Chin World No(3) Final
Transcription
Chin World No(3) Final
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OD;aqmifEdkifrI tcef;u@ wdkYonf olwdkY\tdrfeD;em;csif; omru csif;awmifwpfckvHk; odahk usmMf um;cJo h nf/ csi;f vlrsKd ; rsm;tMum;wGif xif&Sm;aom ordkif;okawoDrsm;jzpfMuaom Dr. Vum Son, Zapeng Sakhong ESihf Dr. Lian Hmung Sakhong wdr Yk v S nf; NAw d o d sS wYkd csif;awmifwef;tm; rodrf; ydkufcJhonf&Sdaomf wm&Tef;wdkY onfaemifwpfcsdefwGif csif; awmifwef;wpfcv k ;kH tm; olwYkd Edik if aH &;pepfwpfck atmufwiG f oG w f o G i f ; aygif ; pnf ; oG m ;Mu vdrfhrnf[k azmfjycJhMuonf/ olwdkYonf urÇmhordkif;wpf avSsmufwiG f tiftm;tBu;D rm; qHk; tifyg,mjzpfaom The Great Britain Emperor yifvSsif raMumufr&GHYwGef;vSef 0Hholrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYtif tm;Bu;D Ny;D ta&;ygt&ma&muf aom tajctaewpfcktm; ydkifqdkifEdkifjcif;onf olwdkYwGif Edik if aH &;pepfypkH w H pfct k m; toH;k jyKEdkifMujcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ olwdkY toufoGif;toHk;jyKEdkif cJ h a om Ed k i f i H a &;yH k p H o nf taemufEikd if rH sm;\ 'Dru kd a&pD pepf u J h o d k Y j zpf N yD ; H.N.C Stevenson u Tashon Democratic Council [k olYpmtkyf xJwGif ac:qdkcJhonf/ tkyfcsKyf olrsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDpepft& a&G;cs,fcHMu&olrsm;jzpfonf/ a&G;cs,fcHol jzpf&eftwGuf rd&;kd zvm tajctae? uRejf zpf jcif; ponfU Zmwferd ?hf Zmwfjrifh rsm;udk rMunfUay/ pma&;ol t aejzif h þaqmif ; yg;tm; The Chin Hills 1Ä96 V.1 by Carey & tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpH (The Falam Council) HNC Steven rS csi;f wdkY\ tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHtm; 'Drdk ua&pDpepftkyfpkESifh oufOD; qHydkiftkyfpk[lí cGJjcm;onf/ xdo k ufO;D qHyikd t f yk cf sKyrf u I kd L. H. Sakhong uawmifolMuD;? &GmolMuD; (Ram-uk, Khuabawi) pepf[kolYpmtkyfxJrSm ac:qdkcJhonf/ ]oufOD;qHydkif ya'o&mZfpepf usifhoHk;olrsm; onf olwt Ykd yk cf sKyaf omaus;&Gm wGif MoZmtmPmtjynf&h adS omf vnf; rdrdtkyfcsKyfaom&Gm\ Tuck (C&T)? A military report in Chin-Lushai Hills 1Ä93 eSifY The Economic of the Central Chin Tribes 1943 by HNC Stevenson (HNC) [laom pmtkyfrsm;rSaumuf Ekwjf cif;jzpfonf/ pma&;olonf t*FvefEdkifiHwGif NrdKY jytif*sif eD,mtjzpf toufarG;0rf; ausmif;jyKaeNy;D ,if;pmtkyrf sm; tm; vef'efNrdKY&Sd urÇmausmf The British Library wG i f personal pdwf0ifpm;pl;prf;jcif; rS &&Sdfjcif;jzpfygonf/ wm&Tef;qdkonfrSm ]wm&Tef;wdkYonf ol w d k Y \ rd b rl u m; Sunthla em;ü&SdaomvdkifvGef(Lailun) ausmuf*lrSqif;oufvmonf [k,HkMunfMuonf/ xdkYaemuf olwdkY\ bdk;ab;bDbif rsdK; qufrsm;onf vdik v f eG ;f ausmuf *lteD;&Sd Sunthla &GmodkY tajc pdkufcJhonf/ wm&Tef;wdkYonf xd k & G m trnf j zif Y o m ol w d k Y ud, k o f w l t kd m; Sunthla [k ac:chJ MuNyD; awmifbuf&Sd rsdK;EG,fpk rsm;uvnf; xdt k rnfjzifo Y w l Ykd udk od&SdcJhMuonf/ vGefcJhaom rsdK;quf (4)quf (17 &mpk) cefYwGif olwdkYonf Sunthla rS Klashun(Tlaisun)odYk ajymif;a&TY tajcpdkufcJhMuonf/ (C&T. Pg142) þae&mwGif xdk&Gm trnfjzifYolwdkYudk,folwdkYtm; Tashon [kac:co hJ nf[k ,lq& onf/(þ Tlaisun &Gmonf,aeY zvrf;NrdKYrS(2)rdkif tuGmwGif &Sdaom&Gmr[kwfay) ]olwdkY tajcwusrjzpfrDwGif [m;cg; olBuD; Lian Nawl rS Sunthla ES i f h Tlaisun rsm;tm; zsuf qD;cJhonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumifh olwo Ykd nf ESpaf ygi;f tawmfMum ppfab;oifrh sm;taejzifh &Sio f ef cJh&on/f xdkYaemufwm&Tef;wdkY onf xdpk Oftcsed f wm&Te;f wd\ Yk NrdKYawmfzvrf; (Falam) ac: ,aeYvuf&Sd wm&Tef;&Gmtm; pwifxlaxmifcJhMuonf/ (C&T, pg 142)}/ ,ckvuf&Sd zvrf; NrKd o Y nf 1890 aemufyikd ;f rSom NAdwdoSswdkhu wnfaxmifjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkodkYxlaxmif&ef opfom;rsm;vkt d yfaomaMumifh txuf w G i f a zmf j yxm;aom Tlaisun&Gmtm;wpfppDpepfwus jzdKusjcif;aMumifh ,aeYwGifr&Sd awmYay/ þ&Gmonf ,aeY vuf&Sdwm&Tef;&GmESifU reD;ra0; wGifwnf&SdcJhrnf[k pma&;ol xifro d nf/ ArmvlrsdK;rS- olwdkY tm; wm&Te;f ]Tashon}? pD;,if; ESifh wD;wdefrsm;rS "Palamte" (After their principal village Falam)[k vnf;aumif; teD; tem;&Sd vlrsdK;pkrsm;rS ]zvrf;} [kvnf; ac:cMhJ uonf/ HNC Stevenson rS ]t"dywd (Paramount) Tashon [kac:Ny;D olwYkd ud, k o f w l Ykd ]Taisun} [kac:Mu onf/ þaqmif;yg;wGif pma&; ol rSjD irf;aom pmtkyrf sm;xJrmS twdkif; ]Tashon (wm&Tef;)} [ktoHk;jyKoGm;ygrnf/ wm&Tef;wdkY\MoZm jrifhwufjcif; ]wm&T e f ; wd k Y o nf olwdkh\tdrfeD;em;csif; a&maESm vsuf&Sdaeaom rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; tm;pnf;½Hk;EdkifcJhonf/ olwdkY tkycf sKyaf om rsKd ;EG,pf rk sm;onf wm&Tef; (The ruling tribe) rsKd ;EG,pf x k uf tqaygi;f rsm;pGm rsm;jym;vsuf&Sdonf/ olwdkY\ tdrfeD;em;csif; rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; tm; pkpnf;yHrk mS wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f yd k u f j cif ; xuf r[mAsL[m 10 t"d u rd o m;pk 0 if t jzpf o d k Y oGwo f iG ;f onf/ om"utm;jzifh olwaYkd umifp0D iftxJwiG f t&nf tcsi;f &SNd y;D Bu;D us,cf rf;em;qH;k (the greatest man in the tribe) omrefvlwOD;[k owfrSwfEdkif aom Con Bik onf aumifpD 0iftjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H jcif;? acgi;f aqmifro d m;pk0iftm; vufxyf jcif;jzifh tBuD;tuJjzpfvm onf/(C&T: pg 143)} xdo k aYkd umifpD tqifh odkY wufa&mufEdkif&eftwGuf xdkolonf tjcm;wpfOD;tm; owfzl;ol jzpf&rnf[kvnf; yg&o dS nf/ C&T wdrYk S ] þtcsi;f t&monf trSefwu,fjzpfyg u olwt Ykd wGi;f wGif aoG;at; pGm owfjzwfrIaygif;rsm;pGm jzpf r nf j zpf o nf / tb,f aMumifq h akd omf wm&Te;f wdo Yk nf wdkufcdkufa&;orm;rsm; r[kwf ay}/ aumifpt D m; Mang Hlur, Khar Lian, Con Bik, Cong (trategy)udk toH;k jyKNy;D olw\ Ykd vufatmufoYkd oGwo f iG ;f cJjh cif; jzpf o nf / (C&T, pg 14Ä)}/ }olwdkYxHodkY eSpfpOfqufaMu; (tributaries) ay;ydkYolrsm;wGif xdkpOftcgtiftm;juD;rsdK;EG,fpk rsm;jzpfaom Zahau, Hualngo, Khuangli tjyif Sunthla, Tawyan ES i f h Khualsim wd k Y vnf;yg0ifcJhonf/ (C&T, pg 143)} wm&Tef;wdkhonf pD;,if; wdkYESifhvnf; ppf(6)BudrfjzpfyGm; cJu h m? pD;,if;wdahk y:ü uefo Y wf xdef;csKyf (Limited control) Ed k i f c J h o nf / ]vuf a wG Y w G i f wm&Tef;wdkYonf olwdkY\ MoZm rsm;tm; xdef;odrf;&mwGif EIwf yg;pyftm;jzifh t"duxdef;odrf; cJhMuonf/ olwdkYtkyfcsKyfonfU e,fajrESifY rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;tm; Munfjh cif;tm;jzifo Y w l \ Ykd tkycf sKyf a&;pG r f ; &nf xuf j ruf y k H r S m xif&Sm;vSayonf/ olwkdY\ tmPm tpOfrysuf xdrf;csKyf Edik jf cif;rSm olw\ Ykd wdu k cf u kd af &; pGrf;&nfxufjrufjcif;aMumifh t"dur[kwb f J olw\ Ykd pOf;pm; OmPf xufjrufjcif;jziYf rsdK; EG,fpk wpfckeSifYwpfcktay: olwt Ykd m; rausmv f mT ;Edik af p&ef jc,fvS,fupm;jcif;jzifY rsdK; EG,fpk tm;vHk;udk xdef;csKyf xm;onf/ (C&T, Pg 148) wm&Tef;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tjyifwiG rf o l w l \ hkd MoZmtmPm onf tenf;i,frsS om &Sad wmh onf/ 'Dru kd a&pDpepftm; usihf oHk;aom wm&Tef;wkdYrSmrl olwdkh \MoZmtmPmESiv hf ufwo H nf ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;odkh ouf a&mufeikd o f nf/ (HNC: pg 17) ]wm&Tef;a'oudkrl (5)OD;yg aumifpt D zGrYJ S tkycf sKyf jyD; ,if;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; Sunthla rsd K ;EG , f p k j zpf a om (Tashon, Conghte, Cong Heng, Zamual) rsm;rS a&G;cs,f onf/ xdo k aYkd &G;cs,&f mwGif ol\ rd&dk;zvmtm; MunfU½Ijcif; r[kwfbJ vlxk\ rJqE´jzifh a&G;cs,fMujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY aomf pnf;rsO;f wpfct k aejzifrh l aumifpDtrwfonf t"du rdom;pk0ifjzpf&rnf/ (C&T: pg 149)}/ wm&Tef;aumifpDacgif; aqmifrsm;tm; yHrk eS t f m;jzifh (3) ESpfvSsifwpfMudrfESifh xdkxuf tenf;i,f ydkrdkMumjrifhcsdefwGif a&G;cs,favh&SdjyD; a&G;cs,fyGJrsm; tm; aumufopfpm;yGJrsm;ESifh wGufcsufjyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/ omrefvw l pfa,muf onf ppf a &;uG s rf ; usif o l ? oHwrefa&;&m uGsr;f usio f El iS hf csrf ; om<u,f 0 ol j zpf y gu aumifpD0iftjzpf wifajr§muf cGifh&Sdonf/ xdkodkYaumifpD0if tjzpf a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&olwt Ykd m; t"durdom;pk0ifESifY vufxyf xd r f ; jrm;jcif ; jyKvk y f a y;NyD ; Khar ESifh Bawi Hmung wdkYrS OD;aqmifonf/ Mang Hlur E S i f h Khar Lian w d k Y o n f tBuD;tuJrdom;pkrS jzpfNyD; tjcm;(3)OD;rSmrl omrefvw l ef; pm;rSjzpfum t&nftcsif;jzifh yg0ifcGifh&aom olrsm;jzpfMu onf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wm&Te;f &Sd Butu &yfuu G f (khua) wGif tajcpdkufaexdkif&onf/ wm&Te;f NrKd aY wmftm; (6)&yfuu G f jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;NyD;xdk&yfuGuf acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aumifpD 0ifrsm;rS a&G;cs,fcefYtyfonf/ olwt Ykd yk cf sKyaf ome,fy,fa'o tm;vnf ; wm&T e f ; &G m uJ h o d k Y e,fajr (6)cktjzpf ydkif;jcm;NyD; xd k v uf a tmuf c H a 'orsm;rS ay;aqmifaom qufaMu;rsm; tm; oufqdkif&m wm&Tef;&Sd &yfuu G w f pfcck si;f qDoYkd ay;yd&Yk onf/(C&T, pg 149) &yf u G u f r sm;onf aumifpD\ xdef;csKyfrIatmuf wGif&Sdonf/ &yfuGuf (6) ck\ acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm- Con Khar (Phangpho &yfuu G )f ? 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Mo*kwfv ausmif;zGifUcsdef wGif r[mbGJYynm qufvufoif,l EdkifrnfU tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yftjzpf aemfa0;tpdk;&rS jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmif; om;^ol 40 OD;udk ynmoifqk xyfrH ay;tyfrnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ,ckuJUodkh jrefrmEdkifiHrSt&nftcsif; jynfUrDaom ausmif;om;^olrsm;udk xdik ;f Edik if &H dS Institute of Technology wGif r[mbGJYynm wufa&muf oif,El ikd rf nft U pDtpOfudk aemfa0;tpd;k & rS 2012 ckESpfrSay;tyfcJUjcif;jzpfNyD; 3ESpfwdkifwdkif ynmoif qka&G;cs,fay; tyfoGm;rnfjzpf aMumif;od&onf/ ynmoifq&k &So d l ausmif; om;^ol r sm;taejzif h Asian Institute of Technology, School of Environment, Resource and Development, School of Engineering and Technology, School of wdkhwGif ynmoif Mum;ydkhcsay;vsuf&Sdaom bmom&yf rsm;udk avhvmoif,El ikd rf nfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ynmoifqw k u G f avQmuf vTmudk www.ait.asia wGif &,l Edik Nf y;D ynmoifqk avQmufvmT ESit hf wl bGJYvuf rSwf? rdrdtaMumif; t*Fvdyf bmomjzifUpmvHk;a& 400 cefha&;om; Management pmrsufESm(10)rStquf . . . þ&Gm 6 &Gm&SdaeqJjzpfonf/ pnf;vHk;jcif;onf tiftm; aeYpOf reufyikd ;f wGif aumifp0D ifwpfO;D OD;\ tdrw f iG f aumifpD0ifrsm; awGYqHkMuNyD; rsd K ;EG , f p k r sm;ta&;ES i f h qH k ; jzwfp&m&Sdonfrsm;? ta&;,l &ef&o dS nfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;avh&dS Muonf/ acgif;aqmifwpfOD; wnf ; rS ud p ö & yf w pf c k t m; oabmusq;kH jzwfyikd cf iG rhf &Sad y/ udpö&yfwpfckcsif;pDtm; acgif; aqmifrsm;tm;vHk; twlwuG qH;k jzwfMu&onf/ aumifp0D if rsm;tMum; owfrw S x f m;aom tcGit hf mPmxuf vGeu f u J m tmPmtoHk;jyKrdygu 'Pf owfrw S jf cif;rsKd ;vnf; &So d nf/ om"utaejzifBh awi Hmung onf vli,fyDyD pdwfjrefvuf jrefjzifh udpö&yfrsm;udk pD&ifjyK vkyfcJhrIrsm;&SdcJhNyD; xdkhtwGuf aMumif h 'Pf o wf r S w f j cif ; cH&onf/ pnf;vHk;jcif;onf tiftm;[lonfrmS wm&Te;f wd\ Yk aqmifyk'fjzpfcJhonf/ odkhjzpf aomaMumifh &yfuu G w f pfcck si;f pDonf &yfa&;&Gma&;udp&ö yfrsm; udk aqG;aEG;&mwGif tm;wuf oa&m ud, k pf m;jyKaqG;aEG;cJMh u onf/ (C&T, pg 149-150) tjcm;oufaowpfck azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkhjyifq&m? vkyfief;cGifrS tBuD;tuJ(odkh) rdom;pk0if wpfOD;OD; txl;ojzifh rdrd\ynm a&;tajctae udk aumif;pGmod&Sd olESpfOD;\ axmufcH pmudkvnf; yl;wGJwifjy&rnfjzpfonf/ ynmoif q k avQmuf vTmESifh yl;wGJygtcsuftvuf rsm;udk 2013ckESpf? azazmf0g&D 15&uf aemuf qHk;xm;í [email protected] od k h tD ; ar;vf j zif h a y;yd k h & rnf j zpf N yD ; tifwmeuftoHk;jyKí tqifrajyyg uvnf; xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd AIT admissions office ES i f h jref r mEd k i f i H & S d Myanmar Egress xHohkd ay;ydx hk m; EdkifaMumif; od&onf/ ynmoif q k a vQmuf v T m wifonft U cgwiG f AIT udk avQmufxm; &onf U taMumif ; t&if ; ES i f U t wl avQmufxm;ol\ l tem*wf&nfreS ;f csu?f jrefrmEdkifiH\zGYHNzdK;a&;wdkhtwGuf umv ukd umv&SnfESifh tv,ftvwfMum; umvwdkhwGif oufqdkif&mtcef;u@ wdkhü rnfodkhyg0ifaqmif&GufoGm;rnf qdkonfukd jrefrmbmomjzifU pmrsuf ESmoHk;rsufESm pmpDpmuHk;a&;om;í ay;ydkh &rnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ynmoifqkavQmufxm; oltaejzifh &Sdxm;&rnfU t&nftcsif;? xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd Asian Institute of Technology wGif ynmoifqkjzifU wufa&muf&ef avQmufxm;olrsm; tae jzifh wuúodkvfwpfckrSbGJYwpfck &&Sdxm; &rnfjzpfonf/ t*F v d y f p m ta&;ES i f h tajym uRr;f usi&f rnfjzpfNy;D IELTS 4.5 &&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfNyD; IELTS &rSwfr&Sdygu Asian Institute of Technology rSppfaq;onfU t*Fvyd f t&nftcsif;tppf pmar;yGJudk ajzqdk atmifjrif&rnfjzpfonf/ ausmif;tyfumv jzpf onfU 2013 ckESpf? 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Ny;D awmh yGOJ ;D xGu&f ifqikd &f rJU jr0wDtoif;eJyh wfoufvhkd b,fvdkoHk;oyfygovJ/ ajz/ ajcprf ; yG J u pm;wmrsd K ;awmh r&S d y gbl ; / jr0wD e J h upm;&r,fhyGJeJhywfoufvdkhawmh uRefawmfwdkhEdkifrSmyg/ ar;/ 'DNydKifyGJrSm b,ftoif;awGu csif;,lEdkufwuf&JY t"duNyKd ib f ufawGjzpfvmr,fvhkd oH;k oyfygovJ/ bmaMumifv h J qdkwmav;yg ajymjyay;yg/ ajz/ t"duNydKifbuftaeeJhuawmh jr0wDyg? bmvdkhvnf;qdkawmh olwdkhu cHppfOD;pm;ay;toif;jzpfvdkhyg/ ar;/ y&dowfawGtwGuf ajymcsifwJUpum;u/ ajz/ y&dowfawGaysmEf ikd zf t hdk wGuf uReaf wmfwBhkd uKd ;pm;oGm; rSmygvdkh/ atmifrsdK;oefh(toif;acgif;aqmif) ar;/ jr0wDtoif;eJhyGJOD;xGufupm;&r,fh yGJtwGuf bmrsm; ajymcsifygovJ/ ajz/ yGJOD;xGufrSm tEdkif&&Sdzdkh uRefawmfwdkh tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm; oGm;rSmyg/ jr0wDvnf; toif;aumif;wpfoif;yg/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwdkh tEdkifupm;oGm;rSmyg/ ar;/ CUFC y&d o wf a wG t wG u f pum;av;wpf c G e f ; avmufajymay;ygOD;/ ajz/ CUFC y&dowfBuD;taeeJh uRefawmfwdkhudk tm;ay; ygOD;vdkh? uRefawmfwdkhtwef;jyefwufEdkifatmif BudK;pm;oGm;MurSm ygvdkh/ 1. 16-2-2013 Myanmar National League – 2 (2013) CHIN UNITED FOOTBALL CLUB Saturday Chin United FC VsMyawady FC 3:30 Padonmar 2. 22-2-2013 Friday U – 19 FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 3. 3-3-2013 Sunday ChinUnitedFCVsMichelia FC 3:30 Padonmar 4. 8-3-2013 Friday Best United FC Vs Chin United FC 3:30 Salin 5. 24-3-2013 Sunday Chin United FC Vs GFA FC 3:30 Padonmar 6. 29-3-2013 Friday Chin United FC Vs Horizon FC 3:30 Padonmar 7. 6-4-2013 Saturday Chin United FC VsMawyawadi FC 3:30 Padonmar 8. 21-4- 2013 Sunday Chin United FC Vs Dagon FC 3:30 Salin tajymif;ta&TY aps;uGuf aemuf q H k ; owif ; 9. 26-4-2013 Friday Horizon FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 10. 3-5-2013 Friday Chin United FCVs Best United FC 3:30 Padonmar ,ciftywf Chin World News Journal twGJ (1)? trSwf (2) wGif awGYqHkar;jref; cJhaom csif;,lEdkuf wuf toif;\ EdkifiHjcm;om; upm;orm; (3) OD;xJrS aemufwef; upm;orm; jzpfaom Joseph Monu Dennis onf vdkifab;&D; ,m;EdkifiH&Sd ol\ toif; a[mif;xHrS ITC (international Transfer Certificate) tcsdefrD r&&SdEdkif jcif;aMumifh CUFC toif; ESihf vrf;cGcJ &hJ onf/ ol\ ae&mwGif MNL Nyd K if y G J Southern Myanmar toif ; rS Edkif*sD;&D;,m;upm; orm; Sunny Jackson tm; tpm;xdk; jznfhqnf;cJh onf[k od&onf/ 11. 12-5-2013 Sunday Dagon FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 12. 18-5-2013 Saturday Michelia FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 13. 1-6-2013 Saturday Mawyawadi FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 14. 9-6-2013 Sunday GFA FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 15. 14-6-2013 Friday Chin United FC Vs U – 19 FC 3:30 Padonmar 16. 22-6-2013 Saturday Myawady FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 17. 28-6-2013 Friday 3:30 Thuwana 20 Final 16 February 2013 ]ac:El;rfokef;(c){&mrawmifBuD;} ajrrsufESmjyif csif;awmifwef;onf [dr0EÅmawmifwef;BuD;\ tqufjzpfí ajrmufzufpGef;wGif ywfuGdKifawmif? 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Victoria)awmif[kac:a0:orkwfcJhMuonf/ jrefrmjynf atmuftpGe;f ydik ;f jzpfaom (0dw&kd , d til) ESihf twlwyl if trnf emrwyfí *kPfjyKcJhMuonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhqifh awmifyikd ;f csi;f awmifEiS hf awmifa,me,fwu Ykd kd 1898 ckESpftxd wpfe,fwnf;owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ oDaygrif;MoZmcH jzpfaom xD;vif;? a,mNrdKU? aqmESifhavmif;&SnfwdkYwGif; NrdKUol Bu;D rsm;ceft Y yfí tkycf sKycf MhJ uonf/ 1887 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv aemuf q H k ; tywf w G i f yk * H t a&;yd k i f uyÜ w d e f (G.S.Eyre) *st D uf(pf)tJ,m;u a,me,fwpfcv k ;kH udo k rd ;f ydu k cf o hJ nf/ 1889 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (11)&ufaeYwGif a,me,fudk yckuúLc½dkif atmufwiG f xnfo h iG ;f cJo h nf/ 1889 ckEpS f ESpq f ;kH wGif rif;wyfrS [Davmif; (rdkif 20) txd? usif;taemufzufwGif usifrS rdkif 50 rIe;f olEeI ;f (Hmung Htu Nung) txdord ;f ydu k t f yk cf sKycf o hJ nf/ [Davmif;\wpfjcm;wpfzufESifh ac:El;rokef;taemufzufudk rtkycf sKy&f ao;aom e,fajrtjzpfowfrw S cf MhJ uonf/ odjYk zpfí NAdwdoQwkdYonf awmifydkif;csif;awmiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk 1890 ckESpfrSom pwifEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ NrdKUe,f½Hk;ESife,fydkif½Hk;rsm; 1890 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif a,mNrKd Ue,fü c½dik ½f ;kH rsm; zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/ 4if;udjk yefvnf½yk o f rd ;f Ny;D a,mNrKd U\ajrmufbuf (6) rdik t f uGmwGi&f adS om ]]yqky}f }&GmwGizf iG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/ tvm;wl 1887 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGifavmif;&SnfNrdKUü zGifhvSpfaom NrKd Utky½f ;kH udk (10.9.1891) wGi½f yk o f rd ;f vdu k Nf y;D avmif;&Snrf S ½kyo f rd ;f vdu k af om NrKd Utky½f ;kH udk rif;wyfoaYkd jymif;a&TUzGiv hf pS cf ahJ v onf/ þodjYk zifh awmifyikd ;f csi;f awmifwiG f rif;wyfNrKd Uü NrKd Utky½f ;kH udak &S;OD;pGmzGiv hf pS cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí rwlyeD iS hf yvuf0wdrYk S vGJí awmifydkif;csif;awmifwpfckvHk;onf yqkyfe,ftwGif;odkY usa&mufomG ;cJ&h onf/ 1891 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif a,mNrKd Ue,f ydkif½Hk;zGifhí avmif;&SnfudkvufatmufcHtjzpf xm;&SdcJhonf/ rif;wyfEiS fh yckuLú vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;onf rd;k &moDwiG cf ufcrJ I &So d jzifh 1902 ckEpS w f iG f rif;wyfrS uefyufvufNrKd UodYk ajymif;a&TU zGiv hf pS v f u kd &f avonf/ awmifykdi;fcsif;awmifa'oudk awmifa,ma'oESifh yl;wGt J yk cf sKyjf cif;rS oD;jcm;xGuv f suf yckuLú awmifwef;pD&ifp[ k k 1898 ckESpfwGif oD;jcm;zGJUpnf;ay;vkdufonf/ xdkYaemufyckuúL awmifwef;pD&ifpu k kd yckuLú c½dik rf cS x JG w k í f rauG;rS wdu k ½f u kd t f yk f csKyfvmcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkY\ tkyfcsKyfa&; NAw d o d Qwo Ykd nf csi;f awmifukd jynfrESicfh jJG cm;tkycf sKyf &ef vkyaf qmifvmMuonf/ csi;f awmifc½dik u f efyufvufe,fukd yckuLú awmifwef;pD&ifpt k jzpf tkycf sKy&f mrS uefyufvufNrKd Ue,f ydkif½Hk;udk zvrf;ta&;ydkifvufatmuftjzpfodkY xm;vdkufav onf/ odEYk iS ahf wmifyikd ;f csi;f awmifEiS hf ajrmufyikd ;f csi;f awmifwu Ykd kd 21 qvdkif;&Sdef;xGef; 1929 ckESpf? 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IELTS 5.0 odkYr[kwf TOEFL tm; 500 paper-based odkY 61 Internet based &&S d o l jzpf & rnf j zpf onf/ xdo k Y k dIELTS odY k TOEFL trSwfrsm; r&Sdygu {NyDv? 2013 ckESpfwGif Mopaw;vs oH&Hk;wGif t*Fvdyfpmt&nf tcsif;ppf pmar;yGJajzqdk&rnf jzpfonf/ ynm&nfcGsefqk twGuf Masters tqifhtm; txl ; OD ; pm;ay;NyD ; Undergraduate twG u f v nf ; tenf;i,faom ausmif;om; rsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;&Sd aMumif;od&onf/ avQmufvmT rsm;tm; azazmf0g&v D (1) &uf? 2013 ckESpfwGif pwifvufcH aeNyDjzpfNyD; {NyDv (30)&uf? 2013 ESpftxd avSsmufxm; Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ bmom&yfrsm;tae jzifhvnf; Education, Health, Agriculture, Food Security ES i f h Governance wd k Y t m; OD ; pm;ay;um paumvm; &Spcf s;D jri§ o hf nf/ xdjhk yif Disability, Gender Equity, Humanitarian Support, Disaster Management, Development Studies, Law, Public Policy Chin World Debate u@twGuf pmrlzdwfac:jcif; ESifh International Relations rsm;tm;vnf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm; onf[k od&onf/ pdwfyg0ifpm;olrsm; taejzifh AusAID, Austra- csi;f jynfe,fta&;pdw0f ifpm;olrsm; csi;f a0gv*f sme,fpmrsuEf mS ay:rmS ud, k w f ikd 0f ifa&mufaqG;aEG; Edik rf ,fh u@opfwpfcu k kd csi;f a0gv*f sme,ftrSwpf Of(4)rS pwifNy;D xnfo h iG ;f oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'guawmh "Chin World Debate" qdkwJh u@yJjzpfygw,f/ yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;taejzifh Chin World u ay;xm;wJh acgif;pOf(tqdk)atmufrSm tH0ifatmif a&;om;&rSmjzpfNyD; tqk d u d k a xmuf c H o l r sm;ES i f h qef h u sif u ef h u G u f o l r sm;xJ u taumif ; qH k ; axmuf c H o l E S i f h taumif;qHk;qefhusifuefhuGufol wpfOD;pD\aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk Chin World Journal rSm trSwfpOftvdkufazmfjyNyD; xdkufwefaom pmrlcrsm;udkvnf; csD;NrSifhay;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ - Chin World Journal Vol. 1 No.4 twGuf ]csif;jynfe,frSm NGO awGrsm;rsm; 0ifvm&ifaumif;w,f^ raumif;bl;} (aemufqHk;ay;ydkh&rnfh&uf azazmf0g&D(20)? 2013) - Chin World Journal Vol. 1 No.5 twGuf ]csif;jynfe,frSm Tourism vkkyfydkifcGifh tjynfht0ay;vdkufwm aumif;w,f^ raumif;bl;} aemufqHk;ay;ydkh&rnfh&uf rwfv(5)? 2013/ - Chin World Journal Vol. 1 No.6 twGuf ]csif;jynfe,frSm&SdwJh wGif;xGufo,HZmwawGudk xkwf,loHk;pGJwmaumif;w,f^ raumif;bl;} aemufqHk;ay;ydkh&rnfh&uf rwfv(20)? 2013/ lian Embassy, Strand Road, Kyauktada Township, Yangon, zkef;- (01) 251 Ä10 (212) od k Y qufo, G Ef ikd yf gonf/ xdt Yk jyif tifwmeufpmrsufESm http:// www.australiaawards.gov.au/ ES i f h http://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/ wd k Y w G i f vnf; oGm;a&muf avhvmEdkif ygonf/ 23 Chin World Media Office No.4, Room 55, Hlaing Yadanar Housing, Thanlan Bus-stop, Hlaing TSP, Yangon Ph: 09 420013048, 09 47172133, 09 43163539, 09 401681014, 09 420185994 www.chinworld.info www.facebook.com/chin-world Vol. 1, No.3 qvkdif;rmef \jrefrmjynfaxmifpk0g'? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;\aemufqHk;tajzpmtkyfrdwfqufyGJusif;y 2008 zGpYJ nf;yHt k ajccH Oya'onf jynfwGif;jyóem tm;ajz&Sif;Ekdifonfht&mr[kwf qdkonfU csif;trsdK;om; qvkdif; rmef \jrefrmjynfaxmifpk0g'? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;\aemufqHk;tajz pmtkyfrdwfqufyGJudk &efukefNrdKY? yk Z G e f a wmif N rd K Y e ,f ? owif ; twwf ynmoifwef;ausmif; wGif ,ckv 1 &ufaehnae 2 em&DwGif usif;ycJhonf/ 4if;pmtkyfrdwfqufyGJodkU jynfolUacwf*sme,f? ukrkj'm *sme,f? 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