US Army Guide to Morocco - George C. Marshall Foundation

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OFFICE OF ARMED FORCES
INFORMATION & EDUCATIO N
Repartment of Defense
CONTENT S
General
. ---
Three Things to Remember
34 .
1
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{
I
7
Near Rabat you emit see this12th-cenurymia
called the Hassan -Tower .
II
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------ -----°..
. . .. . . . . .
1
1.
2
The French
The Moroccans
3
4
The Geography of Morocco
8
Morocco Has a Long History_ . . . .
12
The Government of Morocco
15
The People of Morocco
Islam, the Religion of Morocco ..- . ..
20
Moslem Practices_
__--- 2 3
The Evil Eye
- - ---- -------•--- 2 5
In a Moslem Home
29
Moroccan Women
_ 31.
Some Other Cautions
_ --- 3 5
Pips on Living Conditions
. 41
Morocco's Principal Cities
------- .
45
57
Recreation
Addendum
.. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . 5 8
___ fi t
Common Moroccan Words and Phrases Some Common Signs and Notices
65
III
II
A POCKET GUIDE T O
FRENCH MOROCCO
GENERA L
You are to serve in French Morocco as a member o f
the Armed Forces of the United States . During workin g
hours your official duties will be just about the sam e
as those which you performed in the United States .
Although some of you may have contact with Frenc h
military personnel, it is likely that you will be workin g
chiefly with other Americans .
However, during a considerable portion of your off ..
duty hours you will find yourself in an environment
strange to you . You will be living among people whose
language, customs, habits, and religion are not lik e
yours ; so you will need guidance . This booklet has bee n
prepared to give you part of that guidance and ! o
:u quaint you in a general way with the area in wh r b
you will serve and with the people whom you will se e
eet.
You may have cant u,et with F reneh military person nel .
THREE THINGS TO REMEMBER
Three general hints will be in order at the very start .
The very first thing to remember, when you reac h
Morocco and during all your stay, is that you are ther e
as a guest of the French and Moroccan governments .
You are there as a friend and ally, whose . country ha s
been granted permission to build and . operate lase s
against the threat of common danger ,
A'. second thing to remember is that although you g o
to Morocco as a friend you will be looked upon
as a,
foreigner. The , people who live there will regard . you ,
no doubt, just as you regard a Frenchman or an Ara b
who . comes to the United States for a short stay . Th y
will be interested in you, but they will not want yo u
to try-to change their way of doing things-and you
should not try to .
A third thing to remember is that because you ar e
an . American, the French and Moroccans will judge al l
Americans by you, your conduct, and your attitude . Yo u
should therefore conduct yourself at all times in such ..
a . way as to reflect credit upon yourself, upon Americans in general, and upon the United States .
TIM FRENCH
You will find that the average Frenchman and hi s
family, if you meet them, are very much like American s
-1'i'iendly, generous, and hospitable . Once they accept
you as a friend they will try to help you and make yo u
feel at home . They tend to be somewhat quiet an d
reserved, especially in public . They do not like rough
or disorderly conduct, and they consider over-familiarity as impolite, although they may not remark about it .
They realize that their standard of living is somewha t
different from ours, but they enjoy life thoroughly . So
don't find fault, and don't brag about the "better "
things you have back home . The chances are that whe n
you were back home you griped a little about many o f
the very things you feel like boasting about in Morocco .
In addition, the French people, like ourselves, are generally sensitive about criticism from "outsiders," so b e
careful about what you say and do .
'I'I-IE MOROCCAN S
You will find that the Mor occan standard of livin g
is far below that of the United States . On the othe r
hand, you will find countless things in Morocco that
will broaden your experience and outlook, provided tha t
you try to understand and appreciate the Moroccan s
and their country . There are many fine things in Morocco . Enjoy them, and overlook the inconveniences .
Another suggestion . Try to learn French and as wav y
Arabic expressions as you can . The more kite o1 'dp r
yen
Hull
gain of both, the niece pleasant you .). tour of dul y
be . (A glossary of selected Arable expression s
begins on page 62 .)
THE GEOGRAPHY OF MOROCC O
Looking on a map of Africa, you will find Frenc h
Morocco in the northwestern corner, bordering on the
Atlantic Ocean . It is separated from the Mediterranea n
Sea by two very much smaller strips of land-Spanis h
Morocco and the international zone of Tangiers. It covers about 154,000 square miles-about the area of California-and is about as far north of the Equator a s
that part of the United States which stretches fro m
northern Fi . ida to the Virginia-North Carolina border .
Esse
GIGS n
l 'grit
fertile coastal piains .
4
ally
,1Toroceri hrzs ieh ,
In other words, although Morocco is in Africa it i s
in the Mediterranean temperate zone, where the weathe r
can he pretty cool as well as hot . In the mountains, i n
fact, it can be cold, although no snow falls at altitude s
below 3,000 feet . The rainy season occurs generally i n
the very late fall and early winter, and at the end o f
winter .
The Rif Mountains, in the north, separate Frenc h
M rocco from Spanish Morocco . The Atlas Mountain s
11
run from wnlthwest to northeast th n h the
airs vnalcr a cold, cuffe d
. . hril Ws 1 / till A tlas ,77
barrier across the cou-try . . .
.
5
length of the country . On the inland side of these mountains the Sahara Desert begins, but on the Atlantic sid e
lies afertile agricultural plain, about 110 miles at its
widest point, which is also the site of most of the country's cities.
Morocco's most important industry is agriculture . Its
chief products are cereals, olives, grapes, citrus fruits ,
and almonds . Sheep-raising is important . The western
and northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains, facing th e
rain-bearing winds from the ocean, are thickly foreste d
with oak, cedar, cork, and cone-bearing trees .
and f/i desi it
hot, with waf(r
few ea(7 far between . . .
6
pail
MOROCCO HAS A LONG HISTOR Y
.The history of Morocco, which the Arabs calf " th e
land of the farthest west," has been shaped largely b y
its location . Look at any map which shows both north ern Africa and southern Europe, and you will see tha t
whoever controlled Morocco could very nearly contro l
passage through the Strait of Gibraltar and over a n
important route from Europe to Africa . This fact ha s
made Morocco, for centuries, a strategic area .
From the first century B .G . until the early 400' s
A .D ., Morocco, inhabited by an African people know n
as . Berbers, was under the domination of the Roman .
Empire . Then it came under the rule of the Vandals- 7 tribal folk who had moved into Spain . In 41 0
the . .Vandals were conquered by the Byzantines from th e
east. . The Byzantines were in turn driven back or put ,
around . 700, by invading Saracens (Arabs) . But ou r
the middle of the century the Berbers revolted . suacessfullyand for a short time gained control even el larg e
parts of Spain . From that time until the 1000's, Moo-rocco
rocco passed through a confused period during whic h
several Berber dynasties ruled it ;'but'in the late 1000' 5
Arabs invaded again . In the 1200's, under their rule,
Morocco reached the peak of its power. In 1.668, a grou p
ii rem . the south, of "nixed Berber and Arab descent ,
established a ruling dynasty which is still on the throne
8
of Morocco . .The present Sultan is the eighteenth o f
the dynasty . '
C ioi it i vial relations between Morocco and Europ e
have existed since the sixteenth century and before .
As time passed, these relationships so increased i n
scope and importance that the nineteenth centur y
introduced a period of striving among the English ,
1'reneh, Portuguese, .and Spanish, by treaties or b y
force of arms, for special privileges . France, which had .
(akin over Algeria, I urene involved in continri .l ine i
try is Jr( iviilg . A phosphate plant n t
Moire
1<m-1g/1a is shown (left) and (right) an, ciiclless conveyor carries 'newly mined coal past sorters . . .
9
dents along the border . (In 1787, the United States ,
with no territorial desires, entered into a treaty o f
friendship with Morocco that is still in effect, a s
revised in 1836 . )
The rivalry between England and France ended in
in a formal agreement known as th e
190
.when,
4
Entente Cordiale, Great Britain recognized Morocco a s
a French sphere of influence, in return for France' s
recognition of Egypt as a British sphere of influence .
In the same year, France and Spain signed a treaty
which divided Morocco into zones of French and Spanis h
influence ; France acquired a protectorate over th e
whole of Morocco . By the Treaty of Fez (Fes), anothe r
agreement between France and Spain, a Spanish zon e
of influence was created which is today commonl y
known as Spanish Morocco . (While the United States
recognizes the French protectorate, established by th e
Treaty of Fez, it has never formally recognized th e
Spanish zone . )
Pot the han(1 crc~jts )(main . Here a Moroccan woma
n
.
wo rks on the tali °acatc design of a rag
The remaining history of Morocco is comparatively
uneventful . When the French armies surrendered to the
Germans in World War II, Morocco came under the
control of the Vichy government of France ; but in
1942, after the Allied landings in North Africa, it cam e
under Allied control and, at the war's end, under Frenc h
control again as before the war .
10
11
THE GOVERNMENT OF MOROCC O
The Empire of Morocco (also known as the Sheriffian EMpire), consisting of French Morocco, Spanis h
.Morocco, and the International Zone of Tangier, is i n
. .. . principle an absolute monarchy in which the Sultan
exercises supreme civil authority . He also exercise s
supreme religious authority in his capacity as Commander (or Prince) of the Faithful . He resides usuall y
in Rabat but occasionally in one of the other traditional
.capitals-Fez, Marrakech, or Meknes . In French Moroeco, however, all effective authority is exercised b y
France, the protecting power, represented by th e
Resident General . The Resident General heads the
French administration, with headquarters at Rabat, an d
he is Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Sultan . Imperial edicts, or dahirs, binding on both Moroccans an d .
French residents and issued by the Sultan, are effective
only. upon signature of the Resident General .
Local administration of the affairS of Arabs an d
Berbers is in the hands of the pashas (chiefs) in the' .
cities and towns and in the hands of the caids (religiousmagistrates) in the rural areas-all under Frenc h
civil controllers. There are French courts for European s
and . Moroccan courts for Moroccans, but for certai n
major crimes Moroccans are subject to the jurisdiction .
of FrenCh courts . Great care has been taken by th e
12
SIDI ., :OLAMMED BEN YOUS..)E E
is
the
pees(
Ott Sultan of Morocco .
each authorities to preserve, as far as possible, an d
particularly among the Berbers, customs to which t h e
people are attached and which are governed by trod i
t on or religion . For example, the civil and family status ,
including inheritance, of a Moslem is regulated by th e
!: ()ran (No-RAN), the Moslem "Bible ."
" . . THE .. PEOPLE . OF MOROCC O
Morocco as a whole there are about 9,000,00 0
people . About 400,000 of these are Europeans, about
200,000 are native-born Jews, and the rest are almos t
entirely Berbers and Arabs, many of whom are o f
mixed blood. Some Moroccans have Negro blood derive d
on French West Africans who were brought t o
oci
0/I (
vie of varied racial typcs---Illeditcrraacan ,
fro, others . . .
1 .1
15
. ..
Morocco as slaves in the old clays or who have com e
from there since . Today the majority of Moroccans ar e
Arab-influenced in every essential way : they speak
Arabic, observe Arabic social customs, wear Arabl e
dress, and follow the Arabic (Moslem) religion . Only
in the remote southern mountain areas are { .here stil l
p , ple who keep . the ancient Perbi oustolns and spea k
the Ilerher language, but even they are Moslems i n
I-plucu
Arabs and CI( I( obi
i i mill
~oirrtl x0011
of
t
ill be
co g s , ,
Jo n z~ill/ vcd.
Pal J
br i ' women w'ri/
oftr'rt.
doe ' t 0rrur
Thi s
llrrbor girl is dressed for a c(lebr•ation .
17
religion . This particular group of Berbers is extremel y
independent, and only since 191.2have they recognize d
the Sultan as their political ruler .
Of the 400,000 Europeans in French Morocco, approximately 315,000 are French, many of whom are associated with the administration of the government . The
rest are Spanish, Belgian, Swiss, and Italian immigrant s
who live mainly in the towns and work in trades, pro fessions, and industry . Many of them, called "colons, "
are engaged in farming . They have come to Morocc o
during the past 25 years and have set the pace in more
modern methods of agriculture .
The Jews of Morocco have long been leaders in trade ,
money-lending, and metal-working . Most of them live
in the cities, in Jewish communities called mellahs . The y
are descendants of immigrants from Spain and the
Middle East . The older Jews are usually strictly orthodox and often wear black robes and skull caps, but
those of the younger generation are likely to be mor e
westernized .
The Arabs and Berbers live a village and tribal life ,
for the most part, under, the chief or patriarch of th e
ti We . Several tribes may live in a single village, Th e
center of tribal life is the family, and most tribes are
composed of related families . Illiteracy is very high an d
superstitions are strong . Religious schools offer elementary and higher education .
18
n
The . . fellah ' s wooden plow is giving ways to moder
.
machines
1
ISLAM, THE RELIGION OF MOROCC O
In order to understand the people of Morocco eve n
a little, you must know something of their religion an d
its origin .
Their religion is called Islam, meaning "submission "
to the will of God . It is also known as the Moslem
religion and is often incorrectly called Mohammedanism ,
by ion-Moslems, after the name of its founder, , Mohammed the "highly-praised ." It is a fighting man's
faith, to which its followers are usually fanatically
faithful . In general, it looks upon people who are no t
Moslems as "infidels" or "unbelievers . "
The tradition is that Mohammed, son of Abdulla h
and Aminah, was born in 571 A .D . near Mecca (Mothe r
of Villages), in what is now Saudi Arabia . In those
days Mecca was a center of caravan and trade route s
and considered a holy place-a sanctuary and a plaeo
of pilgrimage for many tribes, Long before the birt h
of Mohammed, persons of unknown identity and origi n
had built, in Mecca, a rough stone building called th e
Kaaba, which was the principal place of worship bot h
for local people and for travelers . Idols and image s
associated with many races and beliefs were 'place d
the building and everybody worshiped his own god ~
there according to his convictions . Today the Kaaba i s
the principal shrine of Islam and the place towar d
which all Moslems face when they pray . Fixed in the
outer wall of the building is the black stone which i s
considered sacred and is believed to have been hande d
clown by the angel Gabriel to Abraham who, with hi s
son Ishmael, set it up in the Kaaba .
Mohammed is said to have traveled with caravans ,
in his youth, to other countries, where he came in con tact with many peoples and religions, especially th e
Jewish . Having attained a reputation as a man of great
practical wisdom and judgment, he proclaimed himsel f
a prophet . He appears to have offered himself first a s
a prophet of the God of Israel, preaching the religion
of Abraham as opposed to the assorted pagan religion s
of Mecca . The legend is that although he was suppose d
to be unable either to read or write, the contents of th e
Koran, sacred book of the Moslems, were revealed to
him by God directly .
At first he was an object of public ridicule, but a s
he gained followers he came to be looked upon as a
menace and a proper object of persecution . Compelle d
finally to flee, he sought refuge in what is known today
as Medina, the City of the Prophet of God . [Th e
Arabic word for flight is Hijra (English, hegira), and
the Mohammedan calendar designates dates as so man y
years A .H . (after Hijra) . The year 1 A .H. and 623 A.D .
are the same . ]
The arrival of Mohammed at Medina marked th e
203263°--52-4
21
20
turning point of his career, which . thereafter was' on e
of almost unbroken success . Gathering around him a n
army of faithful believers, he . captured Mecca an d
established a new religion-Islam-in the area . .. . His .
doctrine was (1)-convert, (2) reconcile, or (3) destroy, .
and he was apparently willing to do any one of th e
three . Giving up the attempt to reconcile Jewish beliefs
with his own, he turned the center of prayer fro m
Jerusalem to Mecca, which now became the holy city
of Islam . He also adopted the name Allah for God . He
destroyed all the gods and idols in the Kaaba, bu t
preserved the Kaaba itself and the black stone whic h
had been revered so long by the populace . He marrie d
several times, principally for political reasons, and .
thus established the doctrine of polygamy . He died i n
( ;32 in. the arms of his favorite wife, Ayesha, and his .
tomb-is in Medina, second holiest city of Islam .
It should be easier for. you to see now why Isla m
seems to include many things :found in the Old . and
New Testaments of the Christian Bible . The Kora n
teaches that there is only one God, and that God . ha s
revealed himself to man through many prophets,' in eluding the Hebrew prophets ; that to Moses he gave
the . Law, to Jesus the Gospel,' and to Mohammedi th e
Word of the Koran, and that Mohammed' was the . las t
and greatest of all the prophets . ("There is no Go d
but Allah, and Mohammed . is His Prophet . " ) It accepts
22 .
the doctrine of the Virgin birth of 'Jesus, His miracles, "
and His ascension, but denies His resurrection, teach ing instead that He was taken into Heaven alive - by
God and that a phantom was crucified, in His place ,
on the cross . The Koran describes the joys of Heave n
and the tortures of Hell and, in addition, lays down detailed instructions about Moslems' every-day activities.
MOSLEM PRACTICES
On the ritualistic side there are five things tha t
every good Moslem is supposed to do : (1) Pray . :fiv e
times a day ; (2) recite the creed aloud, correctly, an d
with understanding ; (3) fast in the month of Ramadan
-the ninth month in the Moslem calendar, durin g
which most Moslems do not eat, drink, or smoke, fro m
sun-up to sun-down ; (4) pay the offical alms to th e
poor, if able, and (5) make the hadj, or pilgrimage t o
Mecca, if able . In actual practice not many Moroccan s
.are ableto-make .the . long trip to Mecca . 1'-he fortunate
few who have made it add . the title "Hadj" to thei r
names .
The :first practice-praying five times a day-i s
performed once before dawn, again before noon, agai n
before sunset, again after sunset, and again befor e
midnight . It is the practice that will seem most strikin g
to you, because when the Mueddin (crier) calls the
"faithful" to prayer, all good Moslems kneel and pra y
wherever they are-in the fields, or even on city streets
23
if they cannot go,to a mosque (church) . Each praye r
is accompanied by prostrations of the . body.. and- b y
recitation of part of the Koran and, when possible ; i
precede d led by a visit to the latrine, followed by a washin g
of the face, hands, and feet .
Now here's an important caution . Don ' t stare whe y
you see Moslems prayiup in public ; and above all ,
don ' t take pirtarev of 17 in . Keep silent, and ;just go . .
aboat your Ii iiive,vs. AMeriCans and Europeans wh o
have spent ratan?/ years in 11/r 0(oo tell its that it ' s no t
wise even to show much irleir .rl in. Islamic religiou s
practices .Don't try to ert( )' rb mosque, or even hang
around the entrance to one . Soto/cc or spit somewher e
else-never in front of a mosque . It 'is considered a
holy place which the presence of an infidel (whic h
menus YOU) will defile.
In :fact, every town in Morocco is considered holy t o
a greater or less degree, depending on the number an d
holiness of its religious shrines . Until recently some
of them were closed entirely to non-Moslems . The holies t :
city of all is Moulay Idriss du Zerhoun, where . a direct .
descendant of the Prophet is buried . All non-Moslems
must stay out of this city from sunrise to sunset. Fez .
is another very holy city .
The belief in holy areas goes still further . Some hol y
places are small huts. Some are places where saint s
lived. or are buried . There are holy rocks, caves, springs ,
24
tree ;;, Lushes .
If 4/art vev a, lien covered with / o
heir, .~Teri' clear of it .
' .v of
Not a
branch should be touched by an :"infidel," and not eve n
a Moslem would dare break a twig from it .
A Moroccan can use some of these holy places a s
places of refuge from the government or private ene : ..mies . Outsiders who ignore this custom are likely to' .
run into serious trouble . It has been found that whe n
a person has sought such refuge, the hest way to reac h
him is to get the help of :followers of the particular
saint whose sanctuary is being used as a place of safety ...
Here's another word of caution . The :feast of Ramada n
. (something like Lent) often comes during the ho t
summer . Moslems who have sat up late to catch .. up
eating missed during the day are thirsty, shor t
of sleep, and often hungry, and therefore likely to b e
short of temper. So during this season it , pays out siders to be especially careful to avoid unpleasan t
incidents .
ru g/ iii 1 locks of Iwnrrrit
HE EVIL EY E
has already been pointed out that superstition s
are strong in this part of the world . One of the strongest is belief in the evil eye, which goes back to ver y
ancient times and is recognized by the Koran as a fact .
According to Moroccan beliefs, the eye can transmi t
evil designs and personal harm . In some places Moroc25
cans blame the evil eye, rather than a natural cause ,
for 95 out of every 100 deaths . If a man said to have
the evil eye has looked at a child or an animal tha t
(lies shortly afterward, he is often held liable for th e
loss .
Now this belief in the evil eye is not funny, like the
"Double Whammy" in American cartoon strips . In
many parts of Morocco, and especially among the les s
educated, it is considered actually a matter of life an d
(iThe look i . considered danjerous even when the
is p ro g n
lutin g Ira(
sell
students (left) s . .w,y »tae . . . .s shop, while eullchh- ..
men right) bone up for exams.
20
person supposed to have it is joking. And if the look
is accompanied with words of praise, the danger i s
considered much greater .
Not everyone is suspected of having the evil eye ;
only people with unusual eyes or eyebrows . For instance ,
in areas where there are not many people with light colored eyes, a blue-eyed man might be thought to hav e
the evil eye .
Hundreds of precautions are taken to ward off th e
evil eye or to nullify its effects . One reason for th e
veiling of women is protection from the evil eye . T o
make sure that an animal is sold "with an ungrudgin g
eye," a small sum of money is deducted from the price
agreed upon . This deduction is called the bab Alla h
(gate of God) . And you will see drawings of the huma n
hand, with Outstretched fingers, called "five in you r
eye" painted on the walls of houses and stores as protection against the evil eye . You will see this sign i i
many other places-for example, as decorations o n
rifles, clothing, carpets, pottery, or jewelry. Sometime
it takes the form of five lines or five dots, or perhap s
eight rose petals with a common center, making a
double-five combination . Another protection against th e
evil eye is a spot with an eyebrow painted over it .
You may see this tattooed on a Moroccan's arm or nose .
All of this means that you must be careful . If yo u
are around a Moroccan who is not familiar with Euro 27
and American .ways, don't praise the beauty o f
his child .' If' you do, you may be thought to have . .pu t
he evil eye on the child . If you want to say to a Moslem;
"You're looking well today!" first say "el-HAM-doo .
id-[AH" (Praise be to . God!) to avoid alarming . hi m
about the evil eye . And remember that many Moroccans ;
esp< cially those .in rural areas, believe that cameras ,
field „lasses, surveying instruments, and telescope s
possess the evil eye . So you will have to use caution i f
you are a camera bug or if you are using one of th e
other instruments . Do not attempt to, or persist in ,
pee .n
photographing a Moroccan, particularly a woman, if
it is evident that the person objects .
IN A MOSLEM HOM E
If you have the good fortune to be a dinner gues t
in a Moslem home, your host will expect enthusiasti c
and detailed compliments on the beauty of the hom e
and on the food served . He will consider such compliments only common courtesy.
Knock before entering a Moslem home, and if a
woman comes to the door, give her time to retire befor e
you enter .
At a meal, Moroccans always say "bis-MIL-lah" (i n
the name of God) before eating, and "ham-dul-LAH,"
(Thank God) at the end of the meal . It will be considered gracious of you to follow suit, although it is no t
necessary for foreigners to do so .
Start eating only after your host has begun.
Always tear your bread with your fingers-neve r
cut it. And eat with your right hand-never with you r
left, even if you are left-handed . (The Moslems neve r
use the left hand for eating because that hand if, nee d
exclusively in attending to a call of nature . )
Eat only part of the first course ; there may be-sevoral more coming .
Leave food in the main bowl . Wha t
the women and children .
You will not be served liquor in a Moslem home ,
because drinking liquor is forbidden. But Moslems are
208263 0 -52-5
great tea-drinkers, and you will he served tea . Yo u
should always leave after the third cup of tea has bee n
finished after a meal, unless you are specifically aske d
to stay for some special purpose . On the other hand ,
your host will probably feel that you are ungrateful i f
you leave before drinking the customary three cups .
Don't bring a dog into the house.
a
If y, .a're lucky you may
Moslem or Arab family .
invited to have tea wit h
MOROCCAN WOME N
The Koran allows each man four wives, but few
Moroccans are able to support more than one .
Under Moslem law the life of a woman is much
different from that of western women . She is supposed
not to be seen by any men except those in her family .
When she leaves her home she wears a veil which cover s
all of her body except her eyes . She doesn't go ou t
unescorted after dark . Whenever a man who is not a
member of her family comes to call, she retires to he r
own rooms, even though the man is an old friend o f
her husband or sons .
In places where the old Berber customs are stil l
carried out, women are more free to move about . Ofte n
they don't wear veils . The Sultan, who is the spiritua l
head of all Moroccan Moslems, has let it be know n
that he favors the discarding of the veil . His daughte r
goes about unveiled and some of the younger Morocca n
women are following her lead .
Formerly the education of Moroccan women wa s
frowned upon . They usually received only training o f
a strictly religious nature . Today, however, more an d
more Moroccans advocate the education of women .
When educated in French-Moslem schools they lear n
handicrafts and study literary subjects . Moreover,
women have long had the right to possess and manag e
31
LEGEN D
+*+
+
-• .-•
---~
I2u,IYOad ~
Major highnay a
liii
iousl or intricolonial boundary.
Int cruntional or iuirrt uloui :d boundary
indeliuite or in Jinn p :
their property without supervision or interference fro m
the men .
Moroccan men are extremely jealous about thei r
women . They seldom discuss their wives, daughters, or
mothers with other men-even with Moslem friends .
Strange as it may seem, you should never ask a Moroccan even about the health of his wife, mother, o r
sister . To do so would violate a strong and long-established convention . It follows that a Moroccan woman
will not appreciate advances of any kind from a strang e
man-or if she does, her father or husband won't .
Among rules you should observe strictly, with respect
to Moroccan women, are these : Never stare at them ;
never speak to a Moroccan woman in public ; never
jostle one, in a crowd or anywhere else ; and never tr y
to remove a woman's veil or to touch her in any way .
Observance of these rules will save you a lot of trouble .
34
SOME OTHER CAUTION S
When you meet a Moslem, he will want to shak e
hands . But do it gently! Do not pump his hand, or
squeeze it hard . Many Moslems, especially those in the
cities, have fine hands that are easily hurt.
A Moslem may sometimes kiss your hand, or raise hi s
fingers to his lips after he has shaken hands . Don' t
laugh at him ; it's his way of showing politeness.
mber also that a man can wear skirts and earring s
d still be a man . And when you see grown men
walking hand in hand, ignore it . There's nothing wrong
with them .
Above all, don't slap him on the back and don' t
" handle" him . Don 't push him in fun, try to wrestle
with him, or touch his body in any way, even if yo u
think you know him well . He won't like it. They don' t
know how to box. One blow on the jaw might knock
a Moroccan down, making an enemy of him and o f
every Moslem who saw you. (But Moroccans fight wit h
knives, and are very good at it . )
Don't drink liquor in the presence of Moslem, an d
don't offer liquor to a Moslem . I3e will be offended .
Moslems are a modest people . They never let other
people see them naked . Avoid any exposure of you r
body in their presence .
Moslems are very democratic, and there is n o
color line in Morocco . Treat people of all kinds a s
equals . Don't use the French word "indigene" (native) .
Moroccans consider it insulting . Avoid any (r .pre,, , io n
of racial prejudice . Moroccans, as well as the French ,
arc basically friendly toward Americans . Their friendship is of primary importance in connection with ou r
mission in Morocco . But we can quickly destroy thei r
friendship if we fail to show them respect as individuals .
Vy
.l
Moroccan shopkeeper :s love to bargain and dicker ove r
a side .
36
Remember : . belief in :the dignity of every indivi d
the basis of our . democratic way of life r
Be friendly, courteous, and polite . A few word s
. .spoken in Arabic will often break. the ice. No matte r
how poorly you speak it, the Moroccans will like it .
Do not call Moroccans "heathens ." They are ver y
religious . In fact, they feel that theirs is the only tru e
religion, that you are the unbeliever, and that therefor e
your soul will not be saved . Respect their religion .
You will find that a Moroccan shopkeeper is a shrew d
bargainer . He likes to haggle over prices and is actually
disappointed if you buy at the first price asked, whic h
is usually many times what the article is worth and '
much more than he expects to receive . He will gradually
lower his price and will expect you to raise your offer .
Sooner or later you will arrive at a mutually agreeahl e
price, which may be from a fourth to a third the valo e
of the same article at home . Fact is that labor. an d
materials are very cheap in Morocco, so you can purchase fine articles at low prices, if you do not appea r
too anxious to buy. Judge prices by . Moroccan : standards ,
and .not by the prices at home .
13e kind to . .beggars . Most of them are genuine unfortunates, and giving alms to the poor is eonsiderr l on e
of the . important things that a person .should do . I f
You are approached by a beggar, it'is sometimes a goo d
08263°-52-6
37
idea to give him a few francs-whatever is the amoun t
recommended by military authorities in your area . Pu t
cautious . If you give money to one beggar lvh( v
oNtcrs are hanging about, you are liable to find yoursel f
surrounded by all the beggars in sight .
In
By all means, avoid crab i-;m of the French admin .-
(Iv/vtt. Here is a hydro-tI(etrie edam on tit ,
bia
istration of Morocco . Wh .le the French Governmen t
has clone a great deal to improve conditions in Morocco ,
large groups of Moroccans have a strong desire fo r
complete independence . It is not your job to take either
side . In fact, your best bet is to stay out of all arguments, both political and religious, with Frenchmen o r
Moroccans . And your wisest tour,,e ill be to con-,ide ]
ieh"sttps up" i ( v -
ova Th
i(
pocco
for . .''oroco t ral
39
what Frenchmen and Moroccans say about each othe r
as their business, not yours or ours . By getting into i t
you are likely only to stir up trouble for yourself an d
for the United States in Morocco .
In short, use common sense and good judgment . They
will go a long way toward making your path smooth .
TIPS ON LIVING CONDITION S
Among the„ first things that will catch your eye wil l
be the beautiful buildings, of typical semitropical architecture . However, you will soon find that the hotels ,
apartments, and houses lack many of the convenience s
enjoyed back home . Many of the hotels do not hav e
adequate plumbing, and rooms without a bath are usua l
even in some of the best, though there is a shared bat h
on each floor. Nowhere do rooms have enough closets .
from the American point of view ; people use ward robes and dressers . No natural or artificial gas is produced in Morocco, so heating and cooking are done wit h
butane, imported gas, wood or charcoal, and occasionall y
with electricity .
You will be pleased with food prices . Fresh fruits ,
vegetables, and meats-all of fine quality-are muc h
cheaper than in the United States . Canned foods ar e
expensive, and meals in the better restaurants an d
cafes may be expensive, but there are many smalle r
eating places where fine meals are served at price s
below those at home .
Health . Sanitary conditions vary. In the Europea n
sections of the larger towns, and in places approved b y
the military command, you have to take only a few mor e
precautions than at home. (Though flies are almos t
everywhere in summer, very few houses are screened . )
1t)
in the rural areas, sanitation is very poor and you
ould be very cautious indeed .
Do not eat food sold by Moroccan vendors in the street .
in small shops .
/r Jrrcilx . v(yelo,blrs, mid meal :, ore plral iIiii onu l
pi irrs urc low, bat breorisa of vurtiuq .sosiflily co>idi,
(lull,/ Jou will have to be cautious.
4`?
Be' careful about where you drink water outside a
United States military installation. .Boil the wate r
whenever possible . Avoid drinking from streams. an d
public wells and fountains . When among Moslems it i s
a good idea to drink water in the form of tea . That i s
what they do, and they make sure to boil the wate r
a long time . Avoid drinking either fresh milk or locally prepared soft drinks and ice cream unless approved b y
United States military medical authorities.
In some of the sections of a Moroccan city you ma y
be .appalled both by the flies and by the filth . . Bad e
home you would be cautious in handling things o r
eating food from such places . Be even more cautious t o
Morocco, no matter what You see Moroccans do, fo r
over a period of centuries they have built up a cert .aii i
amount of immunity against disease, which peoplhi
ustomed .to more sanitation .do .not have .
iect your clothes frequently for fleas, lice, oi/ d
ticks, which like to hide in the seams of . clothing .
When discovered, they should be disposed of as quickl y
as .. ,possible. Red and black varieties of scorpions, whic h
like to. hide in empty shoes or loose bedding, can giv e
nasty stings . So shake out your shoes and bedclothe s
1
frequenly . And if you. are . bitten by an asp . or a
col n ra, . have the wound given anti-venom treatment '
immediately .
I,c ou guard, in summer, against too much sun .
Though cases of sunstroke are rare, you should do littl e
sunhathing. , either at your station or elsewhere, becaus e
in a hot, dry climate it is very easy to get a bad bur n
during :a relatively short . exposure . This is especially .
true at the seaside .
0 and old-it Moroccan works at a cumn otg 9nachilli' but there is still need for the potter's ancien t
craft .
44
MOROCCO'S PRINCIPAL CITIE S
The important cities of Morocco are alone th e
Atlantic coastal plain . They are important conunercial centers and there's a lot to be seen in each . A nlqn g
them are Casablanca (population 000,000) ; Marrakec h
(241,000) ; Fez (221,000) ; Meknes (1.00,000) ; Raba t
(148,000) ; Sale (52,000) ; Safi (48,000) ; Mazaga n
(38,000) ; Port Lyautey (35,000) ; Agadir (37,000), an d
Mogador (32,000) .
.Moron((
a land of ta)lt,aI -coinpa?( .his Casablanca apartment house t ,
tlh u,zi nl ,ainparts nea r
Bab Doukkala, Marrakech .
45
PORT LYAUTE Y
Port Lyautey, site of a United States Naval Base ,
is on the Atlantic, about 60 miles south of the borde r
hetween French and Spanish Morocco . It is named after
(he late Marshal Louis Lyautey, who played an import ant part in the development of French administratio n
in Morocco and who did much to improve relation s
between the French and the Moroccans .
CASABLANC A
Casablanca (meaning "the white house") is Morocco's chief seaport, handling 80 percent of its export s
and imports, and the :fourth largest city in Africa.
It is a modern city, with a skyline dotted with the top s
of tall buildings . In the thirteenth century it was a
pirate republic. Today it retains much of its old and
"romantic" atmosphere. In 1942, during World War II ,
Casablanca was occupied by Allied forces and for th e
rest of the war the airfield at Casablanca-Gazes was
used by the United States. In 1943, Casablanca was th e
site of the conference between President Roosevelt an d
['rime Minister Churchill, at which they planned th e
offensives that led eventually to the unconditional sur render of Germany and Japan .
are pierced by many monumental gates, the most beautiful of which is the Kasba (fortress) gate, called Bab Aguenaou . Other interesting sights are the Mosque o f
the Kasba and the tombs of ancient Sherifs or nobleme n
which date back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . The Palace of Bahia is the residence of th e
present Sultan of Morocco when he lives in this souther n
Lpital of his realm . It covers an extensive area, an d
beyond it are the imperial parks, 2 miles long and a
M ARRAKECII
Marrakech, 150 miles south of Casablanca, is th e
capital of southern Morocco. The walls around the city
46
Old JIoroccc~ : Ancient illooiish arich itccti re iii Fez
47
the ccutei of the city is a great square ,
mile ti si p .
planted vith palm trees .
Good roads lead from Marrakech to Mogador, Mazagan, Safi, and Casablanca .
FEZ (FE:S )
1's the northern capital of Morocco, is the religiou s
and cultural cente • of Morocco . Pilgrims from all part s
of Moroced come there to worship at the . Mosque of
- Idriss, a descendant of Mohammed, who built th e
original city . . his Mosque is considered so sacred th r
the streets which lead to its entrance are forbidden t o
Christians, Jews, and all four-footed animals . however ,
many . ancient colleges, built in the thirteenth and four- .
teenth centuries to house :foreign students who came t o
study at the famous schools of religion, philosophy, an d
astronomy, are still standing, and some of them are .
the purest examples of Spanish-Moorish art in`io rocco . The I{arueein Mosque, in Fez, is the large ., I
mosque in all Morocco.
Among other interesting sights in Fez are the tomb s
of the Merinides (a Berber dynasty of . Sultans) and
the ancient medina (native area) which is divided int o
several sections, each devoted to one trade or industry .
There is a tannery section where the method of tannin g
hides has not changed since the Middle Ages . Anothe r
attractive sight is the main entrance to Old Fez which ,
although a :fairly modern structure, follows traditional
style and' decoration .
In the . old days Fez lay astride the ancient carava n
routes running east-west from Algeria to the Atlanti c
and . north-south between Tangier and the Satan r 1
Desert. It was a famous city several centuries befor e
Columbus discovered the New World . It was here that ,
the treaty which established the French protectorate
over Morocco was signed, in 1912 .
49
MFKNL S
Meknes, like Fez, is in the north .central part of
Morocco . It became important in the 1630's when Mula i
Ismail, the founder of the present-day bodyguard o f
the Sultan, became dissatisfied with the traditiona l
capitals of Morocco and decided to build one of his own .
IIe put thousands of slaves and prisoners to work build ing miles of walls, palaces, fortresses, and mosques . H e
finally became bankrupt, but much of his work remains .
The walls of the city, four miles in all, are in place s
25 feet thick . They are pierced by nine gates and ar e
surmounted at intervals by four-cornered towers . Th e
gates are of special beauty . Ismail himself is entombe d
in the principal mosque .
R ABA T
Rabat (pronounced ra-BAHT) is picturesquely located by the sea in northwestern Morocco, in the mids t
of groves of orange trees . It is the headquarters of th e
French administration of Morocco and the seat of th e
principal palace of the Sultan . There are many ancien t
ruins in and around the city, and in many of the build ing', ancient and modern architecture arc combined .
Several modern large department stores and other shop s
offer a wide variety of goods, including clothes and
household goods, for sale . By contrast, in some parts o f
the city, narrow, twisting streets, some only three or
50
e
Ulrl ;Morocco : A tlt ,(
,
unparrd leer, in Marral h .
tower, wall, an d
51
four feet wide and hemmed in by two- or three-story .
houses, present a strange sight .
One thing to see is the Sultan's palace . Since the
"old" palace is not used, the harem rooms and th e
mosque are open to visitors . Among other interesting
sights is the Hassan 'Power, a fine minaret about a mil e
from downtown Rabat .
SALE
Sale (pronounced sal-LAY) is just across a rive r
from Rabat. In the Middle Ages it was the most impor I q uit commercial center and port on the Moroccan wes t
coast. European traders came there to exchange clot h
and manufactured goods for skins, wool, carpets, ivory,
and honey . In the seventeenth century it became an .
active pirate center while still maintaining normal com
in rcial relations with France and England . In those
days . the mouth of the river between the two citie s
:rfi'orded easy protection to the port, but the river . ha s
since filled with sand, and a bar has accumulated acros s
its mouth, so that only small vessels can enter it, fro m
I.l :c ocean . today. It is an interesting city to compar e
:uid contrast with Rabat .
SAF I
Safi lies 200 miles farther south, along the Atlanti c
coast . Its principal interest to sightseers lies in the fact
that it is of Portuguese origin and is surrounded by
52
.11otlr raor'oeco : A brd's-r ; a Tire of poi/ ol lh~ eq y
of Rabat, with the main sire(
1, now( tt for lie t iil a l
Lyautey, in the foreground .
5S
ramparts dominated by an old Portuguese citadel known
as the Itechla . But in addition the town does a larg e
business as a port for sardine fishermen, whose catc h
is canned in the town . And nearby are large phosphat e
deposits which are being worked extensively .
In World War II, Safi was the site of one of th e
American landings on 8 November 1942, and it becam e
an important port for the landing of war supplie s
during the North African campaign . A highway lead s
to Marrakech, about 100 miles southeast .
MOGAI)O R
Mogador, slightly over 80 miles south of Safi, alon g
the coast, is Morocco's most southern seaport and probably the best planned and cleanest of all Moroccan
towns . It existed as early as 1 .351, but the present tow n
was founded in 1760 . It was named after the shrine o f
SidiMogdul, which is about 3 miles south of the cit y
and is a landmark for seamen . Built not far above th e
water line, the town is almost turned into an island ,
during a storm.
AGADI R
Agadir, a hundred miles south of 14logador, is the
most southern city in Morocco . It is a fast-growing,
attractive town which •obably has the best natural ,
but undeveloped, facilitk‘s for a fine harbor of an y
54
The wells of the city of ilfeho, s <tee pierced by <+i<t c
anacic<t:t gates of special beaatg .
55
area or. Morocco's Atlantic coast, Sardine cannin g
an lrrp_-_tar<v inct'.;st r
MAZXG A \
l?iidgc, sixty miles down the coast from Casablanca, is another old Portuguese town, It Was th e
center of their settlement in I•Ioeooco and the net -plac e
tn. "ehicn they -retained a foothold . The nails, the gate s
decorated with representations of the shields of lun g's
of Portugal, -and the old castle, all recall the city '
Portuguese origin, A blgi'w a`: connects th_s cry ,
with _liar,s u,tech, 125 miles south,
56
RECREATIO N
Sightseeing, as this booklet. has indicated, should o e
a profitable diversion . You will find many other kind s
of profitable recreation, in addition to those -provide d
at . your station . The most popular type along the coast .
is swimming, subject to the previously- . tentioned caution against sunburn and snnstlolie . Moreover, there i s
a treacherous undertow at nearly all Moroccan beaclies .
Yof. S . ~ . :lrl t.i .c . :foi'e .swim [ 1 or - 'f those bench-e
~~ gtl b
s,
yFishng Is also fine along the coast, especially f r'orc
Safi to Agadir, and in the inland streams and Tales .
In some areas a license is required . Among the fish mos t
commonly found are tunny, sardines . and lobster . Trou t
and pike are found in the steams of the Atlas ]Iot:ntatns and in several mountain ia :ces, but those areas
are not easily reached .
Golfing and tennis are :p opular, in season . In th e
winter^, several ski resorts are open in the mountain s
south of Fez and Marr'a_tecs, . Hunters can go after rabbits, offal, partridges . p igeons, and wild boar in th e
mountains, ducks near the lakes, or g azelle in the desert
oeyor.d-t.i_e n .o'I tans, south of Marta :tech_ .
b7
ADDENDU M
TRAFFIC
You will notice that in Morocco pedestrians walk with
the traffic and that jaywalking is apparently a popula r
lri,time . For those who can afford to ride, bicycles ,
iuutoi hikes, and motorcycles are the popular means o f
transportation . There is also an assorted variety of
buggies and antiquated carts . In the cities there are a
few traffic lights but virtually no stop signs .
Nevertheless, there are traffic rules and regulations ,
and they must be obeyed . Violation of traffic rules by
Moroccans does not give you license to violate them ,
too . Remember that to the people of Morocco you are a
foreigner, and that any disregard of domestic laws traffic laws or others-will make a bad impression upo n
both Moroccans and French, and will create ill-will . The
traffic signs may be confusing at first, but after a
while you will understand them . One of the most important cautions you should always bear in mind is:
DRIVE CAREFULLY ; \ VOID ACCIDENTS A T
ALL COST .
MOROCCAN MONE Y
The Moroccan money system is not as difficult to
understand as it usually appears at first . Almost all
of it is in Moroccan francs (a few French franc coins
58
are used) . The rate of exchange with United State s
currency varies, but it is generally about 350 francs t o
a dollar. (Find out, at your station, what it is .) Whe n
the exchange rate is 350 francs to a dollar, 100 franc s
equal 30 cents ; 500 francs equal roughly $1410, an d
1,000 francs are about $3 . There are 5-, 10-, and 20 franc metal coins, and paper money representing 50 ,
100, 500, 1,000, and 5,000 francs . You will not be allowe d
to spend American money in Morocco .
WEIGHTS AND MEASURE S
Liquid measures in Morocco are based upon the liter ,
which equals 2 .11 pints . Five liters equal about 1 '
gallons .
Weight is measured in grams, livres, and kilograms .
There are 50 grams to a livre and 1,000 grams to a
kilogram . A livre is about 1 1 ./10 pounds and a kilogra m
is slightly under 2% pounds.
Length and distance are measured in centimeters ,
meters, and kilometers . There are 100 centimeters to a
meter, and 1,000 meters to a kilometer . A meter (closes t
to our "yard") is about 39 inches . A kilometer is abou t
% of a mile . To change kilometers to miles, multipl y
by .6214 . If a measurement is in centimeters, an easy
way to convert it to inches is to consider 5 centimeter s
as equal to 2 inches .
Area is usually expressed in hectares . A hectare i s
about 2 1/ acres .
59
Tempera/ it 1 ( is measured on the c( wrath' scale .
(In the United States we customarily use the Fahrenheit scale .) On the centigrade scale, zero is the freezin g
point of water (32° Fahrenheit) and 100° is the boilin g
point, of water (212° Fahrenheit) .
To convert centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply th e
centigrade reading by nine-fifths, and add 32 .
To convert Fahrenheit to centigrade, subtract 32 fro m
the Fahrenheit reading, then multiply by five-ninths .
MONTHS OF THE YEA R
The Moslem year has 12 months, but it is 11 day s
shorter than our year. Thus in the course of 32½ year s
every date on the Moslem calendar moves backwar d
through the four seasons of our year. For example, th e
Feast, of Ramadan, which is the ninth month, may h e
in any season .
The months of the Moslem year as established b y
Mohammed are :
1-M ullarran (30 days) 7-Rajab (30 days )
2-Saphar (29 days)
8-Shaaban (29 clays )
3-Rabia 1 (30 days)
9-Ramadan (30 (lays )
4-Rabia 2 (29 days) 10-Shawwal (29 days )
5-Jomada 1 (30 days) 11-1 to'Laada (30 days )
6-Jomada 2 (29 days) 12-Dulgeggia (29 or 30 days)
The days of the Moslem week are :
Promoutiation
Sunday
.. . . . . . . . . . li-HAD
Monday
lit-NAY N
Tuesday
it-LAA-ta .
Wednesday . . -
LAR-ba-'a
Thursday
. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. likli-MEE S
Friday
ZHI-ma-'a.
Saturday
SIBT
CO ON MOROCCAN WORDS
AND PHRASE S
Approximate pronunciation .
GI(
t
iIt[/s
Hello
Good-by
How are you ?
I am fine
Welcome!
ala-SLAHM-mah
his-SLAHM-mah
la BES? (No evil? )
la RIPS (No evil )
MURR-huh-bah !
sha-MEL L
GIB-la h
SHAR G
GAR B
Instruction s
Ahea d
At onc e
Backwar d
Come her e
Come i n
Come with m e
Give it to me !
Go away!
62
ROH-heh-bi-SHWAY-ya h
HIH-nah or hih-NA H
IZZ-rubb !
WOO-ree-LEI! -ah
_,
DOR-ray or teed ah-lah-TOO L
ah-DEE-nee-le e
LEE-he h
DOR-leh-SAY R
DOR-LAY-min
STEEN-ah-SCHWAY-a h
STEEN-ah HEN-nah !
Number s
Direction s
North
South
Eas t
Wes t
Go slowly !
Her e
Hurry up !
Show me
Straight ahead
Take me to -~ .
Ther e
Turn to the left
Turn to the righ t
Wait a minute
Wait here!
gud-DEM M
DEI3-ba or feel-HAI N
ah-LOH R
ah-ZIIEE-I-IIEN-na h
ED-kol
ah-ZHI.E nIay-ay-ah
a-TAY-neh IIAD-eh-shee !
RO H-FEE-hal-eck!
One
Tw o
Thre e
Four
Fiv e
Six
Seve n
Eigh t
Nine
Ten
One hundre d
Two hundred
Five hundre d
One thousand
WAH-hi d
ZHOOZH or TNAYN
TLAHT-a h
RAHB-a h
I HAM-sa h
STA H
SIB-b a
Ti-MAIIN-y a
TIS-sa h
ASH-rah
nlee-YA H
MEE-ya-TAY N
IiHAM-sah-MEE-ya h
ELF or ULL F
63
SOME COMMON SIGNS ANI) NOTICE S
IN FRENC H
Miscellaneou s
I am from the Unite d
State s
We are America n
Yes, O .K .
No
Excuse me
How much ?
Pardon me !
Please (thank you )
Thank God !
That is too much
We are friends
What is your name ?
When ?
Where ?
Where is
Where are we ?
Which way to
ah-naw MER-re-KEN-ne e
hen-nah MER-re-KE N
WAH or ee-YE H
LAII
SMAII-LEE-ya
esh-HAIIL ?
SMAII-nee !
BAR-ak LAH-ho-fe
hum-DULL-ah or
bis-MAHL-a h
HAII-dab bis-ZEF F
HEN-ah si-IIOBB-k o
ESII-ES-mik ?
EM-tah ?
FEEN ?
FEE N
PEEN-RAII-na ?
ESH-min TRIGG
ATTENTIO N
CABLES A HAUT E
TENSIO N
(ii\ ItItIH'OU R
DANGE R
DEFENSE DE I''UlVIFI R
I)IEFENSE DE STA'.I.'IONNE R
DEFENSE DE TRAVERSER LA VOI D
I ,'ERRi ; E
)E T'OLTR. or .DEVIA TIO N
i1ALT E
LAVABOS Or C;A .I3INIl'1'
l)T TOILETT E
PAIDS' LIMIT S
PON T
RALENTI R
ROUTE EN REPARATIO N
SENS INTERDI T
SENS UNIQUE
" attention" or "be carefu
"high tension lines "
" crossroads "
"danger "
" smoking prohibited "
"no parking"
" crossing RR tracks pi o
hibited "
" detour "
" stop "
" toilet "
" maximum weight . .
" bridge "
"go slow "
"road under repair "
"do not enter "
" one way "
TOURNANT IANGEREUX
VITESSE L,IMITE ...
VOIE FERREE
66
-NOTES "dangerous turn "
" speed limit,._.
"railroad "
67