korrelasies tussen
eienskappe waarvan ons bewus moet wees:
Geboortegewig en speengewig: Hoog (± 50%)
Speengewig en 18 maande gewig: Hoog (± 85%)
Ouderdon Eerste Kalwing en Tussenkalf Periode 1-2:
Laag (± -10%)
TABEL 1 Oorerfbaarhede van Produksie en
Vrugbaarheid Eienskappe
Produksie eienskap
Voorspeen
Naspeen
Groeivermoë
Vrugbaarheid
Eienskap
Geboortemassa
Speengewig
12maande gewig
18maande gewig
GDT
Finale gewig
OEK
TKP 1 - 2
TKP Gem
Skrotum
Oorerfbaarheid
39%
22 - 31%
27%
29%
25%
37%
23%
8%
9.67%
43%
TEELDOELWITTE EN SELEKSIE KRITERIA
Reproduksie
Die belangrikste teeldoelwit vir seleksie binne 'n vleisbees
kudde is vrugbaarheid. Dit bepaal o.a. die aantal verse wat
beskikbaar is vir vervanging in die kudde sowel as die
hoeveelheid bemarkbare diere.
Eienskappe (seleksie kriteria) wat 'n maatstaf is van
vrugbaarheid:
1. Kalf persentasie.
Dit is die aantal kalwers gebore teenoor die
aantal koeie gepaar.
2. Ouderdom Eerste Kalf.
Dit is die ouderdom, in maande, wat 'n vers die
eerste keer kalf.
3. Tussenkalf Periode (TKP).
Dit is die aantal dae tussen twee opeenvolgende kalwings. Daar is TKP 1st tot 2de
kalwing; TKP voorlaaste tot laaste kalwing.
Gemiddelde TKP oor die totale produktiewe
lewe van die koei.
Daar is bepaalde riglyne/vereistes wat gebruik kan word as
'n hulpmiddel ten einde reproduksie te verbeter, en dit is
van toepassing op beide stoet sowel as kommersiële
kuddes. Tabel 2 lys 'n paar minimum vereistes vir bepaalde
eiesnkappe wat nie oorskry mag word nie ten einde 'n norm
daar te stel vir reproduksie.
Hierdie reproduksie norme is haalbaar. In 2011 het die
Nasionale Vleisbees Aantekeninge- en Prestasietoets
Skema 130 kuddes ge-identifiseer wat se reproduksie in
alle aspekte beter as die riglyne was. En net om verder te
bewys dat dit moontlik is in alle streke van ons land, word
die getalle per provinsie in Tabel 3 vertoon.
Reproduksie is egter laag oorerfbaar en juis daarom moet
daar streng en doelgerig daarvoor geselekteer word.
MELKPRODUKSIE
Die koei se melk is die beste en goedkoopste voedingsbron
waarvan gebruik gemaak kan word om 'n gehalte
speenkalf te produseer. Koeidoeltreffendheid is ook een
43
TABEL 2 Reproduksie riglyne
Produksie eienskap
OEK – Verse
Tussenkalf 1ste na 2 de
Tussenkalf volwasse koeie
Kudde TKP
Maksimum waarde
36 maande
425 dae
410 dae
415 dae
TABEL 3 Aantal kuddes per provinsie wat voldoen aan
reproduksie riglyne
Provinsie
KwaZulu Natal
Mpumalanga
Noord-Kaap
Oos-Kaap
Wes-Kaap
Aantal kuddes
8
17
3
7
4
Provinsie
Limpopo
Gauteng
Noord-Wes
Vrystaat
Aantal kuddes
16
5
19
51
van die eerste teeldoelwitte waarvoor geselekteer moet
word. Eenvoudig gestel is koei-doeltreffendheid die gewig
kalf gespeen deur die koei, as 'n persentasie van haar eie
liggaamsmassa. Die minimum norm hier, wat
doeltreffendheid betref, is 45%. Die doel is ook om deur
seleksie enersyds die volwasse gewig van die koei te
beperk en andersyds om te selekteer vir goeie direkte groei
van die kalf. Speenmassa-verhouding is 'n maklike meting
om te bepaal: Weeg bloot die koei op dieselfde dag
wanneer die kalf se speengewig geneem word en maak die
som. Dit gaan dus nie soseer oor die koei se raamgrootte of
gewig nie, maar eerder oor haar vermoë om 'n swaarder
kalf te speen as haar tydgenote. Die koei wat konstant 'n
gemiddelde tot bogemiddelde kalf produseer, ongeag die
omgewings invloede oor seisoene, is die beter keuse.
Melkproduksie is maklik meetbaar, en melkproduksie is
matig oorerfbaar. Deur te selekteer vir melkproduksie is
goeie genetiese verbetering moontlik.
PRODUKSIE – Standaarde en verbetering
Op 'n kudde van 100 teelkoeie maak die teelbulle maar
slegs sowat 3 – 4 % van die aantal diere op die plaas uit.
Elke teelbul dra egter 50% by tot die genetiese samestelling
van sy nageslag. Goeie teelbulle sal die genetiese
samestelling van kalwers verbeter, en dit beteken dat die
vervangingsverse van hierdie bulle die genetika van die
kudde sal verbeter. Bulle met swak genetika sal natuurlik
die teenoorgestelde effek hê in kuddes.
Hoe weet ons hoe moet 'n goeie teelbul lyk wat aangekoop
moet word? Eerstens moet die produksie standaard van die
kudde bekend wees. Hier is prestasietoetsing, 'n
objektiewe en wetenskaplike instrument, van kardinale
belang. Deur van Blup teelwaardes gebruik te maak kan
bulle geidentifiseer word wat 'n genetiese verbetering in
die kudde kan teweeg bring.
Die belangrikheid van prestasie toetsing in kommersiële
kuddes kan ook nie gering geskat word nie. Deur diere se
produksie binne kuddes te meet kan minderwaardige diere
uitgeskot word. Deur gebruik te maak van volledige
produksie syfers kan die produsent onmiddellik sterk areas
van produksie binne sy koeikudde identifiseer, asook die
areas waar verbetering noodsaaklik is. Teelbulle wat die
sterk eienskappe sal behou, en in staat is om 'n enkele
eienskap te verbeter, moet geselekteer word. Baie
44
belangrik om te onthou is dat die doel van die teelbul is om
hoogstens twee eienskappe op 'n slag te verbeter.
Fokus altyd eerste op die eienskap van ekonomiese belang
wat verbeter moet word, en hou aan om dit te verbeter
totdat dit op die gewenste vlak is, voor die volgende
eienskap aangepak word. Baie belangrik natuurlik is dat die
sterk eienskappe reeds teenwoordig, nie mag verlore gaan
nie! Selekteer die vervangingsbulle eerstens op grond van
hul prestasiewaardes om die goeie eienskappe te behou,
en dan om swak eienskappe te verbeter. Wanneer 'n sekere
bul – koei paring die gewenste resultaat lewer, probeer
daardie paring 'n paar keer herhaal om meer nageslag te
verseker.
GROEIVERMOë
Naspeense groeivermoë word meestal gesien as manlike
diere binne een of ander intensiewe voedingsstelsel. Die
naspeense groeivermoë wat baie belangrik is, is dié van die
vervangingsvers wat minimum 65% van volwasse
koeigewig moet wees by paring. Volgens die Nasionale
Vleisbees Aantekening- en Prestasietoetsskema se
prestasie-data van 2011 weeg die nasionale koei 502kg.
Die vervangingsvers moet dus 326kg (65%) wees by eerste
dekking. Gewig by dekking is twee maal meer bepalend in
sukses hier as ouderdom met eerste dekking.
As die vers 215kg speen (Nasionale prestasie-toetsdata
2011), en die speenskok verlies is 10kg, dan moet sy
minimum 121kg gewig optel om die teikengewig vir paring
te bereik.
Bogenoemde groei-vereistes lyk heel haalbaar. Ek wil graag
twee punte duidelik uitwys. Eerstens: al hierdie verse gaan
deur 'n oorwinterings periode van 3 tot 5 maande voor
eerste dekking en gedurende hierdie periode kan hul gewig
verloor, of beswaarlik 100gram per dag groei. Tweedens
wys prestasiesyfers van veldbulklubs dat geselekteerde
bulle groei in die orde van 550 - 625 gram per dag en dit in
'n toetstydperk wat oor 'n somer seisoen val. As ons hierdie
twee aspekte in ag neem, kan aangeneem word dat die
minimum GDT soos in Tabel 4 gelys, eintlik verdubbel moet
word. As dit die geval is, moet daar streng geselekteer
word vir naspeense groeivermoë van die verse.
REKORDHOUDING
Sinvolle data kan uiters nuttig aangewend word deur die
produsent en daarom is die nougesette aantekening en
versameling van relevante data so belangrik! Elke keer as
die rekords en data ge-analiseer word moet die volgende
vrae gestel word, en moet die antwoorde so eerlik moontlik
verskaf word:
1. Is 'n dier of kontemporêre groep se prestasie aanvaarbaar?
2. Wat is 'n aanvaarbare standaard?
a. Reproduksie bly die ekonomies mees belang-rikste
faktor.
b. Historiese rekords is die basis van die bepaling van
die standaard. Dit wys wat die produksie is in die
beste van tye, maar ook in die slegste van tye. En as
daardie twee uiterstes bekend is, kan maklik bepaal
word wat die standaard moet wees. Teelwaardes
help met die bepaling van die standaard.
TABEL 5 Kalfpersentasie se invloed op inkomste
TABEL 4 Minimum groeivereistes - Verse
Paringsouderdom
(maande)
Gewigstoename
benodig (tot kg)
Tydperk
(dae)
Minimum GDT
(Kg/dag)
176
176
176
215
335
668
0.819
0.525
0.263
14
18
22
c. Wat is 'n realistiese teiken en hoe moet die
standaard dienooreenkomstig aangepad word.
Was my bestuur van so aard dat die dier nie
benadeel was nie? Diere binne 'n kontemporêre
groep moet konstant dieselfde behandeling
ontvang.
d. Volledige rekords moet bygehou word oor weiveld
bestuur, addisionele voeding en behandelings van
diere - dit help met die interpretasie van
prestasierekords.
e. Wat dikwels op papier lyk na 'n verbetering in
produksie, is niks meer as 'n selektiewe verbetering
of verandering in sekere diere se omgewing nie.
3. Wat sal die gevolg wees as…?
Ek die dier verkoop? Ek die dier behou? Ek hierdie koei
weer 'n kans gee by die bul? Ek hierdie verandering
maak in my bestuur? Ek hierdie verandering maak in my
voervloei program? Hier moet nuut en strategies gedink
word. Neem tyd om dit te doen, want 'n fout in 'n
vleisbees onderneming kan jou duur te staan kom.
BALANSEER DIE SOM
Menige male het produsente wat hul swak kalfpersentasies
wou verdedig die volgende stelling gemaak: “As ek net
50% kalfpersentasie het, is daar meer gras vir die koeie mét
kalwers, en dus kry ek swaarder kalwers”.
Kom ons analiseer hierdie punt:
Kalf %
Speengewig
(kg)
Prys
(R/kg)
Inkomste
(Randwaarde)
90
80
50
90
50
215
215
268
161
161
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
R290,250
R258,000
R201,000
R217,350
R120,750
Volgens die Nasionale Vleisbees Aantekening- en
Prestasietoetsskema (2011) is die nasionale speengewig
215kg. As ons 25% variasie op daardie syfer plaas, weeg
die die swaar speenkalf 268kg, en die ligste 172kg. Kom
ons wees nou eerlik met mekaar en erken dat, as daar net
50% kalwers is, weeg die speenkalwers nie 430kg nie
(dubbel 215kg).
Met ons koeikudde van 100 teelkoeie het kalf-persentasie
en speengewig die volgende invloed op inkomste:
Dit is baie interessant om te let dat die minimum
speengewig teen 'n kalfpersentasie van 90% nog steeds
meer inkomste lewer as 'n maksimum speengewig teen 'n
50% kalwing.
Kalfmortaliteite van geboorte tot speen kan ook 'n groot
invloed uitoefen op die hoeveelheid bemarkbare kalwers.
Kalfmortaliteite tot speen moet nie hoër as 3% wees nie, en
mortaliteite op verse tot 24 maande moet beperk word tot
ongeveer 2% in totaal.
Baie telers sal jou vertel hoerveel hul gekry het vir daardie
bul wat verkoop is, of 'n speenkalf produsent hoeveel sy
inkomste was per kalf. Ongelukkig word die som nie altyd
gemaak van die totale kostes betrokke om bv. die diere te
bemark nie, of wat die insetkoste van die groep kalwers
was nie. Om ware profyt te bereken moet 'n akkurate
bepaling gemaak word van die totale uitgawes wat
natuurlik van die inkomste afgetrek moet word.
Sukses begin met kennis, gebeur met die implementering
van 'n plan en eindig met die regte resultate!
VRYBURG BULLTESTING CENTRE
Test Nr.
Arrival
Adaptation
1
14/01/14
16/01/14
2
11/02/14
13/02/14
3
11/03/14
4
Test Period
TEST DATES 2014
Departure
Born after
13/02/14 / 08/05/14
13/05/14
11/05/13
13/03/14 / 05/06/14
10/06/14
08/06/13
13/0314
10/04/14 / 03/07/14
08/07/14
06/07/13
01/04/14
10/04/14
08/05/14 / 31/07/14
05/08/14
03/08/13
5
13/05/14
22/05/14
19/06/14 / 11/09/14
16/09/14
14/09/13
6
03/06/14
19/06/14
1 7/07/14 / 09/10/14
14/10/14
12/10/13
7
08/07/14
17/07/14
14/08/14 / 06/11/14
11/11/14
09/11/13
8
12/08/14
14/08/14
11/09/14 / 04/12/14
09/12/14
07/12/13
9
16/09/14
18/09/14
16/10/14 / 08/01/15
13/01/15
11/01/14
10
14/10/14
16/10/14
13/11/14 / 05/02/15
10/02/15
08/02/14
11
11/11/14
13/11/14
11/12/14 / 05/03/15
10/03/15
08/03/14
12
09/12/14
11/12/14
08/01/15 / 02/04/15
07/04/15
05/04/14
45
‘N BUL VIR R 295 ?
Leon de Lange
gaamslengte, veldikte en skrotumomvang, asook
ultasoniese skandering vir karkaseienskappe
Dit is die bestuursfooi wat Fase C toetsing
die teler kos. Gedurende Fase C toetsing
word eienskappe van ekonomiese en
biologiese doeltreffendhied geevalueer en
die teler word die volgende voordele
gebied:
Indien die prestasie en funksionele voorkoms goed is,
kan die bul genomineer word vir die volgende:
24 uur toesig deur professionele personeel (veearts
ingesluit)
Prestasietoetsklas (LNR Nasionale Vleisbeesprestasie
Toekennings, Pretoria Lente Skou)
Arbeid vir 112 dae, wat behels die voeding,
hantering en versorging van diere
K.I. stasie
Ontvang van groeitoetsresultate maandeliks
Privaat semen verkope of aandele
Vrye reklame,waar plaaslike en buitelandse
besoekers jou bul sien tydens besigtiging by die
toetssentrum
Hoër verkoopswaarde van bulle (ingeligte kopers
vereis prestasie-resultate en meriete-toekennings nl.
goud, silwer, brons of sub-meriete)
Neem van liggaamsmates soos skouerhoogte, lig-
20
LNR Diereproduksie-instituut; [email protected]
Keuring deur die betrokke rasgenootskap
Nasionale Rasveiling
Prestasietoetsresultate verskaf waardevolle inligting
omtrent die genetiese meriete van u bulle, en is 'n
wetenskaplike hulpmiddel wat
u met groot vrug kan gebruik in
die seleksie van goeie genetika. Dit alles vir 'n bestuursfooi
van net R295-00.
21
DNA FORENSICS
IS THE KEY TO RESOLVING STOCK THEFT IN SOUTH AFRICA
Ntanganedzeni Mapholi, Mmanaha Letuka, Mmahlaka Mashilo & Azwihangwisi Maiwashe ARC-Animal Production Institute, 012 672 9027; [email protected]
Stock theft and poaching are a major challenge to livestock and
game production in South Africa. This has an impact on the
economy, affecting all sectors of the farming community, from the
large commercial organizations to the stud breeders and
extending to the rural farmers who may own one or two animals.
Economic losses due to stock theft is estimated to be R750
million per annum. Figure 1 shows the estimated cost of stock
theft in South Africa. As a result, the South African government
through the South African Police Services (SAPS) has identified
stock theft as one of the priority areas. A partnership has been
established between the SAPS and the Animal Genetics
Laboratory of the ARC-Animal Production Institute to address
the challenge of stock theft through DNA technology. The
agreement between the two organizations was established in
1996. According to the SAPS, approximately 45 000 cases of
stock theft are reported per year, of which only about 8 000 cases
go to court. More than 500 of the court cases, involving more
than 3 000 exhibits, use evidence obtained from DNA analysis.
About 95% of these cases are resolved and suspects are
prosecuted.
DNA technology is being used as an important forensic tool to
combat stock theft in the country and is increasingly becoming a
vital component of the criminal justice system. DNA-based
technologies are widely used and accepted as a means of
establishing individual identification, ownership, parentage
verification, traceability and the species-origin of animal
products such as tissue, blood and skin. Except for identical
twins or clones, no two animals are genetically the same. This
means that the DNA of an animal provides a fingerprint or unique
identification of an animal. Only trace amounts of DNA is needed
to establish the fingerprint of an animal. An important question
however is how would this “mambo-jumbo” about DNA assist in
resolving stock theft cases? It is simple: hair samples (a source
of DNA) are collected from individual animals and stored in the
laboratory as a reference sample. In the event that an animal is
stolen and a trace of DNA is retrieved from the crime scene (e.g.
where an animal was slaughtered) or from a meat sample of a
stolen animal found in possession of a suspect, the sample is
sent to the laboratory and DNA fingerprinted. If the DNA
fingerprint of the reference sample matches that of a sample
from the crime scene, it links the suspect to the crime scene or
the crime itself and this evidence is used to put the perpetrator
behind bars, hopefully for good. Even if there is no reference
sample available, a conviction can still be secured by matching
DNA from blood, blood stains, meat or other tissue found at the
crime scene with blood on the suspect's clothes, tools he used or
meat found in his possession. It is that simple - what a nifty
technology!.
FIGURE 1 Stock theft is estimated to cause losses of
R750 million annually in South Africa (R250M recovered)
by ISAG for animal forensics. The success of the DNA forensic
service in combating stock theft relies heavily on the
maintenance of the chain of custody process of forensic
samples, i.e. the entire process from collecting samples from a
crime scene to laboratory processing, analyses and report
generation. To ensure adherence to the process, the ARC
provides continuous training to SAPS personnel on an annual
basis. The training focuses on aspects such as DNA sample
collection, storage, documentation and dispatch of exhibits to
the laboratory. The impact of the training is demonstrated by,
amongst others, the quality of DNA exhibits that are brought to
the laboratory by the SAPS.
Stock theft has broader implications than just the loss of animals;
it also negatively affects food security and biosecurity. Through
the use of DNA marker technology we have managed to resolve
the identity of lost or slaughtered livestock, verified paternity in
ownership dispute cases and also the species-origins of a
variety of meat products. The impact that DNA technology is
making in South Africa can be seen in an increased conviction
rate of stock thieves and poachers. The technology has become
an important tool to the SAPS in their endeavours to combat the
hideous crime of the theft of animals, and the Animal Genetics
laboratory has been rendering a service to the SAPS for more
than a decade now in this regard. The laboratory is also obliged
to stay abreast with developments in this field and as such is
continually upgrading its equipment and refining the methods
used to suit the purpose of application.
The ARC-Animal Production Institute located in Irene, Pretoria
boasts with a state-of-the-art Animal Genetics Laboratory and a
team of scientists and technicians that perform forensic DNA
analyses of exhibits submitted by the SAPS. Efficient operation
of the laboratory ensures a good turnaround time for processing
and reporting of the results to the SAPS. The Animal Genetics
Laboratory is also a member of the International Society of
Animal Genetics (ISAG) and uses DNA markers recommended
47
Genetic improvement
benefits commercial producers
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
Dr Michael Bradfield Agri BSA, [email protected]
Introduction
In most species genetic progress can occur at a rate of 3-5%
per trait per annum and is cumulative. This rate of progress is
easily achievable in the diary, pork and chicken industries.
Despite environmental constraints, this rate of progress is also
achievable in the beef industry in Southern Africa and the
value would be worth many millions of rand to our industry.
However, to become a leader in Africa (if not the world) the red
meat industry has in the field of animal breeding, in my opinion,
three main challenges;
The first is getting our commercial producers to
understand the potential monetary value that modern
breeding methods can add to the genetic potential of their
herd and how it translates into financial gain.
The second challenge is for our Stud Industry to move
away from using only old fashioned methods for the
selection of superior Seedstock. Here I am talking about
using purely visual assessment to determine an animal's
genetic worth. A recent talk in South Africa by a French
delegation alluded to the fact that in many parts of Europe
the role of Societies is being diminished because many
Societies cannot demonstrate the benefits of selection for
economically important traits to their commercial clients.
France for example, has over 3.8 Million beef cows in
which over 70% of the commercial beef herds are
performance recorded. If the Stud industry is not recording
you cannot realistically expect commercial producers to
buy genetic material from the Stud Industry.
This is even more pertinent in the dairy industry. My
experience is that the Societies in the world that are large
role players (i.e. registering more than 50 000 registrations
per year) have all moved towards recording as the basis
for genetic improvement. Societies that do not honestly
and sincerely take on the new scientific methods for
selecting superior animals will simply become hobby
breeds.
Finally, the challenge to have the courage to trust and use
the modern breeding technologies.
Traits that determine profit in a commercial enterprise
The question should be directed to the commercial cattle
producer. As far as I am aware companies such as
Vleissentraal pays for slaughter weight and slaughter out
percentage. I know of no commercially focused abattoir that
pays for cattle that have simply passed a visual appraisal test.
The rationale for selecting on weight is simple:
FIGURE 1 Simbra genetic trend for weaning weight.
Note, this is the genetic component.
2004. There are thus many producers like Mr Engelbrecht
selecting cattle on EBV's in this breed. Mr Engelbrecht has
significantly increased the genetic component for weaner
weights since selecting on EBV's. Most important, is the
benefit to his commercial clients.
The ability of a cow to produce a calf every year has a huge
economic benefit to the commercial producer. This ability is
also under genetic control and can be measured. The
challenge for genetic evaluations systems is that a complete
cow inventory system has to be kept. If producers only record
those cows that have calved, the important information is
missing i.e. it is the non-calvers that have to be identified to
provide genetic information on the bulls. This is probably the
largest challenge for the Stud Industry in most of Southern
Africa. Whilst most Stud producers claim to select for fertility
the progress is in fact compromised because bulls do not have
the required data.
As important, is the fact that the bull carries as many positive
genes for fertility as does the cow. If a commercial producer
buys a bull without fertility EBV's, no genetic progress for
fertility will be made in that herd. A large education program is
required in Southern Africa to record fertility properly.
The impressive gains made in fertility can be demonstrated
using a Brahman herd such as that of Mr Alf Collins (Fig 2)
Farmers can easily record weight.
Weight gain is heritable, and
Many cattle are sold by weight so heavier cattle make
more money.
48
Figure 1, in red, gives the genetic trend for Mr Willem
Engelbrecht, a businessman from the Cape Province, and
compares it to the rest of the breed. The first point to note is the
impressive genetic gains made by the Simbra breed since
FIGURE 2 Genetic trend for fertility (days to calving) for
Brahman herd of Mr Alf Collins.
FIGURE 4 A visual demonstration of the difference
between genetics and environment.
?
?
FIGURE 3 The top and bottom ranked Brahman animals on
Eye Muscle Area.
from CBV in Australia. He has literally improved the genetics
by the equivalent of 6 calving days. Alf points out what
happened to his genetic trend when bulls were chosen that
had no EBV for fertility (as was the case in the period 19911994).
Finally, commercial producers are rewarded if an animal has a
good versus poor retail yield. This trait can also cost effectively
be measured using Real Time Ultrasound.
Figure 3 lists the top and bottom bulls ranked on Eye Muscle
Area for Brahman in Namibia as an example. The difference
between the top and bottom bull is 7.2 cm2 and a retail yield of
3.1% and if selected for would result in significant gains over
time as it is cumulative.
In Summary, Table 1 shows the traits that can be evaluated in
most genetic evaluation systems.
TABLE 1
between genetics and environment.
For a Stud breeder, your herd profile and genetic trend should
be your most valuable document. As a professional Stud
farmer you are also in the business of training your commercial
clients of your breeding goals and to provide an understanding
of how this technology is used in your herd and the benefits
accrued to the client.
How to maximise genetic gain across many traits
All master breeders know that the commercial industry needs
a balance of growth, fertility, carcass, docility and
conformation and so they select across all these categories of
traits together with beef tenderness and feed intake where
appropriate recording systems are available.
Economic Selection Index
Traits Evaluated in BREEDPLAN®
Growth
Fertility
Carcase
Other
Birth
Weaning
Yearling
Final
Mature Cow
Maternal Growth
Scrotal size
Days to Calving
Gestation Length
Calving Ease
Carcase Weight
Eye Muscle Area
Rib Fat Depth
Rump Fat Depth
Intramuscular Fat %
Meat Yield %
Docility
Feed Intake
Flight time
Shear force
Conformation
Standard Traits
FIGURE 5 A visual demonstration of the difference
Specific Traits
Genetics and environment
It may be obvious to most that the feed given to a bull (or cow)
does not get inherited by the progeny as per the illustration
below. Whilst the fellow in the illustration (Fig 4) gained a lot of
muscle in the gym this added muscle does not get inherited by
his children. Similarity, a bull (Fig 5) fed a lot of feed does not
pass this added benefit to the progeny. An EBV on your
catalogue is the best predictor of an animal's genetic worth
that modern animal breeding can provide.
Adding more traits to the selection of animals may be fine for
master breeders who spend virtually every waking hour
wrestling with the challenge of how to breed the perfect
animal. However, the more EBVs that are calculated the
greater the potential for confusing the commercial bull buyer.
For this reason most livestock industries have moved towards
the concept of weighting the traits for their importance to a
particular production system delivering to a specific market
and from this outputting an economic index. An economic
index is also called a selection index and is not to be confused
with the old fashioned ratios-indexes that simply compare
animals on a scale of 100 within a contemporary group. This
means that buyers who purchase high Rand or Dollar index
animals for that particular production systems can expect to
improve their profitability.
The concept that one index fits all breeds or that one index fits
all breeders within a breed is nonsense. For example, the
Brahman breed in Namibia has developed the Namibian
Extensive Rangeland Grassfed Index that is customizable.
The Simbra has three indexes:
49
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
Namibian/South African Simbra self replacing Grassfed
(NAGFmod)
South African Simbra self replacing Feedlot (SRFL2)
South African Simbra self replacing weaner (Srw2)
The Extensive Rangeland Grassfed Index estimates the
genetic differences between animals in net profitability per
cow joined for a commercial herd. The Index is aimed at a high
fertility, self-replacing (keeping replacement and breeding
progeny) commercial cross bred herd with good carcass
characteristics. Calves are weaned at 7 months and then kept
on natural pastures (veldt) to be slaughtered at around 30
months and 460 to 500kg steer live weight. Significant
emphasis is placed on sale weight (600 days EBV), calving
ease, cow weaning & survival rate and carcass traits.
Replacement females are generally sourced from within the
herd and daughters are largely retained in the industry for
breeding.
The Simbra SRFL2 Index is aimed at a herd breeding oxen to
turn off at 11 months of age in the South African feedlot
environment. Replacement females are selected from within
the herd. There is some emphasis on calving ease and
maternal traits while finishing oxen at around 430 kg live
weight (225 kg carcass weight) using a pasture based
production system supplemented with extra rations during the
finishing phase.
The initial costs for the indexes were developed from a 3 year
PhD study by Dr Johan Kluyts and specifically looks at the
South Africa market.
The following bar graph (Fig. 6) shows the key economic traits
that are important in the Namibian Brahman selection index.
The different trait emphases reflect the underlying profit
drivers in a commercial operation targeting the domestic
supermarket trade.
FIGURE 7 The different emphasis that has been placed on each EBV
within this selection index.
countries record performance on insufficient traits to allow
the development of economic indexes to be meaningful. This
denies these breeds access to the very next mate selection
tools that would allow them to accelerate genetic progress
because those tools all require the availability of economic
rand or $ Indexes.
Providing good recording systems across a range of traits must be
the first priority of any modern performance recording scheme.
Making Genetic Progress
Genetic Progress is achieved when the 'average genetic value of
the offspring (eg. Your current calves) is higher than the average
genetic value of the previous generation (from which the parents
were selected)'.
The formula is:
R = S x h²
L
Where:
R = Response to Selection
S = Selection Differential
h² = Heritability
L = Generation Length
Selection Differential (Fig. 8) is the difference between the
animals selected for breeding and the average of the population
from which they were selected. The greater the selection
differential, the higher the response to selection (R). Recording the
full range of traits appropriate to your breeding objectives will help
increase the selection differential and the accuracy of selection.
Heritability (h²) is the proportion of the superiority or inferiority of a
FIGURE 6 The key economic traits that are important in the Namibian
Brahman selection index.
Considering the genetic relationship between the key profit
drivers and the EBVs that are available, the bar graph in Fig 7
illustrates the different emphasis that has been placed on each
EBV within this selection index. The sign indicates the
direction of the emphasis. For example, greater 600 Day
Weight EBVs, smaller cows and shorter Days to Calving
(better reproduction) EBVs are favoured.
Unfortunately, many beef cattle breeds across many
50
Animals
S Selection
Differential
S
Average Index Value
FIGURE 8 Selection Differential is the difference between the animals
selected for breeding and the average of the population
from which they were selected.
trait that is passed on to progeny. The higher the heritability
the higher the Response to Selection (R).
Generation Length (L) is the average age of the parents (sires
and dams) when their progeny are born.
The lower the Generation Length (L) the higher the Response
to Selection. It is not easy to reduce L in less-intensive
production systems.
Hardiness, adaptability and conformation
There is often a discussion between producers about the
terms hardiness, adaptability and conformation. Often this
discussion is held with reference to the value of performance
recording. My colleague, Peter Massman defines hardiness
as "the ability to survive and produce under stressful
conditions such as poor feeding (drought), unfavourable
temperature (heat or cold), high humidity, long distance
walking or high parasite infestation".Adaptability is defined as
"the ability of an animal to adjust and thrive in a new
environment or production system. This is measured by a
good constitution, growth, reproduction and optimal level of
functioning". Finally conformation is defined as "the symmetry,
size and shape of the various body regions relative to each
other or the general appearance of the animal in terms of
satisfying the observer's appreciation of what is a desirable
appearance".
Many of these elements are identified within a contemporary
group of animals. An animal that has the best growth amongst
his peers is usually the hardy animal that is well adapted to that
particular environment. The important concept is that ALL
animals are initially only compared within a contemporary
group where a group is defined as all animals born within the
same herd, year, sex and season. Selecting for performance is
thus a good indirect measure of hardiness and adaptability.
Conformation can be measured by structural assessment but
requires the whole contemporary group to be assessed. .
Incorporation of Gene Markers in EBVs
Background
When the Wright brothers started experimenting with heavierthan-air flying machines it has to be said that while their
approach was innovative it was very crude by today's
standards. But as we relax in the comfort of an A380 on an
international flight we all owe a little to the Wright brothers for
daring to dream about a new way to travel.
The development of genomics in the beef industry is not too
dissimilar from the early attempts to fly. The early results have
been underwhelming but the pace of discovery is accelerating
and so we can look forward to being able to access much
better products in the near future.
GeneSTAR® was introduced in 2000 as a single-marker test
for marbling. By 2006 Catapult Genetics provided a 12marker panel. This included:
4 markers for marbling.
4 markers for feed efficiency, and
4 markers for tenderness.
At that point a range of interested parties agreed to work
together in the 'SmartGene for Beef' project to determine the
effect of the various markers on phenotype and how gene
markers could be combined with phenotype to produce
marker-assisted EBVs. The database available to the project
was substantial - DNA samples from around 12,000 animals
for which phenotypic records existed, were available. They
were tested for 12 markers.
The results for tenderness markers in Bos Indicus cattle
showed the greatest promise. By October, 2008 the
methodology to combine pedigree, performance and DNA
records to provide a marker-assisted EBV for tenderness
which was labelled Trial Shear Force EBVMs was developed
(Fig. 9).
Pedigree
Trial Shear
Force EBV Ms
and flight time
Performance Information
Shear force
Flight time
Gene Markers
FIGURE 9 Information used to calculate Trial Shear Force EBVMs.
The results that have recently come out of the substantial R2
Billion Australian Beef CRC project have shown that each
country will need its own "Reference Population" with which it
will validate its own results. The Reference population is also
required to create the prediction equations required for each
population. Whilst the increase in accuracy is somewhat
limited, there will be some advantages for the selection on
especially younger bulls. Many Southern African producers
have already selected animals using DNA markers and can
expect some improvement in traits such as Meat Tenderness.
Across-country genetic evaluations
Across-country genetic evaluations have been in production
for many societies for decades. This is still a rapidly
developing field because the advantages to participants are
both obvious and substantial:
By increasing the number of cattle evaluated:
- Accuracy in EBVs/EPDs calculated is increased.
- There is a better chance of finding elite
performers.
Breeders can directly compare cattle across country
borders.
Breeders can have confidence in using genetics from
another country.
Breeders can benchmark their own herd's genetics to
other genetics around the world.
Genetic progress of the breed can be accelerated where
breeders use the best genetics from an international gene
pool i.e. they can increase the Selection Differential.
The research and development phase involved for international evaluations are:
51
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
Complete re-estimation of adjustment factors and genetic
parameters for all countries.
Matching of all common animals, often a huge task
Revise analytical software to handle country-specific trait
definitions, adjustment factors and heritabilities.
The benefits of these evaluations are huge. For example,
sires which had small sets of progeny in particular countries
now have a combined progeny set of several thousand
animals providing very accurate EBVs or EPDs.
An ambitious research project has been a trial Global
Evaluation for the Hereford breed. This involved the data for
eleven countries in a test evaluation which was released in
2008. In this model, a full set of EBVs/EPDs are produced for
each trait analysed for each country.
Conclusion
In summary, the challenge to the commercial industry in
Southern Africa is to buy bulls based on proven performance.
My colleague, the previous CEO of Taurus and well respected
cattle judge in South Africa, Dr Nico Schutte, believes that no
animal should be visually assessed without a proper
performance record.
Commercial producers should purchase bulls from Stud
clients whom have their financial interest at heart. The practice
of simply looking at a bull before a sale and paying top dollars
belongs in the dark ages. Engage with producers whom are
more interested in making you money than selling you a pretty
bull. Your enemy is tradition and all those that preach the old
methodologies of selection using only the "eye". They are the
ones holding you back.
The challenge to the Stud Industry of Southern Africa is to
make a concerted effort to measure traits of economic
importance. Start with a proper female inventory and properly
recorded culls. Scan your young heifers and bulls. Finally, take
the effort to educate your commercial client of the genetic
value of an animal. Southern Africa is an amazing part of the
African continent with a well-established cattle and sheep
industry. Use your resources wisely and continue to educate
yourselves of the world's best scientific practices.
IRENE BULTOETSSENTRUM
52
Toets Nr.
Aankoms
Aanpassing
1
27-11-13
28-11-13
2
13 -01-14
3
TOETSDATUMS 2014
Toetsperiode
Vertrek
Gebore na
26-12 -13/ 20-03 -14
26-03-14
30-03-13
14 -01 -14
11 -02 -14/ 06 -05-14
09-05 -14
15-05 -13
05-02 -14
06-02 -14
06-03 -14/ 29 -05-14
11-06 -14
09 -06 -13
4
03-03 -14
04-03 -14
01-04 -14/ 24-06-14
30 -06-14
03-07 -13
5
02-04 -14
03-04 -14
01-05 -14/ 24-07-14
30-07-14
03-08 -13
6
05-05 -14
06-05 -14
03-06 -14/ 26-08-14
08-09 -14
05-09 -13
7
11-06 -14
12-06 -14
10-07 -14/ 02-10 -14
08-10 -14
12 -10 -13
8
30 -06-14
01-07 -14
29 -07-14/ 21-10 -14
27-10-14
01-11 -13
9
30-07-14
31 -07-14
28-08-14/ 20-11 -14
26-11-14
01-12 -13
10
08-09 -14
09 -09 -14
07-10 -14/ 30-12 -14
06-01 -15
10-01 -14
11
08-10 -14
09-10 -14
06-11 -14/ 29 -01-15
06-02 -15
10 -02 -14
12
27-10-14
28-10-14
25-11-14/ 17-02 -15
21-02-15
01-03 -14
Waarin lê die SUKSES VAN STOETTELING?
Dr Joggie Briedenhann en Pieter Visagie [email protected]
FORMULEER 'N WETENSKAPLIKE, KORREKTE EN
VOLHOUBARE TELINGSFILOSOFIE. PAS DIT TOE
EN WEES TROTS OP JOU DIERE. SUKSES VOLG
OP HARDE EN SLIM WERK EN GEE DIE LUS OM TE
BOER, SELFS IN MOEILIKE TYE.
As jy 'n prentjie in jou kop probeer kry van “moeilike”
boerdery omstandighede, kom ek plaas dit vir jou op die
kaart! Ons boer met Bonsmaras in Namibië, 23 km suidoos van Stampriet, op die plaas Hartebeestloop. Die
jaarlikse gemiddelde reënval is slegs 170 mm en ons
reënseisoen is besonders kort. Ons kry basies al ons reën
gedurende Maart en April. Daaglikse somer temperature is
meerendeels oor die 40° C en ryp is algemeen in die
winter. Drakrag is 1 GVE op 35 hektaar gedurende
gemiddelde reënjare. Tans beleef ons een van die strafste
droogtes nòg en het bykans geen reën gehad gedurende
die vorige reënseisoen nie. Nieteenstaande al die dinge en
omstandighede, ons boer nog steeds, ons boer nog steeds
lekker en God dank, ons boer nog steeds suksesvol!
ONS MARK
Die Namibiese mark is baie meer gediversifiseerd as die
Suid-Afrikaanse mark, wat grotendeels op 'n speenkalfproduksie stelsel baseer is. Namibiese boere beoefen ook
osproduksiestelsels wat op die uitvoermark gerig is. Baie
min akkerbou word gedoen en die boere is grotendeels op
vleisproduksie aangewese om die boeke te laat klop. Hulle
is dus oor die algemeen goed opgelei, ingelig en boer baie
goed onder ekstensiewe toestande. Hulle ken beeste!
Hartebeestloop moet dus vir beide die speenkalf- en os
produsent voorsiening maak.
Bogenoemde inligting gee klaar 'n idee van die Hartebeestloop telingsfilosofie – daar is geen ruimte vir “fancy
points” of teel van “mooi” beeste nie. Hier is slegs plek vir
hoogspresterende diere wat uitstekend aangepas is vir 'n
strawwe omgewing.
Dit maak sin om die wetenskap en omgewing bymekaar te
bring. Die wetenskap van veeteling en veral BLUP
teelwaardes, word gebruik om die eienskappe wat die
omgewing kan onderhou, optimaal te kry. Net so word die
kennis van die omgewingstoestande gebruik om die
eienskappe wat nie deur die omgewing bevorder word nie
te beperk. Raamgrootte is 'n eenvoudige voorbeeld. Deur
streng seleksie toe te pas oor baie jare is bepaal dat
koeigewig van 480 – 500 kg die optimum is by ons. Seleksie
vir groter raamtipe asook swaarder volwasse gewig - hetsy
deur op BLUP teelwaardes te selekteer of voedingstoestande te verbeter - is nie ekonomies volhoubaar oor
die langtermyn nie.
Dit bring my by 'n ander belangrike punt – ons boer om
optimale inkomste te verdien. Daarom moet die
wetenskap en omgewing mekaar so komplimenteer dat
optimale winste in die boerdery gegenereer kan word.
Ons is stoettelers, maar op 'n jaarlikse basis word al ons
diere verreken na kommersiële pryse. Dit beteken dat alle
diere se geldwaardes aangepas word na die pryse wat
tydens die betrokke jaar vir soortgelyke kommersiële
diere betaal is. Byvoorbeeld - al die speenkalwers word
verreken na die gemiddelde speenkalfprys vir die jaar en
alle bulle word verreken na ons nasionale uitvoer abattoir,
MEATCO, se slagprys vir 450kg osse met 'n uitslagpersentasie van 60% en AB gradering.
Ons gebruik dan hierdie data om te toets of die
Hartebeestloop kudde optimaal winsgewind is onder
kommersiële toestande. Dit is een ding om te sê dat 'n
stoetkudde soos 'n kommersiële kudde bestuur word en 'n
ander om te bewys dat dit as 'n kommersiële kudde ook
ekonomies suksesvol is.
54
Tipiese bul vir speenkalfproduksie stelsel
WAT VEREIS ONS MARK?
Belangrik is om altyd jou mark goed te lees! Gebruik dan
die wetenskap van veeteling om te teel wat die mark soek.
Dit is ook van belang om die prysstruktuur van die
speenkalfkopers te verstaan en te weet watter tipe diere
hulle soek. Namibiese telers moet Meatco se prys
struktuur, gradering, ekstra premies en ideale karkas goed
verstaan. Ons kommersiële kliënte is afhanklik hiervan vir
optimum inkomste. Alle afgekeurde Hartebeestloop bulle
word ook by Meatco geslag en sodoende weet ons presies
of die karkasse kwalifiseer vir 'n optimum inkomste vanaf
Meatco. Dit is tot die produsent se voordeel dat Meatco
sekerlik van die mees volledigste slagstate (propvol inligting oor die karkas) verskaf. Beide die speenkalfkoper en
Meatco is ons kliënte en hulle behoeftes word deel van ons
teeldoelwitte, waar moontlik.
WAT SOEK ONS KLIËNTE?
Uitgebreide marknavorsing het gewys dat die volgende
eienskappe as belangrik beskou word deur ons kliënte:
1. Kalfgemak
2. Reproduksievermoë, Groeivermoë en Aanpasbaarheid
Hierdie eienskappe is nie in prioriteits volgorde gelys nie.
Vir die doel van die artikel is die eienskappe só geplaas dat
dit maklik lees en op mekaar volg.
1. Kalfgemak
Kalfgemak is nie onderhandelbaar onder ekstensiewe
toestande nie. Die kostes verbonde aan kalwingsprobleme
onder hierdie toestande is te groot – roofdiere is die
enigstes wat hierby baat! Hartebeestloop doen al 8 jaar
lank pelvismetings vir beide verse en bulle. Die data word
verwerk in pelvisindekse in groepsverband en maak deel
uit van die seleksieproses vir vervangingsverse en
veilingsbulle. Vanaf 2002 tot 2012 is bogemiddelde
reënjare beleef en verse is vroeg gepaar. Kalfprobleme is
merkwaardig verminder oor die tydperk deur die meet van
pelvisse. Kalfgemak is verseker een van dié belangrikste
eienskappe wat ons wil oordra na die kliënt!
Op Hartebeestloop word bulle ook deesdae beskryf in 'n
aparte “Boere Katalogus” onder “Bouvorm vir Kalfgemak”. Dit is dié een eienskap waar visuele evaluasie
groot meriete het veral m.b.t. tot beenstruktuur, breedte
deur die borsvloer en té prominente skouerknoppe. Daar
is nog ander visuele kenmerke ook wat van belang is in
evaluering van “Bouvorm vir Kalfgemak”, maar is te veel
om hier te noem. Marknavorsing het uitgewys dat meeste
boere nie die amptelike katalogus van die genootskap
genoegsaam verstaan om 'n ingeligte besluit te neem oor
bulevaluering nie. Op Hartebeestloop is 'n “Boere Katalogus” saamgestel wat die probleem aanspreek. Lees gerus
op die webtuiste www.bonsmara.com na meer oor die
“Boere Katalogus”. Dit is een van die vele produkte wat
Hartebeestloop aanbied om aan die mark se behoeftes te
voldoen.
Geboorte massa is van kritiese belang vir die ekstensiewe
Namibiese boer. Ons moet dus geboorte massa beperk
terwyl nog steeds vir goeie groei geselekteer word. Die
geboorte massa gemiddeld van die “os bul koeigroep”
waaruit meeste van ons os-bulle geteel word, is 0.8 kg wat
net 2% hoër is as ras-gemiddeld. Ons beperk dus
geboorte probleme terwyl nog steeds goeie groei verkry
word.
2. Reproduksievermoë, Groeivermoë en
Aanpasbaarheid
Reproduksievermoë van Hartebeestloop kudde:
Ouderdom met Eerste Kalf (28 maande)
Tussenkalfperiode (385 dae)
Tussenkalfperiode tussen laaste 2 kalwers (371 dae)
Reproduksie is die heel belangrikste eienskap vir
ekonomiese sukses. Koeie moet dus eers suksesvol
reproduseer voordat daar vir spesifieke eienskappe
geselekteer word. Daar word addisionele druk op
reproduksievermoë geplaas deur streng veilingvereistes
aan bulmoeders te stel. Bulmoeders met 'n Reproduksie
Indeks onder 90 en TKP bo 450, se nageslag word nie op
die Hartebeestloop veiling toegelaat nie. Die Namibiese
bulkoper diskrimineer teen bulmoeders met swak
reproduksievermoë.
Groeivermoë en Aanpasbaarheid
Reproduksie, groeivermoë en aanpasbaarheid loop hand
Variasie in raamgrootte en volwasse gewig
aan hand en kan nie werklik van mekaar geskei word nie.
Die artikel moet ook so gelees word.
Groeivermoë in die Namibiese konteks beteken nie net
voorspeense groei nie. Daar word baie klem op naspeense
groei geplaas vir die uitgroei en bemarking van osse direk
vanaf die veld. Ons standpunt is dat 'n goeie speenkalf
gewoonlik ook 'n goeie os word. Afhangende van die
weiding en wisselkoers (Meatco se uitvoermarkte oorsee)
sal boere osse produseer totdat die speenkalfprys 66% en
meer van die Meatco os-prys gaan. Eers dan word dit
meer winsgewend om speenkalwers vir die voerkrale te
produseer.
Speenkalfproduksie stelsel
Vir kliënte wat met speenkalwers boer, selekteer ons bulle
uit vrugbare, medium raam koeie wat sonder probleme
kalf en sterk speen direk en speen maternale eienskappe
het. Teelwaarde indekse word gebruik om teeldoelwitte
te beskryf.
Ons teeldoelwit vir die “speenkalf bul koeigroep” is soos volg:
EIENSKAP
TEELWAARDE INDEKS
TEELWAARDE
Geboorte Direk
Speen Direk
Naspeen Teelwaarde
Volwasse massa
Speen maternaal
100
105 – 115
100 – 110
95 – 105
110 – 115
0.58
13.2 – 18.4
15.5 – 21.8
0 – 12
6.1 – 7.6
Os produksie stelsel
Namibiërs doen goed deur 24 maande oue osse direk van
die veld te bemark. Naspeense groei is van kritiese belang
vir 'n os-boer om die verlangde teikenmassa en
vetheidsgraad te bereik. Daar word ook baie van kruisteelstelsels gebruik gemaak om verlangde teikenmassas te
behaal. Ons selekteer om ongeveer 10% bo rasgemiddelde naspeense groei uit die os-bulle te kry. Die SA
Stamboek teelwaarde indekse wys dat die Hartebeestloop
“os bul koeigroep” se gemiddelde naspeen teelwaarde
van 22.6 kg, 10% bo ras-gemiddeld is.
Raam grootte en Volwasse massa bly die 2 kritiese faktore
om te beheer wanneer bulle vir os-produksie stelsels
geteel word. Alhoewel 'n os ordentlik moet uitgroei op die
veld, moet sy susters wat op die plaas agterbly nie te groot
word nie. Ons poog dus om nie volwasse massa met meer
as 10% te verhoog in die strewe om vir goeie naspeense
groei te selekteer nie. Die “os bul koeigroep” se volwasse
massa teelwaarde is 13 kg, dit is net 6% hoër as rasgemiddeld. Ons is dus as't ware besig om die groeikurwe te
knak.
55
Ons teeldoelwit vir die “os bul koeigroep” is soos volg:
EIENSKAP
TEELWAARDE INDEKS
TEELWAARDE
Geboorte Direk
Speen Direk
Naspeen Teelwaarde
Volwasse massa
Speen maternaal
95 – 100
105 – 110
105 – 115
100 – 110
105 – 115
0.58 – 1.19
13.2 – 15.4
105 – 115
6 – 17
4.7 – 7.6
Aanpasbaarheid
Aanpasbaarheid is koning onder ekstensiewe boerdery
toestande. Goeie reproduksievermoë en groeivermoë is
nie moontlik as diere nie aangepas is vir die omgewing nie.
Dit is ook nie ekonomies volhoubaar om te probeer om
aanpasbaarheid in te voer nie! Strategiese lekaanvulling op
die veld is die ideale boerdery praktyk vir die Namibiese
boer.
BLUP teelwaardes maak tot 'n mate voorsiening vir
aanpasbaarheid. Diere sal byvoorbeeld nie na wense groei
in 'n groeitoets op die veld as hulle nie aangepas is nie. 'n
Groot deel van die Namibiese bulmark is osprodusente en
dit maak dus sin om 'n ekstensiewe groeitoets van 270 dae
op die veld te doen. Hulle osse groei uit op die veld en dit is
wenslik om ook ons bulle se groei op die veld te toets. Dit is
ons filosofie om tyd te spandeer aan die eienskappe wat
ekonomiese waarde toevoeg vir die kliënt.
Op Hartebeestloop kombineer ons 'n ekstensiewe
groeitoets op die veld met die Veldbultoets van Veldbul
Suidelike Afrika. Dit plaas ons in die unieke posisie om
Bulle tydens ekstensiewe groeitoets op die veld
groeidata aan die registrerende instansie te verskaf om
akkurate BLUP ontledings te doen. Sodoende kan ons
(i.s.m. Veldbul Suidelike Afrika) aanpasbaarheid in al sy
fasette op die veld toets. Hartebeestloop het ook 'n eie
waardestelsel waarvolgens die diere se prestasies tydens
die Veldbultoets bereken word, en dit is spesifiek gerig op
die kliënt se behoeftes.
ONS LOS JOU MET DIE GEDAGTE
Vir ons staan die wetenskap nooit vêr weg nie! Dit vorm 'n
integrale deel van ons telingsfilosofie. Na al die jare sien ons
nog steeds die meriete van die geweeg en gemeet!
Om af te sluit, daar is een gedeelte van die Hartebeestloop
besigheidsfilosofie wat ek graag wil uitlig: “Suksesvolle
besighede verstaan die mark, suksesvolle boerderye pas
aan by die natuur en verstaan die mark.”
CEDARA FASE C BULTOETSSENTRUM
56
Toets Nr.
Aankoms
Aanpassing
1
01-01-14
08-01-14
2
29-01-14
3
Toetsperiode
TOETSDATUMS 2014
Vertrek
Gebore na
05-02-14/30 -04-14
07-05-14
01-05-13
05-02-14
05-03-14/ 28-05-14
04-06-14
29-05-13
26-02-14
05-03-14
02-04-14/25 -06-14
02-07-14
26-06-13
4
26-03-14
02-04-14
30-04-14/23 -07-14
30-07-14
24-07-13
5
23-04-14
30-04-14
28-05-14/20 -08-14
27-08-14
21-08-13
6
28-05-14
04-06-14
02-07-14/24 -09-14
01-10-14
25-09-13
7
25-06-14
02-07-14
30-07-14/22 -10-14
29-10-14
23-10-13
8
30-07-14
06-08-14
03-09-14/26 -11-14
03-12-14
27-11-13
9
27-08-14
03-09-14
01-10-14/24 -12-14
31-12-14
25-12-13
10
24-09-14
01-10-14
29-10-14/21 -01-15
28-01-15
22-01-14
11
29-10-14
05-11-14
03-12-14/25 -02-15
04-03-15
26-02-14
12
26-11-14
03-12-14
31-12-14/25 -03-15
01-04-15
26-03-14
WORLD CONFERENCE ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION
(WCAP) in Beijing, China
Frans Jordaan
The 11th WCAP of 2013, held in Beijing China from 15
to 20 October, was organized by the World Association
for Animal Production (WAAP) and the Chinese
Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
(CAAV) and was attended by researchers from around
the world. This conference, which is held once every 5
years, is a premier event on the animal production
calendar, and the theme of this year's conference was
“Animal, People & Environment in Harmony for
Progress”.
The primary objectives of the conference were to
provide an opportunity for animal scientists from
around the globe to share research experiences in their
respective fields of expertise and interest. The most
recent research findings and developments in the
different fields of animal production were thus also
presented at the Conference.
The ARC-Animal Production Institute was well
represented at the conference, and included Prof.
Michiel Scholtz (Specialist Researcher: Animal Breeding
and Genetics), Mr. Frans Jordaan (Chief Technician: Beef
Cattle Improvement), Ms Olga Makina (Researcher:
Animal Breeding and Genetics) Mr. Dan Motiang
(Acting Senior Manager: Rangeland and Nutrition) and
Dr. Florence Nherera (Senior Researcher: Dairy
Nutrition). These ARC officials presented their research
findings in the form of oral presentations and posters.
As the president of the South African Society for Animal
Science, Prof. Scholtz represented South Africa at the
World Association for Animal Production. The South
African Society for Animal Science (SASAS) is a member
of WAAP and as the current President of SASAS, Prof.
Scholtz also attended the two General Assembly
meetings of the WAAP.
The WCAP is renowned for being one of the largest in
the world, and was attended by approximately 2 000
ARC - Animal Production Institute, [email protected]
registered delegates, of
which more than 500 were
foreigners. In addition, 300
students and visitors were
also invited to attend the
conference. The first WCAP
held dates back exactly 5
decades, making it also one
of the oldest conferenceevents in the world. The organizing committee of the
WCAP, through its initiatives to support budding
researchers, also provided financial support to 15
young scientists and 20 graduate students, and Ms.
Makina from the ARC-Animal Production Institute was
one of the privileged to receive such support.
The opening ceremony and welcome reception was
held on the evening of 15 October and the actual
Conference started the following day, ending on the
19th of October. The 20th of October was reserved for
delegates to take part in the respective technical tours
presented.
The Conference hosted three plenary sessions in the
mornings on days 1, 2 and 4, during which 12 invited
papers were presented. The first paper was a very
interesting paper which gave an overview of the history
of livestock production in China, whilst the other papers
focused on issues that are of international importance.
The latter included research that focus on the global
need for food production to feed the ever increasing
human population (from both small scale and
intensive/industrialized production), enhancing the
productivity of small scale farms, mineral status of
extensive production environments, animal genetic
resources, challenges and opportunities in animal feed
and nutrition (nutri-genomics), Genetically Modified
Organisms or GMO's in animal agriculture, animal
behaviour, climate change and the demand for animal
protein, management of food safety and lastly the
carbon footprint of livestock production.
Parallel sessions were presented during the afternoonsessions and posters were on view during extended
tea breaks. On day 1 there were 11 concurrent parallel
sessions, including one on “Woman Scientists Forum”
during which Ms. Makina from the ARC-Animal
Production Institute made an excellent presentation. A
total of 54 senior scientists were invited to present
papers during the parallel sessions. In total,
approximately 1 100 contributions were made
(including oral and poster presentations) from 54
countries. Truly a conference of gigantic proportions!
57
Ultrasoniese Skandering van Beeste
Frans Jordaan
LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut, Tel. 012-672 9085, E-pos: [email protected]
LTRASONIESE SKANDERING
Wat is ultrasoniese klank?
Ultrasoniese klank is klankgolwe wat beweeg teen 'n
frekwensie wat die menslike oor nie kan hoor nie. Die
menslike oor kan klank hoor teen frekwensies van
tussen 20 en 20 000 hertz. Ultrasoniese klank beweeg
teen frekwensies bokant 20 000 hertz en wel teen
tussen 1 en 10 Megahertz. Dis interessant om te weet
dat in die natuur gebruik vlermuise ultrasoniese klank
teen 'n frekwensie van 25 000 tot 500 000 Megahertz
(Widmer, 1993) vir navigasie asook om hul prooi te op
te spoor.
word vanuit Nederland ingevoer en ons tegnici word
tans op hierdie masjien geakkrediteer.
Ultrasoniese klankgolwe word deur die skan-deerder
gegenereer en deur die dier se liggaam gestuur
wanneer die skandeerder teen die dier se liggaam
gedruk word. Omrede die digthede van die
verskillende weefsels variëer, word die klankgolwe
terug weerkaats teen verskillende snelhede en 'n
beeld vorm wat wat op die monitor vertoon word.
Gedurende ultrasoniese skandering beweeg die
klankgolwe deur die dier se sagte weefsel en die
spoed waarteen dit beweeg word beinvloed deur die
digtheid van die tipe karkasweefsel, byvoorbeeld vet,
spier of been. Vir karkas evaluering word normaalweg
'n frekwensie van ongeveer 3.5 Megahertz gebruik.
Om die ultrasoniese klank te genereer word 'n
skandeerder (“transducer”) gebruik en 'n video-skerm
lê die beelde vas. Dit is in beginsel dieselfde tegniek
wat gebruik word om dragtigheid- en swangerskapondersoeke by diere en mense te doen. Die beelde
wat gegenereer word wanneer die beeste geskandeer word, word uiteindelik geïnterpreteer as vetdikte
in millimeter, oogspiergrootte (oppervlak in vierkante
centimeter) en intra-muskulêre vet, ook bekend as
marmering of binnespierse vet.
Wie doen ultrasoniese skanderings?
Ultrasoniese skandering van lewende diere is reeds 'n
algemene praktyk in verskeie lande asook SuidAfrika. In Suid-Afrika word die diens al 'n geruime tyd
deur die Landbounavorsingsraad (LNR) aangebied
asook deur ander instansies, soos Breedplan.
Omrede die LNR die mandaat het om namens die
Suid-Afrikaanse regering die Nasionale Veeverbeteringskemas te bestuur, word die dienste aangebied,
soos bv. ultrasoniese skandering, teen 'n gesubsideerde tarief aangebied wat dit natuurlik baie
bekostigbaar maak. Die LNR is ook 'n onpartydige en
geakkrediteerde instansie wat betref die insameling
van betroubare en akkurate data. Tegnici word op 'n
drie-jaarlikse basis getoets en geëvalueer om
akkuraatheid en herhaalbaarheid te bepaal vir
akkreditasie. Die akkreditasie vereis dan ook dat die
diere geslag word en die metings met fisiese metodes
herhaal word op die karkas om sodoende die
akkuraatheid en herhaalbaarheid van 'n tegnikus te
bepaal.
Waarmee word ultrasoniese skanderings
gedoen?
Die LNR gebruik tans die Aquila Pro Vet masjien (Fig.
1) wat bestaan uit twee komponente, naamlik die
skandeerder (ASP18) en die monitor. Die apparaat
58
FIGUUR 1 Die Aquila Pro Vet ultrasoniese skandeerder
Waar word metings op dier geneem?
Spesifieke posisies op die dier se liggaam is
geïdentifiseer as skanderingspunte. Meting van
onderhuidse vetdikte oor die ribbes word tussen die
12de en 13de rib van die dier geneem, driekwart op
die ronding van die oogspier vanaf die middel van die
rug. (Figuur 2). Meting van onderhuidse vetdikte oor
die kruis word geneem tussen die 3de sakrale werwel
en die sitbeen. Die oogspier-grootte (oppervlak) word
ook tussen die 12de en 13de rib geneem deur 'n
“dwarssnit” van die oogspier met die skandeerder te
neem. Die buitelyn van die oogspier word bepaal deur
van die beeld op die monitor gebruik te maak en
daardie area word gebruik om die oogspier-oppervlak
te bereken (Figuur 3).
Die spesifieke area op die dier waar die skandering
gedoen word, word vooraf met 'n jel of olie gesmeer
om te verseker dat goeie direkte kontak gemaak word
tussen dier se vel en skandeerder. Dit verhoed
moontlike steurnisse en sodoende word 'n beeld met
maksimum kwaliteit verseker.
Watter diere kan skandeer word?
Jong bulle asook verse kan skandeer word. Die
3
2
LTRASONIESE SKANDERING
1
FIGUUR 3 Deursnit en die buitelyne van die oogspier.
FIGUUR 2 Plasingspunte vir skandering:
1 – Oogspiergrootte en -onderhuidse vet
oor die ribbes, 2 – Oogspier marmering,
3 – Onderhuidse vet oor die kruis
Breedplan stelsel vereis dat diere tussen 300 en 800
dae ouderdom geskandeer word. Dit is baie belangrik
dat diere oor voldoende vetneerlegging beskik by
skandering om te verseker dat dat daar voldoende
variasie beskikbaar is en metings akkuraat gedoen
kan word. 'n Dier sal eers onderhuidese vet neerlê
voordat binnespierse vet (marmering) neerlegging sal
plaasvind. Om meetbare marmering moontlik te maak
moet 'n dier verkieslik minstens 5 mm onderhuidse vet
hê.
Met die oog op akkurate genetiese evaluasies en
teelwaardes, is dit is baie belangrik dat die normale
riglyne ten opsigte van kontemporêre groepe
(bestuursgroepe) ook toegepas word vir diere wat
geskandeer word vir karkaseienskappe. Slegs diere in
dieselfde kontemporêre groep moet saam skandeer
word en vergelyk word met mekaar. 'n Bestuursgroep
kan gedefinieer word as' n groep diere wat in dieselfde
jaar en seisoen (soortgelyke ouderdom) gebore is, op
dieselfde plek (dieselfde kudde of plaas), van
dieselfde geslag en wat dieselfde bestuur is vanaf
geboorte tot die tyd van weging of meting. Die
Breedplan stelsel vereis dat diere in 'n kontemporêre
groep maksimum 45 dae mag varieer in ouderdom. Vir
doeleindes van genetiese koppelings tussen groepe,
is dit belangrik dat kontemporêre groepe moet
bestaan uit die nageslag van ten minste twee vaars en
een van die vaars moet ook gemete nageslag in 'n
ander kudde hê. (Terloops, so 'n vaar word genoem 'n
“koppelvaar”).
Wat is die voordele van ultrasoniese
skanderings?
Die groot voordeel is dat sekere karkasdata versamel
kan word sonder om betrokke diere te slag. Dit is
natuurlik baie goedkoper as om nageslag van 'n bul te
slag en die metings op die karkasse te doen. Dit
beteken ook dat bulle wat vir teling aangewend word,
se genetiese potensiaal vir sekere karkaseienskappe
reeds op 'n jong ouderdom bekend is.
Navorsing het getoon dat hierdie karkaseienskappe
oorerflik is, met ander woorde die bul kan sy
karkaseienskappe geneties oordra na sy nageslag.
Potensiële teelmateriaal kan geskandeer word sonder
om diere te slag en op grond van hierdie data kan
seleksie besluite geneem word.
Oogspieroppervlak is 'n goeie aanduiding van die
vleisopbrengs van 'n karkas en hierdie eienskap is
redelik tot hoog oorerflik, wat beteken dat redelik
akkurate genetiese voorspellings met behulp van
teelwaardes gemaak kan word. Diere binne
kontemporêre groepe, wat direk met mekaar
vergelykbaar is, sal variasie toon ten opsigte van die
metings en sal 'n aanduiding wees van diere wat
bogemiddeld is in groepverband.
Marmering (binnespierse vet) verhoog die sappigheid
en geurigheid van vleis. In baie oorsese lande
(Amerika, Australië, Europa, ens.) speel marmering 'n
baie belangrike rol in vleisgradering en klassifikasie.
Tans word marmering ongelukkig glad nie in ag
geneem in die Suid-Afrikaanse vleisklassiefikasiestelsel vir beesvleis nie.
Navorsing het ook getoon dat die korrelasie tussen
vetdikte en marmering baie laag is, met ander woorde
daar kan geselekteer word vir marmering sonder om
noodwendig onderhuidse vet te verhoog. Diere wat
marmering toon met beperkte onderhuidse vet kan
binne 'n ras identifiseer word. Verbruikers diskrimineer te veel teen onderhuidse vet en sulke
karkasse se gradering sal negatief beïnvloed word en
derhalwe sal die diere met goeie marmering maar met
beperkte onderhuidse vet meer gewens wees.
Namate beskikbare karkasdata akkumuleer vir 'n
spesifieke ras, sal dit meer akkurate genetiese
analises moontlik maak en sal meer akkurate
teelwaardes beskikbaar wees vir seleksie doeleindes.
Navrae
Navrae met betrekking tot die ultrasoniese
skandering van diere asook die verwerking en
interpretasie van karkasdata en teelwaardes kan
gerig word aan beamptes van die Nasionale
Vleisbeesaantekening en -Verbeteringskema van die
LNR asook Breedplan SA .
Geakkrediteerde LNR tegnici:
Jurgen Hendriks Vrystaat : 084 304 3904
Tebogo Serapelwane Noordwes : 083 711 2224
Erick Joosten: Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga :
082 204 2379
Stephen Rasebotsa - Gauteng,
Limpopo,Mpumalanga : 082 701 9636
Tinus Viljoen – Wes Kaap: 072 470 8386
Tegnici sal wel ook in streke beskikbaar wees
naaste aan hul huidige standplase.
59
A perspective on legislation
aimed at combatting stock theft
in South Africa
Gerhard Schutte; RPO, [email protected]
Stock theft stripped the South African economy of more
than R500 million during the 2012/2013 period, with
cattle taking by far the largest chunk of the knock. This
scourge threatens both the commercial farming sector as
well as the emerging farming sector in most of the
country. Aspects that are not always considered is the
impact that stock theft has on job security of workers and
the dependence of people on their livestock for food and
economic survival.
The National Stock Theft Forum is adamant that all role
players in the livestock industries should play an active
role in combatting this crime. Animal identification is one
of the problems that are central to the theft of animals,
and the Stock theft Units of the South African Police
Services (SAPS) have been instructed to strictly enforce
the Animal Identification Act, (Act 6 of 2002) and the
Stock theft Act, (Act 57 of 1959), all of which make the
marking and identification of animals compulsory. All
buyers of livestock have to comply with these acts as
from 1 January 2014. A zero tolerance approach will also
be imposed by the SAPS in this regard. Research has
shown that since the adoption of the Animal
Identification Act, (Act 6 of 2002), stock theft has
decreased significantly.
The Animal Identification Act (Act No. 6 of 2002)
stipulates the following:
1. All owners of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs must keep
an identification register with the registrar of
livestock identification.
2. Each owner must mark his/her animals according to
the prescribed method. All cattle, sheep, goats and
pigs whose identification became obscure or
invisible, must be re-marked/identified in accordance
with legal prescriptions.
3. No person shall, within 14 days after the date on
which he or she became the owner of an animal, may
sell, barter, give away or in any other manner dispose
of any animal to another person, unless he or she
provides that person with an animal identification; or
after 14 days from the date he or she became the
owner of an animal, sell, barter, give away or in any
other manner dispose of that animal, unless such
animal is labelled in the prescribed manner with the
identification of the owner, to the recipient person.
Often buyers of livestock such as farmers, speculators,
stock-auctions, feedlots and abattoirs are unknowingly
involved in the trade of stolen animals since they do not
ensure that the livestock they purchase comply with the
provisions of the law. During these transgressions of the
law heavy penalties in the form of fines are imposed,
sometimes even resulting in the prosecution of the guilty
party.
60
One of the benefits of the legitimate branding/marking
of animals is that it acts as a physical deterrent against
theft since it has been shown that unmarked animals run
a higher risk of getting stolen. Legitimate identification is
also vital for positive proof of ownership, and hence it
aids the effective policing of theft and the recovery and
even tracking of lost or stolen animals
It is important to note that it is illegal to use an animal
marking or brand mark that is not registered; or allow an
animal to be marked with an identification mark without
authorization of the owner of such mark; marking an
animal or allow it to be labelled in an un-prescribed
manner; marking an animal or allow it to be marked with
an identification mark which is registered in the name of
a person that is not the owner of the animal or
marking/branding an animal with a mark that is not a
prescribed identification mark with respect to the group
of animals to which it belongs.
Registered (pedigree) animals are marked with marks
awarded by the particular Breeder's Society. The
Breeder's Society will also prescribe the method of
identification (e.g. branding or tattooing). Registration
certificates issued by the Breeder's Society should also
accompany registered animals that are sold at public
auctions. The law has certain requirements regarding
the age of marked animals. Cattle must be marked at the
age of six months, but can also be tattooed at the age of
one month. Cattle must be branded by the age of their
first pair of permanent incisors. Sheep must be tattooed
at the age of one month.
It is an offense if:
Someone is a marking operator but fails to keep a
register
Have in his or her possession an animal that is not
marked in accordance with, or in a manner permitted
by law
An identification mark on an animal is changed,
defaced or obliterated
An animal is sold to any person in if the identification
mark of the animal has been altered, defaced or
cancelled
An animal with a cut-off ear is sold to any person
Any person found guilty of one of more of these offenses
may be liable to a fine or imprisonment for a period not
exceeding six months, or to both a fine and imprisonment.
The Stock theft Act, (Act 57 of 1959) also controls the
movement of livestock, and it specifically stipulates that:
It is a criminal offense for any person to be in possession of animals or animal products of which there is a
reasonable suspicion that it was stolen
The South African Society for Agricultural
Technologist (SASAT) held their annual congress at
The Kedar country Lodge, Conference Centre & Spa,
Rustenburg North West. The congress was held from
17 – 20 September 2013 and Mr, M.N. Ferreira, bull
test centre manager at Vryburg, presented a poster
entitled “The effect of year and season on the feedlot
performance of Simmentaler bulls in a warm and arid
area.” Mr. Ferreira won the first prize for the best
poster presentation.
Someone who in any way, except at a public sale,
obtain stolen livestock or stolen animal products
from someone else or have in his or her possession
and not being able to provide reasonable grounds for
its acquisition from the person from whom it was
acquired or received, or that that person is duly
authorized by the owner to dispose of it, is guilty of
an offense.
When someone is charged with an offense, the onus
rests on him to prove that it was not his intention to
steal
Documentation pertaining to the identification of an
animal should accompany an event during which an
animal is sold, exchanged or disposed of in any
manner
Somebody obtaining such an identification certificate
must keep it in his possession for a period of at least
one year. No person shall drive or transport livestock
or animal products of which he is not the owner, on or
along a public road unless he is in possession of a
certificate of removal from the owner or duly
authorized agent on behalf of the owner.
The Fencing Act (no. 31 of 1963) is another act
combatting of stock theft. Under the Fencing Act a
person is guilty of an offense if:
He or she opens a gate or leave it open; or finding it
open passing through, and not closing it. He or she
passes through a gate or climbs through a fence
without the consent of the owner or lessee of the
land on which such fence or gate is located. He or she
deliberately damages or removes a fence or a gate.
The National Stock Theft Prevention Forum supports the
abovementioned legislation and requests that all
livestock owners, traders, feedlots, auctioneers and
abattoirs comply with it in the best interest of industry.
The following stakeholders are currently represented on
the National Stock Theft Forum:
1. Producers: the National Wool Growers Association
(NWGA), the National Emerging Red Meat Producers'
Organisation (NERPO), the national Red Meat
Producers' Organisation (RPO), the nine provincial
RPO's, Agri SA, TLU SA, the South African Pork Producers' Organisation (SAPPO), the Milk Producers'
Organisation (MPO) and the South African Feedlot
Organisation (SAFA).
2. State departments: the National Department of
Agriculture, the Registrar of Animal Identification,
Veterinary Services, the Department of Correctional
Services, the National Prosecuting Authority, the
SAPS (encompassing 81 stock theft units countrywide), the SA National Defense Force and the SA Red
Meat Abattoir Association.
61
REAL TIME ULTRASOUND SCANNING ACCREDITATION
Frans Jordaan ARC - Animal Production Institute, 012-672 9085, [email protected]
Erick Joosten
Jurgen Hendriks
Phillip Strydom
Tebogo Serapelwane
Stephen Rasebotsa
Petrus Maritz
Tinus Viljoen
The importance for being accredited for
real time ultrasound (RTU) scanning must
not be underestimated. Scanning data
will be used to generate breeding values
or form part in selection indexes relating
to carcass characteristics, which in turn
will be used in selection criteria. It is thus
of utmost importance to ensure that a
quality standard is maintained in order to
safeguard the reliability of scan data. The
National Beef Recording and Improvement Scheme (Beef scheme for short) of
the Animal Production Institute at Irene,
as an independent institution mandated
by government, recently completed an
accreditation test for technical staff,
following the protocol as stipulated in the
rules & guidelines of the Beef Scheme of
the ARC.
The accreditation test involved taking
repeated measurements on a group of
twenty bulls. Angus- Nguni cross animals
were identified for the test and one group
of animals were fed in the feedlot prior to
the accreditation to ensure variation in
condition which is very important during
such an exercise. During the accreditation
all animals were scanned twice by each
person and on also on two consecutive
days to establish the repeatability of
measurements taken. Measurements that
were taken on these animals included fat
deposition on the rump as well as the rib
(between the 12th and 13th rib), eye
muscle area and the intra-muscular fat in
the eye muscle. (See article on RTU for the
specific areas scanned on the animal).
What is also important to note is that the
technicians were accredited on the Aquila
Pro Vet machines which are used to scan
animals on-farm as well at the central bull
testing stations.
All twenty animals were subsequently
slaught-ered at the abattoir of the Animal
Production Institute and Dr. Phillip
Strydom and his team assisted with the
actual measurements on the carcasses. Dr.
Frikkie Calitz and Nicolene Thiebaut of the
Biometry Unit of the ARC performed the
statistical analyses on the data collected.
By completion of the excercise five ARC
employees and one person from Namibia were
accredited for RTU scanning. The accredited
technicians are as follows: Jurgen Hendriks, Erick
Joosten, Petrus Maritz (Namibia), Stephen Rasebotsa,
Tebogo Serapelwane and Tinus Viljoen. These
technicians are available country-wide and four
machines are currently used by the Beef Scheme to
service the different provinces of South Africa. Future
plans include expanding the service to neighboring
countries and also to purchase more advanced
scanning equipment in the near future to meet the
demands of industry. Any farmer interested in the
service, which is by the way subsidised by
government, can contact the Beef Scheme at ARC-API
at Irene (012 672 9087;
012 672 9085).
Jurgen Hendriks
Jurgen Hendriks, is
vanaf September 2013
aangestel as die nuwe
bulstal bestuurder op
Glen.
Jurgen is 'n boerseun en 'n boorling van
Bloemfontein. Hy het grootgeword in die
bosveld en het sy skoolloopbaan voltooi in
Louis Trichardt. Tans boer hy deeltyds saam
met sy pa naby Bandelierkop met 'n
kommersiele kudde, en dis vanwaar hy sy
groot liefde vir beesboerdery ontwikkel het.
Jurgen het sy landbou-graad aan die Vrystaat
Universiteit verwerf in Vee-, Wild- en
Weidingkunde, waarna hy sy honneurs graad
in teling gedurende 2012 verwerf het. Tans is
hy ook deeltyds besig met 'n M.Sc. studie in
teling wat handel oor netto voer inname.
Hierdie studie is natuurlik baie toepaslik vir sy
werk wat betref Fase C- en RVI toetse.
63
KONTAKBESONDERHEDE
LNR-VLEISBEES AANTEKENING- EN VERBETERINGSKEMA
Naam
Dienste
E-pos adres
Kontaknommer
Selnommer
Ben Greyling (Dr.)
Frans Jordaan
Programbestuurder
Blup Navrae
Tegniese komitees
Koordinering van dienste
[email protected]
[email protected]
012 672 9052
012 672 9085
079 874 6875
079 889 4091
Konsultasies
Fase C/RVI Toetse
Fase A,B,D
Ultrasoniese skandering
Beefpro
[email protected]
Faks: 021 809 3583
021 809 3327
072 470 8386
Konsultasies
Fase A,B,D
Beefpro
[email protected]
Faks: 041 404 7211
041 404 7210
082 537 1487
Konsultasies
Fase C/RVI Toetse
Fase A,B,C,D
Fase C/RVI Toetse
[email protected]
Faks: 051 447 6179
051 861 1175
0843043904
Fase C/RVI Toetse
Beefpro
Konsultasies
Fase A,B,C,D
Ultrasoniese Skandering
Fase A,B,D
[email protected]
051 861 1175
051 861 1175
Faks: 053 927 4333
053 927 4335
084 506 0068
[email protected]
053 927 4335
083 711 2224
[email protected]
079 090 7881
Konsultasies
RVI Toetse
Fase A,B,C,D
Fase C/RVI Toetse
Fase D
[email protected]
053 927 4335
Faks: 033 355 9423
033 355 9441
[email protected]
033 355 9441
083 232 4234
Konsultasies
Fase C/RVI Toetse
Keurings
Beefpro
Konsultasies
Fase A,B,D
Keurings
Beefpro/Herdmaster
Fase A,B,D
Beefpro
[email protected]
Faks: 012 672 9202
012 672 9326
0822922273
[email protected]
012 672 9092
0822042379
[email protected]
012 672 9120
082 701 9636
Wes Kaap
Tinus Viljoen
Oos Kaap
Sakkie van der Merwe
Vrystaat
Jurgen Hendriks
Thuthukani Hlangu
Lerato Maboa
Vryburg
Melville Ferreira
Tebogo Serapelwane
Benedict Sekwadi
KZN
Johan Binnedel
Freek Botes
Irene
Leon De Lange
Erick Joosten
Stephen Rasebotsa
[email protected]
[email protected]
* RVI – Residuele Voerinname Toetse
* Ultrasoniese Skandering (Tegnikus is geakkrediteer deur LNR)
64
083 799 6600

ARC LNR - Agricultural Research Council

Transcription

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