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Learning from Las Vegas
1
Learning from Las Vegas?
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
AMERICAN HISTORY
RAIL TRANSPORT
NEW YORK CITY
SHOPPING
DOWNTOWN LAS VEGAS
LAS VEGAS CITY DEVELOPMENT
FROM GAMBLING TO GAMING
LEARNING FROM LAS VEGAS
LIVING IN LAS VEGAS
LAS VEGAS WORKFORCE
SUSTAINABILITY
FERNSEHBILDER
ON THE ROAD - LAS VEGAS TO ARCOSANTI
ARCOSANTI
LOS ANGELES
CASE STUDY HOUSES
R. M. SCHINDLER
JOHN LAUTNER
LOUIS I. KAHN
FRANK GEHRY
SCI - ARC
MORPHOSIS
NEIL M. DENARI
SAN FRANCISCO
IMPRESSUM
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Learning from Las Vegas?
ENTWURFSPROGRAMM DOWNTOWN LAS VEGAS
EXKURSION NEW YORK CITY NY, LAS VEGAS NV, ARCOSANTI AZ,
LOS ANGELES CA SAN FRANCISCO CA
Die Exkursion und diese Publikation
werden im Rahmen des Moduls 10
Urbanistik im Masterstudium der Architekturausbildung realisiert. In enger
Kooperation mit Winston Von Engel in
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Francisco sowie mit Unterstützung von
Robert Dorgan in Las Vegas wurde das
([NXUVLRQVSURJUDPPXQGGLH$XIJDbenstellung konzipiert.
(QWZXUI
Der Planungsstandort in Las Vegas
liegt im Bereich des alten Stadtzentrums. Dieser Stadtbereich hat gegenüEHUGHPÄ6WULS³DQ%HGHXWXQJYHUORUHQ
XQGEHQ|WLJWQXQHLQHXPIDQJUHLFKH
Intervention zur AttraktivitätssteigeUXQJ'DV(QWZXUIVSURMHNWZLUGVLFKDXI
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28. 3. bis 12. 4. 2008 die Destinationen:
New York, Las Vegas, Arcosanti, Los
Angeles und San Francisco. Der Kontakt zu Stadtplanungsverantwortlichen
und wesentlichen Architekten unterstützt dabei die intensive Auseinandersetzung mit den besuchten Orten.
Die vorbereitende Auseinandersetzung
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der vorliegenden Broschüre.
Die Analyse des Standortes, die
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vor Ort sollen während eines kurzen
Workshops bereits zu ersten Konzepten
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Die berühmte Publikation „Learning
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1972) hat bei Ihrem Erscheinen eine
neue Diskussion über Stadtbild und
Stadtgestalt ausgelöst und gilt auch
heute noch als wichtiger Beitrag zu
den Themen Geschwindigkeit und
Raumwahrnehmung. Die Thematik des
(QWZXUIHVXPIDVVWGDKHUGLH$XVHLQDQdersetzung mit dieser Arbeit in ihrem
zeitgeschichtlichen Kontext und die
Umsetzung im Planungsgebiet unter
den heute veränderten SchwerpunktVHW]XQJHQLQ+LQEOLFNDXI|NRORJLVFKH
Nachhaltigkeit.
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Markus Tomaselli & Michael Rieper
3
Learning from Las Vegas?
4
Learning from Las Vegas?
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Vegas that will complement Downtown
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be visited, New York, Las Vegas, Los
Angeles and San Francisco, are each
undergoing important changes in response to a new draw to urban centers
and greater density. Urban centers with
their density and population diversity,
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living.
For decades, Downtown Las Vegas
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the large casino hotels on the Strip to
the north, much the same way the Main
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the US, and the world, have declined
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on their outskirts. Las Vegas’s City government has responded to this decline
by trying to reinvigorate the downtown
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into a modern, covered pedestrian mall
and with other streetscape and public
improvements with modest success.
$WWKHVDPHWLPHIRUFHVIURPWKHRXWside are again shaping downtown Las
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are approaching the city’s boundary
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vacant sites are developed and highrise condominium towers - homes to
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RXWRIWRZQHUVDUHVSURXWLQJXSRQ
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downtown and this new development on
the Strip, an old light industrial district is
being revived as an arts district.
Artists and the arts community, have
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revival in other cities around the world,
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Brooklyn’s DUMBO and Williamsburg.
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be incompatible with Las Vegas, a city
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ODFNRIWDVWHDQGDSSHDOWRWKHORZHVW
GHQRPLQDWRULWLVDFWXDOO\DQDWXUDO¿WLW
WDNHVFUHDWLYLW\IUHHGRPDQGFRQVWDQW
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casinos and hotels current and lively
- exactly the purview and necessary
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art in Las Vegas may not be high-brow
but it is aimed at the common man and
thus, it could be argued, it is democraWLF$QGWKHUHIRUHWKHFRQFHSWRIDQDUWV
GLVWULFWLVDSHUIHFW¿WZLWKWKLVFLW\
As the casinos, hotels and condominium towers are closing in on downtown
and the arts district, new high-rise
residential development is rising in
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WKHVHQHZEXLOGLQJVUHÀHFWDQHZ
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style. Furthermore, downtown living,
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responds to a dawning yearning to live
more sustainable.
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a new community on the underutilized
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QHZIRXQGSRVLWLYHIRUFHVFRPSOHments Downtown and is sustainable.
Let’s do it!
Winston R. Von Engel
5
6
American History
composed by: Margit Wurzer & Josef Redl
7
History
1.1 History of America
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now known as the United States are
believed to have arrived over a period
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approximately 20,000 years ago by
crossing the Bering land bridge into
Alaska.
7KH¿UVWVROLGHYLGHQFHRIWKHVHFXOtures settling in what would become
the US begins as early as 15,000 years
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early settlers compared to the EuroSHDQVZKRFRORQL]HGWKHDUHDDIWHUWKH
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documented Old Worlders to land in
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they arrived in Puerto Rico during
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(XURSHDQNQRZQWRVHWIRRWLQWKHFRQtinental U.S. was Juan Ponce de León,
who arrived in Florida in 1513, though
there is some evidence suggesting that
8
he may have been preceded by John
Cabot in 1497.
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came to America and claimend land.
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and more settlers came and so more
and more colonies arose on the North
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Disputes between the agrarian South
and industrial North over states’ rights
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slavery provoked the American Civil
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the United States.
Most land belonged to England and
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the Indians. The English won the war
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colonies.
The Spanish-American War and World
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a military power. In 1945, the United
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On July 4, 1776 they proclaimed their
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America.
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Cold War to become the only superpower in the post–Cold War era and a dominant economic, political, and cultural
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In the nineteenth century, the United
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Spain, Mexico, and Russia, and an-
History
Fig. 2
9
History
1.2 First settlement
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was created by the Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh. It was on Raonoke Iseland
in 1584 that Raleigh set up his camp, in
a land that became known as Virginia,
QDPHGDIWHU4XHHQ(OLVDEHWK,WKHÄYLUgin queen”. The teritory streched along
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5DOHLJKV¿UVWWHDPEXWWKH\GLVDSpeared within a year. Raleigh searched
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Jamestown settlement was established
in1607 by Captain John Smith.
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Again conditions were very harsh. In
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continental Europeans began to arrive.
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10
In 1560 Spanish explorers reached
Chesapeake Bay and made contact
with Powhatan Indians. The Powhatan
killed other Spaniards who arrived later,
ending Spanish attempts at colonization.
1584 Walter Raleigh reaches Raonoke
Island, establishing the English claim to
what is now the U.S. East Coast.
1588 The English settlers known as the
„lost colona” disappear.
1607 John Smith establishes JameVWRZQWKH¿UVWVXFFHVIXO(QJOLVKFRORQ\,WLVWKHFDSLWDORI9LUJLQLDXQWLO
-RKQ5ROIHVWDUWVWKHWREDFFR
economy.
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Virginia.
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it in Virginia.
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Fig. 3
History
1.3 History of American people
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in another country have moved to the
United States. No other country in the
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other countries.
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imigrants has been the highest then
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Among these immigrants were many
Irish people.
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ancestors. Until about 1880 most immiJUDQWVFDPHIURPWKHQRUWKRUZHVWRI
Europe.
By 1896 a big change took place.
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RI(XURSHEHJDQWRDUULYH$WWKLVWLPH
also many Jewish people came to the
United States. Between 1880 and 1925
they were about two million Jews who
entered the United States. Today they
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population.
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that relied on public transportation. In
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government spending was associated
with slower growth, unless that spending was on highways. We shouldn’t
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decades is generally over 70 percent.
1.4 History of cities
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born in Ireland. Today more than
thirteen million Americans have Irish
ancestors.
During the Civil War in the 1860s the
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soldiers in the Union armies. Many
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The 1990s were an unusually good
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growth in the 1990s looked extremely
similar to urban growth during the prior
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was determined by three large trends:
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Fig. 4
11
History
NEW YORK CITY:
New York city is the most popular city
in the United States. For a long time it
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LVNQRZQIRULWVJOREDOLQÀXHQFHVRQPHdia, politics, education, entertainment
DQGIDVKLRQ$WWKHWLPHRILWV(XURSHan discovery in 1524 by Giovanni da
Verrazzano, an Italian explorer in the
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was inhabited by about 5000 Lenape
Native Americans.
European settlement began with the
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RI0DQKDWWDQLQ'XWFKFRORQLDO'Lrector-General Peter Minuit purchased
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In 1664, the English conquered the city
and renamed it „New York”. By 1700,
the Lenape population was diminished
to 200. In the 19th century, the city
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12
development. A visionary development
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1811, expanded the city street grid to
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New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United
States. Slaves had been held in New
York through 1827, but during the 1830s
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abolitionist activism in the North. In the
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South.
By 1916, New York City was home to
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was a postwar economic boom. In the
V1HZ<RUNVXIIHUHGIURPHFRQRmic problems, rising crime rates and
racial tension, which reached a peak
in the 1970s. In the 1980s, a resurJHQFHLQWKH¿QDQFLDOLQGXVWU\LPSURYHG
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racial tensions had calmed, crime rates
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America.
LAS VEGAS:
The Las Vegas valley was disovered in
1829 by a trade caravan. They named
the area „Las Vegas” John C. Frémont
traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on
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by the United States, Brigham Young
assigned 30 Mormon missionaries led
by William Bringhurst to the area to
convert the Paiute Indian population.
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was piped into the town providing a reliDEOHVRXUFHRIIUHVKZDWHUDQGSURYLGLQJ
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area allowed Las Vegas to become a
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later railroads.
History
In the early 1900s it became a popular
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all the mines in the surrounding area.
The growth in tourism and the legalizaWLRQRIJDPEOLQJOHGWRWKHDGYHQWRIWKH
casino-hotels, which now Las Vegas is
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Fig. 5
13
History
1.4 Facts
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1.4.1 Area
The country is situated mostly in central
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Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada
to the north and Mexico to the south.
It crosses 6 time zones, about 120
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Russia and Canada. It is slightly larger
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Russia, but has the largest and most
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as well as several territories and other
associated areas that are not States
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the smallest with 1,231 square miles, to
Alaska, the largest with 616,240 square
14
1.4.2 Population
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China and India) is the United States
with more than 280 million people.
Those people are not evenly distributed across the country. For example,
Alaska, the largest State in area, has
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States but it ranks nineth in population.
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which is still higher than other highLQFRPHFRXQWULHV¶¿JXUHRI
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documents, and laws making it the
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speak languages other than English.
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Spanish or Spanish Creole at home,
and the remaining population speaks a
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1.4.3 Languages
While the United States does not have
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population speak English at home and
English is the language most commonly
Fig. 7
History
Fig. 8
15
History
1.4.4 Racial and Ethnic Diversity
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most ethnically diverse nations, the
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Americans give their race as White, but
many other races are represented in
this diverse population.
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United States describe themselves as
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Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South
or Central American, or other Spanish
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In data collection and presentation,
Federal agencies are required to use a
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16
Fig. 9
History
1.4.5 Religion
computing, telecommunications, and
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The 1st Amendment begins: „Congress
shall make no law respecting an estaEOLVKPHQWRIUHOLJLRQRUSURKLELWLQJWKH
IUHHH[HUFLVHWKHUHRI´7KLVVXJJHVWV
that the guarantee has two aspects:
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UHVSHFWLQJDQHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIUHOLJLRQ
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„exercise” implies action, conduct, or
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is involved, public regulation is more
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practices.”
The United States remains a „market
economy.” Americans continue to believe that an economy generally operates
best when decisions about what to
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goods are made through the give-andWDNHRIPLOOLRQVRILQGHSHQGHQWEX\HUV
and sellers, not by government or by
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Fig. 10
1.4.6 Economy
The United States entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger,
and by many measures more successIXOWKDQHYHU7KRXJKWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
KHOGOHVVWKDQSHUFHQWRIWKHZRUOG¶V
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output. In the 1990s, the American
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political values as well - especially, their
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political pluralism and their opposition
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have looked togovernment to break up
or regulate companies that appeared
to be developing so much power that
17
History
WKH\FRXOGGHI\PDUNHWIRUFHV7KH\
have relied on government to address
matters the private economy overlooks,
IURPHGXFDWLRQWRSURWHFWLQJWKHHQYLronment. And despite their advocacy
RIPDUNHWSULQFLSOHVWKH\KDYHXVHG
government at times to nurture new
industries, and at times even to protect
$PHULFDQFRPSDQLHVIURPFRPSHWLWLRQ
1.4.7 The electoral process
7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVKDVDIHGHUDO
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Congress, are directly elected. There
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each state having at least an elective
governor and legislature.
Primaries
‡GLUHFWSULPDULHVYRWHVIRUWKHFDQGLGDWHPRVWZLGHO\DFFHSWHGRIDOOQRPLnating schemes) who has to be selected
E\WKHQDWLRQDOFRQYHQWLRQDIWHUZDUGV
18
‡LQGLUHFWSULPDULHVYRWHVIRUWKH
delegates who are sent to the national
convention
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the party which they are registered or
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party’s primary you wish to vote without
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In some states, there is a combination
RIWKHWZRPHWKRGVEXWWKHUHLVWHQGHQF\IRUSULPDULHVWREHDGRSWHGLQPRUH
and more states.
National convention procedure
The temporary convention chairman
delivers the „keynote address” and
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The Credentials Committee deterPLQHVWKHRI¿FLDOGHOHJDWHVIRUWKH¿QDO
roll call. Convention committees are
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ballots are needed. Some states using
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History
Fig. 11
19
History
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SOURCES:
Ä-DUKHDG³
ZZZMDUKHDGPRYLHFRP
Bibliography
Ä9RQ/|ZHQXQG/lPPHUQ³
www.vonloewenundlaemmern.de
Ä5RDGWRTXDQWDQDPR³
www.roadtoguantanamomovie.com
Ä6XSHUVL]HPH³
www.super-size-me.de
Ä6LFR³
www.sicko.senator.de
Ä)DKUHQKHLW¶³
ZZZIDKUHQKHLWFRP
Ä$PHULFDQ+LVWRU\;³
www.newline.com/properties/americanhistoryx.html
Ä'HDGPDQZDONLQJ³
20
Löckinger, Georg: Landeskunde USA 1, Politisches
System, Wien, 2001
%DHGHNHU86$9HUODJ.DUO%DHGHNHU2VW¿OGHU
Tatti MacCracen: Spotlight 04/2007, Spotlight VerlagGmbH
www.nationalatlas.gov last access_27.02.08
www.census.gov last access_27.02.08
www.usa.usembassy.de last access_28.02.08
ZZZHQJOLVFKKLOIHQGHODVWDFFHVVB
www.patriot-resource.com last access_28.02.08
www.wikipedia.org last access_25.02.08
OLVWRI¿JXUHV
coverpicture - www.bcm-news.de last access_26.02.08
Fig. 2 - http://upload.wikimedia.org/ last access_26.02.08
Fig. 3 - http://www.chrhuck.ch last access_02.03.08
Fig. 4 - http://homepage.hispeed.ch last access_02.03.08
)LJZZZOHJHQGVRIDPHULFDFRPODVWDFFHVVB
Fig. 6 - http://www.vegas-gallery.de last access_02.03.08
Fig. 7 - U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000
)LJ86&HQVXV%XUHDX6WDWLVWLFDO$EVWUDFWRIWKH
United States, 2000
Fig. 9 - U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000
)LJ%DHGHNHU86$9HUODJ.DUO%DHGHNHU2VW¿OGHU
2007, S 18
Fig. 11 - www.whitehouse.gov last access_28.02.08
Rail transport
zusammengestellt von: Robert Redl
21
Rail Transport
Transportation in the United States
Passenger transportation is dominated
E\DQHWZRUNRIRYHUPLOOLRQNLORPHWHUVRISDYHGURDGVDOPRVWHQWLUHO\
constructed and maintained by state
and local governments) which is pervasive and highly developed by global
VWDQGDUGVRISDVVHQJHUWULSVLQ
the U.S. are by personal automobile.
>FLWDWLRQQHHGHG@%\FRQWUDVWIUHLJKW
LVKDQGOHGE\DYDULHW\RIQHWZRUNV
including truck, rail, air, ship, and pipeOLQH7KHODUJHVWFDUULHUVRIIUHLJKWE\
ZHLJKWDUHWUXFNVIROORZHGE\
SLSHOLQHVUDLOVKLS
DQGDLU2WKHUPRGHVRIWUDQVporation such as parcel and intermodal
DFFRXQWHGIRUDERXWRIWKHUHPDLQder.
red to 38.8% in Europe. Bicycle usage
is minimal, well below European levels.
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ'27Ä7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ¶V
vital importance to the U.S. economy is
XQGHUVFRUHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWPRUHWKDQ
RXWRIHYHU\SURGXFHGLQWKH
U.S. gross domestic product is related
to transportation activity. This includes
DOODVSHFWVRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQFOXGLQJWKHPRYHPHQWRIJRRGVDQGWKH
SXUFKDVHRIDOOWUDQVSRUWDWLRQUHODWHG
products and services as well as the
PRYHPHQWRISHRSOH³(PSOR\PHQWLQ
the transportation and material moYLQJLQGXVWU\DFFRXQWHGIRURIDOO
employment, and was the 5th largest
employment group in the United States.
Railtransport in the United States
$VRIWKHUHZHUHDXWRPRbiles per 1,000 Americans, compared
WRSHULQKDELWDQWVRIWKH
(XURSHDQ8QLRQWKHIROORZLQJ\HDU7KH
U.S. intercity passenger rail system is
UHODWLYHO\ZHDN2QO\RIWRWDO86
work trips employ mass transit, compa-
22
Today, most rail transport in the United
6WDWHVLVEDVHGLQIUHLJKWWUDLQVKLSments. Changing U.S. economic needs
DQGWKHULVHRIDXWRPRELOHEXVDQGDLU
transport led to repeated convulsions in
the U.S. passenger-rail industry. Today,
the sole intercity passenger railroad in
the continental United States is Amtrak.
Commuter rail systems exist in more
WKDQDGR]HQPHWURSROLWDQDUHDVFRPmuter systems have been proposed in
approximately two dozen other cities),
but are not extensively interconnected.
The most notable exception to this
general rule is New York City, with its
extensive subway system, the Long
Island Rail Road, and the Metro-North
rail extending into Connecticut with
links through New Jersey Transit, and
the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit
$XWKRULW\WRSRLQWVDVIDUVRXWKDV
Wilmington, Delaware. About two-thirds
RIDOO86SDVVHQJHUUDLOULGHUVDQG
one in every three U.S. mass transit
users, rides trains in the New York
metropolitan area. For more on that
phenomenon, see Transportation in
New York City.
Chicago has a similar but smaller Metra
system. U.S. railroads carried 427 billiRQWRQPLOHVRIFDUJRDQQXDOO\LQ
This increased to 750 billion ton-miles
Rail Transport
by 1975 and reached 1.7 doubled to 1.5
trillion ton-miles in 2005. In the 1950s,
the U.S. and Europe moved roughly
WKHVDPHSHUFHQWDJHRIIUHLJKWE\UDLO
EXWE\WKHVKDUHRI86UDLO
IUHLJKWZDVZKLOHLQ(XURSHRQO\
RIIUHLJKWWUDYHOHGE\UDLO,Q
while U.S. trains moved 2,165 billion
WRQNLORPHWHUVRIIUHLJKWWKHQDWLRQ
European Union moved only 238 billion
WRQNLORPHWHUVRIIUHLJKW
in the United States that meet the criteULDIRU&ODVV,$OWKRXJK$PWUDNTXDOL¿HVIRU&ODVV,VWDWXVXQGHUWKHUHYHQXH
criteria, it is generally not considered
a Class I railroad because it is not a
IUHLJKWUDLOURDG$VRI86IUHLJKW
railroads operated 140,490 route-miles
NPRIVWDQGDUGJDXJHLQWKH
United States. (Fig. 1)
Passenger Transport
Railroad companies in the United
States are generally separated into
three categories based on their annual
UHYHQXHV&ODVV,IRUIUHLJKWUDLOURDGV
with annual operating revenues above
PLOOLRQGROODUV&ODVV,,
IRUIUHLJKWUDLOURDGVZLWKUHYHQXHVEHWween $27.8 million and $346.7 million in
GROODUVDQG&ODVV,,,IRUDOORWKHU
IUHLJKWUDLOURDGV7KHVHFODVVL¿FDWLRQV
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Board. In 1939 there were 132 Class I
UDLOURDGV7RGD\DVWKHUHVXOWRIPHUJHUVEDQNUXSWFLHVDQGPDMRUFKDQJHV
LQWKHUHJXODWRU\GH¿QLWLRQRIÄ&ODVV,³
there are only seven railroads operating
3DVVHQJHUWUDLQVZHUHIRUPHUO\DGRPLQDQWPRGHRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQXSXQWLOWKH
mid-twentieth century. The introduction
RIMHWDLUSODQHVRQPDMRU86URXWHV
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Highway system accelerated a decline
in intercity rail passenger demand
during the 1960s, resulting in the sharp
FXUWDLOPHQWRISDVVHQJHUVHUYLFHE\SULvate railroads. This led to the creation
RI$PWUDNE\WKH)HGHUDO*RYHUQPHQW
in 1971 to maintain limited intercity rail
SDVVHQJHUVHUYLFHLQPRVWSDUWVRIWKH
FRXQWU\$PWUDNVHUYHVPRVWPDMRUFLWLHVEXWHVSHFLDOO\LQSDUWVRIWKHZHVW
RIWHQE\RQO\RQHRUWZRWUDLQVSHUGD\
,WGRHVQRWKRZHYHUVHQGDQ\WUDLQVWR
Las Vegas, Nevada or Phoenix, ArizoQD0RUHIUHTXHQWVHUYLFHLVDYDLODEOH
LQUHJLRQDOFRUULGRUVEHWZHHQPDMRU
cities, particularly the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., New
York City and Boston, between New
York City and Albany, around Chicago,
DQGLQSDUWVRI&DOLIRUQLDDQGWKH3DFL¿F
Northwest.
$ERXWRQHLQHYHU\WKUHHXVHUVRIPDVV
transit in the United States and twoWKLUGVRIWKHQDWLRQµVUDLOULGHUVOLYHLQ
New York.The US makes extensive use
RILWVUDLOV\VWHPIRUIUHLJKWDFFRUGLQJWR
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Ä86IUHLJKWUDLOURDGVDUHWKHZRUOGµV
EXVLHVWPRYLQJPRUHIUHLJKWWKDQDQ\
rail system in any other country. In
IDFW86UDLOURDGVPRYHPRUHWKDQ
IRXUWLPHVDVPXFKIUHLJKWDVGRDOO
RI:HVWHUQ(XURSHµVIUHLJKWUDLOURDGV
FRPELQHG³1HDUO\DOOUDLOURDGFRUULGRUV
YQRWLQFOXGLQJORFDOWUDQVLWUDLOV\VWHPV
are owned by private companies, which
SURYLGHIUHLJKWVHUYLFH$PWUDNSD\V
WKHVHFRPSDQLHVIRUWKHULJKWVWRXVH
23
Rail Transport
WKHWUDFNVIRUSDVVHQJHUVHUYLFH7KHUH
DUHDSSUR[LPDWHO\NP
PLRIPDLQOLQHUDLOURXWHVLQWKH8QLWHG
States - the world‘s longest national railURDGQHWZRUNDOWKRXJKQRWLWVGHQVHVW
a position belonging to Central European countries).
Chicago and North Western, Western
3DFL¿F0LVVRXUL.DQVDV7H[DVDQG
WKH5LR*UDQGHLQFOXGLQJWKH6RXWKHUQ
3DFL¿F&XUUHQWO\8QLRQ3DFL¿FRZQV
RI)HUURPH[ZKLOH*UXSR0H[LFR
owns the remaining 74%.
83µVFKLHIUDLOURDGFRPSHWLWRULVWKH
%16)5DLOZD\ZKLFKFRYHUVPXFKRI
the same territory.
8QLRQ3DFL¿F5DLOURDG
7KH8QLRQ3DFL¿F5DLOURDG$$5UHSRUWLQJPDUNV8383<1<6(813
headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska,
is the largest railroad network in the
United States. James R. Young is president, CEO and Chairman.UP‘s route
PDSFRYHUVPRVWRIWKHFHQWUDODQG
ZHVWHUQ8QLWHG6WDWHVZHVWRI&KLFDJRDQG1HZ2UOHDQV$VRI83
RSHUDWHVRQPLOHVNPRI
WUDFNRIZKLFKLWRZQVRXWULJKW
PLOHVNPERWKQXPEHUVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHKLJKHVWDPRXQWRIDQ\UDLOroad currently operating in the United
States. It has achieved this size thanks
WRSXUFKDVLQJDODUJHQXPEHURIRWKHU
UDLOURDGVQRWDEO\WKH0LVVRXUL3DFL¿F
24
absorbed local lines that gave it access
to Denver and to Portland, Oregon,
DQGWKH3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW,WDFTXLUHG
WKH.DQVDV3DFL¿FRULJLQDOO\FDOOHGWKH
8QLRQ3DFL¿F(DVWHUQ'LYLVLRQWKRXJK
in essence a separate railroad). It also
owned narrow gauge trackage into the
KHDUWRIWKH&RORUDGR5RFNLHVDQGD
VWDQGDUGJDXJHOLQHVRXWKIURP'HQYHU
across New Mexico into Texas.
+LVWRU\RIWKH8QLRQ3DFL¿F
Early 1900s
7KH8QLRQ3DFL¿F5DLOURDGZDVLQFRUSRUDWHGRQ-XO\LQWKHZDNHRI
WKH3DFL¿F5DLOURDG$FWRI8QGHU
WKHJXLGDQFHRILWVGRPLQDQWVWRFNKROGHU7KRPDV&'XUDQWWKH¿UVWUDLOV
were laid in Omaha, Nebraska. They
ZHUHSDUWRIWKHUDLOURDGVWKDWFDPH
together at Promontory Summit, Utah,
LQDVWKH¿UVWWUDQVFRQWLQHQWDOUDLOroad in North America. Subsequently,
UP took over the Utah Central extenGLQJVRXWKIURP2JGHQ8WDKWKURXJK
Salt Lake City, and the Utah & NortKHUQH[WHQGLQJIURP2JGHQWKURXJK
Idaho into Montana, and it built or
7KHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHPDLQUDLOZD\
OLQNLQJ6RXWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLDZLWK6DOW
Lake City, establishes Las Vegas as a
UDLOURDGWRZQ7KHDYDLODELOLW\RIZDWHU
PDNHV/DV9HJDVDQLGHDOUHIXHOLQJ
point and rest stop.
(Fig. 2 & 3)
Sources:
wikipedia.org
www.lasvegasnevada.gov
Fig 1: www.radicalcartography.net/
Fig 2&3: www.wikipedia.org
Rail Transport
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
25
26
New York City
zusammengestellt von: Thomas Lebinger, Rita Nowak & Martha Wiesbauer
27
New York City
FACTS
Population:
8,2 million
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Area:
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9,(VTXDUHPLOHVNPð
New York City has about 4493 skyscrapers, more than any other city in
the world. New York has architecturally
VLJQL¿FDQWEXLOGLQJVLQDZLGHUDQJHRI
styles. These include the Woolworth
%XLOGLQJDQHDUO\JRWKLFUHYLYDO
skyscraper built with massively scaled
JRWKLFGHWDLOLQJDEOHWREHUHDGIURP
VWUHHWOHYHOVHYHUDOKXQGUHGIHHWEHORZ
Density:
1<&VTPLOHVNPð
9,(VTPLOHVNPð
New York City is the most densely
SRSXODWHGPDMRUFLW\LQWKH8QLWHG
States. For more than a century, it has
EHHQRQHRIWKHZRUOGµVPDMRUFHQWHUV
RIFRPPHUFHDQG¿QDQFH7KHFLW\LV
DOVRDPDMRUFHQWHUIRUIRUHLJQDIIDLUV
KRVWLQJWKHKHDGTXDUWHUVRIWKH8QLWHG
Nations.
1HZ<RUNLVWKHELUWKSODFHRIPDQ\
American cultural movements. In 2005,
nearly 170 languages were spoken in
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born outside the United States.
7KHEXLOGLQJIRUPPRVWFORVHO\DVVRFLated with New York City is the skyscra-
28
The 1916 Zoning Resolution required
setback in new buildings, and restricted
WRZHUVWRDSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHORWVL]H
to allow sunlight to reach the streets
EHORZ7KH$UW'HFRGHVLJQRIWKH
&KU\VOHU%XLOGLQJZLWKLWVWDSHUHGWRSDQGVWHHOVSLUHUHÀHFWHGWKH
]RQLQJUHTXLUHPHQWV$KLJKO\LQÀXHQWLDO
H[DPSOHRIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVW\OHLQWKH
United States is the Seagram Building
GLVWLQFWLYHIRULWVIDFDGHXVLQJ
visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke
the building‘s structure.
7KHFKDUDFWHURI1HZ<RUNµVODUJH
UHVLGHQWLDOGLVWULFWVLVRIWHQGH¿QHGE\
the elegant brownstone rowhouses,
townhouses, and shabby tenements
WKDWZHUHEXLOWGXULQJDSHULRGRIUDSLG
H[SDQVLRQIURPWR
Stone and brick became the city‘s
EXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVRIFKRLFHDIWHUWKH
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OLPLWHGLQWKHDIWHUPDWKRIWKH*UHDW)LUH
RI$GLVWLQFWLYHIHDWXUHRIPDQ\
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In the 1800s, the city required their
installation on buildings higher than six
VWRULHVWRSUHYHQWWKHQHHGIRUH[FHVsively high water pressures at lower
elevations, which could burst municipal
water pipes.
Garden apartments became popular
during the 1920s in outlying areas,
LQFOXGLQJ-DFNVRQ+HLJKWVLQ4XHHQV
which became more accessible with
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New York City
Geography
NYC is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York
6WDWHDSSUR[LPDWHO\KDOIZD\EHWZHHQ
Washington D.C. and Boston. The locaWLRQDWWKHPRXWKRIWKH+XGVRQ5LYHU
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harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean,
KDVKHOSHGWKHFLW\JURZLQVLJQL¿FDQFH
DVDWUDGLQJFLW\0XFKRI1HZ<RUNLV
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Staten Island, and Long Island. The
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Island Sound and separates the Bronx
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The city‘s land has been altered considerably by human intervention, with
substantial land reclamation along the
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Reclamation is most notable in Lower
0DQKDWWDQ6RPHRIWKHQDWXUDOYDULDtions in topography have been evened
out, particularly in Manhattan.
Fig. 1
29
New York City
History
GLVFRYHU\RI1HZ<RUNE\
Giovanni da Verrazzano
1609 Henry Hudson explores the
Hudson River
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Netherlands
1624-1625 Dutch settle, incorporate
1658 Niew Haarlem settled
1664 The English conquered the city
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WKH(QJOLVK'XNHRI<RUN
1735 Zenger trial
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1756 First ST. Patrick’s day
1776-1783 British occupation
1789 George Washington inauguration
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1811 Commissioners Grid plan
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1835 Great Fire
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1873 Central Park was completed
1883 Brooklyn Bridge
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By 1916, Home to the largest urban
30
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1929 Stock market crash
In the 1980s, a resurgence in the
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By the 1990s, racial tensions had
calmed, crime rates dropped
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and Latin America
2001 Attack on the WTC
7KH)UHHGRP7RZHUVFKHGXOHGIRU
completion
(Fig. 2 - Castello plan)
Boroughs :LNLSHGLD
New York CityLVFRPSULVHGRI¿YH
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Bronx) would be among the ten most
populous cities in the United States.
The Bronx (4) SRSLV
NYC‘s northernmost borough. Except
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as Marble Hill, the Bronx is the only
VHFWLRQRIWKHFLW\WKDWLVSDUWRIWKH
United States mainland. It is home to
the Bronx Zoo, the largest metropolitan
zoo in the United States and the Yankee
Stadium.
Brooklyn (2) SRSLVWKH
city‘s most populous borough and was
an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn
LVNQRZQIRULWVFXOWXUDOVRFLDODQGHWKnic diversity, an independent art scene,
distinct neighborhoods and a unique
architectural heritage. It is also the only
ERURXJKRXWVLGHRI0DQKDWWDQZLWKD
distinct downtown area. The borough
IHDWXUHVDORQJEHDFKIURQWDQG&RQH\
Island, established in the 1870s as one
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the country.
Manhattan (1) SRSLVWKH
most densely populated borough and
KRPHWRPRVWRIWKHFLW\µVVN\VFUDSHUV
as well as Central Park. The borough
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New York City
sities, and many cultural attractions,
including numerous museums, the
Broadway theatre district, Greenwich
Village, and Madison Square Garden.
Manhattan is loosely divided into Lower,
Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central
Park into the Upper East Side and the
Upper West Side, and above the park is
Harlem.
Queens (3) SRSLVJHRgraphically the largest borough and the
most ethnically diverse county in the
United States, and may overtake Brooklyn as the city‘s most populous borough
due to its growth. Historically a collecWLRQRIVPDOOWRZQVDQGYLOODJHVIRXQded by the Dutch, today the borough
is largely residential and middle class.
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hosts the U.S. Open tennis tournament.
Additionally, it is home to NYC‘s two
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John F. Kennedy International Airport.
Staten Island (5) SRSLVWKH
PRVWVXEXUEDQLQFKDUDFWHURIWKH¿YH
boroughs. Staten Island is connected
to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows
%ULGJHDQGWR0DQKDWWDQYLDWKHIUHH
Staten Island Ferry. The Staten Island
)HUU\LVRQHRIWKHPRVWSRSXODUWRXULVW
attractions in New York
Y
City as it proviGHVXQVXUSDVVHGYLHZVRIWKH6WDWXHRI
Liberty, Ellis Island, and lower Manhattan. Located in central Staten Island,
WKHNPð*UHHQEHOWKDVVRPHNP
RIZDONLQJWUDLOVDQGRQHRIWKHODVWXQGLVWXUEHGIRUHVWVLQWKHFLW\'HVLJQDWHG
in 1984 to protect the island‘s natural
lands, the Greenbelt encompasses
seven city parks. The F.D.R. Boardwalk
DORQJ6RXWK%HDFKLVWZRDQGRQHKDOI
PLOHVORQJZKLFKLVWKHIRXUWKODUJHVWLQ
the world.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
31
New York City
SHOPPING
Prada Flagship Store (Fig. 6+7)
Macy‘s (Fig. 4+5)
$UFKLWHFWLQWHULRUGHVLJQ
Rem Koolhaas
Address:
151 W. 34th St.
New York, NY 10001
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
Address:
%URDGZD\DW3ULQFH6W6R+R
New York City, NY 10022
USA
Store hours:
MON-SAT 10-9:30PM, SUN 11-8PM
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
UHQRYDWLRQDIWHU¿UH
As the world‘s largest department
store and a registered New York City
landmark, Macy‘s is more a shopping
empire than mere retailer. The Store
is nine stories high with 33 elevaters
DQGHVFDODWRUVWKH¿UVWDPHULFDQVWRUH
to use them. To this day the original
ZRGGHQHVFDODWRUVFDQEHIRXQG7KH
PHUFKDQGLVHIURPEHDXW\SURGXFWV
DQGPHQµVIDVKLRQWRGLQQHUZDUHDQG
GHVLJQHUVOLSGUHVVHV¿OOWKHVWRUHµVRQH
PLOOLRQVTXDUHIHHWRIUHWDLOVSDFH
Store hours:
MON-SAT 11-7PM, SUN 12-6PM
32
Upon entering the store visitors are met
with a largely vacant space dominated by an oversized, round elevator.
The store‘s main design component
LVWKHKDOISLSHOLNHZRRGHQFXUYHWKDW
FRQQHFWVWKHWZRÀRRUVYLVXDOO\2QWKH
Broadway side, the curve has steps
DQGVHUYHVDVDSODFHIRUFORWKHVWREH
shown.
7KHRWKHUVLGHRIWKHKDOISLSHLVDVWHHS
curve that leads the eye back up to the
ground level, and has metal cages with
merchandise hanging above it. On the
curved end, a stage can rotate out creDWLQJDSHUIRUPDQFHVSDFHWKHUHE\PDking the stepped end work as seating
IRUVXFKHYHQWV
Once shoppers descend into the
basement level via wooden stairs that
JRDORQJVLGHWKHÄELJZDYH³WKHUHDUH
VKRSSLQJVSDFHVRQHLWKHUVLGHDVPDOO
URRPRIIWRWKHOHIWDQGDODUJHUVSDFHWR
WKHULJKWZKLFKLVLWVHOIEURNHQXSLQWR
small rooms. Here Koolhaas decided
to leave sheetrock bare, which serves
as an interesting counterpoint to the
technological gadgetry that dominates
the basement level.
2IWKHVHJDGJHWVWKHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJ
DUHWKRVHIRXQGLQWKHFKDQJLQJURRPV
The changing rooms have sliding glass
doors made with Priva-Lite technology,
DJODVVZLWKOLTXLGFU\VWDO¿OPLQVLGH
that becomes opaque when an electric
FXUUHQWWKURXJKWKH¿OPLVFXWRII
New York City
Fig .4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
33
New York City
Stella McCartney Flagship Store (Fig.
8)
Architects:
Universal design studio
Address:
429 West 14th Street
New York City, NY 10014
Apple Store (Fig. 9+10)
Architect/Designers:
Eight Inc.
Address:
)LIWK$YH
New York City, NY 10153
Storefront for Art and Architecture
(Fig. 11)
Architect:
Steven Holl
Address:
97 Kenmare Street
New York, NY 10012
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
Store hours: 24h / 365 days
Store hours:
MON-SAT 11-7PM, SUN 12:30-6PM
Universal was commissioned to
GHOLYHUDIXOOGHVLJQVHUYLFHIRU6WHOOD
McCartney’s Flagship store in New
York’s Meat Packing district. The proMHFWHQWDLOVWKHFRPSOHWHUHQRYDWLRQRI
an old industrial space. The design proposes an abstract landscape inspired
E\0F&DUWQH\¶VGHVLUHIRUDWUDQTXLODQG
SOHDVDQWUHIXJHDZD\IURPWKHKHFWLF
H[WHULRUZKHUHFXVWRPHUVZRXOGEHIUHH
to explore and discover her creations.
34
The Store, designed by SF based
GHVLJQ¿UP(LJKW,QFLV$SSOH¶VPRVW
DUFKLWHFWXUDOO\LQQRYDWLYHVWRUHIHDWXULQJDGLVWLQFWLYHIRRWJODVVFXEHWKDW
creates a stunning new destination on
)LIWK$YHQXHRQHRIWKHZRUOG¶VPRVW
popular shopping areas. The store is
$SSOHµV¿UVWWKUHHVWRU\UHWDLOVSDFHWKDW
ERDVWVWZRÀRRUVGHGLFDWHGWRSURGXFWV
and a third dedicated to services, incluGLQJDIRRW*HQLXV%DUDQGVSHFLDOO\
GHVLJQHGDUHDVIRUZRUNVKRSVDVZHOO
as personal training.
Store hours:
TUE - SAT 11-6PM
Closed SUN and MON
,WVJURXQGÀRRUIDFDGHLVPDGHXSRI
irregularly shaped panels that turn on
pivot points, swinging open to let light
DQGDLULQWRWKHLQWHULRU7KHFRQFHSWIRU
WKHSURMHFWRILQVLGHEHFRPLQJRXWVLGH
LVDFKLHYHGE\FRPSRVLQJWKHIDFDGH
PDLQO\RIUHYROYLQJSDQHOV(DFKSDQHOµV
unique shape, relation to other panels,
and open or closed condition creates, in
HIIHFWDGLIIHUHQWIDFDGHHDFKGD\
New York City
Fig. 11
Fig. 9
Fig. 8
Fig .10
35
New York City
RESTAURANTS, BARS AND CLUBS
Brasserie (Seagram B.) (Fig. 12)
American general:
FREEMAN’S
BAR AMERICAIN – 152 W52nd st
Architects:
'LOOHU6FR¿GLR5HQIUR
Spansih:
RIO MAR – 7 Ninth Ave
Address:
100 East 53rd Street
New York, NY 10022
Burgers:
CORNER BISTRO – 331 W. 4th St
KENN’S BROOME STREET BAR - 363
W Broadway
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
While the Seagram Building by Mies
van der Rohe is the premiere 20th
century glass tower, the restaurant,
ORGJHGLQWKHVWRQHEDVHRIWKHEXLOGLQJ
is entirely without glass or view. The
design emphasizes the social aspects
RIGLQLQJ(QWUDQFHIURPWKHVWUHHWLV
WUDQVIRUPHGLQWRWKHULWXDORIÄPDNLQJ
DQHQWUDQFH³,QLWLDOO\DVHQVRULQWKH
revolving entry door triggers a video
snapshot that is added to a continuously changing display over the bar,
announcing every new patron.
36
Mexican:
IXTA – 48 East 29th St.
Chinese:
WOO LAE OAK – 148 Mercer St
ORIENTAL GARDENS – 14 Elizabeth
6WEHW%D\DUG&DQDO
GOLDEN UNICORN – 18 E. Broadway
EHW&DWKHULQH0DUNHW
JIN FONG – 20 Elizabeth St
Bagels:
ABSOLUTE BAGELS 2788 Broadway
%$*(/5<7KLUG$YHDWWK6W
0855$<µ6%$*(/6WKDYHEHWween 22nd and 23rd Streets),
CLUBS
Pizza:
5 POINTS – 51 Great Jones St
GRIMALDI’S – 19 Old Fulton St, BrookO\QXQGHU%URRNO\Q%ULGJH
Austrian:
CAFÉ ÉCLAIR – 72 St. Bet. Columbus
Ave & Broadway
DANUBE – 30 Hudson St
BLAUE GANZ – 139 Duane St
CAFÉ KATJA - 79 Orchard St
Most clubs are located in the hip Meatpaking District!
Socialista
505 West Street
Opening hours:
SUN & MON 10-4AM, TUE-SAT 6-4AM
Pink Elephant
527 W 27th St
Opening hours: THU-SAT 10PM-4AM
New York City
Plunge @ Hotel Gansevoort Rooftop
1LQWK$YHWKÀ
Hudson Bar @ Hudson Hotel
356 West 58th Street
Opening hours:
SUN-WED 4-2AM, THU-SAT 4-3:30AM
230 FIFTH
)LIWK$YH
Opening hours: 4PM-4AM
Le Souk
47 Ave B between 3rd and 4th St
Opening hours: 6PM-4AM
Marquee
289 Tenth Ave. 26th St
Opening hours:
TUE 10PM-4AM, WED-SAT 10:30-4AM
Opening hours: TUE-SAT 5PM-4AM
KNITTING FACTORY
74 Leonard st bet. broadway and church
BAKTUN
418 w. 14th St
WED-SAT 9:00PM-4:00 AM
JONES
54 Great Jones Street
ROXY
515 West 18th St
KENN’S BROOME STREET BAR
363 W Broadway
THE EAR
6SULQJVWUHHW*UHHQZLFKVWROGHVWEDU
in NY)
Lotus
409 W 14th St
Opening hours:
78(6$730681021FORVHG
Rose Bar @ Gramercy Park Hotel
2 Lexington Ave
Fig. 12
37
New York City
CULTURAL INSTITUTES
The Austrian Cultural Forum
(Fig. 13+14)
Architect:
Raimund Abraham
Address:
11 East 52nd Street
New York, NY 10022
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
Gallery Hours:
MON-SAT 10 - 6PM
7KHEXLOGLQJIRUWKH$XVWULDQ&XOWXUDO
Forum, designed by Austrian-born
architect Raimund Abraham, is a 24story skyscraper. The tower opened to
the public in April 2002. Abraham, who
received the commission in 1992 in an
international design competition hosted
E\WKH)HGHUDO0LQLVWU\IRU)RUHLJQ
$IIDLUVRIWKH5HSXEOLFRI$XVWULDKDV
described the building as „a deliberate
PDQLIHVWDWLRQRIWKHXWPRVWIRUPDO
38
reduction, challenging the indigenous
YDULDWLRQVRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJEXLOGLQJV³
,WLVDVTXDUHIRRWVWUXFWXUHRI
concrete, glass, and steel. The strucWXUHFRQVLVWVRIZKDW$EUDKDPKDV
GXEEHGÄWKUHHHOHPHQWDU\WRZHUV³
GH¿QHGE\WKHH[WUHPHFRQGLWLRQVRID
VLWHRQO\IHHWZLGHDQGIHHWGHHS
The Vertebra is the stair tower at the
EDFNRIWKHVLWHWKH&RUHLVWKHFHQWUDO
structural tower containing the Forum‘s
IXQFWLRQLQJVSDFHVZLWKLQDPHWLFXORXVly constructed, interrelated arrangement
and the Mask is the glass articulation
RIWKHVWUHHWIDFDGHSXQFWXDWHGE\D
SURWUXGLQJER[OLNHYROXPHWKDWLQIDFW
accommodates an interior program
area with spectacular views.
The Museum of Modern Art (Fig. 15)
Architect:
Yoshio Taniguchi
Address:
11 West 53 Street,
New York, NY 10019
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
Museum Hours:
MON,WED,THUR,SAT,SUN
10:30–5:30PM
TUE closed, FRI 10:30–8:00PM
)UHHHQWU\RQ)ULGD\VDIWHUSP
The MoMA is a preeminent art museum located in Midtown Manhattan.
It has been singularly important in
developing and collecting modernist
DUWDQGLVRIWHQLGHQWL¿HGDVWKHPRVW
LQÀXHQWLDOPXVHXPRIPRGHUQDUWLQWKH
ZRUOG7KHPXVHXPµVFROOHFWLRQRIIHUV
DQXQSDUDOOHOHGRYHUYLHZRIPRGHUQ
and contemporary art, including works
RIDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGGHVLJQGUDZLQJV
painting, sculpture, photography, prints,
New York City
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
39
New York City
LOOXVWUDWHGERRNV¿OPDQGHOHFWURQLF
media.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
(Fig. 16)
The midtowm location underwent extensive renovations in the 2000s, closing
on May 21, 2002 and reopening on
November 20, 2004. The renovation
SURMHFWQHDUO\GRXEOHGWKHVSDFHIRU
MoMA‘s exhibitions and programs and
IHDWXUHVVTXDUHIHHWRIQHZ
and redesigned space.
Architect:
Frank Lloyd Wright
The Building on the western portion
RIWKHVLWHKRXVHVWKHPDLQH[KLELWLRQ
galleries, and Education and Research
Building on the eastern portion provides
RYHU¿YHWLPHVPRUHVSDFHIRUFODVVrooms, auditoriums, teacher training
workshops, and the Museum‘s expanded Library and Archives. These two
EXLOGLQJVIUDPHWKHHQODUJHG6FXOSWXUH
Garden. The reopening brought controversy as its admission cost increased
IURPWRPDNLQJLWRQHRIWKH
most expensive museums in the city.
Gallery Hours
SAT-WED 10-5:45PM, FRI 10-7:45PM,
Closed THUR
40
Address:
)LIWK$YHQXH$W6WUHHW
New York, NY 10128 0172
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
The Guggenheim Museum is an emboGLPHQWRI:ULJKWµVDWWHPSWVWRUHQGHU
WKHLQKHUHQWSODVWLFLW\RIRUJDQLFIRUPV
LQDUFKLWHFWXUH+LVLQYHUWHG]LJJXUDWD
stepped or winding pyramidal temple
RI%DE\ORQLDQRULJLQGLVSHQVHGZLWK
the conventional approach to museum
design, which led visitors through a
VHULHVRILQWHUFRQQHFWHGURRPVDQG
IRUFHGWKHPWRUHWUDFHWKHLUVWHSVZKHQ
exiting. Instead, Wright whisked people
WRWKHWRSRIWKHEXLOGLQJYLDHOHYDWRU
proceeding downward at a leisurely
SDFHRQWKHJHQWOHVORSHRIDFRQWLQXRus ramp. The galleries were divided like
WKHPHPEUDQHVLQFLWUXVIUXLWZLWKVHOI
contained yet interdependent sections.
7KHRSHQURWXQGDDIIRUGHGYLHZHUV
WKHXQLTXHSRVVLELOLW\RIVHHLQJVHYHUDO
ED\VRIZRUNRQGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVVLPXOtaneously. The spiral design recalled a
nautilus shell, with continuous spaces
ÀRZLQJIUHHO\RQHLQWRDQRWKHU
,QWKHVHFRQGÀRRURIWKHEXLOGLQJ
was renovated to display the museum‘s
growing permanent collection, and
ZLWKWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRIWKHPXVHXPLQ
1990–92, it was turned over entirely to
exhibition space.
$VSDUWRIWKHUHVWRUDWLRQDRI¿FH
art-storage annex was replaced by the
current structure. This tower provides
IRXUDGGLWLRQDOH[KLELWLRQJDOOHULHVDQG
VRPHWKLUW\¿YH\HDUVDIWHUWKHLQLWLDWLRQ
RIFRQVWUXFWLRQFRPSOHWHG:ULJKWµV
FRQFHSWIRUWKHPXVHXP,QWKH
6DFNOHU&HQWHUIRU$UWV(GXFDWLRQRSHQHGWRWKHSXEOLF/RFDWHGMXVWEHORZWKH
rotunda.
New York City
Exterior restoration of the building
Although much admired, the innovative
concrete structure, designed by Frank
Lloyd Wright, has been plagued by
VXUIDFHFUDFNVDOPRVWVLQFHLWRSHQHG
in 1959.
,QVRPHOD\HUVRISDLQWDSSOLHG
over the past 46 years were removed
DQGWKHEXLOGLQJ¶VFRQFUHWHVXUIDFH
KDVEHHQUHYHDOHGDOORZLQJIRUFORVHDQDO\VLVRIWKHEXLOGLQJ¶VVXUIDFH
6FDIIROGLQJZLOOUHPDLQLQSODFHWKURXJK
spring 2008.
Fig. 16
41
New York City
New Museum of Contemporary Art
Architects:
SANAA
Address:
235 Bowery
New York, NY 10002
212.219.1222
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
Museum Hours:
WED, SAT and SUN 12-6 PM
Thursday and Friday 12-10 PM
MON and TUE closed
7KH1HZ0XVHXPRI&RQWHPSRUDU\
$UWIRXQGHGLQLVWKHRQO\PXseum in New York City exclusively
devoted to presenting contemporary art
IURPDURXQGWKHZRUOG7KH0XVHXP
SUHVHQWVWKHZRUNRIXQGHUUHFRJQL]HG
artists, and has mounted ambitious
VXUYH\VRILPSRUWDQW¿JXUHVVXFKDV
Ana Mendieta, William Kentridge,
'DYLG:RMQDURZLF]3DXO0F&DUWK\
DQG$QGUHD=LWWHOEHIRUHWKH\UHFHLYHG
42
widespread public recognition. In 2003,
WKH1HZ0XVHXPIRUPHGDQDI¿OLDWLRQ
ZLWK5KL]RPHDOHDGLQJRQOLQHSODWIRUP
IRUJOREDOQHZPHGLDDUW
In 2005, the museum was among 406
New York City arts and social service
LQVWLWXWLRQVWRUHFHLYHSDUWRIDPLOOLRQJUDQWIURPWKH&DUQHJLH&RUSRUDtion, which was made possible through
a donation by New York City mayor
Michael Bloomberg.
In December 2007, the New Museum
opened the doors to its new location on
235 Bowery, at Prince Street. This new
IDFLOLW\GHVLJQHGE\WKH7RN\REDVHG
¿UP6HMLPD1LVKL]DZD6$1$$DQG
WKH1HZ<RUNEDVHG¿UP*HQVOHUKDV
greatly expanded the Museum’s exhibitions and space.
The Porter House (Fig.17+18)
Architect:
SHoP
Address:
366 West 15th Street
New York, NY 10014
<HDURIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
7KH3RUWHU+RXVHFRPSOH[QDPHGDIWHU
WKHIDPRXVSRUWHUKRXVHFXWRIVWHDNLV
located close to the Gansevoort Market
in the hip Meatpacking District. SHOP
DUFKLWHFWVKDYHSODFHGDIRXUVWRULHV
KLJKJXQPHWDOJUD\ER[DWDQRIIDQJOH
RQWRSRIDUHQRYDWHGVL[VWRU\
VTIWZDUHKRXVHEXLOWLQ
(PSOR\LQJDFXVWRPIDEULFDWHG]LQF
SDQHOV\VWHPIRUWKHIDFDGHDQGÀRRU
WRFHLOLQJZLQGRZVWKHYHUWLFDOLW\RI
WKHVWUXFWXUHDQGWKHXQLTXHLQWHUIDFH
EHWZHHQWKHH[WHULRUVRIWKHRULJLQDO
5HQDLVVDQFH5HYLYDOIDFDGHDQGWKH
new addition are accentuated. Internally
mounted light boxes blur the massing
New York City
RIWKHEXLOGLQJDVGD\WXUQVWRQLJKWWR
FUHDWHDYLVXDOIRFXVIURPWKHRSHQ
urban square at Ninth Avenue and 14th
Street. Minimizing material waste, the
SURMHFWWHDPZRUNHGFORVHO\ZLWKWKH
IDEULFDWRUXVLQJVRIWZDUHVWDQGDUGWR
the sheet-metal industry to develop an
elevation pattern based on the most
HI¿FLHQWOD\RXWRISDQHOVRQDVWDQGDUGZLGWKRIVKHHWPDWHULDO6LQFHWKH
SDQHOVZHUHFXWDQGEHQWGLUHFWO\IURP
GLJLWDO¿OHVDQHFRQRP\RIVFDOHZDV
DFKLHYHGLQWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVV
while achieving a highly custom look
ZLWKYDULDEOHVL]HGSDQHOV7KHSURMHFW
KDVRQHEHGURRPDSDUWPHQWV
two-bedrooms, some with studies or
WHUUDFHVWKUHHEHGURRPVDQGDIRXU
EHGURRPGXSOH[ZLWKDSULYDWHURRIWRS
GHFN3ULFHVUDQJHIURPIRU
RQHEHGURRPVWRPLOOLRQIRUWKH
penthouse. Taxes and maintenance
on a typical two-bedroom costing $1.3
million are about $2,700 a month.
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
43
New York City
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION
The Cooper Union
School of Architecture (Fig. 21)
7 Cooper Square
New York, NY 10003
7KH,UZLQ6&KDQLQ6FKRRORI$UFKLWHFWXUHDW7KH&RRSHU8QLRQRIIHUVD
¿YH\HDUSURJUDPOHDGLQJWRD%DFKHORURI$UFKLWHFWXUHGHJUHH7KHVFKRRO
UDQNVDPRQJWKHWRS¿YHDUFKLWHFWXUH
programs in the United States. The
SKLORVRSKLFDOIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHVFKRRO
is committed to the complex symbiotic
UHODWLRQVKLSVRIHGXFDWLRQUHVHDUFK
theory and practice.
7KH¿YH\HDU'HVLJQVHTXHQFHLV
VWUXFWXUHGWRLQWHJUDWHWKHHOHPHQWVRI
DUFKLWHFWXUHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRISURJUDP
FRQVWUXFWLRQVWUXFWXUHIRUPDQGVSDFH
DQGWRJHQHUDWHDQHIIHFWLYHIRUFHIXO
and spirited architecture.
44
Columbia University (Fig. 19+20)
Graduate School of Architecture,
Planning and Preservation
New York institute of technology
School of architecture & Design
1172 Amsterdam Avenue
New York, NY 10027
1855 Broadway
New York, NY 10023
The Columbia University is the oldest
LQVWLWXWLRQRIKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQ1HZ
<RUNDQGZDVIRXQGHGLQ/RZHU0DQKDWWDQE\WKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHEULWLVK
king George III. in 1754. At that time
the University was also named King´s
College and began it´s work with eight
students and one teacher. Now the
University educates 21000 students
E\WHDFKHUV,QWKHPLGGOHRIWKH
19th Century was the university campus
in Midtown. Since 1897 the campus is
situated on the Morningside Heights.
7KUHHDUFKLWHFWXUHGHJUHHVDUHRIIHUHG
7KH1HZ<RUN,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\LV
a private, co-educational college. The
college has three New York campuses,
two on Long Island and one on the UpSHU:HVW6LGHRI0DQKDWWDQDVZHOODV
global locations and an online college.
Founded in 1955, NYIT is the birthplace
RIWKH'DQLPDWLRQFRPSXWHUV\VWHP
The NYIT Computer Graphics Lab is
UHJDUGHGDVRQHRIWKHKDOOPDUNVRIWKH
computer graphics industry, and is liVWHGLQKLVWRU\DVRQHRIWKHWRSFRPSXter graphics research and development
groups in the world.
- M.Arch Degree Programm
- M.Sc. Degree in Advanced Architectural Design
- The Ph. D. program in architecture
7KH6FKRRORI$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG'HVLJQ
RIIHUVGHJUHHVLQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGLQWHrior design.
New York City
Fig. 20
Fig. 19
Fig. 21
45
New York City
FUTURE PLANS FOR NYC
Chelsea/ High Line (Fig. 22+23)
The High Line is an abandoned 1.45
PLOHNPVHFWLRQRIWKHIRUPHU
HOHYDWHGIUHLJKWUDLOURDGRIWKH:HVW
6LGH/LQHDORQJWKHORZHUZHVWVLGHRI
1HZ<RUN&LW\ERURXJKRI0DQKDWWDQ
between 34th Street near the Javits
Convention Center and Gansevoort
Street in the West Village. The High
Line was built in the early 1930s by the
New York Central and has been unused
E\IUHLJKWVHUYLFHVLQFH,WLVLQD
VWDWHRIGLVUHSDLUDOWKRXJKWKHHOHYDWHG
structure is basically sound. Wild grass
DQGSODQWVJURZDORQJPRVWRIWKHURXWH
7KHFRPPXQLW\EDVHGJURXS)ULHQGVRI
the High Line was established by neighborhood residents Robert Hammond
and Joshua David, leading to plans to
turn the High Line into an elevated park
or greenway. In 2004, the New York
City government committed $50 million
to establish the proposed park.
On June 13, 2005, the U.S. Federal
46
6XUIDFH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ%RDUGLVVXHGD
FHUWL¿FDWHRILQWHULPWUDLOXVHDOORZLQJ
WKHFLW\WRUHPRYHPRVWRIWKHOLQHIURP
the national railway system. On April 10,
2006, Mayor Michael Bloomberg presided over a groundbreaking ceremony,
PDUNLQJWKHEHJLQQLQJRIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
RQWKH+LJK/LQHSURMHFWWXUQLQJLWLQWR
an elevated park. The park will occupy
the trestle´s elevated reil deck, which
ULVHVEHWZHHQDQGIHHWDERYH
VWUHHWOHYHO7KHSURMHFWLVEHLQJXQGHUWDNHQE\ODQGVFDSH¿UP)LHOG2SHUDWLRQVDQGDUFKLWHFWV'LOOHU6FR¿GLR
5HQIUR+RWHOGHYHORSHU$QGUH%DOD]V
RZQHURIWKH&KDWHDX0DUPRQWLQ/RV
Angeles, is building a 337-room hotel
straddling the High Line at Little West
WK6WUHHW$VRI6SULQJPRVWRI
the old rail tracks have been removed,
PDNLQJZD\IRUWKHSDUN,IZRUNJRHV
DVSODQQHGWKHVRXWKHUQVHFWLRQRIWKH
+LJK/LQHIURP*DQVHYRRUW6WUHHWWR
20th Street will be open to the public
LQ6XPPHURIFUHDWLQJDQDWXUDO
oasis in an urban city. This southern
VHFWLRQZLOOLQFOXGH¿YHDFFHVVVWDLUways and three elevators. The park
ZLOOHYHQWXDOO\H[WHQGIURP*DQVHYRRUW
Street north to 30th Street where the
elevated tracks turn west around the
+XGVRQ<DUGVGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWWR
the Javits Convention Center on 34nd
6WUHHW7KHQRUWKHUQPRVWVHFWLRQIURP
30th to 34th Streets, is still owned by
the CSX railroad company. The
High Line´s redevelopment is triggering
a construction boom in it´s surrounding
neighborhoods. Prominent architects
working her include Jean Nouvel, Frank
Gehry, Richard Rogers, Annabelle
6HOGRUI5REHUW$06WHUQ$XGUH\
Matlock, Polshek Partnership and
Gwathmey Siegel.
Governors Island (Fig. 24)
New York City‘s Greening Campaign
KDVDQHZIURQWLHURQ*RYHUQRUV,VODQGDDFUHODQGPDVVORFDWHGRII
Manhattan´s southern tip that the coast
Guard turned over to New York City in
2003.
,Q'HFHPEHUWKHUHVXOWVRIDQ
international design competition were
New York City
DQQRXQFHG$MXU\KDGVHOHFWHGDQ
alliance comprising West 8, Rogers
0DUYHO'LOOHU6FR¿GLR5HQIUR4XHQnell Rothschild, and SMWM to plan a
90-acre nature preserve, a centerpiece
RIWKHFLW\µVZDWHUIURQWGHYHORSPHQW
The competition asked designers to
consider three components:
- a 25-to-40-acre park
DPLOHZDWHUIURQWSURPHQDGHDURXQG
the island´s perimeter and
DKDOIGLVWULFWRIKLVWRULFEXLOGLQJV
Jerry van Eyck, partner at Rotterdambased West 8, calls Governors Island
ÄWKHXQ&HQWUDO3DUN´IRULWVQRQXUEDQ
condition and „a sleeping beauty”
IRULWVXQWDSSHGSRWHQWLDO'HVSLWHLWV
prime location between Manhattan and
Brooklyn, the 172-acre island has seen
little use since 1996, when the Coast
*XDUGFORVHGWKHODVWRIDVXFFHVVLRQRI
military installations dating to 1794. The
winning preliminary proposal creates
elevated harbor views, augmenting the
LVODQGµVQDWXUDOIHDWXUHVZLWKDUWL¿FLDO
hills to be developed through excavati-
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
47
New York City
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RQWKHODQG¿OOEDVHGVRXWKHUQVHJPHQW
ÄEXLOGLQJWKHQHZLVODQGIURPWKHROG
island,” says van Eyck. A two-mile
perimeter promenade will encircle the
northern national historic district, cenWUDOODZQVDQGJDUGHQVDQGDIUHVKZDter marsh at the southern tip.
Transportation, internally and externally,
will be critical to the island‘s popularity.
The team proposes stocking the island
with wooden bicycles whose design,
FRXSOHGZLWKSK\VLFDOLVRODWLRQDFFHVV
LVFXUUHQWO\OLPLWHGWRIHUULHVVKRXOG
PLQLPL]HWKHIW7KHLVODQGµVGHHGEDQV
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Island Preservation and Education
Corp. president Leslie Koch, hailing a
IUHHELF\FOHDVÄDQLFRQRIGHPRFUDF\´
$UFKLWHFW5LFDUGR6FR¿GLRFRQFXUVÄ0\
hope is they will get the bicycles up and
running,” he says, „and let people …
ULGHDURXQGHYHQEHIRUHZHVWDUWGHVLgning.” He also envisions better access
WRWKHLVODQGYLDVKXWWOHFUDIWUHVHPEOLQJ
9HQHWLDQYDSRUHWWLSDVVHQJHUPRWRUboats), which would be quicker and
cheaper than an aerial tramway propo-
48
sed by Santiago Calatrava—another
option under study by the city‘s Economic Development Corp. Completion is
SURMHFWHGIRU
East river waterfront
(Fig. 25-27)
7KH(DVW5LYHUZDWHUIURQWKDVGHYHORped over the past 350 years as a central place in the city‘s maritime history.
The city began here, and as it grew
and developed, the island expanded
into the river. As population expanded,
WKHFLW\SURPRWHGWKHLQ¿OORIZDWHUIURQW
ORWVWRVHUYHWKHJURZLQJGHPDQGIRU
land in Lower Manhattan. As a result,
the current shoreline is more than three
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SUHVHQWORFDWLRQRI3HDUO6WUHHWLVLQ
IDFWWKHRULJLQDO(DVW5LYHUVKRUHOLQHRI
Lower Manhattan.
As the city‘s position as the premier
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VRGLGWKHQHHGIRUQHZSLHUVWRVHUYLFH
WKHYHVVHOVFRPLQJDQGJRLQJRXWRI
the port. At its peak in the 1950‘s there
were over 40 piers along this two-mile
VWUHWFKRIZDWHUIURQWWRGD\WKHUHDUH
IHZHUWKDQUHPDLQLQJ
With the decline in maritime activity
over the past 40 years, various master
SODQVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGIRUWKLV
ZDWHUIURQW7KH:DWHU6WUHHW$FFHVV
Plan in the 1970‘s envisioned Water
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RIWKH¿QDQFLDOFRUH,QWKHµVWKH
SODQIRU(DVW5LYHU/DQGLQJLQVSLUHGE\
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have been realized to date.
8QGHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRI('&6+R$Uchitects and Ken Smith Landscape
Architects were retained in late 2006 to
GHYHORSGHWDLOHGGHVLJQVIRUWKH(DVW
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New York City
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
49
New York City
Ground zero
(Fig. 28-32)
alters his design to accommodate Mr.
Libeskind’s spire.
2001
Ground Zero Interests
Fervent debate over ground zero
begins. The Port Authority quietly deFLGHVWRUHEXLOGWKHRI¿FHFRPSOH[
2004
Memorial Designs
Michael Arad’s original design is a
EDUUHQODQGVFDSHZLWKUHÀHFWLQJSRROV
He accepts a design partner and adds
trees and cultural buildings to the plaza.
2002
Memorial Mandate
9LFWLPV¶IDPLOLHVVWDUWWRRUJDQL]H*RY
George E. Pataki declares the WTC
WRZHUIRRWSULQWVVDFUHG
Bland Plans
7KH¿UVWEDWFKRIVLWHSODQVLVFULWLFL]HG
as unimaginative at a „Listening to the
City” meeting.
2003
New Visions
A design competition produces many
TXDOL¿HGHQWULHV,QWKHHQG0U%HWW¶V
team settles on the Think proposal Mr.
Pataki chooses Mr. Libeskind instead.
Forced Marriage
Mr. Childs and Mr. Libeskind develop
tower designs. Ultimately Mr. Childs
50
2005
An Unraverling
6HFXULW\FRQFHUQVIRUFHD)UHHGRP
Tower redesign. The L.M.D.C. loses top
RI¿FLDOVLQFOXGLQJ0U%HWWVDQG0U3DWDNLIRUFHVDPXVHXPIURPWKHFRPSOH[
The process stalls.
2006
$IWHU)LYH<HDUV
Governor Pataki and Mayor Michael R.
Bloomberg push Mr. Silverstein to cede
two towers. The Prot Authority retakes
FRQWURORISRUWLRQVRIWKHVLWH&RQVWUXFtion begins on Freedom Tower In the
HQGPRVWRIWKHRI¿FHVSDFHLQWKH
original WTC is set to be restored.
9/11 – Verschwörungstheorien:
Drei sich gegenseitig ausschließende
9/11-Theorien stehen sich gegenüber.
Alle drei Theorien sind Verschwörungstheorien, obschon ihre Vertreter das
gerne negieren. Dies heißt, sie gehen
alle von einer geheimen Absprache von
zwei oder mehr Akteuren vor dem 11.
September als gegeben aus.
Die erste Theorie, die so genannte
«Überraschungs-Theorie» , stammt von
GHU865HJLHUXQJXQGZLUGYRQGHURI¿]LHOOHQDPHULNDQLVFKHQ8QWHUVXFKXQJ
- dem «9/11 Commission Report» von
Thomas Kean, der im Sommer 2004
HUVFKLHQXQWHUVWW]W6LHLVWGLHRI¿]Lelle 9/11-Erzählung: Osama Bin Laden
habe zusammen mit Khalid Sheikh
Mohammed die Anschläge zuerst in
$IJKDQLVWDQJHSODQWZRUDXIHLQHYRQ
0RKDPPHG$WWDDQJHIKUWH*UXSSH
von 19 Muslimen den Terroranschlag in
GHQ86$PLWYLHU)OXJ]HXJHQDXVIKUWH
Bin Laden und sein Netzwerk seien der
kriminellen Handlung schuldig.
Die zweite Theorie, die so genannte
«Let-It-Happen-on-Purpose-Theorie»
New York City
©/DVVHVDEVLFKWOLFKSDVVLHUHQª
behauptet, Bin Laden und das Al4DLGD1HW]ZHUNKlWWHQGHQ$QVFKODJ
JHSODQWXQGDXVIKUHQODVVHQ7HLOHGHU
865HJLHUXQJKlWWHQGLHVKHUDXVJHIXQden, den Anschlag aber trotzdem abVLFKWOLFKQLFKWDEJHZHKUWXQGIDVW
0HQVFKHQJHRSIHUWXPHLQH6HULHYRQ
.ULHJHQ]XOHJLWLPLHUHQYRQGHQHQMHQH
LQ$IJKDQLVWDQXQGLP,UDNQXUGLHHUsten zwei seien. Sowohl Bin Laden als
auch Teile der US-Regierung seien der
kriminellen Handlung schuldig.
Die dritte Theorie, die so genannte
«Make-It-Happen-on-Purpose-Theorie»
©)KUHHVDEVLFKWOLFKVHOEVWDXVª
behauptet, die Anschläge seien vom
Pentagon und/oder den US-GeheimGLHQVWHQDXVJHIKUWZRUGHQGLH
9LGHRVYRQ%LQ/DGHQVHLHQJHIlOVFKW
Fast 3000 Menschen seien kaltblütig
JHRSIHUWXQGGDVHLJHQH9RONXQGGLH
Welt getäuscht worden, um eine Serie
von Kriegen zu legitimieren. Teile der
US-Regierung seien der kriminellen
Handlung schuldig.
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
51
New York City
SOURCES
Norval White & Elliot Willensky: AIA GUIDE TO NEW
YORK CITY, The Classic Guide to New York´s Architecture, Three River Press, New York, 2000
+HLNH:HUQHU1HZ<RUN&LW\IU$UFKLWHNWHQ+HLNH
Werner Verlag, München, 2004
5LFKDUG/6FKDIIHU&KDLUPDQ6+$3,1*7+(&,7<6
)8785(1HZ<RUN&LW\3ODQQLQJDQG=RQLQJ5HSRUW
NEW YORK Architecture & Design, daab GmbH, Köln,
1993
Matteo Siro Baborsky: XXCentury Architecture, WileyAcademy, Italy, 2001
Yann Arthus Betraund: New York von Oben, Knesebeck,
2002, München
Ric Burns, James Sanders, Lise Ades: New York die
illustrierete Geschichte von 1609 bis heute, Frederking &
Thaler, München, 2002
Eric P. Nash: Manhattan Skyskrapers, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1999
Robert Cameron, Andre Deutsch: Above New York,
England, 1988
5DOI'DDE1HZ<RUN$UFKLWHFWXUH'HVLJQ'DDE*PEK
2004, Köln
Magazines:
%OXHSULQW,VVXHSS
7KH$UFKLWHFWXUDO5HYLHZ,VVXHS
$UFKLWHFWXUDO5HFRUG,VVXHS,VVXH
p. 34
52
ARCHITECT Magazine, Publication date: February 1,
2008
ZZZDFIQ\RUJ6WDQG
archweb.cooper.edu, Stand 28.2.08
www.arch.columbia.edu, Stand 28.2.08
iris.nyit.edu/architecture/index.html, Stand 28.2.08
www.universaldesignstudio.com, Stand 28.2.08
www.porterhousecondo.com, Stand 28.2.08
www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/home.html, Stand 28.2.08
cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/07/12/columbia-will-notseek-eminent-domain-to-oust-tenants, Stand 02.03.08
www.arch.columbia.edu, Stand 02.03.08
www.cooper.edu, Stand 02.03.08
www.wikipedia.com, Stand 02.03.08
www.nyc.gov, Stand 02.03.08
iris.nyit.edu/architecture/index.html, Stand 09.03.08
ZZZVWRUHIURQWQHZVRUJ6WDQG
www.newmuseum.org, Stand 09.03.08
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1941609404752211999, Stand 09.03.08
www.heute-online.ch/wissen/terror_in_amerika/artikel44027 Stand 09.03.08
www.loosechange911.com, Stand 09.03.08
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Fig.4 - www.macys.com
Fig.5 - www.macys.com
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Gmbh, 2004, Köln
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Gmbh, 2004, Köln
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Gmbh, 2004, Köln
Fig.9 - www.apple.com
Fig.10 - www.wikipedia.org
Fig.11 – Detail, 2/2001
Fig.12 – Detail, 2/2001
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Gmbh, 2004, Köln
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Gmbh, 2004, Köln
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Fig.18 – www.shoparc.com
Fig.19 – www.wikipedia.org
Fig.20 – www.wikipedia.org
Fig.21 – www.wikipedia.org
Fig.22 – www.nyc.gov
Fig.23 – www.nyc.gov
Fig.24 – earth.google.com
Fig.25 – www.nyc.gov
Fig.26 – www.nyc.gov
Fig.27 – www.nyc.gov
Fig.28-32 – www.nytimes.com
Shopping
zusammengestellt von: Claudia Kutschera
53
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54
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working poor und unemployed ges.
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stiegen die Einkommen im reichsten
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Shopping und Kreditkarten gehören
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56
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doch in den USA ist das etwas völlig
normales.
Die Vorteile der Kreditkartenzahlung
OLHJHQNODUDXIGHU+DQGNHLQRGHU
zumindest nicht sehr viel Bargeld bei
sich tragen, ... lassen sich Umtauschgebühren und schlechte Tauschkurse
umgehen. Zwar berechnen die meisten
.UHGLWNDUWHQJHVHOOVFKDIWHQHEHQIDOOV
*HEKUHQIUGLH=DKOXQJLQIUHPGHU
:lKUXQJGRFKGLHVH*HEKUHQIDOOHQ
bedeutend geringer aus.
57
Shopping
NEW YORK
New York ist eine der größten ShopSLQJ0HWURSROHQDXIGHU:HOW2E'HVLgner Waren, die neuesten Jeansmoden
oder Elektronikartikel der neuesten
Generation, in New York ist alles zu
¿QGHQ=X%HGHQNHQLVWGDVVPDQQXU
(85]ROOIUHLLQGLH(8HLQIKUHQ
GDUI«
'LHEHVWHQ*HVFKlIWH¿QGHWPDQDP
Broadway, rund um die Canal Street
XQGLQGHU)LIWK$YHQXH«
(Quelle www.newyork-reise.de)
Macy‘s Herald Square
Saks
151 West 34th Street New York
NY 10001
Phone 212/695-4400
Store Hours
Mo-Sa: 10:00 AM - 9:30 PM
Sun: 11:00 AM - 8:30 PM
www.macys.com
Sehenswert ist die erste Filiale der
.DXIKDXVNHWWHLQGHPKLVWRULVFKHQ
Gebäude ist eine Holzrolltreppe angeblich seit 100 Jahren in Betrieb.
2II7+
221 Bergen Mall
Paramus, NJ 07652
Phone 201-291-1949
Store Hours
Mo-Fr 10:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Sa 10:00 AM to 7:00 PM
Sun 12:00 AM to 7:00 PM
ZZZVDNV¿IWKDYHQXHFRP
(LQHGHUJUR‰HQ.DXIKDXVNHWWHQ
4XHOOHPQGOLFKHhEHUOLHIHUXQJ
Bild 5: New York
58
«,P.DXIKDXVZHUGHQDXI]HKQ
Stockwerken eine halbe Million Artikel
DQJHERWHQDQJHIDQJHQEHL0DUNHQ
%HNOHLGXQJIU'DPHQXQG+HUUHQEHU
Schmuck bis zu Kosmetik und GeVFKHQNHQ$OV+LJKOLJKWJHOWHQXQGIU
Gourmet-Köche besonders interessant
- Küchenutensilien der Marke Cellar.
:HJHQGHU*U|‰HGHV.DXIKDXVHVLVW
ein extra Visitor‘s Center eingerichtet.
0HKUVSUDFKLJHV3HUVRQDOJLEW$XVNXQIW
EHUGDV.DXIKDXV«4XHOOHZZZQHZ\RUNGH
Bloomingdales
59th Street & Lexington Avenue
1000 Third Avenue New York, NY
Phone Number: 212-705-2000
Store Hours
Mo-Fri: 10:00 AM - 8:30 PM
Sa 10:00 AM - 7:00 PM
Sun 11:00 AM - 7:00 PM
www.bloomingdales.com
Shopping
M&M´s WORLD
1600 Broadway
New York
Phone 212-295-3850
Store Hours
Mo-Sun 9 AM – midnight
www.mymms.com
Kindlich, hier gibt es Süßigkeiten ohne
(QGH,QGHPVW|FNLJHQ*HVFKlIW
bekommt man auch Bekleidung, Accessoires, Souvenirs und Geschenke
– alles zum Thema M&M´s… Es gibt
noch 2 weitere Filialen, eine davon in
Las Vegas.
Bild 6: Saks Fifth Avenue
Bild 8: Macy´s
Bild 7: Bloomingdales
Bild 9: m&m-Shop
Strand Book Store
828 Broadway/ bei der 12th Strasse
Mo-Sa 9:30 AM-10:30 PM
Sunday 11:00 AM-10:30 PM
www.strandbooks.com
Große Auswahl an Büchern aller Art.
59
Shopping
B&H Photo Video & Pro Audio
OMG Fashion Store
Century 21 department store
WK$YHQXH(FNH:6W
Mo-Thu: 9:00 AM - 7:00 PM
Fri: 9:00 AM – 2:00 PM,Sa: Closed
Sun: 10:00 AM - 5:00 PM
www.bhphotovideo.com
&KRRVHIURPRYHU3URGXFWV
Digital Cameras, Pro Video, Pro Audio,
Lightning, Video Editing, Lenses,
Camcorders, Televisions, MP3 Players,
'9'3OD\HUV&RPSXWHUV3URMHFWLRQ
Printers and Scanners, Binoculars &
Scopes, Home Entertainment
428 Broadway oder
196 Broadway At Fulton St. Oder
217 7th Ave
New York, NY 10079
3KRQH
ZZZRPJMHDQVFRP
Jeanshosen, Hemden, Unterwäsche
RGHU6WUPSIHYRQ1DPHQKDIWHQ
Marken wie Levis, Wrangler oder Calvin
Klein in großer Auswahl gibt es in diesen Laden.
0DUNHQMHDQVEHNRPPHQ6LHKLHUEHreits ab 24 US$.
22 Cortland Street
New York, NY 10007
3KRQH
Mo-Tue-We 7:45 AM – 8:00 PM
Thu 7:45 AM – 10:00 PM
Sa 10:00 AM – 8:00 PM
Su 11:00 AM – 7:00 PM
Tower Records
1961 Broadway oder
20 East 4th Strasse
.HLQHgIIQXQJV]HLWHQDQJHJHEHQ
Hier gibt es eine große Auswahl an CDs
oder Schallplatten. Auch zahlreiche
%FKHUXQG'9'V$FKWXQJ5HJLRQDOcode) sind im Sortiment.
www.towerrecords.com
60
Shopping
Bild 11: OMG
Bild 10: Macy´s
Bild 12: b&h
Bild 13: Century 21
61
Shopping
LAS VEGAS
(Quelle: www.visitlasvegas.de)
JUR‰HU'HVLJQHU'2/&(*$%%$1$
LOUIS VUITTON, DIOR usw).
/DV9HJDVLVWMDEHNDQQWOLFKGLH6WDGW
wenn’s um Gambling geht, aber auch
wenn man sein Geld lieber in Ware „einWDXVFKW³RGHUGLHJHZRQQHQHQ'ROODUV
wieder ausgeben möchte, gibt es hier
eine riesige Auswahl an Möglichkeiten.
Las Vegas hat sich zum weltweiten
Shoppingziel entwickelt. Der Las Vegas
Boulevard South ist weit mehr als nur
ein Spielplatz - er ist eine der weltgrößWHQ(LQNDXIVVWUD‰HQ
Sowohl bei Kleidung als auch bei ParIPORKQWHVVLFK]XYHUJOHLFKHQXQG
Ä6SHFLDORIIHUV³DXVQXW]HQ«6FKQlSSFKHQ]X¿QGHQLVWZLHIDVWDOOHVLQ/DV
9HJDV*OFNVVDFKH$XIMHGHQ)DOO
gilt: lieber ein paar Klamotten weniger
PLWDXIGLH5HLVHQHKPHQXQGLP.RIIHU
3ODW]IUÄQHXH6FKlW]H³ODVVHQ
5LHVLJH(LQNDXIV]HQWUHQNRQNXUULHren mit den exklusiven Boutiquen der
HUOHVHQHQ&DVLQRXQWHUNQIWH$XIGHP
6WULS¿QGHWGHU.DXÀXVWLJHDOOHVYRQGHU
Haute Couture bis zum herkömmlichen
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(LQNDXIVSDVVDJHQDWUOLFKLPPHULP
6WLOGHVMHZHLOLJHQ+RWHOWKHPDV
(VJLEWHLQIDFKDOOHV9RQGHQJlQJLJHQ
US-Klamottenläden wie GUESS und
GAP bis hin zu Niederlassungen aller
62
(LQ7LSSIUDOOH.DXIZWLJHQLVWGLH)DVKLRQ6KRZ0DOOJHJHQEHUYRP+RWHO
Wynn), die neben einer gigantischen
Auswahl an Filialen weltbekannter
Marken auch Department Stores wie
Macy’s und Bloomingdales bietet. Hier
¿QGHWPDQDOOHVZDVGDV7RXULVWHQ
6KRSSLQJ+HU]EHJHKUW/HYLV7RPP\
+LO¿JHU&DOYLQ.OHLQ%HL0DF\¶V
sollte man sich am Service Desk eine
Ä,QWHUQDWLRQDO6DYLQJ&DUG³DXVVWHOOHQ
ODVVHQ'DPLWVSDUWPDQDXIVHLQH
(LQNlXIH
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/DV9HJDVGHQ$XIVFKZXQJLQGHU
Einzelhandelsbranche. Seit dieser Zeit
HU|IIQHWHQYLHOHGHUJU|‰WHQ+RWHOVXQG
Casinos entlang des Strips spektakuläre Shoppingbereiche mit den besten
Marken der Modewelt sowie den exklusivsten Designerstücken. Parallel dazu
LVWHVDXFKHLQLJHQ(LQNDXIV]HQWUHQ
JHOXQJHQVLFKEHLGHQ(LQNDXIVOXVWLJHQ
zu etablieren.
Shopping
Fashion Show Mall
Las Vegas Premium Outlets
3200 Las Vegas Blvd S # 600
Las Vegas, NV 89109, United States
3KRQH
Mo-Sa: 10:00 AM - 9:00 PM
Sunday: 11:00 AM - 7:00 PM
ZZZWKHIDVKLRQVKRZFRP
875 S Grand Central Pkwy
Las Vegas NV 89106
3KRQH1XPEHU/RFDO
Mon - Sat 10:00 AM – 9:00 PM
Sun 10:00 AM – 8:00 PM
www.premiumoutlets.com
About 120 designer Stores: Adidas, Ann
Taylor, A|X Armani Exchange, Banana Republic, Bose, Brooks Brothers,
Chico‘s, Coach, Dolce & Gabbana,
Eddie Bauer, Elie Tahari, Guess, Kenneth Cole, Lacoste, Nike Factory Store,
Perry Ellis, Polo Ralph Lauren Factory
Store, St. John Company Store, Theory,
7LPEHUODQG7RPP\+LO¿JHUDQGPDQ\
PRUH7KHFHQWHULQFOXGHVDODUJHIRRG
FRXUWDQGDZLGHUDQJHRIFXVWRPHU
VHUYLFHV6DYLQJVRIWRSHUFHQW
(Quelle: www.visitlasvegas.com)
Boulevard Mall
3528 South Maryland Parkway
Las Vegas, Nevada 89169
Mall Hours
Mo-Sa: 10:00 AM - 9:00 PM
Sun: 11:00 AM - 6:00 PM
www.boulevardmall.com
(LQHVHKUVFK|QH6KRSSLQJ0DOODXI
GHP0DU\ODQG3DUNZD\GUHL%ORFNV
YRP6WULSHQWIHUQW$XFKEHL.RIIHUQ
Handtaschen, Schuhen und Haushaltswaren kann man dort so manches
Schnäppchen machen. Ist sicher mal
einen Besuch wert.
Bild 14: Fashion Show Las Vegas
Bild 15: Las Vegas Premium Outlet
63
Shopping
,QXQPLWWHOEDUHU1DFKEDUVFKDIWGHU/DV
9HJDV3UHPLXP2XWOHWVEH¿QGHQVLFK
DXFKIROJHQGH&HQWHU
Perfumania - Premium Outlet
705 S Grand Central Pkwy #1029,
/DV9HJDV3KRQH
Levi Outlet
755 S Grand Central Pkwy #1423,
/DV9HJDV3KRQH
Ultra Diamonds
855 S. Grand Central Pkwy, Suite 1808,
/DV9HJDV3KRQH
leading entrepreneurs including owners
RIGRZQWRZQKRWHOVDQGFDVLQRVWKH
$70 million Fremont Street Experience
ZDVRQO\WKHEHJLQQLQJRIDPLOOLRQ
makeover that has revitalized the city
center. With an additional $270 million
currently under construction, almost
every downtown property is aggressively investing in remodeling, renovations, and/or expansions.
www.neonopolis.net
km in der südlichen Verlängerung des
Strip. Zu erreichen mit dem Bus 301 /
303 oder Taxi.
(Quelle www.vegas-online.de)
:LWKVDYLQJVRIWRSHUFHQW
stores: Liz Claiborne, Calvin Klein,
Nautica, Nike, Reebok, Levi‘s, Danskin,
Adidas, Greg Norman, VF Outlet - Vanity Fair Wrangler Lee. This indoor mall,
FRPSOHWHZLWKWZRIRRGFRXUWVDQGDQ
indoor carousel...
(Quelle: www.visitlasvegas.com)
www.premiumoutlets.com
Las Vegas Outlet Center
Neonopolis
450 Fremont St
Las Vegas NV 89101
3KRQH
Sun - Thu 11:00 AM – 9:00 PM
Fri - Sat 11:00 AM – 10:00 PM
1HRQRSROLVIHDWXUHVDQDQWLTXHQHRQ
sign collection, 14 movie screens with
auditorium-style seating, digital sound
and wall-to-wall screens. Shops and
UHVWDXUDQWVDUHDOVRIRXQGKHUH
1(21232/,6LVWKHFXOPLQDWLRQRID
10-year downtown renewal initiative.
6HWLQPRWLRQE\VRPHRIWKHFLW\µV
64
7400 Las Vegas Blvd S
Las Vegas NV 89123
Mon-Sat 10am - 9pm / Sun 10am - 8pm
Im Las Vegas Outlet Center haben
YLHOHQDPKDIWHQ8QWHUQHKPHQHLQHQ
2XWOHW6WRUH]%/HYLV5HHERN
Nike, Bose). Es gibt auch einen großen
Vitamin-Shop. Aber Vorsicht: Bei
.OHLGXQJZLUGDXFK5FNODXIZDUHDXV
der vergangenen Saison angeboten.
Der Las Vegas Outlet Center liegt ca. 3
Lebensmittel:
Direkt am Strip gibt es keine richtigen
Supermärkte. Gegenüber vom HoWHO0RQWH&DUORVGOLFKHU6WULSXQG
]ZLVFKHQ:\QQXQG5LYLHUDQ|UGOLFKHU
Strip) sind Filialen der Kette Walgreens
KJH|IIQHW'RUWEHNRPPWPDQ
relativ preiswert Lebensmittel, Haushaltswaren, Medikamente und auch
Souvenirs. Bei Standardsouvenirs wie
z.B. Kalender ist Walgreens rund 1/3
günstiger als die Läden in den Hotels,
bei Lebensmittel spart man mehr als die
+lOIWH(Quelle: www.visitlasvegas.de)
Shopping
Kitsch und Souvenirs
'LH=DKOGHU6RXYHQLUJHVFKlIWHLVW
LQ/DV9HJDVIDVWXQEHJUHQ]W$OOH
KDEHQGLHÄEHVWHQ³3UHLVHXQGGLHVH
schwanken sehr stark. Die wohl größte
$XVZDKOKDWGHU%RQDQ]D*LIW6KRS(U
EH¿QGHWVLFKNXU]YRUP6WUDWRVSKHUH
Tower am Strip. Dort bekommt man
zwar sämtlichen Kitsch, allerdings
sicher nicht am billigsten. Auch einen Shopping Besuch wert ist World
RI&RFD&RODXQG00:RUOGLQGHU
Showcase Mall neben dem Hotel MGM
Grand.
SAN FRANCISCO
Union square
7KHODQGPDUNSDUNLQWKHKHDUWRIWKH
City, San Francisco‘s Union Square
UHRSHQHGRQ-XO\DIWHUDQ
18-month renovation. Sporting new
granite plazas, a new terraced stage
on Post Street, light sculptures desiJQHGE\DUWLVW50)LVFKHUDQHZFDIp
DQGIRXUJUDQGHQWUDQFHFRUQHUSOD]DV
bordered by the park‘s signature palms,
the remodeled square pays tribute to
the Square‘s distinctive history and
FDSWXUHVWKHXQLTXHÀDYRUDQGEHDXW\
RI6DQ)UDQFLVFR
Bloomingdales
845 Market Street
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: 415.856.5300
Mo - Fr: 9:30 AM - 9:00 PM
Sa 9:30 AM - 9:00 PM
Sun 10:00 AM - 7:00 PM
www.bloomingdales.com
Bild 16: Fremont
Bild 17: Las Vegas Outlet center
65
Shopping
:HVW¿HOG
865 Market St.
San Francisco CA 94103
3KRQH
Mo-Fr 9:30 AM - 9:00 PM
Sat 9:30 AM - 9:00 PM
Sun 10:00 AM - 7:00 PM
KWWSZHVW¿HOGFRPVDQIUDQFLVFR
Am Ende der Cable Car Bahn, an der
Station Powell St. liegt dieses tolle
(LQNDXIVFHQWHU,QGHQREHUHQ6WRFNZHUNHQLVWGDV.DXIKDXV1RUGVWURPXQtergebracht und in den unteren Etagen
EH¿QGHQVLFKHWZD%RXWLTXHQ$GLdas, Benetton, Boss, Footlocker, Ann
Taylor, Banana Rebublic, Eddie Bauer
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ist hier ein Schnäppchen zu machen.
Allein die einzigartige Anordnung der
UXQGODXIHQGHQ5ROOWUHSSHQLVWHLQHQ
Besuch in diesem Shopping-Center
ZHUW,PXQWHUHQ%HUHLFK¿QGHQ6LH
]XGHPHLQHQ)RRG&RXUWYRPMDSDnischen Fisch bis zur original italienischen Pasta … (Quelle http://www.
info-kalifornien.de)
66
PIER 39
Beach Street & The Embarcadero
San Francisco, CA 94133
Store hours
Sun-Thu 10:00 AM - 8:00 PM
Fr-Sa 10:00 AM - 9:00 PM
www.pier39.com
PIER 39 is located on the northernmost
SRLQWRIWKH6DQ)UDQFLVFRSHQLQVXOD
providing visitors with postcard views
RI$OFDWUD]WKH*ROGHQ*DWHDQG%D\
Bridges, the San Francisco Bay and
the City skyline. Telescopes are placed
DORQJWKHORFDWLRQµVSHULPHWHUURDGIRU
viewing the sights. PIER 39 is the „Best
3ODFHWR3HRSOH:DWFK6DQ)UDQFLVFR³DVYRWHGE\WKH6DQ)UDQFLVFR
Chronicle‘s Readers‘ Choice competition.
Sale Tax
(Quellen: http://en.wikipedia.org)
A sales tax is a tax on consumption
and is normally a certain percentage
WKDWLVDGGHGRQWRWKHSULFHRIJRRGV
or services that are purchased. Sales
taxes in the United States are assessed
by every state except Alaska, Delaware,
Montana, New Hampshire and Oregon.
In some cases, sales taxes are also assessed at the county or municipal level.
New York
4% state sales tax. ...cities add local
WD[HVUDQJLQJIURPWR
In New York City, total sales tax is
8.375%. [In] January 4, 2006, New York
State has again eliminated sales tax on
all clothing and shoes up to $110.00 per
item.
Nevada‘s state sales tax is 6.5%.
For travelers to Las Vegas, note that the
lodging tax rate in unincorporated Clark
County, which includes the Las Vegas
6WULSLV:LWKLQWKHERXQGDULHVRI
the City of Las Vegas, the lodging
tax rate is 11%.
Shopping
Arizona has a transaction privilege tax
737WKDWGLIIHUVIURPDÄWUXH³VDOHV
tax in that the tax is levied on the gross
UHFHLSWVRIWKHYHQGRUDQGLVQRWDOLDELOLW\RIWKHFRQVXPHUWKRXJKFLWLHVDQG
counties add as much as 5% to the total
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SUHVFULSWLRQGUXJVLQFOXGLQJOHJHQG
drugs and certain prescribed homeopaWKLFPHGLFDWLRQDUHWZRRIPDQ\LWHPV
RIWDQJLEOHSHUVRQDOSURSHUW\WKDWDUH
VWDWXWRULO\H[HPSWIURPWKHUHWDLO737
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höher: 7,7% (Quelle www.usa-salesuse-tax-e-commerce.com)
CaliforniaKDVDVWDWHZLGHVDOHVWD[RI
7.25%, and local supplementary taxes
are allowed up to 8.75%. Sales and use
WD[HVLQWKHVWDWHRI&DOLIRUQLDDUHFROOHFWHGE\WKH6WDWH%RDUGRI(TXDOL]DWLRQ
the only publicly elected tax commission in the United States.
Supplementary sales tax may be added
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service authorities, and various special
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Transit district).
Bild 18: Union Square
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Bild 21: Pier 39
Bild 19: Bloomingdales San Francisco
67
Shopping
Groceries are not taxed. Ready-to-eat
KRWIRRGVZKHWKHUVROGE\VXSHUmarkets or other vendors, are taxed.
Restaurant bills are taxed. As an
exception, hot beverages and bakery
LWHPVDUHWD[H[HPSWLIDQGRQO\LIWKH\
DUHIRUWDNHRXWDQGDUHQRWVROGZLWK
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seller‘s premises, such items are taxed
OLNHUHVWDXUDQWPHDOV$OORWKHUIRRGLV
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ZZZVSLHJHOGHZLUWVFKDIWKWPO.DL
Lange, 9. Jänner 2008
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$UWLNHO.XOWXU(LQNDXIHQELV]XP8PIDOOHQ
ZZZQHZ\RUNGHLQGH[FIP"3,' www.newyork-reise.de/shopping-ny.htm
www.visitlasvegas.de, www.visitlasvegas.com
www.vegas-online.de/shopping.htm
ZZZLQIRNDOLIRUQLHQGHVKRSSLVDKWP
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_
States January 1, 2007
www.usa-sales-use-tax-e-commerce.com/table_sales_
rates.asp
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Bild 2: Tabelle von www.payscale.com
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68
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Downtown Las Vegas
zusammengestellt von: Sabine Lutz, Zenke-Zsuzsanna Szabo & Marion Haider
69
Downtown Las Vegas
1829
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creating a trade route to Los Angeles by
IROORZLQJDWULEXWDU\IURPWKH&RORUDGR
River.
1855
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E\WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDVVLJQDWLRQRI
Mormon missionaries to the area to
convert the Paiute Indian population.
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downtown area, later called Fort Baker.
1895
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PDQ\LQFOXGLQJIDUPHUVWRWKHDUHD$V
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used the wells to irrigate their crops.
1905
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6DOW/DNH5DLOURDGIURP6DOW/DNH
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EHFDPHDZDWHUVWRSIRUWKHSDVVLQJ
70
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RI¿FLDOIRXQGDWLRQRIWKH&LW\RIODV
Vegas on May 15 1905.
1909
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(Fig. 1 - Freemont Street 1910)
1929
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drinking and gambling provided by the
PD¿D
1931
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First gambling clubs and the Apache
Hotel in the Fremont Street.
1935
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Hoover Dam that supplies the cities
LQFUHDVLQJGHPDQGRIHQHUJ\DQGZDWHU
1941
,QVWDOODWLRQRID8QLWHG6WDWHV$UP\$LU
Corps gunnery school, later Nellis Air
)RUFH%DVHOHDGWRDQLQFUHDVHRIWKH
legal prostitution in town.
(O5DQFKR9HJDVRSHQVDV¿UVW+RWHO
RQWKHWRG\V/DV9HJDVVWULSIDPRXV
IRULWVDOO\RXFDQHDWEXIIHW
(Fig. 2,3 - Freemont Street 1940s)
1942
5HEXLOWRIWKH¿UVW/DV9HJDVQLJKWFOXE
Pair-O-Dice to Hotel Las Fronier
2SHQLQJRIPRUHUHVRUWVDURXQG)UHPRQW6WUHHWVRPHRIWKHPLQVWDOOHG
E\KLJKUDQNHGPD¿RVLVOLNH*DQJVWHU
Ä%XJV\´6LHJHOµVÄ7KH)ODPLQJR³
1946
2SHQLQJRIWKHIDPRXVÄ*ROGHQ1XJJHW³+RWHO&DVLQRLQ)UHHPRQW6WUHHW
1948
0F&DUUHQ)LHOGZDVHVWDEOLVKHGIRU
FRPPHUFLDODLUWUDI¿F
1954
8 million people visited Las Vegas
pumping 200 million dollasrs into the
casinos yearly.
7KHPDMRULVVXHRIDWWUDFWLRQKDVFKDQJHGIURPJDPEOLQJWRELJVWDUVRIPXVLF
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
71
Downtown Las Vegas
DQG¿OPOLNH(OYLV3UHVOH\)UDQN6LQDWUD
and Bing Crosby.
(Fig. 4 - Freemont Street late 50s)
1951 - 1963
First atomic explosions at the Nevada Rest Side lead to another tourist
attraction , while dangers and riks were
greatly unestimated by that time.
(Fig. 5 - Typical resort distribution 60s)
(Fig. 6 - Commerce Concentration 68)
1955
2SHQLQJRIWKH0RXOLQ5RXJHWKH¿UVW
racially integrated casino.
From 1960
GHYHORSPHQWRIWRGD\µV/DV9HJDV6WULS
HQRUPHQRXVH[SDQVLRQRIWKHKRWHOV
and casinos on the Las Vegas Strip.
:LWKWKHRSHQLQJRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
Hotel with 1512 rooms, the largest hotel
E\WKDWWLPHEHJDQWKHHUDRIPHJD
resorts.
(Fig. 7 - Las Vegas Strip late 60s)
(Fig. 8 - Freemont Street 1960s)
72
1973
MGM Grand Hotel and Casino opened
ZLWKURRPVDQGVXIIHUHGLQ
WKHZRUVWUHVRUW¿UHLQ/DV9HJDVKLVWRU\DVDUHVXOWRIHOHFWULFDOSUREOHPV
1989
2SHQLQJRIWKH+RWHO0LUDJHZLWK
rooms
1990s
/DV9HJDVEHFDPHRQHRIWKHIDVWHVW
growing cities in the U.S.
7KHDWWHPSWWRDWWUDFWPRUHIDPLOLHV
with water and theme parks during the
VKDGDOLPLWHGVXFFHVV0RVWRI
them already closed down.
Downtown Las Vegas hotels and
FDVLQRVVXIIHUKHDYLO\IURPWKH6WULSµV
ERRP7KH\KDYHIXQQHOHGPRQH\LQWR
UHPRGHOLQJWKHIDFDGHVRIFDVLQRV
adding additional security and new
attractions, like the Fremont Street
enrovement.
(Fig. 7 - Las Vegas Strip 1990)
(Fig. 8 - Las Vegas Strip 2001)
1995
,QVWDOODWLRQRI/DV9HJDVµPRQRUDLO
1998
30 millions visitors came to see Las
Vegas.
2003
)LUVWK\GURJHQIXHOLQJVWDWLRQLQWKH86
(Fig. 9 - Freemont Street 2006)
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 9
Fig. 12
73
Downtown Las Vegas
State
County
Nevada
Clark County
Demography Las Vegas Downtown
Population
Increase
1950
24,624
192.4%
1960
64,405
161.6%
1970
125,787
95.3%
1980
164,674
30.9%
1990
258,295
56.9%
2000
478,434
85.2%
2006
552,539
15.5%
Fig. 13
Area
Metropole
Land
Water
Elevation
Population of Las Vegas
Denisity
1,604 h/km²
Metro
1,777,539 ha
340.00 km²
339.80 km²
0.16 kmð
610 m
Gender
Male
Female
51%
49%
Origin & Ethnicity
International
USA
12%
88%
Climate
Fig. 14- Las Vegas temperatures
74
Origin by States
Eastern States
Southern States
Midwest States
Western States
&DOLIRUQLD
$UL]RQD
2WKHU:HVWHUQ6WDWHV
9%
13%
14%
52%
33%
6%
13%
White
$IULFDQ$PHULFDQ%ODFN
Asian American / Asian
Hispanic / Latino
Other
83%
4%
5%
7%
1%
Marital Status
Married
Single
Separated/Divorce
Widowed
74%
16%
7%
3%
Education
High School or less
Some College
Trade School
College Graduate
23%
29%
4%
44%
Downtown Las Vegas
Job Categories
Employed
Unemployed
Student
Retired
Homemaker
67%
1%
3%
24%
5%
Household Income
Less than $20,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $99,999
$100,000 or more
No Answer
7%
18%
24%
15%
22%
14%
Tourism
Trip Expenditures per Visit
Food / Drink
Shopping
Room
Shows
Visitors Attending Shows
Sightseeing
$248.40
$136.60
$99.51
$106.12
71%
$111.62
Night Stay
Average Stay:
One
Two
Three
Four
Five or more
3.5 nights/4.5 days
11%
26%
23%
20%
20%
Location of Lodging
Strip
Downtown
Boulder Hwy
Other
73%
14%
10%
3%
Transportation to Las Vegas
Air
Automobile
Bus
RV
46%
43%
8%
4%
Gaming
Gaming Budget per Trip
Percent visitors gambled
Average # Hours per day
$626.50
86%
3.6
Visiting
First Time Visitor
Repeat Visitor
Number Visits past year
Visitors with Children
18%
79%
2
9%
Fig. 14
75
Downtown Las Vegas
/DV9HJDVLVWKHH[DPSOHIRUDQHZ
W\SHRIFLW\WKDWFDPHXSIURPWKHV
RIWKHWKFHQWXU\:LWKRXWKDYLQJD
ÄWUDGLWLRQDO´$PHULFDQVW\OHRIDUFKLWHFture, Las Vegas‘ architects started to
FRS\URPDQWLFDOO\YDULRXVW\SHVIURP
GLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVDQGSODFHG5RPDQ
Piazzi, oriental Palaces and tropical beDFKHVDVFRDWVIRUWKHQHZFDVLQRVDQG
resort sides in the Nevada desert.
That lead on the one hand to an distinctive „Las-Vegas-entertainment”- ArchiWHFWXUHWKDWµVPDLQSRLQWRIDWWUDFWLRQ
OLHGLQWKHGHVLJQRIWKHVLJQLQIURQWDQG
WKHIDFDGHVDVZHOODVWKHRUQDPHQWV
LQVLGHWKHEXLOGLQJ3DUDOOHOVIRUWKLVFDQ
be seen in the old gothic cathedrals like
Amiens and Notre Dame.
7KHEXLOGLQJVLQ/DV9HJDVLWVHOIPRVW
times used to be an unattractive box
RIFKHDSFRQVWUXFWLRQ$FRPSHWLWLRQ
IRUWKHELJJHVWDQGPRVWDWWUDFWLYHVLJQ
VWDUWHGDQGOHDGWRDFRQIXVLQJIRUHVW
RIVLJQVRQ/DV9HJDVVWULS(Fig.15, 17 „box with a sign“).
But this architectural development was
not only limited to the resort , it also
76
expanded to the buildings with other
IXQFWLRQVDURXQGOLNHSHWUROVWDWLRQV
dining inns and supermarkets.
7KHSHDNRIWKLVDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHYHORSment could be seen in buildings that
KDGEHFRPHDV\PEROLWVHOIDVDNLRVN
WKDWKDGDIRUPRIDGXFN(Fig. 16, 18 „building as a symbol“).
5RRWVRIWKLVNLQGRIV\PEROLFDUFKLWHFWXUHFDQEH¿QGLQWKHZRUNVRIWKH
French revolutionism architect Le Doux.
%XW/DV9HJDVLVQRWRQO\IXOORIV\Pbols and signs, the city development
LWVHOIZLWKDOOLWVDFWLRQVDQGDWWUDFWLRQ
UHÀHFWVWKH$PHULFDQKLVWRULFDOGHYHlopment, starting with the track settlePHQWVLQWKHWKFHQWXU\WKH0D¿RVL
EXVLQHVVWLOOWKHVWKHDJHRIDWRPLF
rearmament and hyper-scale hotels in
WKHDJHVRIODWHFDSLWDOLVP
Though Las Vegas with its last minuWHZHGGLQJVJDPEOLQJDQGSODFHRI
H[FHVVLYHSDUWLHVDV$PHULFDVGHQRI
LQLTXLW\KDVQRWORVWDQ\RILWVVXFFHVV
In contrary every year more than
36,000,000 visitors stream into the city
RIDPXVHPHQW
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 17
Fig. 19
Fig. 18
Fig. 20
77
Downtown Las Vegas
Beginning of Urbanisation
From its earliest beginnings, Las Vegas
has catered to the travellers. A nomaGLFWULEHRI,QGLDQVFDOOHGWKH3DLXWHV
VHWWOHGWKHDUHDDURXQGWKHWXUQRIWKH
ODVWPLOOHQQLXPDQGRFFXSLHGPRVWRI
WKHDUHDIURP0W&KDUOHVWRQWRWKH
Colorado River. Several traders and
explorers including Jedediah Smith
in 1826 and John C. Fremont in 1844
travelled through the area and made
contact with the Paiutes.
By 1851, Mormon president, Brigham
Young, in his endeavour to create the
6WDWHRI'HVHUWVWUHWFKLQJIURP6DOW
Lake City to Los Angeles, made Las
9HJDVRQHRIKLVLPSRUWDQWVWRSRYHUV
The location they selected to establish
WKHLUIRUWZDVRQDSURPRQWRU\RYHUORRking the Las Vegas Valley, which is now
WKHFRUQHURI/DV9HJDV%RXOHYDUGDQG
Washington. The Old Mormon Fort still
KDVUHPQDQWVRILWVRULJLQDOEXLOGLQJ
However, a mining boom at nearby Mt.
3RWRVLIRVWHUHGDQHZLQÀX[RIWUDYHO-
78
lers, mainly miners who used Las VeJDVDVDFHQWHUIRUIRRGDQGVXSSOLHV
There was no permanent settlement
WKHUHXQWLOZKHQDJURXSRISURspectors, including Octavius Decatur
Gass, acquired the rights to the Old
0RUPRQ)RUW)RUWKHUHVWRIWKDWGHcade, Gass ran a prosperous business
DWWKH)RUWUHEXLOGLQJPDQ\RIWKH
VWUXFWXUHVDQGIDUPLQJWKHODQGRIIHULQJ
IRRGDQGVKHOWHUWRWKHWUDYHOOHUVRQWKH
Ä2OG0RUPRQ7UDLO³WKH6DOW/DNH/RV
$QJHOHVZDJRQURDGDVZHOODVRIIHring provisions to the nearby miners.
In 1902 Montana Senator William Clark
bought the Kiel Ranch. He was instrumental in overseeing the establishment
RIWKHUDLOURDGIURP8WDKWR&DOLIRUQLD
Acquiring the rights to the Ranch and
its abundant water supply ensured that
/DV9HJDVZDVWREHFRPHDPDMRUVWRS
IRUUDLOURDGWUDYHOOHUV,QDQDG
ZDVSODFHGLQSURPLQHQWPDMRUQHZVSDSHUVFRQFHUQLQJÄ¿UVWFODVVLQVLGH
ORWV³JRLQJIRUDVOLWWOHDVDSLHFH
in Clark‘s Las Vegas Town site. These
encouraged squatters and investors
alike, and the auction on May 15, 1905
SURGXFHGDÀXUU\RIVDOHV6RRQKRWHOV
and homes sprouted up all along the
PDLQGRZQWRZQDUHDRI)UHPRQW6WUHHW
as well as schools, a hospital and other
essential businesses such as ice plants.
/DV9HJDVHVVHQWLDOO\WKULYHGIRUWKH
QH[W\HDUVEHFDXVHRIWKHUDLOURDG
it played host to travellers by providing
entertainment and liquor. The liquor
was restricted to a certain area, Blocks
16 and 17. This area naturally evolved
into a red light district as well.
During Prohibition, this section was
especially popular. During this period,
WKHFLW\IRXQGHUVUHDOL]HGWKDWDVWKH
URDGVZHUHLPSURYHGIURP/RV$QJHOHV
to Las Vegas, this would promote more
tourism and they began to build ranches
to appeal to the potential visitors. Kiel
Ranch became a popular dude ranch
and gained notoriety as a place where
people came to wait out their Nevada
divorces.
Downtown Las Vegas
,QWKHFRPELQHGDGYHQWRIWKH
EXLOGLQJRI%RXOGHU'DPODWHUUHQDPHG
+RRYHU'DPWKHFUHDWLRQRI%RXOGHU
&LW\SOXVWKHOHJDOL]DWLRQRIJDPEOLQJ
ensured a new boom in the prosperity
RIVRXWKHUQ1HYDGD
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
In recent decades the hotel industry has
UHLQYHQWHGLWVHOIDJDLQDQGDJDLQ-XVW
when everyone was predicting a severe
depression, especially when Atlantic
City emerged as a gambling destination
in the early 80s, Las Vegas managed to
come up with a new twist.
(YHQWRGD\ZLWKWKHSUROLIHUDWLRQRI
JDPEOLQJLQPDQ\RIWKHVWDWHV/DV
Vegas only seems to become more
popular. Theme hotels have become
abundant, starting with the Mirage in
WKHODWHVIROORZHGE\WKH([FDOLEXU
Treasure Island, Luxor and the MGM
Grand. More and more soon popped up
including the Stratosphere, Monte Carlo, Bellagio, Paris Las Vegas, Venetian,
Mandalay Bay and many more. When
will the boom end?
79
Downtown Las Vegas
Gambling
/DV9HJDVLVSHUKDSVEHVWNQRZQIRU
its many gambling opportunities, such
as slot machines and poker. To some
SHRSOHLWLVDQHQMR\DEOHGLYHUVLRQ
that helps boost the economy, while
to others it attracts crime and can ruin
lives.
Over the years, Las Vegas has sought
to attract visitors with distinctive archiWHFWXUHÀDVKLQJQHRQVLJQVDQGDG
campaigns that capitalize on the city‘s
UHSXWDWLRQIRUIXQDQGVLQ$ZHOO
NQRZQUHFHQWVHULHVRIDGVE\WKH/DV
Vegas Convention and Visitor‘s AuthoriW\IHDWXUHGWKHVORJDQÄ:KDWKDSSHQVLQ
9HJDVVWD\VLQ9HJDV³
IURPWKHUHDOZRUOG$VDIDPLO\YDFDWLRQ
GHVWLQDWLRQWKHFLW\RIIHUVWKHXOWLPDWH
LQHQWHUWDLQPHQWIRUDOODJHV$VD
business destination, Las Vegas wins
KDQGVGRZQZLWKWKHYROXPHRIIDFLOLWLHV
DQGVHUYLFHVDYDLODEOHIRUHLWKHUODUJH
conventions or small business gettogethers.
Las Vegas rarely gets the credit it
GHVHUYHV$VDFLW\RIPRUHWKDQRQH
million inhabitants, it seems to be only
NQRZQE\LWVÄ6LQ&LW\³UHSXWDWLRQ
&HUWDLQO\WKHFDVLQRVDQGQLJKWOLIHDUH
what bring visitors here, but there really
LVOLIHDZD\IURPWKHVORWPDFKLQHVDQG
showrooms.
Downtown
„Gambling capital”, „vacation paradise” or „premier business destination”,
WKHVHDUHDOOGH¿QLWLRQVRIWKHFLW\WKDW
never sleeps. Reality takes a hike
ZKHQ\RXHQWHUWKHZRUOGRIJOLWWHULQJ
casinos with their 24-hour gambling
H[FLWHPHQW7KHVFDUFLW\RIFORFNVDGGV
WRWKHIDQWDV\RIWKRVHWDNLQJWLPHRII
80
Fremont Street
The original Las Vegas, where people
hung out in the‚ 30s and early‚ 40s,
is still thriving, but since 1995 with a
QHZIDFHNQRZQDVWKH)UHPRQW6WUHHW
Experience.
7KHZRUOGIDPRXVRQHRIDNLQGHQWHU-
tainment venue is home to Viva Vision,
the biggest big screen on the planet.
7KHLOOXPLQDWHGH[WUDYDJDQ]DRI
ÀDVKLQJUROOLQJLPDJHVLVJHQHUDWHG
E\PRUHWKDQPLOOLRQ¿EHURSWLFOLJKWV
DQGV\QFKURQL]HGWRPXVLFIURPD
540,000-watt sound system. Created
E\DFRQVRUWLXPRIFDVLQRVWKH
DWWUDFWLRQKDVWUDQVIRUPHGGRZQWRZQµV
¿YHEORFNSULQFLSDOWKRURXJKIDUHLQWR
DPL[RIXUEDQWKHDWHUDQGDYDULHW\
RIGLQLQJHQWHUWDLQPHQWDQGVKRSSLQJ
venues. Under its high dome, the canopy creates a pedestrian mall closed to
WUDI¿FDQGHQFRPSDVVLQJVHYHUDORI/DV
Vegas‘ most popular downtown casinos,
including the Golden Nugget.
Free concerts, special events, and
URDPLQJVWUHHWSHUIRUPHUVHQWHUWDLQWKH
nearly 17 million visitors who come to
experience the vintage Vegas attraction
HDFK\HDU6RPHWRXULVWVDFWXDOO\SUHIHU
this area to the Strip because room
prices are generally lower, it‘s an easy
ZDONIURPRQHFDVLQRWRWKHQH[WDQG
LWµVUHPLQLVFHQWRIWKHHDUO\QRVWDOJLF
Downtown Las Vegas
GD\VRI/DV9HJDV,QDGGLWLRQWKHUH
DUHIDPRXVKRWHOVVXFKDV7KH3OD]D
IRUPHUO\NQRZQDV8QLRQ3OD]DRYHUlooking Fremont Street, and the classic
*ROGHQ1XJJHW)RUQRVWDOJLDEXIIV
there is also the Golden Gate Hotel
Casino, renovated to its earlier classic
JORU\DQGDSSHDUDQFHDQGVWLOOIDPRXV
IRUWKHFHQWVKULPSFRFNWDLO
Fig. 23
The Strip: Las Vegas Boulevard
7KHIDEOHGWKUHHPLOHDUHDKROGVPRUH
hotel rooms than any other city in the
ZRUOG<RXZLOO¿QGWKHPRVWIDPRXV
and remarkable resorts such as Bellagio with its Italian Renaissance aura
DQG&DHVDUV3DODFHWKHJORU\RI5RPH
Vegas-style. Old standbys include the
Flamingo Hilton and the Mirage, with its
white tigers and erupting volcanoes.
7KH3DULV/DV9HJDVZLWKWKH(LIIHO
Tower, Arc de Triomphe and Parisian
FKDUP7UHDVXUH,VODQGRIIHUVGDLO\OLYH
SLUDWHEDWWOHV$WWKHVRXWKHQGRIWKH
VWULSULVHQIURPWKHDVKHVRIWKH+DFLenda Hotel, now stands the Mandalay
81
Downtown Las Vegas
Bay „with its tropical atmosphere and a
pool with waves you can actually surf.“
$WWKHWRSRIWKH6WULSWKHUHLV6WUDWRVSKHUH7RZHU,WLVWKHKLJKHVWIUHHVWDQGLQJEXLOGLQJLQWKHZHVWHUQKDOIRIWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVZLWKYLHZVIURPWKHWRS
Off-Strip
In recent years, hotels have sprouted
up near the Strip, which are conveniently accessible by shuttle bus, taxi or
FDU6RPHRIWKHEHWWHUNQRZQRIWKHVH
are The Orleans, the Rio Suites and the
Gold Coast on Flamingo. Further north
on Sahara, is the Palace Station, the
JUDQGGDGG\RIWKH6WDWLRQ&DVLQRVZLWK
LWVRULJLQDODSSURDFKWR¿QHEXIIHWGLQLQJ
known as The Feast.
To the east, there‘s the Las Vegas
Hilton with the sprawling Convention
Center. Further south, between FlaminJRDQG7URSLFDQDHDVWRIWKH6WULSLV
Hard Rock Hotel and Casino next to the
RULJLQDO+DUG5RFN&DIHHDFKZLWKD
giant neon guitar at the entrance.
82
Boulder Strip
7KLVKDVEHFRPHVRPHWKLQJRIDSKHQRPHQRQLQLWVHOI7KH%RXOGHU+LJKZD\
ZDVRQFHDVSUDZORIVPDOOPRWHOV
DQGEXVLQHVVHVOHDGLQJIURP)UHPRQW
6WUHHWHYHQWXDOO\RXWWRWKHFLW\RI
Henderson and beyond that to Boulder
City and Boulder Dam, also known as
Hoover Dam. But in recent years it‘s beFRPHWKHÄ6HFRQG6WULS³ZLWKLWVODUJH
popular hotels and casinos including
the Boulder Station Hotel and Casino
and Sam‘s Town Hotel and Casino,
ZKLFKKDVEHFRPHWKHKLJKVWDQGDUGRI
western-theme resorts with its Mystic
Falls Indoor Park.
North Las Vegas
7KHFLW\RI1RUWK/DV9HJDVKDVWKH
/DV9HJDV0RWRU6SHHGZD\DPDMRU
WRXULVWDWWUDFWLRQLQLWVHOIDVZHOODV
1HOOLV$LU)RUFH%DVHRQHRIWKHVWURQgest military bases in the United States
DQGKRPHWRWKHÀ\LQJ7KXQGHUELUGV$V
IDUDVDFFRPPRGDWLRQVDUHFRQFHUQHG
there are several popular spots including The Fiesta and Texas Station Hotel
and Casino. There is also the Santa
Fe in northwest Las Vegas, which is
XQLTXHIRULWV2O\PSLFVW\OH6DQWD)H
Ice Arena.
Summerlin
/RFDWHGLQWKHIDUQRUWKZHVWVHFWLRQRI
the Las Vegas valley, Summerlin is a
planned community with homes, shops,
UHFUHDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVIHVWLYDOVDQGFRQcerts. Only one accommodation in this
area is the Suncoast Hotel and Casino.
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 24
83
Downtown Las Vegas
Public buses
3XEOLF&$7&LWL]HQ$UHD7UDQVLWEXVHV
108 and 109 head downtown but really
do not put you on the Strip without a
WUDQVIHU%XVLVJRRGIRUWKHFRQvention crowd as it makes stops right
outside the main hall and at the Hilton
next door.
&$7KDVDGHFHQWQHWZRUNRISXEOLF
buses coving the entire city, and bus
GDUWVEDFNDQGIRUWKDORQJWKH6WULS
every 10 to 15 minutes 24 hours daily.
Fares are USD 2.
Tram
$VHULHVRIWUDPVFRQQHFWFHUWDLQ
FDVLQRVZLWKHDFKRWKHUEXWKDOIRIWKH
time they seem to be shut down. Routes
include the Mandalay Bay to Excalibur
tram, the Mirage to Treasure Island
tram and the Bellagio to Monte Carlo
tram, which is currently closed. A Las
Vegas Monorail system connects the
FDVLQRVIURP7URSLFDQDWR6DKDUD%OYG
84
Car
I-15 links Vegas with Salt Lake City and
/RV$QJOHVYLD,DQG6DQ'LHJR
+LJKZD\DSSURDFKHVIURPWKHERPEHGRXWGHVHUWQRUWKZHVWRIWRZQDQG
IURPGXHVRXWKDW,
*HWWLQJLQWRWRZQLVDVHDV\DV¿QGLQJ
and heading north the aptly named Paradise Road. Connecting to Las Vegas
%RXOHYDUGRU,WKHTXLFNZD\LQWR
GRZQWRZQVLPSO\UHTXLUHVPDNLQJDOHIW
WXUQDWDQ\RIWKHPDMRUVWUHHWV
Most people coming to Vegas bring
their cars so they can drive up and
GRZQWKHIDPRXVQHRQ¿OOHGDGXOW
IDLU\ODQGDIIHFWLRQDWHO\6WULS3OXVWKH
town is easy to get navigate by car
FRQVLGHULQJPRVWRIWKHSODFHVFDQEH
accessed by I-15 or Las Vegas Boulevard. Other than that the town is set up
grid style, so getting lost is rare.
Taxis
Travel by cab is not the cheapest in
WRZQPHWHUHGIDUHVEHJLQDW86'
EXWWKHGULYHUVDUHVRPHRIWKH
most interesting people in a town brimming with interesting people and worth
WKHH[WUDFDVKXVXDOO\/LPRVIURP
base get-you-there-and-back models to
beyond luxury mobile penthouses.
Bicycle
Surprisingly, bicycle travel is a popular
and easy way to see the city and get
IURPSRLQWWRSRLQW%XWFRQVLGHULQJWKH
LPPHQVHGHVHUWKHDWLQWKHPLGGOHRI
summer. The local hills have some most
mountain biking trails.
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 25
85
Downtown Las Vegas
Plaza Hotel
Number One Main Street
http://www.plazahotelcasino.com
„This hotel is located at „the beginning“
of the Fremont Street Experience, on
the site of the old Union Railroad Depot.
.QRZQDV8QLRQ3OD]DZKHQ¿UVWEXLOWLQ
LWZDVRQHRIWKH¿UVWVN\VFUDSHUV
in downtown Las Vegas. It has been
the scene of many a famous Hollywood
car chase. The Center Stage Restaurant, on top of the porte cochere and
overlooking Fremont Street, is another
landmark and excellent eatery with an
amazing view.“
(www.wayn.com/)
Golden Nugget
129 East Fremont Street
http://www.goldennugget.com
Ä7KLVFODVVLF¿[WXUHRIGRZQWRZQ/DV
Vegas since 1946 has undergone a
complete renovation. It has kept it‘s
86
classic charm, while adding many new
modern amenities and features. It is located in the heart of the Fremont Street
Experience. The hotel is home to the
Hand of Faith, the largest gold nugget
on display, weighing over 61 pounds.
The Tank is a year-round, three story
outdoor swimming pools complete with
a live shark aquarium, private cabanas,
water slide, and bar. Live entertainment
in the showroom includes the Broadway
smash hit Defending the Caveman, and
other headline shows.“
(www.wayn.com/)
Stratosphere Tower
2000 South Las Vegas Boulevard
http://www.stratospherehotel.com
„A true Vegas landmark, the Stratosphere Hotel and Casino‘s dominates the
Sin City skyline and features adrenaline-pumping rides at its summit. There
is a revolving restaurant and lounge,
indoor and outdoor observation decks,
a spa, the Chapel in the Clouds, and
several rides. The X Scream is a giant
WHHWHUWRWWHUWKDWÀLQJVULGHUVRYHUWKH
edge of the tower and back. Lastly, the
Big Shot catapults riders up a portion
of the tower. The showroom features
award-winning entertainment and other
entertainment options include live
music.“
(www.wayn.com/)
Goldspike Hotel
400 East Ogden
http://www.goldspikehotelcasino.com
„The Gold Spike Hotel and Casino is
located in downtown Las Vegas, just
one block from the Fremont Street
Experience and Neonopolis, two blocks
from the expressway, and minutes from
the famous Las Vegas Strip. The Gold
Spike offers 107 nicely appointed rooms
and suites. With 24-hour Vegas-style
gaming action, we´ve become wellknown for our friendly atmosphere and
great values.“
(www.wayn.com/)
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 26
87
Downtown Las Vegas
Four Queens
202 Fremont Street
KWWSZZZIRXUTXHHQVFRP
„You may recognize this establishment
IURPPDQ\PRYLHV¿OPHGKHUH7KH
standard guest accommodations are
tastefully decorated and comfortable.
Petite Suites offer many amenities including a sitting and dining area. Deluxe
Jacuzzi Suites also offer a refrigerator
and wet bar. The casino offers a myriad
of table games including single-deck
blackjack, Pai-Gow and three-card
poker. Restaurants available include Magnolia‘s Verdana with 24-hour
dining and Hugo‘s Cellar for a romantic
evening.“
(www.wayn.com/)
El Cortez
600 East Fremont Street
http://www.elcortezhotelcasino.com
„El Cortez Hotel & Casino is located on
88
Fremont Street in downtown Las Vegas,
a short walk from the Fremont Street
Experience The hotel has a full casino
with over 1100 slots, 11 gaming tables,
Keno, and a sportsbook. There are
three restaurants on site, include Kitty‘s
Restaurant (serving breakfast 24 hours
a day), Breakfast Buffet, Roberta‘s
Steak House, Subway, Dryer‘s Ice
Cream, and Seattle‘s Best Coffee. A
Chinese Kitchen Buffet is open from
4 PM to 10 PM nightly. In addition, the
hotel offers the El Cortez Barber Shop,
Crown Beauty Shop, and the new El
Cortez Gift Shop.“
(www.wayn.com/)
Bay City Diner
One Fremont Street
http://www.goldengatecasino.net
Average cost about 25
„This is a small, cheery room nestled
inside one of the oldest existing hotels
in Las Vegas, the Golden Gate. This
eatery has all the charm of 1930s San
Francisco, contrasting with the modern
delights of the Fremont Street Experience. Counter seating and the maKRJDQ\LQWHULRUZLWKEUDVV¿[WXUHVJLYH
the place a real „old-time“ feel. Table
seating is also available. Most famous
for the „99-cent Shrimp Cocktail,“ it also
offers a range of menu choices including breakfast and complete meals.³
(www.wayn.com/)
Neonopolis
(QGRI)UHHPRQW6WUHHW([SHULHQFH
http://www.neonopolis.com
2SHQLQJKRXUVIURPDPSP
Su-Tu and 11:00am-10:00pm F-Sa
„Take a walk to the end of the Freemont
Street Experience to the rainbow of light
and color found at Neonopolis. Featuring Jillians for eating, drinking, dining
and live bands performing during the
summer months, this mall has something for everyone. Jillians houses a
billiard lounge, a retro-themed bowling
alley, a state-of-the art arcade and food
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
89
Downtown Las Vegas
and drinks for all. See a movie at the
Crown Theatres multiplex on the top
level and peruse the kiosks and area
restaurants on your way. This area is
constantly growing and changing so
wait no longer.“
(www.wayn.com/)
Dona Maria‘s
910 Las Vegas Boulevard South
Average cost about 20
„This place is not fancy, but it will
quickly become one of your favorites.
The chef must be in tears in the kitchen,
because he uses only the freshest
jalapenos and other spices. The place
is famous for its ‚tamales‘, but you
may want to try one of the combination
platters to get a taste of several of the
specialties. The tortillas are fresh and
warm, the fajitas are way too much for
DQ\RQHSHUVRQWR¿QLVK<RXFDQRUGHU
the amazing margaritas by the pitcher, a
perfect addition to the great food.“
(www.wayn.com/)
90
Cashman Center
850 North Las Vegas Boulevard
http://www.lvcva.com
„Located in downtown Las Vegas, the
98,100 square-foot Cashman Center includes exhibit space, meeting rooms, a
1900-seat theater, 10,000-seat baseball
stadium and restaurant. The two exhibit
halls host various exhibits, festivals and
cultural events throughout the year. The
Cashman Theatre presents everything
from Broadway shows to corporate
presentations. The Stadium is home
WRWKH/DV9HJDVVWKH$$$DI¿OLDWH
of the L.A. Dodgers. The Club Level
Restaurant offers a stunning view of
WKHEDVHEDOO¿HOGDQGLVRIWHQXVHGIRU
parties, receptions, corporate meetings
and other group events.“
(www.wayn.com/ )
Steve Powers Art and Craft Festival
850 Las Vegas Boulevard North
http://www.stevepowers.com
„The Steve Powers „Art & Craft Festival“ is held annually and is a platform
for original handmade crafts. Showcasing the creations of artists and
exhibitors from over 10 Western States,
WKHIHVWLYDOLVGH¿QLWHO\XQLTXH7KHIRRG
and live entertainment keeps the 13,000
or so attendees good company. Both
exhibitors and visitors can book booths
and buy tickets. Check the website for
more details.“
(www.wayn.com/)
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 30
91
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 31
92
Downtown Las Vegas
Fig. 33
Fig. 32
Fig. 34
93
Downtown Las Vegas
4XHOOHQ
http://lasvegasnevada.gov/ Stand 18.02.2008
http://www.wikipedia.com/las-vegas/ Stand 25.02.2008
http://www.vegas-online.de/history/ Stand 25.02.2008
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Lernen von Las Vegas: zur Ikonographie und ArchitekturV\PEROLNGHU*HVFKlIWVVWDGW
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Eckardt, Emanuel: Downtown am Rande der Stadt
Merdien, 2007
http://www.las-vegas.cc, stand 02.21.2008
http://www.vegasexperience.com/ Stand 03.02.2008
http://www.rtcsouthernnevada.com/ Stand 03.04.2008
http://www.visitlasvegas.com/ Stand 03.04.2008
http://www.wayn.com/ Stand 03.02.2008
Abbildungen:
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http://lasvegasnevada.gov/ Stand 18.02.2008
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http://www.wikipedia.com/las-vegas/ Stand 25.02.2008
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http://www.vegas-online.de/history/ Stand 25.02.2008
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Lernen von Las Vegas: zur Ikonographie und ArchitekturV\PEROLNGHU*HVFKlIWVVWDGW
%DXZHOWIXQGDPHQWH
94
Las Vegas City Development
zusammengestellt von: Marion Haider & Florian Sedelmaier
95
Las Vegas City Development
Decreasing Downtown
It has been long ago since the old city
FHQWUHZDVKHDUWRI/DV9HJDV%XW
tradition, youngsters, culture and a reorganization program is supposed to put
downtown in perspective again.
Simply put, reurbanization means creating a vibrant, urban environment at the
FRUHRIWKHFLW\ZKHUHSHRSOHFKRRVH
to live, work, and play. Establishing a
PL[RIKRXVLQJDORQJZLWKVKRSVSDUNV
and educational and cultural amenities
is the key to the City’s redevelopment
HIIRUWV8UEDQKRXVLQJZLOOSURYLGHD
VWHDG\FOLHQWEDVHIRUVHUYLFHVDQG
shops, entertainment and restaurants,
allowing Downtown to become a cultuUDODQGHFRQRPLFFHQWHUIRUWKHHQWLUH
community.
35 years ago Steve Wynn already
LPSOHPHQWHGUHXUEDQL]DWLRQRIGRZQWRZQE\RYHUWDNLQJDQGUHIXUELVKLQJ
Ä7KH*ROGHQ1XJJHW+RWHO´3DUWVRIWKH
casino had been immersed in gold and
96
white color, blazing light installations
had been adorned and a big showroom
had been set up where Frank Sinatra
KDGKLV¿UVWDQGH[FOXVLYHGRZQWRZQ
gig in the eighties.
7KLVNLQGRIOLYHFHOOUHKDELOLWDWLRQ
GRZQWRZQZDVEDGO\LQQHHGRIÃ&DXVH
this is the place where everything
VWDUWHG7KLVLVWKHSODFHZKHUHWKH¿UVW
ZDWHUEXQNHUZDVEXLOWIRUORFRPRWLYHV
RI8QLRQ3DFL¿FDQGZKHUHWKH¿UVW
gambling houses and casinos beamed
their lights into the dark night sky. But
LPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUWKH¿UVWERRPGRZQWRZQIDGHGDQGÄ7KH6WULS´ZDVERUQ
VRXWKRIFLW\OLPLW
%DVHGRQDOHJHQGRIDÀDWWLUH
ZDVWKHPLOHVWRQHIRUPDQ\+RWHO
SURMHFWV7KRPDV+XOOZDVWUDYHOOLQJ
IURP/$WR/9ZKHQKLVWLUHVWDUWHGWR
OHDNDQGKHXQIRUWXQDWHO\KDGWRVWRS
:DLWLQJIRUWKHPRWRUFDUPHFKDQLFKH
started to count all cars driving past in
the burning hot sun. Suddenly he got a
sensationally inspiration to build a Hotel-Casino between LA and the old Las
Vegas, that people could spare time.
They don’t have to drive all way to the
FHQWHUWKH\FDQEHLQ9HJDVVRRQHU
The New Master Plan
7KH&LW\RI/DV9HJDVKDVH[SHULHQFHG
a 73 percent increase in growth over
the last ten years, bringing its current
population to approximately 465,000.
%\WKH\HDUWKHSRSXODWLRQRIWKH
city is expected to increase to roughly
800,000. With this growth, air and water
quality have declined. Las Vegans’
MRXUQH\VWRZRUNDUHORQJHUDQGWUDI¿F
is congested due to greater reliance on
YHKLFOHVWRJHWWRDQGIURPZRUNDQGWR
meet daily needs.
The city’s Downtown and older areas
are experiencing deterioration, disinYHVWPHQWDQGKLJKHUUDWHVRIYDFDQFLHV
as new communities have been built
RQWKHIULQJHVRIWKHFLW\¶VERXQGDULHV
Las Vegas City Development
97
Las Vegas City Development
creating isolated, walled neighborhoods
DQGIXUWKHUGLVSHUVLQJKLJKHULQFRPH
UHVLGHQWV7KHWUHQGRILQDGHTXDWH
KRXVLQJ'RZQWRZQZKHUHMREVDUH
PRUHDEXQGDQWDQGDQLQVXI¿FLHQW
QXPEHURIMREVWRVXSSRUWWKHJURZLQJ
population in newly developing areas,
is expected to continue unless the city
UHVKDSHVLWVIXWXUH+RZFDQJURZWK
be accommodated while enhancing the
FLW\¶VTXDOLW\RIOLIHDQGOLYDELOLW\"
For these reasons the City decided
WRXQGHUWDNHWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIDQHZ
Master Plan.
4XHOOHQ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mead
http://www.sunsetcities.com/hoover-dam
http://www.nps.gov/
http://www.lasvegasnevada.gov/
Merian, Las Vegas, Dezember 2007
Bittner, Regina: Urbane Paradise – Zur Kulturgeschichte
modernen Vergnügens
)UDQNIXUW1HZ<RUN&DPSXV9HUODJ
98
From Gambling to Gaming
zusammengestellt von: Klaus Molterer
99
From Gambling to Gaming, A Short History
„The state of Nevada issues about 500
casino licenses and regulates 1,800 slot
licenses, 1,360,000 slot machines, and
5,300 table games. Gambling revenues
to the state exceed $300 million, about
45 percent of state revenues. No other
state has such a large share of state
revenues or economic activity provided
by the gaming industry.“ 1
Las Vegas History, and bound to it, the
KLVWRU\RIJDPEOLQJKDGDOZD\VEHHQ
FORVHO\OLQNHGWRWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH6WDWH
Nevada. Dependent on it`s bigger
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PD\EHWKHRQO\VWDWHWKDWIDFHGWKH
SURVSHFWRIORVLQJLWVVWDWHKRRGGXULQJ
the 19th century due to it`s shrinking
population.
Las Vegas started as a railroad town,
DUHSDLUVKRSIRUWKH6DQ3HGUR6DOW
Lake and Los Angeles Railroad, and
like so many other places in the West,
it was remarkably dependent on the
VWDWXVRIWKHUDLOURDGFRPSDQ\V$VORQJ
DVWKHWKHUDLOURDGÀRXULVKHGWKHWRZQ
ÀRXULVKHGZKHQUDLOURDGGHYHORSPHQW
100
came to a stop, so did the town`s development. This dependency on decisions
made in other places could be seen as
DW\SLFDOSDWWHUQIRUWKHUXUDOWRZQVLQ
the west during the early 20th century.
$VWKHUDLOURDGZDVWKHRQO\VRXUFHRI
FDSLWDOIXQGLQJIRUWKHWRZQLWKDGQR
choice than to cater it`s needs.
7KHQHZVHQVHRIOLEHUW\IURPPRYHPHQWDORQJWKHUDLOURDGWUDFNVIUHHG
SHRSOHIURPWLPHDQGSODFHDQGFDWHring to those peoples desires proved to
EHVROXFUDWLYHWKDWYLFHÀRXULVKHGLQ
those railroad towns even in the most
PRUDOLVWLF9LFWRULDQWLPHV7KHUXOHVRI
High–tone America had never applied
to those Towns, gambling and prostiWXWLRQEHFDPHDYLWDOSDUWRIWKHORFDO
economy.
7KHHDUO\VHWWOHUVDSDUWIURPWKH
catholic spanish settlers and smaller
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FRXOGEHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRJURXSV7KH
(QJOLVKEULQJLQJDORQJHQJOLVKEHOLHIV
and values, and the puritans. Although
FRPLQJIURP(QJODQGWKH\ZHUHWDNLQJ
the trip to the colonies, to create a new
VRFLHW\DQGGLVFDUGWKHYDOXHVRIWKHLU
mother country. Colonies were establisKHGDORQJWKHJXLGHOLQHVDQGEHOLHIVRI
these two groups, and not surprisingly
LWOHGWRGLIIHUHQWDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVJDPbling. In the puritan–led Massachusets
%D\&RORQ\QRWRQO\WKHSRVVHVVLRQRI
cards, dice and gaming tables was prohibited, but also singing and dancing. In
other Colonies english attitudes towards
gambling prevailed, and it was seen as
a proper gentlemans Diversion.
$VDVRXUFHRI¿QDQFLQJIRUWKHQHZ
Colonies, playing the lottery, permitted
by the English Mother Country, rose to
DVWDWXVRIFLYLFUHVSRQVLELOLW\6RPHRI
the earliest and most prestigious universities, such as Yale, Harvard or Princeton, were established with the proceeds
IURPWKRVHORWWHULHV
Casino gaming started slowly during the
HDUO\VDQGLQDVKDUHGVSLULWRI
adventure, uncertainty and risk taking,
IURQWLHUOLIHVW\OHDQGJDPEOLQJFXOWXUH
came to close ties and moved west and
From Gambling to Gaming, A Short History
south along with the colonialisation.
The Mississippi River became territory
IRUDÀRXULVKLQJLQGXVWU\RIULYHUERDW
JDPEOLQJDVDUHVXOWRISURIHVVLRQDO
JDPEOHUVEHLQJSXVKHGRXWRIWKH
southern towns like New Orleans,
EHLQJEODPHGIRULQWHUIHULQJZLWKORFDO
business, limiting economic growth
and debasing moral values. Lynching
SURYHGWREHDYHU\VXFFHVIXOZD\WR
SXVKWKHJDPEOHUVRXWRIWKHVRXWKDQG
UHVXOWHGLQPXUGHURISURIHVVLRQDO
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in 1835.
During the early to mid 1800s gambling
came under increasing attacks, which
have to be seen in the broader social
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SULVRQUHIRUPVZRPHQCVULJKWVDQG
HGXFDWLRQDOUHIRUPV/RWWHU\VFDQGDOV
added to the growing opposition and by
1840, under President Jackson who,
LURQLFDOO\ZDVDJDPEOLQJDGGLFWKLPVHOI
most states had banned lotteries and
RWKHUOHJDOIURPVRIJDPEOLQJ
7KH&LYLOZDURIHQGHGYLUWXDOO\DOO
river travel and so the semi – legal riverboat gambling came to a stop.
'XULQJWKHWLPHRIWKH*ROGUXVKDQG
the big railway boom lasting until 1860,
DVHFRQGZDYHRIJDPEOLQJUROOHGRYHU
the United States, and came to a cliPD[HVSHFLDOO\LQWKHVWDWHRI&DOLIRUQLD
The link between mining towns, railroad
towns and gambling culture became
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certain gambling types occured, aiming
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EODPHGIRUWKHGHSUHVVLRQWKDWZDV
occuring at the time, and the people
running the gambling businesses, but
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general prohibition in 1911.
7KHVWDWHRI1HYDGDSUR¿WHGIURPWKH
JDPEOLQJERRPLQ&DOLIRUQLDHVSHFLDOO\
in San Francisco, and bounced between legalizing and banning gambling.
$QXPEHURIVFDQGDOVDQGWKHULVHRI
Victorian morality lead to a nationwide
SURKLELWLRQRIYLUWXDOO\DOOIRUPVRIJDPbling by the early 1900s.
7KHJUHDWGHSUHVVLRQ%ODFN7XHVGD\
29th Oct. 1929) lead to a much greater
tolerance and liberality regarding gambling, as it was seen as way to stimulate
HFRQRP\DQGWKH6WDWHRI1HYDGD
legalized gambling in 1931. Gambling
VKLSVDQFKRULQJMXVWRXWVLGHWKHWHUULWRULHVRIVWDWHMXULVGLFDWLRQPRVWO\LQDQG
around the San–Francisco Bay Area,
ZHUHVKXWGRZQZKLOHOHJDOIRUPVRI
gambling like Bingo and Horse Races
took over during the 1930s.
A crackdown on illegal gambling, which
had became prevailent during the times
RIWKHSURKLELWLRQWRRNSODFHLQWKHHDVW
RIWKHFRXQWU\7KH0REVWHUV0RE
UHIHUULQJWRWKHWHUP0D¿DSUHYLRXVO\
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York and Chicago, and people like the
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made their way west to try their luck in
&DOLIRUQLD
7KHEHJLQQLQJRIFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH
Boulder Dam, now Hoover Dam, in
PHDQWIRXU\HDUVRISD\FKHFNVIRU
101
From Gambling to Gaming, A Short History
¿YHWKRXVDQGZRUNHUVPRVWO\IURP/DV
9HJDVDWWKHKHLJKWRIGHSUHVVLRQDIWHU
the town nearly became a ghost town
ZKHQWKH8QLRQ3DFL¿F5DLOZD\&RPSDny moved their repair shop and three
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towards Utah.
1RW8QOLNHWKH&RQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHUDLOway in the late 1800s, the construction
RIWKH+RRYHU'DPUHYLYHG/DV9HJDV
Although a government town called
boulder city was built, the road to the
dam led through Las Vegas, and carried
DQXPEHURIIHGHUDOEHQH¿FLDULHVWRWKH
town.
7KH/HJLVODWXUHRI1HYDGDZDVPRWLvated to build on the predicted tourism
boom that was expected as soon as
%RXOGHU'DPZRXOGEH¿QLVKHGDQGWKH
VWDWHZLGHOHJDOLVDWLRQRIJDPEOLQJZDV
decided. The Legalisation was a step
WDNHQRXWRIWKHQHFHVVLW\WRFRQWUROWKH
ÀRXULVKLQJ,OOHJDOJDPEOLQJ,QGXVWU\EXW
LWWRRNVRPHWLPHXQWLOWKH\HDUVRIJUHDW
prosperity in post – war america, that a
new Las Vegas, dependent on its own
EUDQFKRIWUDGHFDPHWROLIH
102
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started up his little red sport car in Hollywood and made his way to Las Vegas,
DIWHUEHLQJFDXJKWXSLQLQYHVWLJDWLRQV
RQPREWLHVZLWKWKH&DOLIRUQLDQ)LOP
Union and illegal riverboat gambling,
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to move to Las Vegas. Their skills and
experience were desperately needed
to launch the new, legalized gaming
industry.
ZDVWKHWKHRSHQLQJ\HDURIWKH
IDPRXV)ODPLQJRKRWHOWKH¿UVWVWHS
WRZDUGVDQHZFRQFHSWLRQRIXUEDQ
entertainment in Las Vegas, with its
XQXVXDOFRPELQDWLRQRIJDPEOLQJVSRUWLQJIDFLOLWLHVDQGDZLGHUDQJHRIRWKHU
HQWHUWDLQPHQWIDFLOLWLHV&RQFHLYHGE\
%LOO\:LONHUVRQRZQHURI7KH+ROO\wood reporter and several nightclubs
on the Strip which started to take on a
OLIHRQLWCVRZQEHJLQQLQJLQ%XJV\
Siegel and his associates, including the
IDPRXVXQGHUZRUOGFKDUDFWHU0H\HU
/DQVN\ERXJKWLQWRWKHSURMHFWZKHQ
Wilkersons plans started to outstrip his
UHVRXUFHV6LHJHOERXJKWWZRWKLUGVRI
WKHSURMHFWDQGKLVH[WHQVLYHDQGYLROHQWFULPHUHFRUGGLGQCWVWRSKLPIURP
UHFHLYLQJDJDPLQJSHUPLVVLRQIRUKLV
Flamingo Hotel.
7KHVWRU\RIWKH)ODPLQJRKRWHODQG
Bugsy Siegels involvement has become
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sources, while gaming permissions
were given to the legal and well reVSHFWHGRZQHUVRIWKH&DVLQRVNHSW
appearing in the same manner until
the late 1950s. Siegel, who never ran
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¿QLVKHGFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH)ODPLQJR
in 1946, although the construction cost
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estimated $ 1,5 million. In June 1947
Siegel was shot dead at his Hollywood
Bungalow, and although the crime was
never really solved, it had always been
clear that there was a close connection
EHWZHHQ6LHJHOVGHDWKDQGWKH¿QDQFLQJRIWKH)ODPLQJR+RWHO
Even resorts with clearly legitimate origins, such as Albur Clarks Desert Inn,
From Gambling to Gaming, A Short History
EHFDPHSDUWRIDYDVWRUJDQL]HGFULPH
network. The Las Vegas Mob, and their
1HWZRUNFUHDWHGWKHP\WKRI/DV9HJDV
as a town where „Nobody got shot who
didn`t deserve it.“ 2
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Nevada and especially Las Vegas was
the only place in North America that
could provide big – time legal gambling.
In the open political and cultural climate
RIVRXWKHUQ1HYDGDDWWKDWWLPH/DV
Vegas became a place where activities
WKDWZRXOGCYHEURXJKW\RXWRMDLOLQDQ\
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every day, and every gambler, hood and
small time–enterpreneur came to the
WRZQZKHUHWKHLUEXVLQHVVZDV¿QDOO\
legalized.
In a culture where recreation and
entertainment were becoming more
and more important, the term gambling
turned into gaming and ceased to be
a moral violation. This rise toward acceptance put pressure on operaters to
cater a broader audience on a broader
VFDOHDQGREYLRXVO\WKLVMRXUQH\ZKLFK
ended sometime in the 1990s required
a lot more money.
Up until 1958, construction activities
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PRQH\SULYDWHPRQH\RIPREPHPEHUV
which they invested in 50 000 $ shares.
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resorts was ever increasing, the limitaWLRQVRIWKHVKRHER[IXQGLQJEHFDPH
obvious and there was a accute lack
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Startdust, no new hotels on the strip
were erected up until 1966.
7KHRQO\QRQ±0RUPRQ¿QDQFLDOLQVWLWXtion in southern Nevada willing to invest
in the Gaming Industry was the Valley
%DQNIRUPHUO\NQRZQDVWKH%DQNRI
Las Vegas, but the extraordinary growth
on the strip simply outstripped their
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associate with the Chicago mob, ran
an insurance company whose pension
IXQGVZHUHWRLQYHVWHGLQUHDO
estate related to gambling.
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FRPLQJIURPRUJDQL]HGFULPHZHUHWKH
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a 1955 regulation which barred large,
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stock in the gaming industry.
The unintented consequence was not
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Already during the 1950s there had
been attempts to cleanse the casinos
IURPWKHLQÀXHQFHVRIRUJDQL]HGFULPH
but it had never been more than a public relations ploy to clean up the states
image. The link between organized
FULPHDQGJDPEOLQJZDVDVWURQJIDFWRU
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RQWKHOHJDOL]DWLRQRIJDPEOLQJZKHQ
103
From Gambling to Gaming, A Short History
&DOLIRUQLD0RQWDQD$UL]RQDDQG0DVsachusetts voted against legal casino
JDPEOLQJHYHQZLWKWKH&DOLIRUQLDQ
proposition, where a state board would
have run all gambling activities with the
SURFHHGVJRLQJWRROG±DJHEHQH¿WV
7KHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRI/DV9HJDVIURP
a mob – dominated gambling town to
a corporate - owned modern gaming
UHVRUWEHJDQZLWKWZRHYHQWV7KH¿UVW
ZDVWKHDUULYDORIWKHZHOONQRZQPLOOLRQDLUH+RZDUG++XJKHVNQRZQIRUKLV
XQFRQYHQWLRQDOOLIHVW\OHDQGEXVLQHVV
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KLPVHOILQDQHQWLUHÀRRURIWKH'HVHUW
,QQIRUDIHZZHHNVKHERXJKWWKHSODFH
IRUDERXWPLOOLRQDVWKH¿UVWRID
bying spree including the Frontier, the
Sands, the Landmark and other mobowned casinos.
By that time Hughes controlled a
TXDUWHURIWKH/DV9HJDVJDPEOLQJ
establishments. He arrived at an ideal
PRPHQWIRUDQHZFRPHULQ/DV9HJDV
ZKHQWKHROG*HQHUDWLRQRIPREVWHUV
OLNH0H\HU/DQVN\EHFDPHWLUHGRIWKH
104
FRQVWDQWIHGHUDOVXUYHLOODQFHDQGWKHUH
was not yet a younger generation to
take over business, so they sold out to
+XJKHVWRRNWKHLUSUR¿WDQGGHSDUWHG
The second change was the Corporate
Gaming Act, which was passed by
WKHVWDWHLQDQGDOORZHGIRUDQ
LQYHVWPHQWRIFRUSRUDWHFDSLWDO7KH
¿UVWSXUFKDVHVE\PXOWLQDWLRQDOKRWHO
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Hilton chain purchasing the Flamingo
and the International. Holiday Inn and
5DPDGDTXLFNO\IROORZHGDQGVXGGHQO\
WKHIXQGLQJE\RUJDQL]HGFULPHEHFDPH
obsolete.
$IWHUWKHSUREOHPRIIXQGLQJZDV
solved, there was no need anymore to
WROHUDWHPREUXQFDVLQRVPRUHDQG
PRUHVNLPPLQJRSHUDWLRQVRIWKHUHPDLning mobsters were uncovered by the
Gaming Control Board, and they were
GHSULYHGRIWKHLUOLFHQVHV7KHV
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PREZLWKWKHDUULYDORI)%,$JHQW-RH
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OHDGDULJRURXVUHJLPHRISURVHFXWLRQ
DQGE\/DV9HJDVZDVODUJHO\IUHH
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sources, the towns attractions could be
VKDSHGWRWRWKHWDVWHRIWKHPDVVHV
6LQ&LW\EHFDPHOHVVVLQIXODQGDVWKH
VWLJPDRIJDPEOLQJJUDGXDOO\HDVHGWKH
town made its way merging gaming with
conventionally themed attractions and
catering a broader audience.
$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWVWHSIRUWKHFDVLQRV
ZDVWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRI$70VLQWKH
casinos. Previously the only way to get
money into the casino was to bring it in
\RXUVHOIRUWRREWDLQLWIURPWKHFDVKLHUV
FDJH3OD\HUVZHUHUDWHGIRUWKHUHDVRQ
that the casino took personal risk in
paying advances to the players to
XSKROGWKHLUSUR¿W:LWKWKHLQWURGXFWLRQ
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or at least until your credit card limit was
reached which seemed nearly impossible in the mid-nineties.
,QDFRYHUVWRU\RIWKHWLPHVPDJD]LQH
in 1994 Las Vegas was declared the
From Gambling to Gaming, A Short History
all-american city, having embraced the
VHUYLFHLQGXVWU\IURPDQHDUO\VWDJH
ZKLFKWXUQHGRXWWREHFUXFLDOIRURXU
SRVWLQGXVWULDOVRFLHW\%HVLGHVRIWKH
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Las Vegas, Las Vegas became more
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Gambling had become Gaming, then
tourism and ultimately entertainment.
PXVWKDYHH[SHULHQFHLQODZHQIRUFHPHQWDQGRQHRIZKLFKPXVWKDYH
experience in business administration
or management. Board members are
DSSRLQWHGE\WKH*RYHUQRUIRUVWDJJHUHGIRXU\HDUWHUPVDQGDUHH[SHFWHG
WRVHUYHIXOOWLPH7KH*DPLQJ&RQWURO
%RDUGRYHUVHHVWKHJUDQWLQJRIOLFHQses. The Board serves as the prosecutor in disputes.
Current Gaming Regulations in
Nevada&LWHGIURPWKH&DOLIRUQLD
5HVHDUFK%XUHDX5HSRUWRI&DOLIRUQLDV
State Library)
- The State Gaming Commission remains Nevada‘s decision-making body
on gaming policy and regulations. The
Gaming Commission issues, denies,
restricts, limits, suspends, or revokes
gaming licenses. The Commission
LVFRPSRVHGRI¿YHPHPEHUVDOVR
appointed by the Governor, who serve
part-time. The Gaming Commission
also handles discilinary proceedings.
Nevada has two entities that regulate
gaming:
- The State Gaming Control Board has
evolved into the primary administrative
DUPIRUFDVLQRJDPLQJUHJXODWLRQ7KH
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LQYHVWLJDWLRQVIRUOLFHQVLQJFROOHFWLQJ
WD[HVDQGHQIRUFLQJJDPLQJUHJXODWLons. The State Gaming Control Board
LVFRPSRVHGRIWKUHHPHPEHUVRQH
RIZKLFKPXVWEHD&3$RQHRIZKLFK
7KHUHDUHWZRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIJDPLQJ
licenses issued by the Nevada Gaming
&RPPLVVLRQ
Restricted licenses prohibit the operaWLRQRIPRUHWKDQVORWPDFKLQHVDQG
do not allow the licensee to operate any
RWKHUW\SHRIJDPH+ROGHUVRIWKHVH
OLFHQVHVDUHJHQHUDOO\RZQHUVRIVPDOO
bars, restaurants, and grocery stores.
Only a routine investigation is required
IRUUHVWULFWHGOLFHQVHV
Unrestricted licenses allow the operaWLRQRIDQ\QXPEHURIVORWPDFKLQHV
gaming devices, or table games. A
thorough investigation is conducted by
WKH*DPLQJ&RQWURO%RDUGZKRUHIHUV
its licensing recommendations to the
Gaming Commission. The Gaming
&RPPLVVLRQPDNHVWKH¿QDOGHFLVLRQ
RQDQDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDJDPLQJOLFHQVH
Licensing is more thorough and intrusive than the highest U.S. security
clearance investigation. An applicant
must pay approximately $500,000 to
$1 million to cover the state‘s costs.
The state takes approximately one year
to complete the process and issue a
license. There are two public hearings
where every personal and business
WUDQVJUHVVLRQLVVXEMHFWWRLQTXLU\7KH
State Gaming Control Board provides
a recommendation on licensing to the
105
From Gambling to Gaming, A Short History
&RPPLVVLRQ7KHEDVLFFULWHULRQIRU
licensing is the applicant‘s character.
$QDSSOLFDQWLVXQVXLWDEOHLIWKH\DUH
DQRUJDQL]HGFULPH¿JXUHDFDVHWKDW
can be hard to prove. A criminal record
LVQHLWKHUQHFHVVDU\QRUVXI¿FLHQWIRU
GHQLDORIDOLFHQVH
7KHUHDUHDQXPEHURIDGGLWLRQDOFULWHria:
)LQDQFLQJRIWKH2SHUDWLRQ7KHVWDWH
wants to make sure that the money is
QRWFRPLQJIURPFULPLQDOHQWHUSULVH
EXWIURPDOHJLWLPDWHVRXUFH$QRWKHU
FRQFHUQLVWKDWRIYLDELOLW\RIWKHFDVLQR
Moreover, there is the concern that a
troubled operation may cheat customers and not pay taxes. This portion
RIWKHOLFHQVLQJODZZDVSDVVHGZKHQ
Las Vegas hotels were not doing well
¿QDQFLDOO\
Business Competency: To protect the
state‘s revenues and consumers, the
state wants the casino operator to be
sophisticated enough to deal with very
skilled cheaters. Cheaters not only steal
IURPWKHFDVLQRVEXWDOVRFKHDWWKH
106
VWDWHRXWRIWD[UHYHQXHVDQGSRVVLEO\
other patrons.
6XLWDELOLW\RI/RFDWLRQ7KHVWDWHGRHV
not want casinos near activities that
are not suitable such as schools or
EURWKHOV1HDUE\EURWKHOVSUHVHQWD
QHJDWLYHLPDJHRIJDPLQJHVSHFLDOO\WR
RXWRIVWDWHYLVLWRUVZKRDUHQRWXVHGWR
such businesses being legal.)
Multiple Licenses Criteria: This criteriRQZDVSDVVHGVKRUWO\DIWHU+RZDUG
Hughes acquired his extensive holdings. At the time, the U.S. Justice
Department had threatened to intervene
LI+XJKHVERXJKWPRUHSURSHUWLHV
'8167$1*DPEOLQJ,Q&DOLIRUQLD
2 ROTHMAN, Neon Metropolis, 2003,13
4XHOOHQ
Hal ROTHMAN, Neon Metropolis, How Las Vegas Started
The Twenty - First Century, Routledge, New
York, 2003
-RKQ+$11,*$1)DQWDV\&LW\3OHDVXUH$QG3UR¿W,Q7KH
Postmodern Metropolis, Routledge, London,
1998
5RJHU'8167$1*DPEOLQJ,Q&DOLIRUQLD&DOLIRUQLD
Research Bureau Report, 1997
http://www.library.ca.gov
=XJULIIDP
&RYHU,PDJH5REHUWGH1LURDV$QWKRQ\Ä7RQ\WKH$QW³
6SLORWURLQ0DUWLQ6FRUFHVHVSLFWXUHÄ&DVLQR³
http://www.x6o.com
=XJULIIDP
Learning from Las Vegas
zusammengestellt von: Markus Hafner
107
Learning from Las Vegas
The Strip and Venturi
,QKLV¿UVWERRN„Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture“ 1 published
LQE\WKH0XVHXPRI0RGHUQ$UW
Venturi posed the question: „Is not
Main Street almost all right?“ 2 He was
DUJXLQJIRUZKDWKHFDOOHGWKHÄmessy vitality“ 3RIWKHEXLOWHQYLURQPHQW
As he puts it: „We were calling for an
architecture that promotes richness and
ambiguity over unity and clarity, contradiction and redundancy over harmony
and simplicity.“ 4 He was challenging
Modernism with the multiple solutions
DYDLODEOHIURPKLVWRU\DQGÄSRSFXOWXUH³
DVIDUDVWKHZD\VDQGPHDVXUHVDUH
concerned, that were taken throughout
WKHKLVWRU\RIDUFKLWHFWXUHWRHQULFKWKH
FRQWHQWRILQIRUPDWLRQGLVSOD\HGLQD
built environment. As these ways and
measures are always determined to
VLPSOLI\WKHZD\VRIGHDOLQJZLWKWKLV
environment, while, at the same time,
increase it‘s complexity, Venturi concluded that this obvious contradictory
nature should have been considered in
modern architecture also.
108
,QKLVRULJLQDOSUHIDFHWRWKHERRN
Venturi states: „As an architect I try to
be guided not by habit but by a conscious sense of the past - by precedent,
thoughtfully considered.“ 5 He continues
later: „As an artist I frankly write about
what I like in architecture: complexity
DQGFRQWUDGLFWLRQ)URPZKDWZH¿QG
we like - what we are easily attracted
to - we can learn much of what we really
are.“ 6
It would be impossible to discuss Robert Venturi‘s writing without mentioning
KLVIDPRXVUHVSRQVHÄ/HVVLVDERUH³
to modernist Mies van der Rohe‘s dicWXPÄ/HVVLVPRUH³7KLVZDV9HQWXULµV
way to make the point that modern
architecture had become too simplistic.
Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown
and Steven Izenour collaborated on
another book, published in 1972, „A
6LJQL¿FDQFHRI$33DUNLQJ/RWVRU
Learning from Las Vegas,“ 7 a deep
DQDO\VLVRIWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDOTXDOWLWLHVRI
the Las Vegas Strip and Downtown Las
9HJDV1RWRQO\LV/HDUQLQJIURP/DV
Vegas closely related to the statements
DQGSULQFLSOHV9HQWXULVXSSOLHGDW¿UVWLQ
Complexity and Contradiction, it could
DFWXDOO\EHVHHQDVDQLOOXVWUDWLRQRI
these principles. The Strip, as Venturi,
Scott Brown and Izenour suggest, is the
ZRUOGµVEHVWSODFHWR¿QGPHVV\YLWDOLW\
The Persuasive Space of Symbols
2QHRIWKHPRVWHVVHQWLDOSRLQWVWKDW
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is, that words and symbols can be used
LQVSDFHIRUFRPPHUFLDOSHUVXDVLRQ
Fig. 1 - Map of the Strip showing every
written word seen from the road in
19727KHVHYHULW\RIWKLVVHHPLQJO\
simple statement, becomes exceptioQDOO\FOHDUZKHQFRPSDULQJGLIIHUHQW
VSDFHVRIFRPPHUFLDOSXUSRVHVZLWK
HDFKRWKHUFig. 2 - A comparative analysis of directional space). While „The
Middle Eastern bazar contains no signs;
the Strip is virtually all sign“ 8 . The meWKRGVRISUHVHQWDWLRQJUHDWO\GLIIHUIURP
each other, the merchandise on the
bazaar can be smelled and seen, it is
presented through its obvious qualities
and through explicit oral persuasion
Learning from Las Vegas
applied by the merchant. In the medieval street, signs do actually occur but
still, their contribution to merchandising
is very small. On Main Street shopwindow displays and exterior signs are
almost equally important.
On the commercial strip, a supermarket would not have its merchandise
presented in windows, signs with day‘s
EDUJDLQVFRXOGEHUHDGRQO\IURPWKH
SHGHVWULDQVDSSURDFKLQJIURPWKHSDUNLQJORW7KHEXLOGLQJLWVHOIZRXOGEHVHW
EDFNIURPWKHVWUHHWYHU\ORZEHFDXVH
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behind the cars on the parking lot
Fig. 3 - Parking lot of a supermarket),
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building. As the supermarket would
EHGLVFRQQHFWHGIURPWKHURDGDQG
WKHUHIRUHKDUGO\YLVLEOHLWµVDUFKLWHFWXUH
would be very neutral. But as the goods
and wares, that ought be sold, and
WKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHPDUNHWKDYHWREH
advertised in some way, huge billboards
and graphic signs would be built along
the strip to connect the driver to the
VWRUHFig. 4 - Billboard on the Strip).
Vast Space and the A&P
Another very important comparison,
Venturi, Scott Brown and Izenour made
ZDVWKHFRPSDULVRQRIKLVWRULFDOVWHSV
LQWKHHYROXWLRQRIYDVWVSDFHFig. 5 – A
comparative analysis of vast spaces).
This comparison is actually a distincWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVHGLIIHUHQWIRUPVRI
VSDFHDVIDUDVWKHLUDELOLW\WRSURGXFH
enclosure and direction are concerned.
The writers state that a movement „...
through the landscape of the Strip is to
move over vast expansive texture: the
megatexture of the commercial landscape.“ 9
The parking lot, as they see it is an
DVSKDOWODQGVFDSHFig. 6 – Aladdin
Casino and Hotel, Las Vegas), its lines
and patterns produce direction as well
DVRWKHUIRUPVRIVSDFHGR,WVODPS
posts substitute obelisks and statues as
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to the vast space.
More important however, in means to
LGHQWLI\DQGXQLI\WKHPHJDWH[WXUHDUH
again the big, sculptural or pictorial
highway signs. „They make verbal and
symbolic connections through space,
communicating a complexity of meanings through hundreds of associations
in few seconds from far away. Symbol
dominates space Architecture is not
enough.“ 10
The writers conclude that because the
HIIHFWRIV\PEROVRQVSDFHLVJUHDWHU
WKDQWKHHIIHFWRIDUFKLWHFWXUHRQVSDFH
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inevitably destined to become symEROLFLWVHOI%HFDXVHWKHVLJQLVPRUH
important than the building, the sign can
become a huge symbol-extravaganza
and the building a mere and modest
necessity or the building can become
WKHVLJQLWVHOIFig. 7 – Big sign / little
building or building as sign).
7KHLPSRUWDQFHRI6\PEROVLQ6SDFH
lies in the contradiction between inside
and outside. This contradiction has
EHHQFRPPRQLQWKHKLVWRU\RIDUFKLtecture, which is shown by another
FRPSDULVRQFig. 8 – A comparative analysis of „billboards“ in space).
109
Learning from Las Vegas
Fig.1
Fig. 2
110
Learning from Las Vegas
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
111
Learning from Las Vegas
Fig.5
112
Learning from Las Vegas
Fig.6
113
Learning from Las Vegas
Architecture of the Strip and Monumentality of the Big, Low Space
Las Vegas-Strip casinos, all want to be
WKRXJKWRIDVXQLTXHDVDGLIIHUHQWLDWHGVSDFHRIH[SHULHQFH7KH\KDYH
however, much in common, as they are
DOORQWKHVDPH6WULSDQGRIIHUVLPLlar services. But there are even more
simlilarities: „The typical hotel-casino
complex contains a building that is near
HQRXJKWRWKHKLJKZD\WREHVHHQIURP
WKHURDGDFURVVWKHSDUNHGFDUV\HWIDU
enough back to accomodate driveways,
WXUQDURXQGVDQGSDUNLQJ³11Fig. 9 - A
schedule of Las Vegas Strip Hotels).
„The parking in front is a token: it
reassures the customer and does not
obscure the building.“ 12
7KHVSHHGRIPRYHPHQWRIWKHKLJKZD\
relate to the distances between buildings. Big space between the casinos
LVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH6WULS7KHVLGH
HOHYDWLRQRIWKHFRPSOH[LVDOVRLPSRUtant because it is seen by approaching
WUDI¿FORQJEHIRUHWKHIDFDGH&DVLQR
IURQWVRQWKH6WULSRIWHQLQÀHFWLQVKDSH
114
and ornament toward the right, to welFRPHULJKWODQHWUDI¿F
7KHELJVLJQVLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKH
EXLOGLQJLQÀHFWWRZDUGWKHKLJKZD\
even more than the buildings, by their
position, perpendicular to and at the
HGJHRIWKHKLJKZD\E\WKHLUVFDOHDQG
sometimes by their shape. They can be
RQO\WZRGLPHQVLRQDOEXWRIHQRUPRXV
dimension and illuminated at night, as
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Fig. 10 - Dunes SignsWKHEDFNRIWKLV
VLJQZDVHFKRLQJLWVIURQWEXWLWZDV
VWRULHVKLJKDQGLWSXOVDWHGDWQLJKW
or three-dimensional and somewhat
G\QDPLFDVZDVWKHVLJQRIWKH$ODGGLQ
+RWHOFig. 11 - Aladdins Signs) which
seemed to bow toward the Highway
WKURXJKWKHLQÀHFWLRQLQLWVVKDSH
The casino, where the actual gambling
takes place, is big, low space. The diPLQLVKHGKLJKWVRIVXFKLQWHULRUVSDFHV
DUHFDXVHGE\OLPLWDWLRQVRIEXGJHW
DQGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJDQGRIFRXUVH
DOORZHDVLHUREVHUYDWLRQRIWKHJDPbling rooms. The vast areas, which are
overstrained by these structures, can
EHFDOOHGPXQXPHQWDOEXWWKLVPRQX-
mentality is not only achieved by mere
bigness, but by lighting techniques as
ZHOOFig. 12 – Architectural monumentality and the roadside interior). Ä$UWL¿cial and coloured light within the dark
enclosures expand and unify the space
by obscuring its physical limits.“ 13
Learning from Las Vegas
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4XRWHV/HDUQLQJIURP/DV9HJDV
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Sources:
1.) Venturi, Robert: Complexity and Contradiction – MuseXPRI0RGHUQ$UW1HZ<RUN
9HQWXUL5REHUW6FRWW%URZQ'HQLVH,]HQRXU6WHYH
/HDUQLQJIURP/DV9HJDV5HYLVHG(GLWLRQ±7KH0DVVDFKXVHWWV,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\0DVVDFKXVHWWV
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
115
Learning from Las Vegas
Fig.9
116
Learning from Las Vegas
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig.12
117
118
Living in Las Vegas
zusammengestellt von: Lisa Kopa
119
Living in Las Vegas
A detailed view at Las Vegas
expansion
The development begun during the late
1970s. Hank Greenspun, an old school
Las Vegas guy had invested his money
LQSXUFKDVHRIODQGIRUDERXWWZRGHcades, when he tried to establish single
IDPLO\GZHOOLQJVRQWKDWDFUHV%XW
WKHUHZDVQRPDUNHW±IRUWKHDYHUDJH
PLGGOHFODVVIDPLO\/DV9HJDVZDVDQ
undesirable place to live – the associations were to weird. Nobody thought it
to be the right place to raise children.
:KHQ0DUN)LQH*UHHQVSXQVVRQLQ
ODZJRWWKHMREWRWXUQWKDWODQGLQWR
IDPLO\KRXVLQJDUHDKHJRWWKHJRDOE\
creating a new marketing image entirely
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SODQQHGE\WKHJXLGHOLQHVRIÄPDVWHU
SODQQLQJFRPPXQLW\³+HSURYLGHG
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHOLNHFRPPXQLW\FHQWHUV
schools, parks and libraries while he
VROGSDUWVRIWKHODQGWRWKHGHYHORSHUV
RIPDVVSURGXFHGVLQJOHKRXVHV
$VD¿UVWHIIHFWÄ*UHHQ9DOOH\³&RPPXQLW\ZDVÄERUQ³QHDUWKHERUGHUV
120
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GHVLUDEOHIDPLO\±ORFDWLRQVGXULQJWKH
1980s.
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suit. Citibank invested in the deveORSPHQWRIÄ7KH/DNHVDKLJKFODVV
suburban community about 10 miles
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inhabitants a good postal address: „the
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6RRQDIWHUDODQGGHYHORSPHQWFRUSRUDWLRQFUHDWHGÄ6XPPHUOLQ³DIRUPDWLRQ
RIDYDULHW\RISODQQHGVLQJOH±IDPLO\
communities on lwestern land and
IRUPHUO\RZQHGE\+RZDUG+XJHV
This Development continued during the
last decades and on northwest areas
even richer communities were built and
ULJKWQRZ\RXFDQREH\DQLQFUHDVHRI
the allamerican trend to develop gated
or highly protected communities.
Real life / Residential in a commercialized and designed urban environment
We all imagine certain pictures, when
ZHKHDUÄ/DV9HJDV³$QGEHVXUHWKDW
ZHFDQYLHZMXVWDGLVWRUWHGDQGLQFRPSOHWHSLFWXUHRI/DV9HJDVLGHQWLW\DW
that very moment. That’s why it’s time
to have a look at some data material
FRQFHUQLQJWKHLQKDELWDQWVWKHLUSUHIHrences and habits.
)LUVWRIDOOZHUHFRJQL]HWKDWWKHWRZQ
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a very young one. 34,5 years is the
average age. Besides the population is
a heterogenic ethic and social mixture
with worldwide ancestries. With 23,6%
WKHUHLVIRULQVWDQFHDELJ+LVSDQLF
FRPPXQLW\LQWRZQIROORZHGE\WKH
EODFNDIUR$PHULFDQSRSXODWLRQZLWK
10,4% and besides you also can meet
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Italy, Germany and England) and AsiaURRWHGFLWL]HQV
Living in Las Vegas
0D\EHLW¶VWKHSUHGRPLQDQWLQÀXHQFH
RIHQWHUWDLQPHQWEXVLQHVVWKDWWKLV
melting pot is – how heterogeneous the
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multicultural diversity. It’s much more a
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8QWLOWRGD\WKHPDMRULW\RIHPSOR\HHV
and workers are engaged in gambling
business and the associated structure.
The second employer seems to be town
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transition into post-industrial industries
LWFDQSURYLGHORWVRIMREVIRUXQVNLOOHG
persons providing a middle-class price
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education. So it’s not astounding that
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degree.
Fig. 1
121
Living in Las Vegas
7KHPDMRULW\RILQKDELWDQWVWHQGVWRWKH
traditional vita – earning enough money
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dwellings are owner occupied.
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density lies within the historic centre
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the density becomes. But caused by
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asymmetric development and the town
is growing into northwest direction. The
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the central downtown activities and
developments.
7KHTXDUWHUZDVOHIWEHKLQGZLWKJURwing density, but without areal enlargement. - And it’s no surprise that it
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dispersion all over the town and the soFLDOLPSDFWVRIWKDWVWUXFWXUH,SUHIHUWR
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(Fig. 2 - Las Vegas Ward System)
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western direction is ward 5, including
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maybe the most heterogeneous region
throughout the town including Business
districts and governmental institutions
standing round the corner to high price
entertainment areas, big casinos and
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It’s a dense urban area crossed by the
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settled bank – blacksmith – wholesale
houses, stores and restaurants.
Later on, when the black population
grew through World War 2, engaged
in LV Army Air Gunnery, Basic Magnesium and also the hotel industry, this
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town with strict racial segregation.
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ward – which is the highest percentage
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grew a big Hispanic community too.
Like ward 3 the average income is
quite low and unemployment rate lies
at 10,2%. For sure, it’s not inhabited by
wealthy citizens, but it too is not a clasVLFDOÄZRUNLQJFODVV³GLVWULFWDQGWKHUHLV
an obvious development, rooted in Las
Vegas centennial plan, to invest in redeYHORSPHQWRIWKDWGLVWULFWEHFDXVHWKHUH
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Union Park area to the new downtown
core.
The third ward lying within the elder
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Living in Las Vegas
is also a quite small ward in its extension but not as dense, as the other
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Right here the average income nearly
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town. There is an obvious dominance
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one could call that ward the middleclass
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Fig. 2
7KHYHU\VWURQJKROGRISODQQHGFRPmunities is ward 2 – the south-western
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communities during the next decade
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called west summerlin area). Here you
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well known luxury-communities: the
lakes – the exactly planned and maQDJHGVRDSRSHUD¿WWLQJDOO$PHULFDQ
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upper-class level.
123
Living in Las Vegas
0RYLQJQRUWKZDUGV\RXZLOO¿QGDOOWKH
same on a little bit lower level, marbled
by older structure in western, downtown
suit regions in ward 4.
The last and, in wide areas, youngest
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and several ranch areas with wide
equestrian, multiuse and pedestrian
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There are wide apartment areas in the
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business areas in the west.
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there are other developments illustrating the ongoing urbanisation and
ÄQRUPDOL]DWLRQ³RI/DV9HJDVDQG&ODUN
County.
Mentioned concerning the master
planning communities, communal inIUDVWUXFWXUHEHFDPHDQLPSRUWDQWIDFW
which had to be developed, to establish residential communities. And Las
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need in the 1980s: Charles Hunsberger,
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district.
124
„ I travel through Europe at least once
a year and tour architecture and visit
libraries. The buildings that last, that
things that are worth seeing, are
cathedrals, the churches, and the old
civic buildings that stand in the heart of
almost every European city. And so, if
\RXZDQWWRGH¿QH\RXUFXOWXUHDQG\RXU
people and your communities, you want
to do it with the architecture of your civic
buildings.“ &KDUOHV+XQVEHUJHU
Since the 1980s he succeeded in raising several library-communal centrehybrids throughout Las Vegas and
Clark County.
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9DOOH\/LEUDU\LQ%XWWKH¿UVWELJ
success became Las Vegas Library, a
multipurpose building located centrally
in town. The 104.000 square meter
complex, designed by Antoine Predock
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¿UVWRI+XQVEHUJHUVSURMHFWVWRZLQDQ
award.
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choose between 13 libraries in urban
branches and 11 libraries in outlying
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than the usual book repositories and
KLJKO\HTXLSSHGIRUDYLYLGFXOWXUDOHQgagement including art galleries, recital
KDOOVPXOWLPHGLDLQIUDVWUXFWXUHHWF
Another important communal invest are
public parks. (Fig. 3)
In Las Vegas you can visit 68 parks
maintained by the town. Small downtown parks, similar to the one we’re
used to in every average European
town, but also big and smartly organized leisure areas, with a wide range
RIOHLVXUHIDFLOLWLHV7KHVHPRUHWKDQ
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and medium density.
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are several community centres and
FRPPXQDOVFKRROV9RONVKRFKVFKXlen), art centres like West Las Vegas
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School, which reopened and now provi-
Living in Las Vegas
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courses and a regional gallery. - ExWHQVLRQRISURJUDPDQGTXDOLW\RIWKH
VWUXFWXUHGLIIHUVEXWWKHUHLVDUHFRJQL]DEOHHIIRUWRIWKHPXQLFLSDODXWKRULWLHV
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amazing to recognize that this is not an
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is home to Clark County School District,
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currently handling more than 280000
VWXGHQWVWKHQXPEHURIVFKRROVLQFUHased rapidly during the last decades
and some specialized institutions were
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There are 59 Elementary Schools
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6 Schools, 16 Middle Schools, 9 High
Schools and two University Campus
throughout the town.
Fig. 3
125
Living in Las Vegas
Transportation
Like most American cities the transportation structure is obviously created
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households don’t have any car but there
are 49% having two or more cars. Most
citizens also drive to work with their own
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Commuting to work with public transportation ranges at the low percentage
RI
Since 1990 the town established a CAT
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minutes during rush – hour time, you
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American cities, Las Vegas has got
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and piazzas to stroll along. Like in
126
mall system the people can come by
cars, deposit them on the one or other
parking lot and walk through a properly
organized commercial and entertainment environment, which gives them
time and rhythm to open up to all kinds
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The gaming enterprise district and
the pertinent architainment and
hotel resorts
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industry is Las Vegas Boulevard / route
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But although it had been ever since,
nowadays strip and its surroundings
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described in 1978.
There is a clear turning point in the speFL¿FGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHODVWGHFDGHV
1989. The year Steve Wynns marvellRXVÄ0LUDJH³RSHQHG$WDFRVWRI
million Wynn’s invest exceeded the cost
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$ 500million, and nobody believed,
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time. But within 8 month, Wynn payed
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erupting synthetic volcano, the water
land area showing living dolphins and
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EHFDPHDYDQWJDUGHIRUWKHQHZDUHD
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adults Disneyland. The image changed
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that period was/is: experience.
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Hrsg. Jaschke Karin, Ötsch Silke: Stripping Las Vegas – el
verso – Universitätsverlag , Weimar
www.lasvegasnevada.gov Stand 14.2.2008
9HQWXUL5REHUW6FRWW%URZQ'HQLVH/HDUQLQJIURP/DV
Vegas – MIT, Massachusetts, 1978
Abbildungen:
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Bruckmann, München, 1997
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Hoover Dam Building Site
Las Vegas Workforce
zusammengestellt von: Florian Sedelmaier
127
Las Vegas Workforce
Economy and Occupation
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industries. With about 126,000 hotel
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restaurants, and shopping malls on the
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/DV9HJDV,QWKLVFDVHLWVRXQGVIXQQ\
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cities with the most closed hotels. The
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business is also decreasing: -0.4%
between 2006 and 2007.
In the second place are authority and
administration, which employ about
20,000 people. They mostly work at the
8QLYHUVLW\RI1HYDGDSRVWRI¿FHVDQG
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metropolitan area. In the 2000s retail
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their own. Tourism marketing and promotion are handled by the Las Vegas
128
Convention and Visitors Authority, a
county wide agency.
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still makes Nevada an attractive place
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as well as expand into. Being a true
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all hours.
Many technology companies have
either relocated to Las Vegas or were
created there. For various reasons, the
Las Vegas area has had a high concenWUDWLRQRIWHFKQRORJ\FRPSDQLHVLQHOHFtronic gaming and telecommunications
industries. Several companies involved
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machines, such as slot machines, are
located in the Las Vegas area.
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LV$PHULFDµVIDVWHVWJURZLQJFLW\
means that the housing construction industry is vitally important. In 2000 more
than 21,000 new homes and 26,000
resale homes were purchased. In early
2005 there were 20 residential developPHQWSURMHFWVRIPRUHWKDQDFUHV
NPðHDFKFXUUHQWO\XQGHUZD\
7KHFXUUHQWXQHPSOR\PHQWUDWHRI/DV
Vegas metropolitan area is about 5 to
approximately 6 percent. That means,
that more than 964,000 people are
employed.
The median household income averages $ 53,111 per annum in 2006.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_metropolitan_area
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada
Dailey, Franklin, de Larrabeiti, Lee: USA Südwesten & Las
Vegas - Dorling Kindersley, 2002, London
Cook, Perry, Ward: USA. Der Südwesten - DuMont Reiseverlag, 2004, Berlin
KWWSZZZQHYDGDZRUNIRUFHFRP
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work
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Las Vegas Workforce
Fig. 1 - Jobs and Salery
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http://www.lasvegasnevada.gov/Publications/brochures.asp
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129
Las Vegas Workforce
Casino Jobs
There are over 200,000 casino relaWHGMREVLQ/DV9HJDV7KHZRUNIRUFH
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there are not only casinos, but the hotels with their shops and spas, catering
outlets, bars and other services.
Additionally, there are constant tours
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impossible to summarize the huge
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which amount to individual resorts in
their own right. Consequently, some
hotel-casino operations hire as many as
3,000 to 6,000 people.
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dealers make the highest income in
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income, most dealers get the minimum
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130
while baccarat dealers can make up to
$250. Dealers tend to pool their tokes
and then divide them equally.
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waiters and waitresses make the best
income. They keep the tokes/tips they
earn, but ‘pay’ others who help them,
such as the bartenders and bus boys.
Other employees’ wages are highly
variable. A security guard’s pay ranges
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No matter where somebody works,
everybody will need one to three
special permit cards, depending on
the particular position.
Sheriffs Card
Nevada state law holds that all gaming
employees - that means any person
connected directly with casino operaWLRQVKDYHWREHOLFHQVHG%HIRUHQHZ
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records and any previous „gambling
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driving license and Social Security card.
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Health Card
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carry a health card. Health Cards will
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Alcohol Awareness Card
Similar to a health card, an alcohol
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alcohol management) card is required
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alcoholic beverages. To receive a card,
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hour educational class, which ends with
a test to pass.
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careers.htm
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Las Vegas Workforce
Fig. 2 - Popular And Lucrative Jobs
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131
132
Lake Mead - Bathtub Ring
Sustainability
zusammengestellt von: Florian Sedelmaier
133
Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability?
NDXP6FKDIIXQJ|IIHQWOLFKHU5lXPH
Electric Power Consumption
In seinem 1995 erschienenen Essay
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people in the wrong place, celebrating
ZDVWHDVDZD\RIOLIH³EHVFKULHE0LNH
Davis die Stadt als seltsames Amalgam
aus Boomtown, Welt-Jahrmarkt und
Wegelagerei, als Endstation der westOLFKHQ=LYLOLVDWLRQ'DVIDQDWLVFKH)HVWhalten an einem sozialen und ökologisch bankrotten System menschlicher
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apokalyptischen Urbanismus, dem nur
noch postmoderne Philosophen etwas
abgewinnen mögen.
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XP1DWXUNDWDVWURSKHQDE]XIHGHUQXQG
/DQGVFKDIW]XVFKW]HQGLHVWDUNH
Versiegelung des Bodens im StadtgeELHWIKUWHZlKUHQGVWDUNHU5HJHQIlOOH
LPPHUZLHGHU]X6WXU]ÀXWHQGLHPLWXQter dramatische Ausmaße annehmen
können – wie z.B. 1992, als nichts
DKQHQGH7RXULVWHQLQGHU7LHIJDUDJH
HLQHV.DVLQRVHUWUDQNHQ
Keine Stadt braucht mehr Strom im
Verhältnis zur Größe, wie die Stadt,
in der die Lichter niemals ausgehen.
Der Stromverbrauch ist höher als der
eines gesamten lateinamerikanischen
/DQGHV(LQWRWDOHU6WURPDXVIDOOZUG
die Stadt ein Vermögen kosten. Beim
OHW]WHQ$XVIDOOLP-DKUHLPUHnomierten Resort Bellagio, wurde der
Schaden mit über 1,5 Millionen Dollar
SUR7DJEH]LIIHUW
Furthermore Davis compares Las
Vegas and Las Vegas and its seven
deadly sins:
- das Verlassen einer verantwortungsYROOHQ(WKLNLQGHU:DVVHUQXW]XQJ
- die Zersplitterung der örtlichen Regierung und deren Unterordnung bei der
3ODQXQJGHUSULYDWHQ/DQGQXW]XQJ
134
- die über einem riesigen Areal verVWUHXWH/DQGQXW]XQJ
- die Akzeptanz der resultierenden Diktatur des Autos, die letztlich zu automoELOHDSDUWKHLGIKUW
- die Toleranz extremer sozialer und
UDVVLVFKHU8QJOHLFKKHLWÄ0LVVLVVLSSL
:HVW³
YJOKWWSZZZKHLVHGHWSUDUWLNHOKWPO
10.03.2008)
:UGHHVGLHJHVDPWH6WDGWWUHIIHQ
würde sich der Verlust gegen eine
KDOEH0LOOLDUGH'ROODUSUR7DJEHODXIHQ
8PGLHVHPZLUWVFKDIWOLFKHQ)LDVNR
vorzubeugen, sind täglich hunderte
Angestellte der Nevada Power Company unterwegs, dieses System zu warten
und auszubauen. Der größte Feind des
Netzes ist allerdings das extreme Wüstenklima, mit Hitze, Kälte, Stürmen und
(URVLRQHQ6RKDEHQGLH7UDQVIRUPDtoren, die extra gekühlt werden müssen,
HLQHIQIIDFKQLHGULJHUH/HEHQVGDXHU
DOVLP1RUPDOIDOO
Sustainability
Woher kommt der Strom, oder wer
versorgt die Stadt der Lichter? Man
könnte meinen, es sei der Hoover6WDXGDPP'LHVHUOLHIHUWDEHUOHGLJOLFK
2% des Stromes. Es sind auch keine
Sonnenkollektoren, die in der Wüste
wohl ideale Verhältnisse hätten. Es ist
GLHXPZHOWIHLQGOLFKVWH(QHUJLHTXHOOH
GLHHVJLEW.RKOHQNUDIWZHUNH
$OOHUGLQJVUHLFKWDXFKGLHVH4XHOOH
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Nevada Power Company, die ein System von insgesamt 2500 km Leitungen
EHWUHLEWHLQJHNDXIW
Ein weiteres Problem ist die extreme
Auslastung des Netzes. Rund 4 Monate
LP-DKUOlXIWGDVJHVDPWH6\VWHPDXI
Voll-Last. Das heißt, dass Wartungsarbeiten an den Leitungen nur bei
ODXIHQGHP%HWULHEJHPDFKWZHUGHQ
können.
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http://www.malinche.net
Abb. 1 - Las Vegas Strip At Night
135
Sustainability
Transportation
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residents drive alone to work, at least
15% are member in a carpool, but only
5 percent use the public transportation.
'LH6WDGWYHUIJWVHLWGHP-DKUH
über das CAT-Busnetz mit insgesamt
38 Linien, das eine Fläche so groß wie
der Kanton Zürich abdecken muss. Die
/LQLHQZHUGHQMHGRFKVHOEVWLQ6SLW]HQ]HLWHQRIWQXULPRGHU0LQXWHQtakt angeboten, zudem sind sie nicht
DXIHLQDQGHUDEJHVWLPPW6HLWJLEW
HVGLH/DV9HJDV0RQRUDLOVLHIlKUWLQ
14 Minuten vom Hotel MGM Grand zum
Hotel Sahara und macht Zwischenstation am Las Vegas Convention Center,
Caesar‘s Palace und Bally’s. Sie dient
dazu, den Gästen sämtliche angeschlossenen Hotels bequem per Bahn
erreichbar zu machen.
valley. The airport also serves private
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*HQHUDODYLDWLRQWUDI¿FJHQHUDOO\XVHV
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are available.
Intercity bus service to Las Vegas is
provided by traditional intercity bus
FDUULHUVLQFOXGLQJ*UH\KRXQGPDQ\
charter services, including Green
7RUWRLVHDQGVHYHUDO&KLQDWRZQEXV
OLQHV$PWUDN&DOLIRUQLDDOVRRSHUDWHV
Deluxe Express Thruway Motorcoach
dedicated service between the City
and its nearest passenger rail station in
%DNHUV¿HOG&DOLIRUQLD
7KH8QLRQ3DFL¿F5DLOURDGLVWKHRQO\
FODVVRQHUDLOURDGWRSURYLGHUDLOIUHLJKW
service to the city.
YJOKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL/DVB9HJDVB1HYDGD
Air quality
YJOKWWSGHZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL/DVB9HJDV9HUNHKU
10.03.2008)
McCarran International Airport provides
FRPPHUFLDOÀLJKWVLQWRWKH/DV9HJDV
136
Being located in a desert valley creates
issues with air quality. From the dust the
ZLQGSLFNVXSIURPGLVWXUEHGGHVHUWWR
the smog produced by vehicles to the
pollen in the air, the valley can have
some bad air days.
3ROOHQFDQEHDPDMRULVVXHVHYHUDO
weeks a year with counts occasionally
in the 70,000 plus range. Local governments are trying to control this by
banning plants that produce the most
pollen.
The dust problems usually happen on
very windy days, so they tend to be
VHDVRQDODQGRIDVKRUWGXUDWLRQ
Smog on the other hand gets worst
when there is no wind to move the air
RXWRIWKHYDOOH\$OVRLQZLQWHULWLV
possible to get an inversion in the valley
air that actually traps any smog in the
valley.
The county is working to control these
problems and has shown some success
over the years. The constant tightening
RI)HGHUDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDOORZDEOH
SDUWLFOHVLQWKHDLUPDNHWKHWDVNRI
PHHWLQJDLUTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGVGLI¿FXOW
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Sustainability
Abb. 2 - Rechts: Städtische Grünräume rot eingefärbt
Abb.1
137
Sustainability
LAS VEGAS METROPOLITAN AREA
AND ITS WATER SUPPLY
,QIRUPHUWLPHVJROGDQGVLOYHUKDG
been Nevada’s treasures, nowadays
there is only one important precious
resource: water.
,WLVDVLPSOHHOHPHQWDOUHÀH[SHRSOH
RIWKHGHVHUWXVXDOO\IROORZWKHZDWHU
,IWKHZDWHULVJRQHWKH\WDNHDOOWKHLU
VWXIIDQGPRYHRQ
It seems that in Nevada people either
catch on or ignore this native principal,
RUZKDWHOVHLVWKHUHDVRQIRU
SHRSOHPRYLQJDQQXDOO\WRRQHRIWKH
ZRUOG¶VKRWWHVWVSRWVLQWKHPLGGOHRI
the desert, where you can only beat the
heat using air-condition and sprinkle
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irrational action are in evidence: The
water is terse.
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ZDWHUD\HDURIXWLOL]HGZDWHULQ
6RXWK1HYDGDLVFRPLQJIURP/DNH
Mead, as well as Las Vegas’ drinking
138
water supply. Ever since 10 years the
water level in Lake Mead is continuously decreasing. The lake is now at about
50 percent capacity
(Fig. 1 – Lake Mead on April 3 1999,
Coverimage – Lake Mead October 30
2005 - The Bathtub Ring).
PDQDJHURI6RXWKHUQ1HYDGD:DWHU
$XWKRULW\61:$WKHUHLVQRQHHGIRU
action in this context because hotel inGXVWU\LVSDUWDNLQJRQO\RIWKHHQWLUH
UHJLRQDOZDWHUDPRXQWZKHUHRIDJDLQ
80% is being recycled and only 20%
drop away due to lawn care or cooling.
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you can see the lakes intense shrinking.
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Ring” is showing how dramatically the
situation got. The white ring is the result
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under the water and collecting mineral
deposits.
Though economy measures such as
;HULVFDSLQJ GHVHUWSODQWVWKDWGRQRW
require supplemental irrigation), remoYLQJZDWHUIDOOVDQGRWKHUZDWHULQWHQVLYH
GHFRUDWLRQRULQVWDOODWLRQVRIFORVHG
loops intensely contributed to decrease
WKHDYHUDJHZDWHUFRQVXPSWLRQRIKRWHO
chains, it’s not up to hotels and casinos
in principle to reduce the utilized water
amount.
,IFXUUHQWDOORFDWLRQVRIZDWHUSHUVLVW
there‘s a 50 percent chance that by
2023 Lake Mead won‘t provide water
without pumping, and a 10 percent
chance that it won‘t by 2013. Moreover,
there‘s a 50 percent chance that Hoover
Dam won‘t be able to generate power
by 2017, the researchers estimate.
:DWHUFRQVXPSWLRQRIKRWHOVDQGFDVLQRVLVVXEMHFWRIDFRQWLQXLQJGLVSXWH
According to Patricia Mulroy, general
:DWHUXVDJHRISULYDWHKRXVHKROGVLV
UHJDUGHGPRUHFULWLFDOO\RILQGXVWULDOZDWHULVEHLQJXVHGIRUODZQDQG
car wash. Daily per-capital-consumptiRQLVDERXWOLWHUVSULFHIRUZDWHULV
RQHRIWKHORZHVWLQWKHZKROHZHVWHUQ
US.
Sustainability
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
139
Sustainability
3UHPLXPVSDLGE\WKH61:$IRUKRXVH
RZQHUVZKRVXEVWLWXWHODZQIRUGHVHUW
plants is already succeeding. 5 milOLRQVTXDUHPHWHURIZDWHUJX]]OLQJ
grass disappeared and the total water
FRQVXPSWLRQRI/DV9HJDVGHFOLQHGIRU
DERXWGHVSLWHWKHIDFWRIDQDUFKLF
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Fig. 2 – Comparison of Annual Water
Application
Fig. 3 – Conservation goal and achievement
'XHWRFRQWLQXLQJGURXJKWORWVRIZDWHU
economy measures has been disbanded, but there is a chance that they
FRXOGEHFRPH¿QDOKHQFHIRUWK
The Water Authority’s mission is to manage the region‘s water resources and
develop solutions that will ensure adeTXDWHIXWXUHZDWHUVXSSOLHVIRU6RXWKHUQ
1HYDGD:KLOHWKHLUOLVWRILQGLYLGXDO
conservation programs, products and
services is diverse and lengthy, each is
DWDFWLFDOPHDVXUHLQVXSSRUWRIRQHRI
WKUHHPDMRUVWUDWHJLHV
Education
SNWA conducts extensive public outreDFKHIIRUWVWRDVVXUHWKDWZDWHUXVHUV
XQGHUVWDQGLVVXHVRIUHVRXUFHDYDLODELlity and wise use.
Economy measures
Incentives
Seasonal water limitation
&RQWUROOHGZDWHUFRQVXPSWLRQRIJROI
courts
Limited car wash
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)LQDQFLDOLQFHQWLYHVIRUGLVPDQWOLQJRI
lawn
140
SNWA operates the nation’s largest
known incentive programs to encourage
existing customers to make long-term
HI¿FLHQF\LPSURYHPHQWV
Regulation and Policy
$OWKRXJKWKH61:$LWVHOIKDVQR
regulatory oversight, collaborative
HIIRUWVDPRQJWKHPHPEHUDJHQFLHV
KDYHUHVXOWHGLQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
KLJKO\HIIHFWLYHFRQVHUYDWLRQSROLFLHV
including landscape and plumbing stanGDUGVZDWHUZDVWHHQIRUFHPHQWDQG
tiered water pricing.
/DWHVWSURJUDPRIZDWHUUHJXODWLRQVKDV
been emerged in 2005 – 22 suggeVWLRQVKDVEHHQPDGHIRUVROYLQJWKH
ZDWHUSUREOHP$PL[WXUHRIVDYLQJ
UHJXDOWLRQVDEHWWHUPDQDJHPHQWRI
industrial water and new resources
provided are supposed to keep up with
LQFUHDVLQJZDWHUFRQVXPSWLRQIRUWKH
next three decades.
Main Item is a two-million-dollarSLSHOLQHWKDWLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUSXPSLQJ
170 cubic hecto meters ground water a
\HDUIURPUXUDODUHDV&RXQWLHV&ODUN
Lincoln and White Pine) to Las Vegas.
7KLVSURMHFWVKRXOGHQVXUHDQDGHTXDWH
ZDWHUVXSSO\IRUWKHQH[W\HDUVDQG
minimize dependency on Colorado
River.
Sustainability
2WKHULGHDVRIZDWHUSUHSDUDWLRQRU
supply are to desalinate seawater or the
9LUJLQ5LYHU,IWKHUHLVQRGHYHORSPHQW
RIQHZUHVRXUFHVZDWHUGHPDQGRI/DV
Vegas Valley will prospectively exceed
water allocations within next 5 years.
In 2035 the expected demand will be
about 550 cubic hecto meters higher
than the available water supply.
Economy measures already mentioned
are supposed to reduce per-capitaconsumption about 10% within next
\HDUVWKDWZRXOGEHDUHGXFWLRQRI
DERXWFXELFKHFWRPHWHUVRIZDWHUD
year.
Critics worry that all current activities
PDGHIRUWDSSLQJQHZZDWHUUHVRXUFHV
DQGHQODUJHPHQWRIVWRUHRIZDWHUZLOO
be rubbish in 30 years at the latest.
They claim to raise people’s awareness
RIWKHFLW\¶VLUUHVLVWLEOHJURZWKDQGLWV
consequences. People are supposed to
EHFRPHDZDUHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\GRQ¶W
live through a drought but in the middle
RIWKHGHVHUWLQWKHPLGGOHRIRQHRIWKH
hottest spots in the world.
Patricia Mulroy however holds a
GLIIHUHQWYLHZ7RXULVPLQGXVWU\RI/DV
9HJDVLVVHOOLQJDQHVFDSHRIUHDOLW\
DQGGRQ¶WZDQWWRVFDUHWRXULVWDZD\LI
HPHUJLQJSUREOHPVRIWKHUHDOZRUOG
VXFKDVODFNRIZDWHUFDSDFLW\VXGGHQO\
come up and crash into their illusions.
7KHUHLVQRUHDVRQ\HWWRDFFHSWRQHRI
the most important precious resources
DVDOLPLWHGIDFWRURIJURZWKDVORQJDV
\RXFDQSXPSLWIURPVRPHZKHUHHOVH
4XHOOHQ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mead
http://www.sunsetcities.com/hoover-dam
http://www.nps.gov/
http://www.lasvegasnevada.gov/
Merian, Las Vegas, Dezember 2007
Bittner, Regina: Urbane Paradise – Zur Kulturgeschichte
modernen Vergnügens
)UDQNIXUW1HZ<RUN&DPSXV9HUODJ
Las Vegas Water Supply zusammengestellt von: Marion
Haider und Florian Sedelmaier
2VFDU*RRGPDQPD\RURI/DV9HJDV
DQGPHPEHURIWKH61:$KROGVD
VLPLODUNLQGRIYLHZ7KHUHLVQRUHDVRQ
WRZRUU\DERXWWKHIXWXUHRI/DV9HJDV
VHHLQJWKDWLILW¶VMXVWDPDWWHURIZDWHU
one is in a position to buy the solution
RIWKHSUREOHP
141
142
Fernsehbilder
zusammengestellt von: Matthäus Maier
143
Fernsehbilder
LAS VEGAS
'LH6HULHÄ/DV9HJDV³YRQ'UHKEXFKDXWRU*DU\6FRWW7KRPSVRQÄ7KH)DVW
DQGWKH)XULRXV³ZXUGHYRQZXUGH
von September 2003 bis Februar 2008
vom NBC ausgestrahlt und war in den
6WDDWHQGXUFKDXVHUIROJUHLFK
Pro 7 sendete die Serie ab Jänner 2006
erstmals im deutschen Sprachraum, sie
ZXUGHMHGRFKEHUHLWVQDFKIQI(SLVRden wegen zu geringer Einschaltquoten wieder abgesetzt.
Der ORF startete die Sendung ebenIDOOVYRQ-lQQHUZRVLHGHPPRQtäglichen Abendprogramm bis Jänner
2008 erhalten blieb, wobei die ersten
YLHU6WDIIHOQDXVJHVWUDKOWZXUGHQGLH
)QIWHIROJWQRFK$XFKDXI.DEHO
1 ist diese Serie seit August 2007 sonntags Nacht zu sehen.
Ä/DV9HJDV³LVWHLQH*HPHLQVFKDIWVSURduktion von NBC Universal Television
und DreamWorks Television, als ProGX]HQWZLUG*DUGQHU6WHUQÄ&6,³Ä/DZ
2UGHU³DQJHJHEHQ:LHDXFKÄ&6,³
]HLFKQHWVLFKÄ/DV9HJDV³GXUFKUDVFKH
144
VFKQHOOEHUÀLH‰HQGH.DPHUDIDKUWHQ
und entsprechenden Schnitt, sowie parDOOHOODXIHQGHQ+DQGOXQJVVWUlQJHDXV
zusammen mit Danny die Sicherheitsabteilung. Er ist der Elektronikspezialist
des Casinos und zugleich Dannys
bester Freund.
Handlung und Charaktere:
'HOLQGD'HOLQH9DQHVVD0DUFLOLVW
Eds Tochter und Dannys Gattin und
leitet das Restaurant des Montcitos,
LQGHPGLH*lVWHYRPHUIROJUHLFKHQ
|VWHUUHLFKLVFKHQ+DXEHQNRFK:ROIJDQJ
3XFN:ROIJDQJ3XFNNXOLQDULVFK
verwöhnt werden.
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Montecito Resort & Casino in Las VeJDVGDVYRQ(G'HOLQH-DPHV&DDQ
DOV'LUHNWRUXQG'DQQ\0F&R\-RVK
Duhamel) als Leiter der SicherheitsabWHLOXQJJHIKUWZLUGZREHLUHJHOPl‰LJH
Betrugs- bzw. Diebstahlsversuche
von den beiden Ex-Marines vereitelt
werden.
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&DVLQRKRVWHVVHXQGVRIUGDVOHLEOLFKH
und geistige Wohl der reichsten und somit Ehrengästen verantwortlich. In der
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MHGRFKQLFKWPHKUDXVEHQGDGHUDOWH
Casinobesitzer verstirbt und ihr unverständlicherweise, man wird nie wissen
warum, das Montecito vererbt.
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:HLWHUVOHJHQLP/DXIHGHU6HULH
über 100 Bekanntheiten aus dem
Entertainmentbereich unterhaltsame
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Jon Bon Jovi, Black Eyed Peas, Paris
Hilton, Snoop Dogg, Jean-Claude Van
Damme, The Pussycat Dolls, Sylvester
6WDOORQH+XJK+HIQHURGHU7KH3RO\SKRQLF6SUHH$XFKHLQLJH3RNHUSUR¿V
wie Phil Ivey und Chris Ferguson haben
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Fernsehbilder
Drehorte:
$OV9RUODJHIUGDV¿NWLYH0RQWHFLWR
dient das Mandalay Bay, ein HotelCasinokomplex am Südende des Las
Vegas Stripes.
Es ist besonders bei SpielerInnen
DXV$VLHQEHOLHEWYHUIJWEHU
Zimmern und Suiten und besteht unter
anderem aus zwei goldenen, verglasten
Türmen. Der östliche Turm wurde 1999
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7XUPZXUGHIHUWLJJHVWHOOWXQGKDW
HEHQIDOOV6WRFNZHUNHZREHLGLHVH
ab dem 40. mit den Nummern 61, 62,
63 bezeichnet werden, da die Zahl 4 bei
asiatischen Spielern als Unglückszahl
gilt.
'LHUHLQH&DVLQRÀlFKHEHWUlJWFLUFD
12.542 m2 und ist einem Stil eines „troSLFDOVHWWLQJRIÀRZLQJZDWHUOXVKIROLDJHDQGH[RWLFDUFKLWHFWXUH³JHKDOWHQ
Die aktuelle Show des Mandalay Bays
LVWGDV$%%$0XVLFDOÄ0DPPD0LD³
Jeder Turm hat ein eigenes Spa und
eine gemeinsam genutzte Poolanlage,
inklusive einem künstlichen Strand mit
:HOOHQDQODJH=XPÄ0DQGDOD\%D\³JHK|UWHLQHVGHUJU|‰WHQ.RQIHUHQ]=HQWUHQGHU:HOWGDVÄ(YHQWV&HQWHU³HLQH
Halle mit 12.000 Plätzen), ein Theater,
HLQÄ+RXVHRI%OXHV³IU5HVWDXUDQW
und Konzerte), eine Vielzahl Restaurants, die riesige Aquarien-Anlage
Ä6KDUN5HHI³VRZLHGLH6KRSSLQJ3DVVDJHÄ0DQGDOD\3ODFH³GLHHVPLWGHP
EHQDFKEDUWHQÄ/X[RU+RWHO³YHUELQGHW
Die kostenlose „Monorail Mandalay
%D\([FDOLEXU7UDP³SHQGHOW]ZLVFKHQ
GHPÄ0DQGDOD\%D\³GHPÄ/X[RU³XQG
GHPÄ([FDOLEXU+RWHO³
Das Hotel war Teil der „Circus-Circus*UXSSH³GLHVLFKVSlWHUQDFKVHLQHP
)ODJJVFKLII]XUÄ0DQGDOD\5HVRUW
*URXS³XPEHQDQQWHZXUGHGLHVH
Gruppe vom Konkurrenten „MGM MiraJH³JHNDXIW
Des Weiteren sind in der Serie ledigOLFK/XIWDXIQDKPHQGHUXPOLHJHQGHQ
Gebäude zu sehen, als zweiter Drehort
wird noch L.A. angegeben.
Das vermittelte Stadtbild:
Obwohl man, trotz mancher Ausnahmen, eigentlich nichts von Las Vegas
selbst zu sehen bekommt, vermittelt
Ä/DV9HJDV³HLQUHFKWVWDUNHV%LOGRGHU
Image der Stadt. Dieses wird sowohl
von den Protagonisten wie auch von
den Nebenrollen verkörpert, selbst die
Statisten prägen es mit.
$OV%HWUDFKWHUKDWPDQGDV*HIKO
Teil einer riesigen Feier zu sein, einer
sich täglich wiederholenden Party. Die
Darsteller sind immer gut gekleidet
und gelaunt und wenn sie einmal doch
die Stimmung oder Fassung verlieren,
VRLVWVRIRUWHLQJXWHU)UHXQGRGHUHLQ
KLOIVEHUHLWHU3DVVDQW]XU6WHOOH8QUHFKW
und Verbrechen werden augenblicklich
durch die stets wachsame SicherheitsDEWHLOXQJDXIJHNOlUWXQGLQPDQFKHQ
Fällen auch gerächt, lange bevor die
staatliche Sicherheit einschreitet.
145
Fernsehbilder
Diese nie enden wollende Party, das
tägliche Feuerwerk, ist, so scheint
es, aber nur in Las Vegas möglich. In
dieser Stadt ist nie schlechtes Wetter
WDWVlFKOLFKUHJQHWHVIDVWQLHLQGHU6Hrie, was aber auch daran liegen kann,
GDVVHVNDXP$X‰HQDXIQDKPHQJLEW
nie schlechte Laune und ausschließlich schöne und reiche Menschen zu
bestaunen, die in ihrem Wirken durch
pompastische und kitschige Außen-,
sowie Innenarchitektur bestärkt werden.
In gewissen Sinn ist diese Serie eine
JUR‰H:HUEHVHQGXQJIU/DV9HJDV
Dem Zuseher wird eine beinahe paradiesische Welt gezeigt und er hegt den
Wunsch auch ein Mitglied dieser schöQHQ*HVHOOVFKDIW]XVHLQ9LHOOHLFKWLVW
auch das gerade der Trick, der Mythos
den Las Vegas ausmacht: Werbung.
Das Image als Stadt der Superlative
wird gezielt von den Casino und Hotelbetreibern eingesetzt um die Besucher
LQGLH:VWHLQV1LFKWVVSlWHUDXFKLQ
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146
Siegel, der in den 40er Jahren das erste
kombinierte Casinohotel baute, keine
.XQGHQJHKDEWXQGGHUZLUWVFKDIWOLFKH
$XIVFKZXQJGHV*OFNVSLHOVZlUHQLH
zustande gekommen.
/DV9HJDVVHW]WVHLQHQ5XIVHLWMHKHU
HLQDXFKZHQQVLFKGLHVHULP/DXIHGHU
Zeit ein wenig geändert hat. Kamen in
den 50ern unzählige Touristen um die
nahe gelegenen Atombombentests zu
bestaunen, so kommen sie heute um
eine andere Art des Nervenkitzels zu
erleben, nämlich den des Glückspiels
und der Prostitution. Der Versuch eines
Imagewechsels seitens der StadtverZDOWXQJYRQÄVLQFLW\³]XUIDPLOLHQIUHXQGOLFKHQÄFLW\RIHQWHUWDLQPHQW³LVW
aber angesichts der großen Anzahl von
Nacktbars und Bordellen zum Scheitern
verurteilt.
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$VVR]LDWLRQHQGLHDXINRPPWZHQQ
man an Las Vegas denkt, ist LeuchtUHNODPHZREHLZLUZLHGHUDXIGLH
Werbung als wichtiger Bestandteil der
Stadt zurückgekommen wären. Grelle,
in allen Farben schillernden WerbeELOGHUXQG±6FKULIWHQJHK|UHQHLQGHXWLJ
zum Stadtbild.
Las Vegas ist Spaß und UnterhalWXQJDEHUGDPLWVLQGDXFK*HIDKUXQG
9HUEUHFKHQYHUEXQGHQXQGQLFKWMHGHU
KDWVHLQHQ'DQQ\0F&R\GHUDXIHLQHQ
DXISDVVW
Fernsehbilder
Abb. 1
147
Fernsehbilder
LOS ANGELES
Handlung:
„Columbo“
&ROXPERLVWHLQXQJHSÀHJWZLUNHQGHU
VFKHLQEDUEHJULIIVVWXW]LJHU3ROL]HLEHDPWHUHLJHQWOLFKLVWHUMHGRFKKRFKLQtelligent und löst seine Fälle durch sehr
genaue Beobachtung von Details und
kleinen Widersprüchen, während er
IRUWZlKUHQG=LJDUUHQUDXFKW=X&ROXPbos Charakteristik gehört, dass er sich
RIWEHLP9HUODVVHQHLQHV5DXPHVDQ
der Tür noch einmal umdreht und dem
Verdächtigen eine entscheidende Frage
stellt, typischerweise eingeleitet mit
Ä'DZlUHQRFKHLQH.OHLQLJNHLW«³RGHU
auch: „Ich hätte da noch eine Frage
«³RIWPLWFKDUDNWHULVWLVFKHUKREHQHP
=HLJH¿QJHU
ZXUGHHUVWPDOVDXI1%&HLQ)LOP
ausgestrahlt, in dem der Charakter
Columbo mitspielt. Die Popularität des
Charakters veranlasste den Sender,
daraus eine regelmäßige Serie zu
machen, die im Herbst 1971 Premiere
KDWWHÄ&ROXPER³ZDUHLQVRIRUWLJHU
4XRWHQKLWXQG3HWHU)DONJHZDQQHLQHQ
(PP\$ZDUGIUVHLQH5ROOHLPHUVWHQ
-DKUGHU6HULH'LHVHOLHILQVJHVDPW
VLHEHQ6WDIIHOQODQJ1DFKGHP(QGH
im Jahre 1978 wurden erst wieder seit
YHUHLQ]HOW)HUQVHK¿OPHIU$%&
produziert und heute gibt es 69 CoOXPERIROJHQYRQGHQHQGLHQHXHVWHLP
2003 in den USA ausgestrahlt wurde.
148
Zu den wiederkehrenden Elementen
der Serie gehören Inspektor Columbos zerknautschter Regenmantel, sein
verbeultes Auto, ein alter Peugeot 403
&DEULRXQGVHLQ+XQGÄ+XQG³
6HKUKlX¿JUHGHW&ROXPERDXFKEHU
VHLQH(KHIUDXGLHGHU=XVFKDXHUMHdoch nicht ein einziges Mal zu Gesicht
bekommt.
Im Gegensatz zu klassischen Krimis,
bei denen die Identität des Mörders
erst am Ende des Buchs oder Films
verraten wird, sieht bei Columbo der
=XVFKDXHU0RUGXQG0|UGHUELVDXIZHnige Ausnahmen zu Beginn der Folge
Ä,QYHUWHG6WRU\³
2IWPDOVYHUIROJWGHU=XVFKDXHUDXFK
die Vorgeschichte des Mordes, die Motiventstehung beim Mörder und dessen
Vorbereitungen der Tat. Anschließend
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eigenen Hartnäckigkeit den Mörder, der
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angehört, immer mehr in die Enge
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versucht, seine Spuren zu verwischen
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Fehler begeht.
In der modernen Kriminalistik gehört
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Ausnutzung zu den anerkannten Methodendes kriminalpolizeilichen Verhörs,
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etwa durch Richter, Staatsanwälte und
Rechtsanwälte. Im Kern dieser Ver-
Fernsehbilder
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VFKDXVSLHOHULVFKHQ%HJDEXQJEHGDUI
steht in der Tat eine mehr oder weniger
weitgehende Imitation des Inspektors
Columbo. Der Verhörer stellt sich
unwissend, unkonzentriert, umschmeiFKHOWVRJDUGLHÄ$XVNXQIWVSHUVRQ³
und wiegt sie in Sicherheit. Dadurch
wird diese in ihrer Eitelkeit gereizt und
dazu provoziert, sich durch die nur
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von Ungereimtheiten und Widersprüchen in der Aktenlage gegenüber dem
vermeintlich dummen Ermittler selbst
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typischen Spruch: „Eine Frage hätte
LFKGDQRFK³ZLHJWVLFKGHU9HUGlFKWLJH
in Gewissheit, nach Beantwortung der
Frage in Ruhe gelassen zu werden und
wird dann nicht selten verleitet, leichtIHUWLJ]XDQWZRUWHQ
Abb. 2
149
Fernsehbilder
Das vermittelte Stadtbild:
Es ist vorwegzunehmen, dass meisten
Folgen der Serie in den 60er bis 80er
Jahren produziert wurden und daher
kein aktuelles Bild der Stadt vermitWHOQÄ&ROXPER³VSLHOWLPNODVVLVFKHQ
Amerika des 20. Jahrhunderts, wo
QLFKWVXQP|JOLFKLVWXQGDOOHVJHVFKDIIW
werden kann.
Wie bereits erwähnt sind die Mörder
stets Mitglieder der gehobenen GeVHOOVFKDIWZLH]XP%HLVSLHOEHUKPWH
Schauspieler oder Millionäre. Sieht man
diese Serie möchte man meinen, in L.A.
JLEWHVNHLQHVR]LDOHÄ8QWHUVFKLFKW³
sondern ausschließlich gut situierte
Menschen. Man hat den Eindruck,
GLHVH%HZRKQHUGHU6WDGWOHEHQIDVW
ein bisschen zu gut und langweilen sich
beinahe ein wenig, was schlussendlich
LQHLQHP0RUGPLWRIWIDGHQVFKHLQLJHP
oder lächerlichem Hintergrund endet.
Einzig Inspektor Columbo ist der Dekadenz der Reichen, die ein wichtiger
Bestandteil der Serie ist, gewachsen
150
und gerade das macht ihn zum symSDWKLVFKHQ$X‰HQVHLWHU1XUHUIlKUW
kein großes amerikanisches Auto, nur
er trägt seinen alten Mantel und nicht
die neueste Mode und doch lässt auch
er einen gewissen Hang zur Selbstsicherheit durchblicken, dargestellt durch
seine nie endende Zigarre.
/DXWÄ&ROXPER³LVW/$HLQH6WDGWLQ
der die Bevölkerung ausschließlich
in Villen wohnt. Es sind schon etliche
Miethäuser zu sehen, doch werden diese bewusst vermieden und nur äußerst
selten betreten. Es scheint, man wird
in dieser Stadt ohne Rolls Royce und
Swimmingpool nicht wahrgenommen,
weder vom Zuseher, noch von der
Polizei.
Columbo bewegt sich nur in den
erlesenen Kreisen, er verkehrt nur mit
berühmten und reichen Menschen und
so gesehen hat auch er den „american
GUHDP³HUIOOWXQGLVW7HLOGLHVHU*HVHOOVFKDIW&ROXPERO|VW9HUEUHFKHQGXUFK
UHLQH*HLVWHVNUDIWPLWHLQHU$XVQDKPHLVWHUVWHWVXQEHZDIIQHW,Q/$LVW
QLFKWVVRZLHHVDXIGHQHUVWHQ%OLFN
scheint, der vermeintliche Glamour
und die Unberührbarkeit der Mörder
ist lediglich gespielt und der Inspektor
macht einen recht eigenwilligen ersten
(LQGUXFNLVWMHGRFKKHOOZDFKXQG
VFKDUIEHUHFKQHQG,Q/$PXVVPDQ
hinter die Kulissen blicken und man
GDUIVLFKQLFKWGXUFKbX‰HUOLFKNHLWHQ
blenden lassen.
7URW]DOOHUDXIJHNOlUWHQ)lOOHEOHLEW
Columbo bescheiden und zurückhaltend, obwohl auch er ein wenig arrogant
wirkt. Nicht einmal sein Hund ist es
Wert einen Namen zu haben und seine
Frau ist und bleibt ein Mythos. Er sich
seiner Klasse durchaus bewusst und
er weiß, dass er der einzige ist, der die
PRUGHQGH2EHUVFKLFKWDXIKDOWHQNDQQ
,Q/$KDWPDQ(UIROJPDQVSULFKWDEHU
nicht darüber.
Die wenigen Ausnahmen an nicht
sozial höher gestellten Charakteren
VLQGPHLVWHQVDXV%HUXIVJUXSSHQPLW
direktem Kontakt zu anderen Bürgern
wie Dienstpersonal, Milchmänner oder
Fernsehbilder
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HQWVFKHLGHQGH+LQZHLVH]XU(UJUHLIXQJ
der reichen Verbrecher.
In L.A. gibt es zwar mehrheitlich vermögende Einwohner, die aber dekadent
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bescheidenen Bewohner ehrlich und
gesetzestreu sind, das ist praktisch
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Ä&ROXPER³LVWLQGLHVHU6WDGWHLQIDFK
alles anders und nichts das, was es
vorgibt zu sein.
Abb. 3
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www.wikipedia.org
ZZZIHUQVHKVHULHQGH
www.mandalaybay.com
151
152
On the Road
Las Vegas to Arcosanti
zusammengestellt von: Alexander Dworsky
153
On the Road
LAS VEGAS TO ARCOSANTI
Route facts:
FURVVHVGLIIHUHQWstates:
Nevada and Arizona
cuts through / runs close to
DIHZcities and towns:
Boulder City, Kingman, Seligman, Ash
Fork, Chino Valley and Prescott
includes 5 different roads:
515 Interstate Freeway,
93 U.S. Highway,
40 Interstate Freeway,
89 U.S. Highway and 69 U.S Highway
overall lenght of the route:
NPPL
Las Vegas - Boulder City: 22,5 km
PLRQ,QWHUVWDWH)UHHZD\
Boulder City – Kingman: 120 km
PLRQ86+LJKZD\
Kingman – Seligman: 115 km
PLRQ,QWHUVWDWH)UHHZD\
154
Seligman - Ash Fork: 29 km
PLRQ,QWHUVWDWH)UHHZD\
Ash Fork - Chino Valley: 50 km
PLRQ86+LJKZD\
Chino Valley – Prescott: 22,5 km
PLRQ86+LJKZD\
Prescott – Arcosanti: 47,5 km
PLRQ86+LJKZD\
special points:
Hoover Dam and Lake Mead, Route 66
(Fig. 1 - Las Vegas to Arcosanti)
Highways
,P-DKUKXQGHUW]RJHQVLFKHLQIDFKH
6FKRWWHUVWUD‰HQXQG7UDPSHOSIDGH
durch das ganze Land. Die Menschen
EHQXW]WHQGLHVRJHQDQQWHQÄ7UDLOV³XP
in den Westen zu gelangen. Ein durchgängiges Straßensystem existierte
MHGRFKQRFKQLFKW
Ein Komitee aus acht Staaten begann
in den 1920ern bereits existierende
Straßen zu einem Highway, der Route
]XVDPPHQ]XIJHQ(Fig. 2)
1937 waren alle Abschnitte asphaltiert.
Die erste Ost-West Verbindung in den
86$YRQ&KLFDJRQDFK/$ZDUIHUWLJ
Der Transport der Militärgüter, die MasVHQODQGÀXFKWZlKUHQGGHU:LUWVFKDIWVkrise und ein unvorhergesehener Touristenstrom beanspruchten die Route
EHULKUH*UHQ]HQ0LWGHPGDUDXI
IROJHQGHQ%DXGHV,QWHUVWDWH6\VWHPV
wurde die Route 66, die die Wurzel des
modernen Highway-Netzes bildete, zur
Nebenstrasse degradiert. Unser Weg
nach Arcosanti wird sich bei Kingman
mit der Route 66 kreuzen.
On the Road
Wichtig, und in gewisser Weise ebenso
IDV]LQLHUHQGIUDPHULNDQLVFKH,QWHOlektuelle, war der Gedanke der Nazis:
Der Bau der Autobahn als eine Übung
IUGHXWVFKH.UDIWXQG:LOOHQVVWlUNH
zu verstehen – ein ökonomisches und
administratives Muskelspiel, was, wie
HVHLQ1D]LIXQNWLRQlUIRUPXOLHUWH7HLO
GHUÄ1DWLRQDOHQ*HVXQGXQJ³ZDUHLQH
Testmobilmachung, eine Generalprobe
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.ULHJLQGHPGLHIDWDOHQ,GHHQGHV
Regimes zum nationalen Wesen und
*HLVWPLWVHLQHUKDOEJDUHQbVWKHWLN
verschmolzen.
bKQOLFKH0RWLYH±:LUWVFKDIW9HUWHLdigung und Nationalprestige – sollten
auch den amerikanischen Superhighways zugrunde liegen. Das Paradoxe
GDUDQLVWGDVV0LWWHGHUIQI]LJHU
Jahre auch das Netz der Interstates der
EUHLWHQgIIHQWOLFKNHLWPLWEHGHQNOLFKHQ
$QJDEHQVFKPDFNKDIWJHPDFKWZXUGH
und zwar als ein System von Highways
zur nationalen Verteidigung, die den
Transport von Menschen und Material
erleichtern sollten und – eine ebenso
Fig. 1
155
On the Road
grausame Wahnvorstellung wie bei den
deutschen Autobahnen – die Evakuierung von Großstädten angesichts
DWRPDUHU$QJULIIH0LWGHP%HLVSLHOGHU
Autobahnen vor Augen und den Bildern
der vom Krieg verwüsteten europäischen Städte machte sich Präsident
Dwight Eisenhower an den Bau der
Interstates.
„Amerikanische Strassen sind keine
unauffälligen kleinen, von Häusern
gesäumten Wege, sondern nationale
Highways. In dem Augenblick, wo man
seinen Fuß auf eine von ihnen setzt,
begreift man, dass sie bis Boston oder
Chicago weitergehen muss.“
-HDQ3DXO6DWUH
„Die amerikanischen Highway sind
nämlich weit mehr als nur bloße
Transportwege. Sie sind sozusagen der
zentralste nationale Raum der Amerikaner…“
3KLO3DWWRQ
156
In Europa wurden Städte in der Nähe
von Flüssen gegründet, in Amerika in
GHU1lKHGHU(LVHQEDKQOLQLH&KLFDJR
Atlanta).
Im Rücken der Interstates stand das
/HEHQVWLOO±*KRVWWRZQV6KDPURFN
Texas). Die modernen Superhighways
IKUHQXPGLHDOWHQ6WlGWHKHUXPDQ
deren Peripherien neue Ansiedlungen
entstehen.
Jean-Paul Satre hat einmal bemerkt,
dass die europäischen Straßen meist
irgendwann in einen umschloßenen
Raum münden, währen die schnurgeraden Straßen der amerikanischen Städte
scheinbar immer weiter gehen, so dass
VLHGDVLQQHUVWH=HQWUXPMHGHU6WDGWELV
zum Horizont hin erschließen und ihnen
die Abgetrenntheit und den besonderen
Status von Paris, Rom oder London
versagen. In diesen europäischen
0HWURSROHQODXIHQGLH6WUDVVHQYRP
/DQGHNRPPHQG]XVDPPHQGHUDPHULkanische Raster dagegen zerstreut die
6WDGWDXIGDV/DQGKLQDXV
Das Gittermuster der Städte leitet sich
von dem der Landerschließung – entZRUIHQYRQ3UlVLGHQW-HIIHUVRQGXUFK
6WUDVVHQDE:LOOLDP3HQQV3KLODGHOphia).
„Die Städte werden ans Transportnetz
angegliedert, nicht umgekehrt. Jedes neue Transportsystem prägte die
wirtschaftliche und soziale Landschaft
mehr, als es durch sie geprägt wurde…
Amerikanische Strassen wurden gebaut
XPGHQ6WlGWHQ]XHQWÀLHKHQ³
3KLO3DWWRQ
On the Road
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
157
On the Road
Hoover Dam
(Fig. 6 - Aerial View)
IDFWVKHLJKWIURPWKHIRXQGDWLRQURFNWR
WKHURDGPIW
material weight: 6,600,000 t
construction time: 5 years
loation: within the Lake Mead National
Reconstruction Area
The Hoover Dam was built by a
construction company called Six
Companies Inc, which was actually a
FRQVRUWLXPRIVHYHUDOFRPSDQLHV7KH
UHDVRQWKHVHGLIIHUHQWFRPSDQ\VJRWWRgether was simple, no single construction company could raise the $5 million
QHHGHGWRVHFXUHWKHSHUIRUPDQFH
ERQG,WWRRN¿YH\HDUV
The contractors were allowed seven
\HDUVIURP$SULOEXWFRQFUHWH
placement in the dam was completed
0D\DQGDOOIHDWXUHVZHUH
completed by March 1, 1936
(Fig. 4 - Stages of Construction)
%HIRUHWKH'DPFRXOGEHEXLOWWKH
Colorado River had to be diverted
158
through tunnels. For this work a piece
RIHTXLSPHQWQDPHGD-XPER5LJZDV
designed to speed up the tunnel drilling
SURFHVV%XLOWRQWKHEDFNRIDWRQ
truck, 24 to 30 drills could be operated
at once. (Fig. 5 - Jumbo Rig)
8QXVXDOIHDWXUHRIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
The dam was built in blocks or vertical
FROXPQVYDU\LQJLQVL]HIURPDERXW
IHHWVTXDUHDWWKHXSVWUHDPIDFHRI
WKHGDPWRDERXWIHHWVTXDUHDWWKH
GRZQVWUHDPIDFH$GMDFHQWFROXPQV
ZHUHORFNHGWRJHWKHUE\DV\VWHPRI
YHUWLFDONH\VRQWKHUDGLDOMRLQWVDQG
KRUL]RQWDONH\VRQWKHFLUFXPIHUHQWLDO
MRLQWVWKLQNÄJLDQW/HJRVHW³
Concrete placement in any one block
ZDVOLPLWHGWR¿YHIHHWLQKRXUV$IWHU
the concrete was cooled, a cement
and water mixture called grout was
IRUFHGLQWRWKHVSDFHVFUHDWHGEHWZHHQ
WKHFROXPQVE\WKHFRQWUDFWLRQRIWKH
FRROHGFRQFUHWHWRIRUPDPRQROLWKLF
RQHSLHFHVWUXFWXUH
'XULQJWKH'HSUHVVLRQMREVZHUHKDUG
to come by, and when it was announced
that Hoover Dam construction was
about to begin, thousands came looking
IRUZRUN
$WRWDORIPHQZRUNHGRQWKH
'DPZLWKDQDYHUDJHRIDQGD
PD[LPXPRIGDLO\ZKLFKRFFXUred in June 1934. The average monthly
payroll was $500,000.
High scalers blasted the canyon walls
ZLWKMDFNKDPPHUVWRPDNHDVPRRWK
VXUIDFHIRUWKHGDPµVFRQVWUXFWLRQ
These scalers earned $5.60 a day and
ZHUHVRPHRIWKHKLJKHVWSDLGZRUNHUV
RQWKHMRE
SOURCES:
ZZZIDVRUJ
www.usbr.gov
www.constructioncompany.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.blog.wired.com
www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov
www.nps.gov
Highway: Amerikas endloser Traum, Bernd Polster, 1996
DuMont Verlag, Köln
Outdoorhandbuch USA, Route 66, Ingrid Stein, 1999
Conrad Stein Verlag
USA, Der Südwesten, 2007 DuMont Verlag
On the Road
Fig. 4
Fig. 6
Fig. 5
159
160
Arcosanti
zusammengestellt von: Armin Kamenschek
161
Arcosanti
Introduction
Paolo Soleri is an Italian-American
YLVLRQDU\DUFKLWHFWZLWKDOLIHORQJ
commitment to research and experimentation in design and town planning.
He established the educational Cosanti
Foundation and Arcosanti town.
Life (Fig. 01)
He was born in Torino, Italy on June 21,
\HDUVROGLQ
In 1933 his Family moved to Grenoble,
)UDQFHWRHVFDSHIURPWKH,WDOLDQIDVFLVW
regime. Soleri attended there the „Ecole
Gµ$UW,QGXVWULHO³
Between 1935 and 1939 he turned back
to Italy, continuing education at Torino
Liceo Artistico, Academia Albertina. In
1941 he enrolled at Torino Politecnico
and awarded his Ph.D. with highest
KRQRUVLQDUFKLWHFWXUHIURPWKH7RULQR
Polytechnico in 1946.
He visitet the United States in 1947 and
VSHQWD\HDUDQGKDOILQIHOORZVKLSZLWK
Frank Lloyd Wright.
Taliesin West, (Fig. 02) Wright’s winter
residence outside the original Taliesin in
162
6SULQJ*UHHQ:LVFRQVLQ:,EHFDPH
DWUDLQLQJJURXQGIRUEXLOGLQJLQWKH
harsh desert climate. Wright and his
IHOORZVH[SHULPHQWHGZLWKURFNZDOOV
IDEULFFHLOLQJVDQGRWKHUGHYLFHVWR
FRQWUROWKHVXQEXWWDNHDGYDQWDJHRI
breezes, day/night temperature swings,
and other desert conditions. Sleeping
RQUDLVHGSODWIRUPVXQGHUWKHQLJKWVN\
6ROHULDQGWKHRWKHUIHOORZVKHOSHGEXLOG
Wright’s ever growing complex that
would eventually have a cabaret theater
and music pavilion, in addition to the
VWXGLRVHDWLQJDQGVOHHSLQJIDFLOLWLHV
QHHGHGIRUDIHOORZVKLS:KDWEHFDPH
an 18 month stint in the Arizona desert
OHIWDODUJHLPSUHVVLRQRQ6ROHULVD\LQJ
KHKDVIRQGPHPRULHVRI:ULJKW7KH\
developed a pleasant relationship
even though he didn’t speak English.
Working in the kitchen and serving
WKH:ULJKWIDPLO\WKHLUPHDOVDIIRUGHG
the young man unique access to the
master architect. For Soleri ultimately it
wasn’t so much a conscious architectural learning process as an absorbing
experience.
Soleri returned to Italy in 1950 where
he was commissioned to build a large
FHUDPLFVIDFWRU\Ä&HUDPLFD$UWLVWLFD
6ROLPHQH³(Fig. 03). The processes he
EHFDPHIDPLOLDUZLWKLQWKHFHUDPLFVLQdustry led to his award winning designs
RIFHUDPLFDQGEURQ]HZLQGEHOOVDQG
siltcast architectural structures which he
would later use at Arcosanti.
The desert called him back. Soleri lived
LQ6DQWH)H1HZ0H[LFR10PDNLQJ
and selling ceramic pots. Some local
merchants approached him to carry on
WKHSURGXFWLRQRIZLQGEHOOVIRUWKHP
DIWHUDQRWKHUPDNHUSDVVHGDZD\(YHQ
without a background in making this
W\SHRISRWWHU\KHDJUHHGQRWNQRZing it would become a permanent part
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RIWKHVHEHOOVZRXOGODWHUVXSSRUWWKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQRI$UFRVDQWLKLVGHVHUW
FRPPXQLW\%XW¿UVWFDPH&RVDQWL
In 1956 Soleri was leaving Santa Fe,
1HZ0H[LFR10IRU6FRWWVGDOH$UL]RQD$=ZLWKKLVODWHZLIH&ROO\DQG
WKHLUWZRGDXJKWHUVEHFDXVHRIDPRUH
DPHQDEOHFOLPDWHIRUKLVEHOOPDNLQJ
Arcosanti
activities. Soleri began experimenting
with construction techniques that use
HDUWKDVDIRUPZRUNIRUSRXUHGLQSODFH
concrete, whereby the earth is built up
DQGVKDSHGLQWRDIRUPWKHQFRQFUHWH
is poured over and the earth is excavaWHGDIWHUWKHFRQFUHWHFXUHV
Fig. 01
„Cosanti” (Fig. 04) DIXVLQJRI,WDOLDQ
words roughly describing a timeless
architecture transcending consumer
materialism. Soleri built on this ground
his residence, the Earth House, stuGLRVRI¿FHVUHVLGHQFHVDSRRODQG
DIRXQGU\IROORZHG(Fig. 05) Keep in
mind, Cosanti is where he began to
acquire experience, most apparent in
what became his signature architectural
element:
VRXWKIDFLQJDSVHVKDOIGRPHVWKDW
enable year round activity outdoors by
allowing sunlight in the winter and shielGLQJSHRSOHIURPWKHVXQLQWKHVXPPHU
months.
Fig. 02
Fig. 03
Fig. 04
163
Arcosanti
Cosanti’s intimate environment is generously planted with trees, reminiscent
RI,WDO\)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVDSSDUHQWWKDW
much loving thought was put into the
spaces between the buildings, the courtyards, paths, and other outdoor rooms
where people move and interact.
VRXWKWRIRUPDFRXUW\DUGLQIURQWRI
the house. It was cast in the sections
over wooden tent poles supported by
VFDIIROGLQJ
Cosanti Buildings:
Student Apse (Fig. 07)
Built 1968
This structure was built as a student
SURMHFWRIWKH6LOW3LOH:RUNVKRS
The decorative designs on each panel
ZHUHH[HFXWHGE\GLIIHUHQWVWXGHQWV
LQWKHSURJUDP7KLVQRUWKIDFLQJDSVH
VKHOWHUVWKH¿UVWJHQHUDWLRQ$UFRVDQWLPRGHOWKDWZDVEXLOWIRUWKH
Soleri exhibit at the Corcoran Gallery in
:DVKLQJWRQ'&$FRS\RIWKHSRHP
entitled Spirit that appears on the wall
RIWKHDSVHFDQEHSXUFKDVHGDWWKH
sales counter.
Cat Cast House (Fig. 06)
Built 1965
The earth over which concrete was cast
WRIRUPWKLVVWUXFWXUHZDVPROGHGE\
a caterpillar tractor. Once a dormitory
IRUZRUNVKRSSDUWLFLSDQWVWKHKRXVH
QRZVHUYHVDVDUHVLGHQFHIRU&RVDQWL
VWDIIDUWLVDQV7KHDGMDFHQWDSVHIDFHV
Pool and Canopy (Fig. 08)
Built 1966
The 20 ton pool canopy was cast over
DQHDUWKIRUPDWJURXQGOHYHODQGOLIWHG
into place by two cranes. Concrete
pigment was painted into the earthen
PROG7KHFDQRS\RIIHUVDVKDGHGDUHD
IRUWKHUD\VWRSRROH[KLELWLQJDYLHZRI
It’s clear that at Cosanti, Soleri deveORSHGIRUPVDQGLGHDVWKDWZRXOG¿QG
greater expression at Arcosanti, similar
LQPDQ\ZD\VEXWRQDGLIIHUHQWVFDOH
Soleri explained that:
Cosanti is for twenty people, ArcoVDQWLDLPVWRKRXVH¿YHWKRXVDQG
164
Mummy Mountain.
Earth House (Fig. 09)
Built 1956
7KH(DUWK+RXVHZDVWKH¿UVWVWUXFWXUH
EXLOWDW&RVDQWL,WFRQVLVWVRIDQHDUWK
FDVWFRQFUHWHURRIWKDWVLWVDWJURXQG
OHYHODQGFRQWDLQVDVN\OLJKW$¿UHSODFH
and shower were also dug into the earth
mold. Originally intended as the Soleri
residence, the Earth House is now
KRPHWR&RVDQWLVWDIIDQGQRWRSHQWR
visitors.
Barrel Vaults & Pumpkin Apse (Fig.
10)
Built 1968-1971
7KHPRXQGRIHDUWKXSRQZKLFKWKLV
DSVHZDVIRUPHGZDVSLOHGXSZLWKD
EXOOGR]HU6FXOSWXUDOULEVIDFHWVWKH
skylight and other details were carved
by hand. The raw earth mound was
SDLQWHGZLWKVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWFRORUVRI
FRQFUHWHSLJPHQWDVSDUWRIWKHGHVLJQ
RIWKHLQWHULRURIWKHDSVH7KHLQWHULRU
FHLOLQJVRIWKHEDUUHOYDXOWVZHUHIRUPHG
with plaster dipped cloth held in place
E\VFDIIROGLQJZKLOHFRQFUHWHZDVFDVW
Arcosanti
Fig. 05
Fig. 08
Fig. 06
Fig. 07
Fig. 09
Fig. 10
165
Arcosanti
on top. Today these buildings serve as
RI¿FHVSDFHV
Foundry Apse (Fig. 11)
Built 1967
7KLVDSVHZDVFRQVWUXFWHGIURPERWWRP
WRWRSXVLQJLQGLYLGXDOVWULSVRIFHPHQW
PL[HGZLWKµZLUDQG¶D¿QHQHHGOHOLNH
VWHHOXVHGDVUHLQIRUFLQJ7KLVDSVH
IDFHVVRXWKDQGVHUYHVDVD\HDUURXQG
outdoor workspace where bronze windbells are sandcast by artisans using
traditional methods.
Ceramics Studio (Fig. 12)
Built 1958
The Ceramics Studio is a large earth
cast concrete shell that contains a
circular skylight. Plaster and earthen
molds surround a central work area
where ceramic bells and planters are
FUDIWHG7KHVWXGLRIDFHVVRXWKWRFDWFK
WKHGU\LQJUD\VRIWKHORZZLQWHUVXQ
&OD\IURP*OREH$UL]RQDLVPL[HGZLWK
water to make slip, which is poured into
either earthen or plaster molds. As the
VOLSEHJLQVWRGU\LWVKULQNVDZD\IURP
WKHRXWHUHGJHVRIWKHPROG([FHVVVOLS
166
is drawn out. Designs are carved into
the bell while the clay is still partially
GDPS2QFHGU\WKHEHOOVDUH¿UHGLQ
the kiln and assembled.
2I¿FH (Fig. 13)
Built 1959
2QFH6ROHUL¶VGUDIWLQJVWXGLRWKLVEXLOGLQJQRZVHUYHVDVWKHPDLQRI¿FHRI
Cosanti, where administrative activities
are carried out. Note the southern exSRVXUHFRYHUHGE\ZDWHUSURRIFDQYDV
which allows light and warmth to enter
in winter. The canvas may also be
raised in warmer weather to cool the
interior space.
North Apse (Fig. 14)
Built 1964
7KLVSDUWLFXODUDSVHIDFHVQRUWKSURYLGLQJDVKDG\VKHOWHUIRUWKHVDOHRI
Soleri Windbells.
Cosanti Gallery (Fig. 15)
Built 1961
7KLVVWUXFWXUHZDVIRUPHGE\FDVWLQJ
FRQFUHWHRYHUDVFXOSWHGPRXQGRI
HDUWK/LJKW¿[WXUHVDQGVWUXFWXUDOVXS-
ports were also dug into the earth mold.
7KHHDUWKZDVH[FDYDWHGRXWIURP
under the dried concrete, thus creating
the interior space. Using a revolving
IRUPDQGYHU\ÀXLGFRQFUHWHZRUNVKRS
students created sculptured columns
IRUWKH&RVDQWL*DOOHU\7KHEXLOGLQJLV
VLWXDWHGEHORZJURXQGOHYHOWKHVXUrounding earth acts as natural insulation
to help moderate interior temperatures.
A skylight allows extra warmth and light
to enter in cooler weather.
Activities of Cosanti Foundation‘s
Today, the primary workareas are:
(GXFDWLQJVWXGHQWVGHVLJQSURIHVVLRnals, urban planners and the general
public about Soleri‘s architectural concepts and philosophy.
(QVXULQJWKHFRQWLQXLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
Arcosanti. This has been the main onJRLQJSURMHFWRIWKH&RVDQWL)RXQGDWLRQ
since 1970. Hosting educational and
FXOWXUDOFRQIHUHQFHVDVZHOODVSHUIRUming arts events, on a regular basis.
Arcosanti
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 14
Fig. 13
Fig. 15
167
Arcosanti
Cosanti Architecture
The buildings at Cosanti are not
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FRQFHSWEXWPDQ\RILWVSULQFLSOHVDUH
DWZRUNKHUH0RVWRIWKHVHVWUXFWXUHV
were built using the earth casting
PHWKRGRURQHRI6ROHUL¶VYDULDWLRQVRQ
the technique. Concrete was poured
over pre-shaped earthen molds, and
the earth excavated once the concrete
VROLGL¿HG
7KHJHQHUDORULHQWDWLRQRIWKHEXLOdings is important. Many are situated
below ground level and surrounded by
PRXQGVRIHDUWK7KLVDFWVDVQDWXUDO
insulation to help moderate interior
temperatures year round.
You will also see apses. Apse is the
/DWLQZRUGIRUTXDUWHUVSKHUHRUKDOI
dome. It is a passive energy collector
UXQQLQJVROHO\RQKRZLWGLVSOD\VLWVHOI
WRWKHHYHUFKDQJLQJMRXUQH\RIWKHVXQ
6RXWKIDFLQJDSVHVDUHXVHGDW&RVDQWL
and Arcosanti as year round outdoor
ZRUNVSDFHV$VRXWKIDFLQJDSVHLV
sunny in the winter and shady in the
168
VXPPHUGXHWRWKHFKDQJLQJDQJOHRI
the sun.
Other structures such as the pool have
southern exposures to maximize the
ZDUPWKRIWKHZLQWHUVXQ
Arcosanti (Fig. 16-17)
,QJURXQGZDVEURNHQIRUWKH¿UVW
$UFRVDQWLEXLOGLQJVPLOHVQRUWKRI
metropolitan Phoenix. (Fig. 18) You will
UHDFKWKHDUHDIROORZLQJWKHLQWHUstate17, exit at the Cordes Junction to
WKHULJKWDQGIROORZLQJDWZRDQGDKDOI
mile dirty unpathed road. (Fig. 19-21)
7KHSODFHFRXOGSDVVIRUDFROOHJH
FDPSXVRUVRPHW\SHRIPRQDVWHU\EXW
$UFRVDQWLZKLFKPHDQV³EHIRUHWKLQJV
WLPHOHVV³LVDQXUEDQODERUDWRU\H[SHrimental town, a crucible to test Soleri‘s
LGHDVLQWKHKLJKGHVHUWRI$UL]RQD
7KHFLW\LVGHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWR
WKHFRQFHSWRIDUFRORJ\
DUFKLWHFWXUHHFRORJ\
In an arcology, the built and the living
interact as organs would in a highly evolved being. This means many
V\VWHPVZRUNWRJHWKHUZLWKHI¿FLHQW
FLUFXODWLRQRISHRSOHDQGUHVRXUFHV
multiuse buildings, and solar orientation
IRUOLJKWLQJKHDWLQJDQGFRROLQJ
In this complex, creative environment,
apartments, businesses, production,
technology, open space, studios, and
educational and cultural events are all
accessible, while privacy is paramount
in the overall design. Greenhouses
SURYLGHJDUGHQLQJVSDFHIRUSXEOLFDQG
private use, and act as solar collectors
IRUZLQWHUKHDW
When complete, Arcosanti will house
5000 people, demonstrating ways to
improve urban conditions and lessen
our destructive impact on the earth.
(Fig. 22) Its large, compact structures
and large scale solar greenhouses will
RFFXS\RQO\DFUHVRIDDFUH
land preserve, keeping the natural
countryside in close proximity to urban
dwellers.
Arcosanti
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 16
169
Arcosanti
7KHGHVHUWFRPPXQLW\VWDQGVDQ
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Arcosanti is an educational process.
7KH¿YHZHHNZRUNVKRSSURJUDP
which costs $1350 teaches building
techniques and arcological philosophy,
while continuing the city‘s construction.
7KHUHVLGHQWVRI$UFRVDQWLDUHZRUNshop alumni, who work on planning,
construction, teaching, computer aided
GUDIWLQJPDLQWHQDQFHFRRNLQJFDUSHQtry, metal work, ceramics, gardening
and communications. At any given time,
DERXWSHRSOHZRUNRQWKHSURMHFW
DQGOLYHKHUH2IWKDWQXPEHUWR
70 are student volunteers. Since 1970
more than 6000 people ages 18 to 80
have participated in the working seminars. (Fig. 23) Volunteers and students
FRPHIURPDURXQGWKHZRUOG0DQ\
are design students, and some receive
XQLYHUVLW\FUHGLWIRUWKHZRUNVKRS%XW
a design or architecture background is
QRWQHFHVVDU\3HRSOHRIPDQ\YDULHG
interests and backgrounds are all contributing their valuable time and skills to
170
WKHSURMHFW
7KH\SURGXFHWKHZRUOGIDPRXV6Rleri Bells (Fig. 24) which support the
FRQVWUXFWLRQRI$UFRVDQWLKLVGHVHUW
community as well as hosting 50000
tourists each year in a Gallery, BakeU\DQG&DIHRSHQHYHU\GD\H[FHSW
Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years Day. Guided tours introduce visitors
to the philosophy, history, planning and
RQJRLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHVLWH
Concerts and other events in the Colly
Soleri Music Center also allow visitors
to experience Arcosanti. Shows include
GLQQHUDQGDUHRIWHQIROORZHGE\D
pictograph light show on the opposite
mesa.
For the past 30 years Soleri has been
SUHDFKLQJDQGEXLOGLQJWKHJRVSHORI
ÄDUFRORJ\³KHUHLQWKHGHVHUW6RPHtimes to packed assemblies, other times
to empty pews. He coined the term to
describe an architecture shaped by
ecology, one that produces a lean and
NHHQXUEDQLVPWKDWLVHI¿FLHQWIUXJDO
and sensitive to the environment.
His buildings are cunningly designed to
PDNHWKHPRVWRIWKHVXQ¿OOHGGHVHUW
climate. As in Cosanit also here in
$UFRVDQWLWKHJHQHUDORULHQWDWLRQRIWKH
buildings is the most important thing.
7KHDSVHRUKDOIGRPHDQGYDXOWDUH
partial below ground, to get a moderate
interior temperature year round and
ORFDWHGVRXWKIDFHGWRDFWOLNHSDVVLYH
energy collectors oriented to the sun‘s
path. (Fig. 25)
,QWKHVXPPHUWKH\SURYLGHVKDGHIURP
the high riding sun. In winter the sun‘s
rays penetrate the interior with warmth.
6ROHULPDNHVH[WHQVLYHXVHRIJUHHQKRXVHVIRUIRRGSURGXFWLRQDQGVRODU
KHDWFROOHFWLRQ7KHFXUYHGVLGHVRI
VRPHRIWKHODWHUEXLOGLQJVZLOOEHHGJHG
in dense greenery, a vertically terraced
IRUHVWVKDGLQJWKHEXLOGLQJVDQGPDNLQJ
them look like hillsides.
Other structures such as the pool have
southern exposures to maximize the
ZDUPWKRIWKHZLQWHUVXQ
To achieve complexity at Arcosanti,
residential and commercial uses are
PL[HGZLWKLQLQGLYLGXDODQGDGMDFHQW
Arcosanti
Fig. 24
Fig. 23
Fig. 22
171
Arcosanti
buildings, unlike suburbs which zone
businesses into segregated areas. The
suburban model requires one to drive
IURPKRPHWRZRUNWRWKHVWRUHWRWKH
SDUNDQGVRIRUWKZKHUHDV$UFRVDQWL
eliminates the automobile entirely in
a pedestrian oriented, compact city.
Everything, work, shopping, entertainment, restaurants is to be within walking
GLVWDQFHRIHYHU\WKLQJHOVH
7RJHWDWUXHUSLFWXUHRIWKHSODFH\RX
PXVWVHHLWIURPWKHRSSRVLQJPHVD
(Fig. 26) From that vantage point ArcoVDQWLFXUUHQWO\FRQVLVWVRIDERXWWZHOYH
distinct structures sitting on the mesa,
most oriented toward the south.
WKH&UDIWV,,,&HUDPLF$SVHWKH
Foundry Apse, East and West Housing,
North and South Vaults, the Lab Building, the Colly Soleri Music Center, an
outdoor amphitheater, the Sky Suite
UHQWDODSDUWPHQW6ROHUL¶VGUDIWLQJRI¿FHDVZLPPLQJSRROWKH*UHHQKRXVH
Guest Rooms, last but not least we
have a camp in the southeast
172
Arcosanti Buildings:
Crafts lll (Fig. 27)
Begun 1972
4 Stories, A multiuse structure, it is primarily the Visitor‘s Center and provides
housing (Fig. 28)RQWKH¿UVWOHYHOD
&DIHRQWKHVHFRQGOHYHOD%DNHU\RQ
WKHWKLUGÀRRUPH]]DQLQHDQGD*DOOHU\
RQWKHIRXUWKOHYHO7KLVPXOWLIXQFWLRQIDFLOLW\GHPRQVWUDWHVRQHRIWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI6ROHULµV$UFRORJ\&RQFHSW
which integrates living, recreational and
working conditions within a single strucWXUH7KH&DIHLVZDUPHGLQWKHZLQWHU
WKURXJKWKHXVHRIDZDUPDLUFROOHFWHG
E\WKHVN\OLJKWEORZQWKURXJKDIDEULF
tube into the atrium.
7KH*DOOHU\RQWKHWRSÀRRURIWKH
Visitors Center (Fig. 27)IHDWXUHVHGucational materials about the Arcosanti
3URMHFW3DROR6ROHULDQGWKHVLOWFDVWLQJ
process developed by Soleri and used
in construction at Arcosanti.
Cafe, bakery (Fig. 29)
7KH&DIHDQGEDNHU\DW$UFRVDQWLLVD
busy place around the clock. Lunch is
available to visitors here and all the meDOVIRUZRUNVKRSSDUWLFLSDQWVDUHVHUYHG
KHUH7KHFRIIHHSRWLVDOZD\VRQ7KH
ODUJHZDOOVRIJODVVORRNLQJRXWRQWR
WKHHDVWDQGVRXWKWHUUDFHVIXQFWLRQ
as doors. During the summer they are
opened to let the desert breezes into
WKH&DIHLQWKHZLQWHUWKH\DUHFORVHG
WRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRIWKH*UHHQKRXVH
(IIHFW
Ceramics Apse (Fig. 30)
Built between 1971 and 1973
1 Story, Ceramics Facility,
The Ceramics Apse serves in the
SURGXFWLRQRIFHUDPLFZLQGEHOOVDQG
tiles at Arcosanti. Used initially as a
temporary living space, it moved into
production in 1975. It is constructed
RIERWKSRXUHGLQSODFHDQGSUHFDVW
concrete. The Apse shell was poured in
SODFHXWLOL]LQJVLOWRQVKRULQJWRIRUPWKH
quarter-sphere. The tempered microFOLPDWHFUHDWHGE\WKH$SVH(IIHFW
the amphitheater terracing, and the
removable stage that can be erected
over the slip bins combine to provide an
H[FHOOHQWSHUIRUPDQFHVSDFH
Arcosanti
Fig. 26
Fig. 25
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
173
Arcosanti
Foundry Apse (Fig. 31)
Begun in 1972, and its completion
in 1974, 2 Stories, Bronze Facility,
+RXVLQJIRU5HVLGHQWV
)DFLOLWDWHGWKHH[SDQVLRQRIEURQ]H
bell production and provided additional
housing. The Foundry Apse, like many
EXLOGLQJVDW$UFRVDQWLIHDWXUHVDFRORUIXOVFXOSWXUDOVLOWFDVWFHLOLQJ
East & West Housing (Fig. 32)
Begun in 1972 and completed in 1974
+RXVLQJIRU5HVLGHQWV
The construction process was a combiQDWLRQRISRXUHGLQSODFHFRQFUHWHDQG
precast panels. The vaulted ceilings are
decorated with large silt cast designs
DQGWKHEDWKURRPÀRRUVGRQHZLWKFHUDmic tile murals made on site.
VaultsFig. 33)
%HJDQLQZLWKWKH9DXOWDQGDGMDcent rooms completed in 1972
7KH¿UVWVWUXFWXUHEXLOWRQWKH$UFRsanti Mesa, the South Vault provides
DODUJHRSHQZRUNDUHDSURWHFWHGIURP
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174
other gatherings.
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JDWKHULQJSODFHDWWKHHQGRIWKHGD\
when the Arizona sunset is the main
attraction.
Lab Building (Fig. 34)
Begun in 1975 and completed in 1977,
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IXQFWLRQV,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVWRUDJH
RIFRQVWUXFWLRQWRROVDQGHOHFWULFDO
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equipped Woodworking Shop, Model
Shop, Paint Shop, and Welding Shop
connected to the north side. Under the
staircases are storage areas, Paint
Storage on the east side and Electrical
Storage on the west. Located north
RIWKHVWRUDJHURRPVDUHWZRED\VD
Community Kitchen and dining room on
the west side, and a Video Room on the
HDVWVLGH6RPHRIWKHXSVWDLUVURRPV
are used as individual studios.
The large glass skylight allows in the
VXQµVZDUPWKLQWKHZLQWHUGXULQJWKH
summer it is white-washed to provide
shade. With the air channeled through
the north and south doors, the building
LVNHSWFRPIRUWDEO\FRRO
Colly Soleri Music Center (Fig. 35)
6WRU\3HUIRUPDQFH6SDFH5HKHDUVDO
Rooms, Storage
The Colly Soleri Music Center, located
LQWKHFHQWHURIWKH(DVW&UHVFHQWZDV
VWDUWHGLQDQGRSHQHGDVSDUWRID
IHVWLYDOLQWKHIDOORI7KHRXWGRRU
DPSKLWKHDWHUVHDWVSHRSOHIRUSHUIRUPDQFHVFRQIHUHQFHVDQGDFWLYLWLHV
there is an intimate concert hall inside
ZKLFKKDVDYLHZRIWKHRSSRVLWHPHVD
as a backdrop. The concrete terraces
ZKLFKIRUPWKHURRIDUHNQRZQDVWKH
Ä6N\7KHDWHU³
Amphitheater (Fig. 36)
The Colly Soleri Amphitheater was
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public musical events throughout the
summer months, and is occasionally
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The canvas canopy currently covering
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the surrounding housing units are
Arcosanti
complete, a much more spacious and
permanent structure will replace it.
Sky Suite (Fig. 37)
WKLUGÀRRU*XHVW$FFRPPRGDWLRQVIRU
2 to 4
The Skysuite at Arcosanti is a two bedroom apartment rented by reservation
to overnight guests. The extensive use
RIJODVVLQWKHOLYLQJDUHDWDNHVDGYDQWDJHRIWKHIDEXORXVYLHZWKLVWKLUGÀRRU
apartment provides. It overlooks the
6N\7KHDWHURIWKH&ROO\6ROHUL0XVLF
&HQWHUDJUHDWSODFHIRUVWDUJD]LQJ
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and vegetables grow.
East Crescent (Fig. 38)
3 stories, Guest Accommodations,
Community Space, Business Lease
Space, Public Facilities
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Status: 37% Complete, 23% Operational
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many structures:
6ROHUL2I¿FH'UDIWLQJ62'8QLW
Fig. 31
Fig. 30
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
175
Arcosanti
Colly Soleri Music Center,
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ten living and working units, currently
under construction, surrounding the
Amphitheater. When completed, the
(DVW&UHVFHQWZLOOSURYLGHKRXVLQJIRU
approximately 60 Residents. Its multiOHYHOXQLWVZLOOEHXVHGDOVRIRUVWXGLRV
RI¿FHVRYHUQLJKWJXHVWURRPVDJDOOHry, and possibly a movie theater. All 10
HQWUDQFHVIDFHDFHQWUDOFRXUW\DUGPDUket and amphitheater, while the back
side is lined with patios and courtyards.
6ROHUL2I¿FH'UDIWLQJ8QLW(Fig. 39)
6WRULHV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ2I¿FHV'UDIting Studio, Library
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room. In addition, there is a library with
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solar heating in the winter.
Swimming Pool (Fig. 40)
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176
Greenhouse Guest Rooms (Fig. 41)
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These rooms now exist independently
but are eventually planned to be an
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12 rooms and accommodates Special
Seminar participants and visitors. The
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colored silt cast design. Bathrooms are
VKDUHGEHWZHHQVRPHDGMRLQLQJURRPV
7KLVVKDULQJRIIDFLOLWLHVLVLQGLFDWLYHRI
WKHIUXJDOLW\DQGHFRQRP\SHUYDVLYH
LQWKLVVWUXFWXUHDQGWKHSURMHFWDVD
whole.
Camp (Fig. 42)
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Future
Master Plan 5000 (Fig. 43-45)
7KH$UFRVDQWLSURMHFWKDVJRQHWKURXJK
numerous design changes since inception. The current master plan Arcosanti
IHDWXUHVOD\HUVRIVXSHUVWUXFtures soaring over the existing site and
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SRSXODWLRQRI
Alternative Technolgy
As an Urban Laboratory Arcosanti proYLGHVRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUIXWXUHLQQRYDWLRQ
9DULRXVW\SHVRI$OWHUQDWLYH7HFKQRORJ\
are pursued in short term as well as
long term goals.
6LQFHRXUIXQGLQJDQGH[SHUWLVHDUHOLmited, we are seeking collaboration and
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Waste Treatment
6RO$UFR*HQ6HW3URMHFW
East Crescent Canopy
Pave The Road
Teilhard Chardin Complex (Fig. 46)
The Cosanti Foundation is planning to
VWDUWFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH3LHUUH7HLOKDUG
de Chardin Complex on the south slo-
Arcosanti
Fig. 34
Fig. 35
Fig. 37
Fig. 38
Fig. 36
Fig. 39
177
Arcosanti
SHVRI$UFRVDQWL7KHFRPSOH[LVPDLQO\
intended to be the eventual residence
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Paradox Program, those digital „insiGHUV³ZKRDUHDWKRPHRQWKH,QWHUQHW
working in digital media, developing
their nexus with Cyberspace.
The Pierre Teilhard de Chardin ComSOH[FRQVLVWRI/RJJLD(QHUJ\$SURQ
Greenhouse and Basilicas.
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priest and paleontologist who in the
VSUHVHQWHGWKHLGHDRIWKH1RRVSKHUHDQDQWLFLSDWLRQRIWKH,QWHUQHW
and Cyberspace.
Loggia (Fig. 47)
IRXUVWRULHVRIVSDFLRXVURRPVÀRRGHG
with natural light.
Energy Apron Greenhouses (Fig. 48)
$QLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHGHVLJQDQGFRXSOHGWRWKLVSURWRW\SHWRZQZLOOEH¿YH
WRVHYHQDFUHVRIVRXWKIDFLQJVORSLQJ
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and collecting energy to support the
178
prototype town.
Basilicas (Fig. 49)
The basilicas, articulated in two wings,
contain large atriums,
galleries, archives, cyberspace studios
and storage.
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operational activities will be integrated
into the APSE structure around the AmSKLWKHDWHUWKDWKDVDVHDWLQJFDSDFLW\RI
700. It becomes a documentation and
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an alternative to suburbia and exurbia:
WKH8UEDQHIIHFWRIWKHFLW\DQGDVGLUHFW
FRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHVDOYDWLRQRIWKH
biosphere.
Arcosantis Media Lab, is a primary
candidate to occupy this building and
could be engaged in generating a new
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SHUKDSVPRYLQJDZD\IURPOLIHDVZH
are and as we know it.
Everything at Arcosanti respects the
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And while Arcosanti may very well still
be under construction seven generaWLRQVIURPQRZLWZLOOKDYHIDURXWOLYHG
the cheap suburban detritus that litters
the landscape.
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that Soleri is creating in the desert
Southwest, he is more importantly
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humans live directly with the earth,
respecting
Environment (Fig. 50)
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IHHWPLQDVHPLDULGGHVHUW
GHVHUWFOLPDWH7KHIROORZLQJGDWDDSURximately describes our annual weather
patterns. Lately the weather has been
both colder and wetter than these graSKVLQGLFDWHƒ) FDƒ&HOFLXV
Arcosanti
Fig. 40
Fig. 43
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
Fig. 44
179
Arcosanti
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Arcosanti an urban laboratory, Paolo Soleri, 1933
,OPRQGRGL6ROHUL_7KHZRUOGRI6ROHUL
in: L‘Arca, 1990 M. Bazan Giordano
Architecture, or Human Ecology A. I. Lima
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6433 E Doubletree Ranch Rd.,
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N. Scottsdale Rd and one mile
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Scottsdale, Arizona.
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Website: www.arcosanti.org
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180
Arcosanti
Fig. 46
Fig. 45
Fig. 47
Fig. 50
Fig. 48
Fig. 49
181
182
Los Angeles
zusammengestellt von: Katharina Reiner
183
Los Angeles
Einwohner, Kernstadt: 3.9 Mio.
Einwohner, Ballungsraum: 17.6 Mio.
45,6% Latinos, 32,2% Weiße,
17% Schwarze, 7% Asiaten
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bahn nach Los Angeles, das damals
hauptsächlich Seehandel betrieb. 1883
wurde die Sunset Route der Southern
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enormen Wachstumsschub zur Folge
hatte.
Gegründet wurde Los Angeles 1781
YRPVSDQLVFKHQ*RXYHUQHXU.DOLIRUniens Felipe de Neve. Der damalige
Ortsname lautet El Pueblo de Nuestra
Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciuncula. Während des MexikanischAmerikanischen Krieges zwischen 1846
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86$HUREHUW'LH:LUWVFKDIWEDVLHUWH
LQGLHVHU=HLWDXI9LHK]XFKWYRUDOOHP
5LQGÀHLVFK]XU(UQlKUXQJWDXVHQGHU
Goldsucher rund um Sacramento.
Durch riesige Bewässerungsanlagen
ZXUGHJUR‰ÀlFKLJHU2EVWDQEDXXQGGLH
Parzellierung von bis dahin unbewohnbaren Landstrichen möglich. Vor allem
zwei Gruppen verdienten ein Vermögen
an Bodenspekulationen.
Die Times - Dynastie mit Harrison Otis
und seinem Schwiegersohn Harry
Chandler und ein Konsortium rund um
GLH(LVHQEDKQJHVHOOVFKDIW3DFL¿F(OHFWULF'LHJHJUQGHWH/RV$QJHOHV
7LPHVLVWPLWHLQHU0LOOLRQYHUNDXIWHQ
Exemplaren pro Tag nach wie vor die
meistgelesene Tageszeitung in L.A.).
Nach einer verheerenden Dürre, wurGHQGLHULHVLJHQ/DQGJWHU6GNDOLIRUniens durch Investoren aus San FranFLVFRDXIJHNDXIW'LHVHI|UGHUWHQLQGHQ
1870er Jahren den Ausbau der Eisen-
Ab 1900 kamen so viele protestantische
Zuwanderer aus dem mittleren Westen
an, dass die WaspsWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestants) bald das Geschehen in
L.A. dominierten. Dabei diskriminierten
184
sie sowohl die zahlreichen mexikaQLVFKHQ$UEHLWHUDOVDXFKGLHDOWHMdische Elite.
HUOHEWH.DOLIRUQLHQHLQHQgOERRP
]XOHW]WLP)LOPThere Will Be Blood von
Thomas Anderson dargestellt), gleichzeitig investierte die Elite um Chandler
ihre durch Vorortspekulationen gewonQHQHQ*HZLQQHLQ'RZQWRZQ:lKUHQGGLHMGLVFKH(OLWHYRUDOOHPDQGHU
Westside investierte) Außerdem mühte
sich Los Angeles durch den Ausbau
GHV+DIHQVGXUFKJHULQJH6WHXHUQXQG
niedrige Löhne, um seine Industrialisierung.
Während des zweiten Weltkriegs, entstanden zahlreiche staatliche FlugzeugIDEULNHQXQG0LOLWlUVWW]SXQNWHUXQGXP
/RV$QJHOHVXQGGLH*HZHUNVFKDIWHQ
gewannen an Boden. Der open shop
ZXUGHZHLWJHKHQGDEJHVFKDIIWOpen
shop EHGHXWHWGDVVGLH%HOHJVFKDIW
HLQHV%HWULHEVQLFKWJHZHUNVFKDIWOLFK
organisiert ist)
Los Angeles
Die Landumwandlung erreichte zu
dieser Zeit durch die Verbindung von
höheren Löhnen, Hypotheken und die
IUKH0RWRULVLHUXQJXQJHDKQWH$XVPD‰H,Q6GNDOLIRUQLHQZXUGHGHU
Wert 1 Auto/ 1,6 Personen 1925, in den
übrigen USA erst Ende der 50er Jahre
erreicht). Die Baubranche wurde industrialisiert und Los Angeles, das sich
schon bis ins San Fernando Valley ausbreitete, immer mehr dezentralisiert.
Los Angeles boomte, war aber polarisiert. Die schwarze Bevölkerung wurde
diskriminiert. Zum Beispiel wurde durch
verschiedene Taktiken der Wohnraum
IU6FKZDU]HYRUDOOHPDXI6RXWK&HQtral LA, beschränkt. Seit den 40er Jahren blüht die Gangkultur, die parallel zu
ihrer zunehmenden Verwicklung in den
Drogenhändel, vor allem Crack, immer
brutaler wurde. Berüchtigt war auch
die Brutalität des LAPD (Los Angeles
Police Department),GHPLP.DPSI
gegen Gangs, und Drogen beinah alles
erlaubt wurde. 1965 brachen in Watts,
HLQHP]XYRQ$IURDPHULNDQHUQ
bewohntem Stadtteil südlich von South
Central L.A. schwere Unruhen los. Die
riots dauerten eine Woche, mindestens
50.000 Erwachsene und Jugendliche
waren daran beteiligt. 34 Menschen
starben, 1000 wurden verletzt und 4000
YHUKDIWHW*DQ]H6WUD‰HQ]JHZDUHQ
völlig zerstört worden.
Ä7KHFDXVHVLGHQWL¿HGZHUHQRWVXUSULsing: housing discrimination, a lack of
services, a lack of education and employment opportunities, and an overall
sense of isolation and hopelessness“
(Glaser)
,P6GRVWHQ/$¶VODJHQIUKHUJUR‰H
Fabriken der Schwerindustrie, die meist
JHZHUNVFKDIWOLFKRUJDQLVLHUWZDUHQ'LH
Verarmung der Gegend kam in Wellen.
In den 60er Jahren zogen nach den
Watts-Riots Teile der gelernten weißen
Arbeiterklasse in andere industrialisierte Gebiete des County ab. In den 70er
-DKUHQÀRKHQZHLWHUH8QWHUQHKPHQ
DXIJUXQGYRQ6WDXVXQGH[WUHPHQ%Rdenpreisen in neue Industriegebiete.
Die Arbeitslosenquote, besonders unter
Jugendlichen, stieg stark an und paralOHOGD]XGLH%HUHLWVFKDIWVLFKLQ*DQJV
und Drogenhandel zu engagieren. Die
Präsenz des LAPD wurde so stark,
dass sie in einigen Stadtteilen als Art
%HVDW]XQJVPDFKWHPSIXQGHQZXUGH
NDPHV]XPVFKOLPPVWHQ$XIUXKU
in der Geschichte L.A.’s. Auslöser waren der Freispruch der vier Polizisten im
Rodney King Fall und die Ermordung
eines schwarzen Mädchens durch
eine koreanische Ladenbesitzerin. In
South Central L.A. herrschten bürgerkriegähnliche Zustände, 53 Menschen
VWDUEHQXQGZXUGHQYHUKDIWHW
Der Sachschaden, der zum Großteil
NRUHDQLVFKH/lGHQEHWUDIEHWUXJHLQH
Milliarde Dollar.
„45 Prozent der Festgenommenen waren Latinos, 41 Prozent Afroamerikaner
und 12 Prozent Anglos. 60 Prozent waren nicht vorbestraft.“'DYLV
Die wachsenden Bodenpreise in
Downtown (Abb. 4 - Luftaufnahme
Downtown) IKUWHQLQGHVGD]XGDVV
immer mehr Firmen ihre Immobilien
185
Los Angeles
DQDXVOlQGLVFKHYRUDOOHPMDSDQLVFKH
,QYHVWRUHQYHUNDXIWHQ(LQHUGHUZLFKWLJVWHQ([SRUWDUWLNHO6GNDOLIRUQLHQV
wurden dadurch Immobilien, während
durch die starke Konkurrenz die südNDOLIRUQLVFKH,QGXVWULHZHLWHUDEQDKP
1990 lag die Arbeitslosenquote in ganz
L.A. bei 10%, in einigen Vierteln um ein
9LHOIDFKHVGDUEHU
es Los Angeles besser zu gehen, die
Arbeitslosenquote sinkt. Im April 2005
wurde Antonio Villaraigosa als erster
Bürgermeister lateinamerikanischer
+HUNXQIWVHLW-DKUHQLQV$PWJHwählt.
„Im toten Gehäuse der Schwerindustrie
entstand eine neue Sweatshopökonomie.“ (Davis, 425).
Mike Davis konstatiert in City of Quartz
drei Tatsachen:
Erstens, „die Eigenheimbesitzer lieben
ihre Kinder, den Wert ihrer Grundstücke
aber noch mehr³=ZHLWHQV „Community
heißt in L.A. Homogenität von Rasse,
Klasse und besonders Marktwert des
Hauses³'ULWWHQVÄdie mächtigste soziale Bewegung der Gegenwart sind
in Südkalifornien wohlhabende Eigenheimbesitzer, die sich nach imaginären
community Bezeichnungen oder aus
der Erschließungsphase stammenden
Siedlungsnamen organisieren, um den
Wert ihrer Häuser und die Exklusivität
ihrer Stadtteile zu verteidigen³
'DYLV
Dort sind vor allem, zum Teil illegale,
(LQZDQGHUHUEHVFKlIWLJWGLHQRFK
NHLQH,QWHUHVVHQVYHUWUHWXQJDXIEDXHQ
NRQQWHQbUPHUHQ9LHUWHOQZHUGHQQLFKW
genügend Wohnraum und Schulen zur
9HUIJXQJJHVWHOOW'HU|IIHQWOLFKH6HNtor wird immer mehr beschnitten, das
heißt Sozialausgaben werden gekürzt
XQG|IIHQWOLFKH'LHQVWHDQ3ULYDW¿UPHQ
ausgelagert.
Mehrere schwere Erdbeben und Flächenbrände erschüttern die Stadt seit
GHQHU-DKUH:LUWVFKDIWOLFKVFKHLQW
186
Eigenheimbesitzer
Diese Bewegung wird slow growth geQDQQWXQGNlPSIWVRZRKOJHJHQPLOOLDUdenschwere developer, als auch gegen
Gewerbegebiete, Schulbusse, Kriminalität, Mietwohnungen und Steuern.
1916 wurden die ersten homeowner’s
association gegründet und dienten vor
allem dazu, durch vertragliche Bestimmungen Wohngebiete zu segregieren.
So konnte sich in den 20er Jahren an
der Westside eine isolierte weiße Mittelschichtwelt herausbilden, während
die schwarze communityDXIGDV*HELHW
um die Central Avenue beschränkt
wurde. 95% des Wohnungsbestands
ZXUGHQ]XP6SHUUJHELHWIU6FKZDU]H
und Asiaten erklärt.
Während der Industrialisierung wanderten in den 1940er zehntausende
schwarze Arbeiter aus dem Südwesten
ein. Trotzdem wurde zum Beispiel
QRFKGLHJHVDPWH:HVWKlOIWHGHV6DQ
Fernando Valley und die östlichen weißen Industrievororte verschlossen. Es
blieben die Wohngebiete im Süden,
Südwesten und in der ehemaligen Eisenbahnstadt Watts.
Los Angeles
Abb. 1
Abb. 2
187
Los Angeles
Immer mehr weiße Eigenheimbesitzer
zogen damals in die Vororte, die sich
RIWPDOVVRJDUNRPPXQDOXQDEKlQJLJ
PDFKWHQVRJLakewood Cities) Das
bot verlockende Vorteile: So konnten
sich die Bewohner der neuen minimal
cities zum Beispiel vor schlechter verdienenden Bürger schützen, indem im
)OlFKHQZLGPXQJVSODQHLQIDFK0LHWVhäuser verboten wurden. L.A. wurde
durch diese Entwicklung große Mengen an Steuergeldern der Bürger, des
Einzelhandels und der Industrie dieser
Peripherie entzogen.
Seit den 60er Jahren verbündete sich
slow growth mit der wachsenden Umweltschutzbewegung und kippte so z.B.
eine vierspurige Schnellstraße durch
die Canyons von Santa Monica.
In den 70er Jahren verkehrte sich der
.UHLVODXIYRQ „guten Jobs, billigem Bauland und ausgezeichneten öffentlichen
Diensten in den heutigen Teufelskreis
von gesellschaftlicher Polarisierung,
teurem Bauland und einem verfallenden
öffentlichen Sektor.“ (Davis, 204)
188
8QHUVFKORVVHQH)UHLÀlFKHQLQGHQ%HUJHQXQGGHU:VWHZXUGHQIUHLJHJHEHQ
(suburban sprawl). Durch die Pendler,
die immer weitere Strecken in die Arbeit
IDKUHQPXVVWHQYHUVFKOLPPHUWHVLFK
GLH/XIWYHUVFKPXW]XQJ
'LH(LQIDPLOLHQJUWHOGHUVWlGWLVFKHQ
Küstenebene, wie East San Diego oder
/RQJ%HDFKZXUGHQPLW0HKUIDPLOLHQKlXVHUVFKOHFKWHVWHU4XDOLWlWYHUGLFKtet. 1978 unterschrieben 1,5 Millionen
Eigenheimbesitzer die Proposition 13,
eine Initiative zur radikalen Senkung
GHU6WHXHUDXI*UXQGEHVLW],PVHOEHQ
Jahr ordnete ein Gericht an, „Schüler
zur Herstellung eines Rassengleichgewichts mit den Schulbus in andere
Schulen zu bringen³(Davis, 215)
'DUDXIYHUPLVFKWHVLFKGLH6WHXHUUHYROte mit rassistischem Widerstand gegen
diese Busse, die besonders zwischen
South Central Los Angeles und dem
9DOOH\KLQXQGKHUIXKUHQ
In den 80er Jahre erreichten Initiativen,
GDVVHLQQHXHU*HVDPWSODQIU/RV
Angeles erstellt wurde, der allerdings
DXIJUXQGGHU pro growth Mehrheit im
Stadtrand nie durchgesetzt wurde. So
wurden von Investoren nach wie vor
EHUGLPHQVLRQLHUWH3URMHNWHYHUZLUNlicht, wie Cluster von Bürotürmen in
den Mittelschicht-Kerngebieten an der
Westside, in South Bay und im Valley.
1987 brach die größte Kläranlage der
Stadt, Hyperion, zusammen und Millionen Liter Abwässer verschmutzten
Santa Monica Bay. Die Anlage hatte
schlicht ihre Kapazitätsgrenze erreicht.
Zusammen mit Umweltproblemen wie
6PRJ0OOXQG*LIWDEIlOOHQGHU,QGXVtrie, erhob dies die Forderung nach
einem Wachstumstop der Stadt von
einem Problem der Eigenheimbesitzer
zu einer Forderung des gesunden Menschenverstandes. So verabschiedete
Bürgermeister Bradley zum Beispiel
einen Plan, der eine von der Kanalisationskapazität abhängige monatliche
2EHUJUHQ]HIU%DXJHQHKPLJXQJHQ
vorsah.
Los Angeles
*OHLFK]HLWLJNlPSIHQGLH.UlIWHGHVpro
growth, Bauunternehmer, Makler und
Banken, weiterhin gegen Wachstumskontrollen. Um ihre Wünsche zu legitimieren, benutzen sie die schweigende
Mehrheit der ärmeren Eigenheimbesit]HUXQGGHU0LHWHUGHUHQ%HGUIQLVVH
aber weitgehend ignoriert und aus der
|IIHQWOLFKHQ'HEDWWHDXVJHVFKORVVHQ
werden.
(Abb.1-2, Karten LA)
Sicherheit und öffentlicher Raum
Sicherheit ist ein präsentes Thema in
Los Angeles. Wer es sich leisten kann,
lebt in gated communities, die von
=lXQHQEHZDIIQHWHU3ULYDWSROL]HLXQG
elektronischen Überwachungssystemen geschützt werden. In Hollywood
errichtet Frank Gehry eine Bibliothek,
die einem Fort der Fremdenlegion
QDFKHPSIXQGHQLVW,Q:HVWODNHXQGLP
San Fernando Valley errichtet die Polizei Straßensperren und riegelt ganze
Viertel ab.
Los Angeles ist gespalten, „in befestigte
Zellen der Wohlstandsgesellschaft und
Orte des Schreckens, wo die Polizei
die kriminalisierten Armen bekämpft³
(Davis, 260)
Sicherheit wird ein Statussymbol, das
RIWZHQLJHUPLWSK\VLVFKHU6LFKHUKHLW
zu tun hat, als mit dem Wunsch von
bestimmten Personengruppen abgeVFKLUPW]XZHUGHQ'DVPDQLIHVWLHUW
VLFKLQGHU$EVFKDIIXQJ|IIHQWOLFKHU
5lXPHXQG(QWVWHKHQSVHXGR|IIHQWOLFKHU5lXPHZLH(LQNDXIVSDVVDJHQ
Parks in ärmeren Viertel lässt die
Stadtverwaltung verwahrlosen oder
schließen, während reiche Gemeinden
ZLH6DQ0DULQR$XVZHLVSÀLFKWIULKUH
3DUNVHLQIKUHQ
Auch Downtown (Abb.4 - Luftaufnahme
Downtown)GDV]XU$XIZHUWXQJGHU
innerstädtischen Viertel stark subventioniert wurde, gleicht einer Festung. Von
den umgebenden Vierteln und Straßen
wie den Broadway ist es abgeschnitten.
Der Mittelschicht wird ermöglicht von
der Arbeit zum Konsum zur Freizeit zu
ZHFKVHOQMHGHÄdemokratische Ver-
mischung auf den Bürgersteigen“ wird
DEJHVFKDIIW
(VZLUGYHUVXFKW2EGDFKORVHDXIGDV
Viertel Skid Row (Abb.3 - Skid Row)
in Nähe des Broadways zu konzentrieren. Gleichzeitig wird ihnen dort der
angemessene Wohnraum verweigert,
ZDVGLHVHVH[WUHPJHIlKUOLFKH9LHUWHO
„zu einem Armenhaus unter freiem
Himmel macht.“ (Davis, 270) Im Rest
der Stadt wird durch Maßnahmen, wie
%XVElQNHPLWPLQLPDOHU2EHUÀlFKH
6SULQNOHUDQODJHQRGHU*LWWHUXP$EIlOOH
GHQbUPVWHQGHU$XIHQWKDOWP|JOLFKVW
unmöglich gemacht. L.A. unterhält
GLHJHULQJVWH$Q]DKODQ|IIHQWOLFKHQ
Toilettenanlagen aller amerikanischen
*UR‰VWlGWH:DVVHUTXHOOHQXQWHUIUHLHP
Himmel, die zum Trinken und Waschen
GLHQHQN|QQWHQZHUGHQDEJHVFKDIIW
Private Sicherheitsdienste übernehmen
LPPHUPHKUWUDGLWLRQHOOH$XIJDEHQGHU
3ROL]HLVRJDU*HIlQJQLVVHZHUGHQDQ
Subunternehmer abgegeben. In den
20er Jahren war L.A. die erste Stadt,
LQGHU)XQNVWUHLIHQZDJHQHLQJHVHW]W
189
Los Angeles
ZXUGHQ$QIDQJGHUHU-DKUHQIKUWH
das LAPD Polizeihubschrauber zur
V\VWHPDWLVFKHQ/XIWEHUZDFKXQJHLQ
Seitdem entwickelt sich der technische
Überwachungsapparat immer weiter.
Insbesondere gegen Jugendliche werGHQKlX¿J$XVJDQJVVSHUUHQYHUKlQJW
die Strände bei Einbruch der Dunkelheit
geschlossen. „Die guten Bürger sind
nicht auf der Straße, sondern in Hochsicherheitssphären für den privaten Konsum eingeschlossen; die bösen Bürger
sind auf der Straße (und gehen daher
keiner legalen Beschäftigung nach) und
sind dem allwissenden, unbarmherzigen Blick des Weltraumprogramms
des LAPD ausgesetzt.“ (Davis, 292)
190
Literatur:
'DYLV0LNH&LW\2I4XDUW]9HUODJ6FKZDU]H5LVVH
Berlin, 1994
Abu-Lughod, Janet L.: New York, Chicago, Los Angeles 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD3UHVV0LQQHDSROLV
www.mitchglaser.com, 10.03.08
www.wikipedia.org, 10.03.08
http://www.lonelyplanet.de, 10.03.08
Bilder:
Abb.1 - Davis, 1994, S. 13
Abb.2 - http://cityplanning.lacity.org, 2008
$EE)XWR-XOLDKWWSÀLFNUFRP
$EE0RUJDQ$YLKWWSÀLFNUFRP
Los Angeles
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
191
Los Angeles
192
Case Study Houses
zusammengestellt von: Eva-Maria Strieder
193
Case Study Houses
The Case Study Houses±
1966) was a groundbreaking housing
SURJUDPPHIRUWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVUHVLdential housing boom which envolved at
WKHHQGRI:RUOG:DU,,
7KHLGHDZDVWRGHYHORSFRQFHSWVIRU
modern houses which could be built
HDVLO\DQGLQDFRVWHI¿FLHQWPDQQHU
Another assumption was that the
houses should be easy to duplicate.
The programme was concentrated
RQWKHDUHDRI*UHDWHU/RV$QJHOHV
-RKQ(QWHQ]DHGLWRURIWKHPDJD]LQH
Ä$UWV$UFKLWHFWXUH³(Fig. 1 – Arts &
Architecture magazine) sponsored the
programme.
The magazine announced that there
ZRXOGEHDVHULHVRIPRGHUQIXUQLVKHG
houses, built with materials and with
techniques that best expressed man’s
OLIHLQWKHPRGHUQZRUOG7KHGHVLJQHUV
KDGWRSURSRVHDKRXVHZKLFKRIIHUHG
WKHEHVWFRQGLWLRQVWROLYHLQIRUDQ$PHULFDQPLGGOHFODVVIDPLO\6HYHUDO&DVH
6WXG\+RXVHVZHUHEXLOWLQWKHKLOOVRI
Los Angeles and don‘t suit average
$PHULFDQIDPLOLHV
194
(QWHQ]DZDVDEOHWRFRPPLVVLRQPDMRU
DUFKLWHFWVRIWKDWWLPHVXFKDV&KDUOHV
and Ray Eames, Richard Neutra, Eero
Saarinen, Pierre Koenig and Craig
Ellwood.
(QWHQ]DZDVQRWRQO\WKHLQLWLDWRURIWKH
Case Study Houses Programme but
DOVRWKHSULQFLSDOIRUDKRXVHGHVLJQHG
by Eero Saarinen and Charles and Ray
Eames. The Eames’ built a prototype
IRUWKHPVHOYHVDVZHOO
7KH¿UVWKRXVHV
6RPHRIWKHHDUOLHUSURMHFWVOLNH
5LFKDUG1HXWUD¶V³$OSKD+RXVH´KDG
QRWEHHQUHDOL]HGEHFDXVHRIWKHODFN
RILQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVDQGRWKHUKRXVHV
FRQVLGHUDEO\GLIIHUHGIURPWKHRULJLQDO
SODQVGXHWRVFDUFLW\RIPDWHULDORU
other troubles.
CSH #1
7KH¿UVW&DVH6WXG\+RXVH(Fig. 2 –
CSH #1) was published in February
1945 in the Arts & Architecture maga]LQH7KH¿UVWFRQFHSWGRQHE\-XOLXV
Ralph Davidson was assigned because
RILWVFRPSDFWFRQWRXUSUHIDEULFDWHG
PDWHULDOVDQGIUHHDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKH
rooms. This original design had not
been built according to the original
plans but in an examine version.
$IWHUWKUHH\HDUVVL[KRXVHVZHUH¿QLVhed and were considered to be the best
KRXVHVEXLOWGXULQJWKLVWLPHLQ&DOLIRUnia. More than 350.000 people visited
WKH¿UVW&DVH6WXG\+RXVHV
$WWKHEHJLQQLQJWKHJURXQGÀRRUVZHUH
regularized and the only available material was wood.
CSH #1
10152 Toluca Lake Ave.
North Hollywood, CA
CSH #8 and #9
7KH&6+(DPHV+RXVHDQG
(QWHQ]D+RXVHDUHPDGHRIVWHHODQG
JODVV7KH¿UVWGHVLJQRI&6+(Fig.
3 – Eames House)ZDVDFRRSHUDWLRQRI
Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen. But
during the construction works Eames
DQGKLVZLIH5D\GLGVRPHFRQVLGHUDEOH
changes to optimize the inner room
(Fig. 4 - Living room).
Case Study Houses
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 2
Fig. 4
195
Case Study Houses
CSH #8 became the privately owned
KRPHRI&KDUOHVDQG5D\(DPHV,W
is split into two rectangular volumes
– a living part and a studio part. The
H[HSWLRQDORIWKHGHVLJQZDVWKDWWKH
HOHPHQWVRIWKHLQGXVWULDOFRQVWUXFWLRQ
FRXOGEHVHHQ7KHVWURQJFKDUDFWHURI
WKHEXLOGLQJLVGUDLQHGE\WKHXVHRIGLIIHUHQWPDWHULDOVVXUIDFHVDQGFRORXUV
The CSH #9 (Fig. 5)IURP(HUR6DDULnen is situated next to the Eames’
KRXVHLQ3DFL¿F3DOLVDGHV7KHEXLOGLQJ
ZDVPDGHRIDVWHHOIUDPHVWUXFWXUHDQGLVYHU\ÀH[LEOHLQLWVLQWHULRU
Entenza didn’t want to have spacious
bedrooms or private rooms, he ratKHUZDQWHGWRKDYHDEURDGDUHDIRU
hospitality and community. Altough
the two houses rest on a common site,
WKH\GRQµWIDFHHDFKRWKHUWKH\UDWKHU
open themselves towards the ocean, in
RUGHUWREHWWHUUHVSHFWWKHSULYDF\RIWKH
respective residents.
CSH #8, #9
203, 205 Chautauqua Blvd
3DFL¿F3DOLVDGHV&$
196
CSH #22
The Case Study House #22, which was
GHVLJQHGE\3LHUUH.RHQLJZDVRQHRI
the most reduced designs. The simple
bungalow is placed on a ledge apart
IURPWKHUDQJHRIVLJKWRILWVQHLJKERXUV7KHKRXVHKDVDQ/VKDSHGÀRRU
SODQ7KHWZRZLQJVRIWKHKRXVHDUH
seperated into a sleeping part and a
living part. The living tract is completly
open and is only interrupted by the
NLWFKHQ7KLVKRXVHLVRQHRIWKHVW\OH
LFRQVRIWKH&DOLIRUQLDQ0RGHUQLVP7KH
PRVWIDPRXVH[LVWLQJSKRWRJUDSKRIWKH
&6+3URJUDPPHLVWKHQLJKWYLHZIURP
WKHOLYLQJURRPRI(Fig. 6, 7 – CSH
#22).
CSH #22
1635 Woods Dr.
Los Angeles, CA
The Case Study Houses #8, #9 and
DUHSUREDEO\WKHPRVWIDPRXV
ones.
The Case Study House Programme ran
IURPWR'XULQJWKLVWLPH
houses and two apartment buildings
ZHUHSODQQHG0RVWRIWKHKRXVHVZHUH
EXLOWLQ/RV$QJHOHVEXWDIHZRIWKHP
were realized in other regions and cities
like Thousend Oaks, La Jolla or Phoenix, Arizona.
Bibliography
%XLVVRQ(WKHO%LOODUG7KRPDV7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKH&DVH
Study Houses – Birkhäuser, Basel Berlin Boston 2004
Smith, Elisabeth A. T.: Case Study Houses – Taschen,
Köln 2006
Gössl, Peter, Leuthäuser, Gabriele: Architektur des 20.
Jahrhunderts – Taschen, Köln 2005
KWWSGHXDUFKLQIRUPQHWVWLFKKWP
KWWSZZZHDPHVIRXQGDWLRQRUJKLVWRU\KWPO
http://www.artsandarchitecturemag.com/case.houses/
index.html
/LVWRI¿JXUHV
Cover picture – Smith, 2006, S. 57
Fig.1 – Buisson, Billard, 2004, S. 24
Fig.2 – Smith, 2006, S. 8
Fig.3 – Gössl , Leuthäuser, 2005, S. 298
Fig.4 – Smith, 2006, S. 22
Fig.5 – Smith, 2006, S. 27
Fig.6 – Smith, 2006, S. 68
Fig.7 – Smith, 2006, S. 71
Case Study Houses
Fig. 5
Fig. 7
Fig. 6
197
198
R. M. Schindler
zusammengestellt von: Eva-Maria Strieder
199
R. M. Schindler
Rudolf Michael Schindler
(Fig. 1 – R. M. Schindler) was born in
Vienna on September 10, 1887. 1906
he enrolled at the Imperial Technical
University where he graduated in archiWHFWXUHLQ6FKLQGOHUDOVRMRLQHG
2WWR:DJQHU¶VVWXGLRDWWKH$FDGDP\RI
)LQH$UWVIRUWKUHH\HDUV+HDOVRDWWHQGHGOHFWXUHVKHOGE\$GROI/RRV'XULQJ
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and rival Richard Neutra at the universiW\$IWHUJUDGXDWLRQKHHQWHUHGWKH¿UP
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practical experience.
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to America. There he began to work
DWWKH¿UPRI2WWHQKHLPHU6WHUQDQG
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time at OSR Schindler made his most
notable contribution to the architecture
RI&KLFDJRWKH%XHQD6KRUH&OXE(Fig.
2 - Presentaion sketch)
Schindler was very impressed by Frank
/OR\G:ULJKW¶V:DVPXWKSRUWIROLRDQG
so he wrote Wright some letters to get
DMRE:KHQ)UDQN/OR\G:ULJKWJRWWKH
200
commission to build the Imperial Hotel
in Tokyo Schindler had the chance to
work with Wright.
Kings Road House
835 North Kings Road
West Hollywood, CA
In 1918 he went to Taliesin to work on
WKHSODQVIRU:ULJKW¶V,PSHULDO+RWHO
in Tokyo. Later this year Schindler got
back to Chicago to work in Frank Lloyd
:ULJKW¶VRI¿FHDQGWROLYHLQ2DN3DUN
While he was living in Oak Park he met
KLVIXWXUHZLIH6RSKLH3DXOLQH*LEOLQJ
%HFDXVHRI:ULJKW¶VDELGDQFHLQ7RN\R
Schindler took over more responsibiOLWLHVRI:ULJKW¶VSURMHFWV,QKH
went to Los Angeles to take over the
FRQVWUXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWRI)UDQN
Lloyd Wright’s Hollyhock house.
6FKLQGOHUKLVZLIHDQGDEHIULHQGHGFRXSOHKDGWKHLGHDRIEXLOGLQJD
GZHOOLQJKRXVHZLWKDQRI¿FHLQ:HVW
Hollywood, the so-called „Kings Road
+RXVH³RUÄ6FKLQGOHU+RXVH³(Fig. 3, 4 –
Kings Road House).
,QWKHPLGGOHRIKHWKRXJKWDERXW
JHWWLQJEDFNWR(XURSH%HFDXVHRIWKH
poorly economic prospects in Europe
Schindler decided to stay in America.
One year later Schindler began to
realize that working with Frank Lloyd
Wright was not what he had expected
IURPDQGVR6FKLQGOHUGHFLGHGWREXLOG
up his own studio.
6FKLQGOHUVDLGWKDWWKHEDVLFLGHDRIWKH
house was to give each person his own
room (Fig. 5 – R. M. Schindler studio),
LQVWHDGRIXVXDOKRXVLQJ7KLVLGHDZDV
WREHFRPHWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIDOOKLV
IROORZXSKRXVHV7KHKRXVHKDVD
FROOHFWLYHNLWFKHQIRUERWKIDPLOLHVSULYDWHZRUNLQJDUHDVIRUHDFKRIWKHIRXU
occupants and sleeping possibilities at
RSHQDLUSRUFKHVLQVWHDGRIFRQYHQWLRQDOEHGURRPV$OORIWKHURRPVKDYHD
protected back wall, an open area to the
IURQWDQGD¿UHSODFH(Fig. 6 - Fireplace).
$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWSRLQWRIWKH.LQJV
Road House is the close connection
between inner rooms and outer rooms.
R. M. Schindler
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
201
R. M. Schindler
7KHKRXVHZDVEXLOWZLWKDPLQLPXPRI
time and expense. As construction he
XVHGSUHIDEULFDWHGVODEVRIFRQFUHWH
FRQFUHWHIRUWKHÀRRUVDQGDQGFDQYDV
as walls.
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KLVOLIH
$IWHU¿YH\HDUVRIOLYLQJLQ.LQJV5RDG
5LFKDUG1HXWUDDQGKLVIDPLOL\GHFLGHG
to stay with the Schindlers.
Schindler and Neutra arranged the
„Architectual Group for Industry
and Commerce“ (AGIC) and workded
RQVHYHUDOSURMHFWVWRJHWKHUOLNHWKH
„Lovell Beach House“ (Fig. 7, 8 –
Lovell Beach House) in Newport Beach,
ZKLFKEHFDPHRQHRI6FKLQGOHU¶VPRVW
LPSRUWDQWREMHFWV
The Lovell Beach House is based on
DQG¿WLQIHUURFRQFUHWHIUDPHXSRQD
EHDFKORWWRHQVXUHWKHIRUHFDVWDQG
the privacy. The house is organized
DURXQGDWZRVWRU\ODUJHLQIRUPDO
room, which opens to the ocean view
through a precisely articulated glass
IDFDGH
202
In 1930 Schindler and Neutra broke up
WKHLUZRUNLQJUHODWLRQDQGHDFKRIWKHP
JRWRQZLWKKLVRZQSURMHFWV
$WWKHEHJLQQLQJRIµV6FKLQGOHUµV
work was published in some books and
magazines. But in 1932 he experienced
a big dissapointment because he was
not allowed to take part in an exhibition
IRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO6W\OHDWWKH0XVHXPRI
Modern Art.
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RIURRPVWKHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRIWKH
volumes and the altercation with the
topography.
In 1933/1934 Schindler planed the
Oliver Residence and the Buck Residence (Fig. 9 – Buck Residence). At
WKHVHWZREXLOGLQJVKLVDI¿QLW\WRWKH
International Style become apparent.
7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSURMHFWGXULQJWKLV
WLPHZDVWKHDOWHUDWLRQRIWKH6DUGLµV
Restaurant (Fig. 10 – Sardi‘s Restaurant) in Hollywood. It had a glass and
PHWDOIDFDGHDQGWKHLQWHULRUZDVVSDFLous and bright.
2QQGRI$XJXVWLQ50
6FKLQGOHUGLHGRIFDQFHU
In 1940‘s Schindler planed several appartment buildings, which were adapted
to the landscape.
Schindler mostly designed private
KRXVHVLQ6RXWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLD
Schindler was a distinguished masterPLQGRIWKHÄ&DVH6WXG\+RXVHV³%XW
he was not invited to take part in the
programme.
R. M. Schindler
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 9
Fig. 8
Fig. 10
203
R. M. Schindler
Bibliography
Smith, Elisabeth A. T., Darling, Michael: R. M. Schindler
%DXWHQXQG3URMHNWH±+DWMH&DQW]9HUODJ2VW¿OGHUQ5XLW
2001
Smith, Kathryn: Schindler House – Harry N. Abrams, New
York 2001
0$.&HQWHUIRU$UWDQG$UFKLWHFWXUH/RV$QJHOHV6FKLQGler by MAK – Prestel Verlag, München 2005
http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.s/s230340.htm,
Stand 26.2.08
KWWSXSORDGZLNLPHGLDRUJZLNLSHGLDFRPPRQVGGI
/RYHOOBEHDFKBKRXVHMSJ6WDQG
/LVWRI¿JXUHV
Cover picture – Smith, Darling, 2001, S. 46
Fig.1 – Smith, Darling, 2001, S. 20
Fig.2 – Smith, Darling, 2001, S. 19
Fig.3 – Smith, Darling, 2001, S. 174
Fig.4 – Smith, 2001, S. 71
Fig.5 – Smith, 2001, S. 70
Fig.6 – Smith, 2001, S. 73
Fig.7 – http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/
GI/RYHOOBEHDFKBKRXVHMSJ6WDQG
Fig.8 – Smith, Darling, 2001, S. 41
Fig.9 – Smith, Darling, 2001, S. 68
Fig.10 – Smith, Darling, 2001, S. 68
204
John Lautner
zusammengestellt von: Eva-Maria Strieder
205
John Lautner
John Lautner (Fig. 1) was born on 16th
RI-XO\LQ0DUTXHWWH0LFKLJDQ
7KHZLOGHGJHVRI0LFKLJDQZHUHWR
HFKRLQKLVZRUNDOLIHWLPH
$VKHGLGQ¶WZDQWWRKDYHDOLIHIXOORI
repetitive tasks he chose to become
DQDUFKLWHFW$IWHUKHJUDGXDWHGZLWKD
%DFKHORURI6FLHQFH/LEHUDO$UWVGHJUHH
IURPWKH1RUWKHUQ6WDWH7HDFKHUV¶&ROOHJHWRGD\1RUWKHUQ0LFKLJDQ8QLYHUVLW\KLVPRWKHUGLVFRYHUHGWKHIDPRXV
SURSHUW\Ä7DOLHVLQ³EXLOWE\)UDQN/OR\G
Wright.
In 1934 he was accepted as an apprenWLFHRI:ULJKWDW7DOLHVLQDQGVSHQWVL[
years studying and working there. In
the same year Lautner married Mary F.
Roberts. In additon to teaching drauJKWLQJVWRQHZRUNFDUSHQWU\RUIDUP
work they had to plan and cook dinners
IRU±JXHVWVDWWKHZHHNHQGV,Q
this environment Lautner absorbed the
LGHDRIDUFKLWHFWXUHDVDZKROHLQWHJUDO
ZLWKOLIH
During these six years at Taliesin he
witnessed Wright creating „Falling
:DWHU³
206
In 1939 Lautner came to Los Angeles
WRVXSHULQWHQGWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI)UDQN
Lloyd Wright’s Sturges House and
Oboler House. Lautner obtained all the
permits and arranged all the contracts
RIWKH6WXUJHV+RXVH+HNQHZWKDW
these things would help him to improve
LQKLVRZQSUDFWLFH$IWHUKH¿QLVKHGWKH
Sturges House and the Oboler House
Lautner started his own practice in
1940.
$SHUPDQHQWIHDWXUHRIKLVZRUNZDVWR
FRQVWDQWO\GHVLJQIURPWKHLQVLGHRXW
(YHQ¿UVWVNHWFKHVDQGSODQVDOUHDG\
displayed the construction. He wanted
to create houses which could grow
and live with the people that lived in
WKHP+LVLGHDZDVWRIRUPEXLOGLQJV
that would permit more quality to the
OLIHRISHRSOHRFFXS\LQJWKHVHKRXVHV
According to Lautner this was „Real
$UFKLWHFWXUH³
The Malin Residence
2QHRI/DXWQHU¶VPRVWIDPRXVKRXVHV
LVWKH0DOLQ5HVLGHQFHDOVRFDOOHG
Ä&KHPRVSKHUH³(Fig. 2-4 - Chemosphere) in Hollywood. It was built in
1960 and was was one building that
was shiloutetted against the landscape.
Nevertheless Lautner didn’t disturb the
natural scenery and was able to cover
irreclaimable sites.
The Malin Residence is a single level
SODWIRUPUDLVHGIUHHO\RIIWKHJURXQGRQ
RQHFROXPQ$VDIDFWRIWKHVLQJOHVWDON
WKHKRXVHKDVDQDOPRVWÀRDWLQJHIIHFW
7KLVKRXVHLVWKHRQO\RQHRI/DXWQHU¶V
houses which is symmetric. ChemosSKHUHLVGHYLGHGLQWRWZRKDOIFLUFOHV
RQHDUHDIRUEHGURRPVDQGWKHRWKHU
RQHIRURSHQOLYLQJDOOVXUURXQGHGE\
windows.
Malin Residence
776 Torreyson Drive
Hollywood Hills, CA
John Lautner
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 3
Fig. 5
207
John Lautner
The Sheats House
In 1963 Lautner built the Sheats House
UHPRGHOHGIRU-LP*ROGVWHLQ,W
DWWUDFWDORWRIDWWHQWLRQEHFDXVHRILWV
GLVWLQFWLYHWULDQJOHURRI(Fig. 5 – Sheats
House roof). The building has the shape
RIDQKRXUJODVVZLWKDQRSHQ¿UHSODFH
as a central point. From the master
bedroom at the lower level one has a
spectecular view over Los Angeles (Fig.
6 – Sheats house master bedroom) and
also a view to the pool.
Sheats House
10104 Angelo View Drive
Beverly Hills, CA
Reiner Residence
In the same year Lautner planed the
Reiner Residence (Fig. 7 – View to the
swimmingpool)DOVRFDOOHGÄ6LOYHUWRS³
situated in Los Angeles. The whole
planning took him more than ten years.
The pool was designed with an overÀRZLQJHGJHWRPHUJHVPRRWKO\LQWRWKH
Silver Lake below (Fig. 8– View over
the swimmingpool). At this time he con-
208
sidered concrete as an ideal material
IRUKLVURRPV
Reiner Residence
2138 Micheltorena Street
Los Angeles, CA
The Elrod Residence
The Elrod Residence (Fig. 9 - View of
terrace to bedroom wing) is a example
RI/DXWQHUVPDVWHUIXOXVHRIFRQFUHWH
It was built in 1968 and has a central
living area (Fig. 10) and a trailing wing
RIDFFRPPRGDWLRQ7KHÀRRUVDUHFXW
down into the rock so that the bigger
ERXOGHUVDUHDWURRIKHLJKW7KHODQGVcape is literarlly brought into the house
DVZDOOVFUHHQRUIXUQLWXUH
Elrod Residence
2175 Southridge Drive
Palm Springs, CA
Lautner’s architecture is sometimes
termed organic, but he always avoided
this synonym.
He once said: „ I choose not to be clas-
VL¿HGDQGUHPDLQLQVWHDGFRQWLQRXVO\
growing and changing, with basic real
ideas contributing to life itself, for timeless enjoyment of spaces - which I call
Real Architecture. No beginning, no end
– always“ -RKQ/DXWQHU
On October 24 th, 1994 John Lautner
GLHGDWWKHDJHRI8QWLOKLVGHDWKKH
ZRUNHGRQVHYHUDOODUJHSURMHFWV
%HFDXVHRIWKHLUH[WUDYDJDQFH
/DXWQHU¶VEXLOGLQJVDUHRIWHQXVHGDV
¿OPVHWVIRUGLIIHUHQWPRYLHSURGXFWLRQV
Bibliography
Campbell-Lange, Barbara-Ann: John Lautner – Taschen
Verlag, Köln 1999
John Lautner Architect Los Angeles – Wien 1991
Escher, Frank: John Lautner, Architect – Artemis, London
München Zürich 1994
ZZZMRKQODXWQHURUJ6WDQG
/LVWRI¿JXUHV
Cover picture – Escher, 1994, S. 112
Fig.1 – John Lautner Architect Los Angeles, 1991, S. 8
Fig.2 – John Lautner Architect Los Angeles, S. 24
Fig.3 – Campbell-Lange, 1999, S. 78
Fig.4 – Escher, S. 245
Fig.6 – Campbell-Lange, 1999, S. 151
Fig.7 – Campbell-Lange, 1999, S. 98
Fig.8 – Campbell-Lange, 1999, S. 106
Fig.8 – John Lautner Architect Los Angeles, 1991, S. 29
Fig.9 – Campbell-Lange, 1999, S. 107
Fig.10 – Escher, 1994, S. 160
John Lautner
Fig. 6
Fig. 8
Fig. 7
Fig. 10
Fig. 9
209
210
Louis I. Kahn
zusammengestellt von: Patrick Herold
211
Louis I. Kahn
Louis I. Kahn (1901-1972)
Louis Kahn was born in 1901 on the
%DOWLFIULQJHRILPSHULDO5XVVLDRQWKH
LVODQGRIgVHO(VWRQLD
/RXLVIDWKHU/HRSROG.DKQHPLgrated to Philadelphia, USA.1906 the
UHVWRIKLVIDPLO\IROORZHG
Khan`s career as an architect began
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KHVSHQWIRXU\HDUVXQGHU3DXO3KLOLSSH
&UHWHDUQLQJKLVEDFKHORUCV
degree. By that time, this University had
the strongest architectural program in
the country. Upon graduation in June
.DKQIRXQGDSODFHLQWKHRI¿FH
RI&LW\$UFKLWHFWRI3KLODGHOSKLD-RKQ
0ROLWRU$IWHUZRUNLQJIRURQH\HDUDVD
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$IWHUDIHZPRQWKKHPRYHGWRWKH
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Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Berlin, Aus-
212
tria, Italy and France he returned home
one year later.
.DKQZDVXQHPSOR\HGIRUWKHQH[WIRXU
\HDUVRQO\VXSSRUWHGE\KLVZLIH,QWKLV
time he came to a new understanding
RIWKHUROHRIKLVDUWDWDWLPHRIJUHDW
social demand.
$IWHUDDWWHQGLQJSRGLXPZLWK:ULJKW
Neutra, Schindler, Johnson and BuckPLQVWHU)XOOHUKHIRXQGHGDFHQWHU
IRUWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIPRGHUQDUFKLWHFture in Philadelphia, the Architectural
5HVHDUFK*URXS$5*LQWHUHVWHGLQ
WKHGHEDWHRIVRFLDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQG
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time and over the next two decades
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Kahn became modernist.
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Philadelphia`s weak City Planning Commission. Working on public housing
SURMHFWVKHKDGFRPHWRUHFRJQL]H
WKDWKRXVLQJZDVPRUHWKDQDPDWWHURI
architectural design.
During WW II Kahn and George Howe,
IRUPHGDSDUWQHUVKLSDQGREWDLQHG
VRPHRIWKH¿UVWZDUWLPHFRPPLVVLRQV
7KH¿UPVRPHWLPHVHPSOR\HGDVPDQ\
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DOWKRXJKWKHUHZDVQRRI¿FLDOKLHUDUFK\
DPRQJWKHP7KH\¿QLVKHGDQXPEHURI
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housing in Penny Pack, Philadelphia,
continued to explore the variations
possible, within the established housing
W\SHVDQGE\WKHHQGRIWKH\KDG
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the multibedroom row-house building,
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&RXUWDSSXQLWSURMHFWIRUEODFN
steel workers)
With this cleanly detailed units he was
widely published, including appearance
DWWKHVKRZ³%XLOWLQ86$´DQG
with this design Kahn began to gain
ZLGHVSUHDGDWWHQWLRQIRUWKH¿UVWWLPH
Louis I. Kahn
1943-1945 Kahn and Stonorov, who
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KRXVLQJSURMHFWVIRXQGWKHPVHOYHV
HQJDJHGLQDVHULHVRILPDJLQDWLYH
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magazines they designed houses, hoWHOVVWRUHVRI¿FHEXLOGLQJVDQGHQWLUH
QHLJKERUKRRGUHGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWV
In April 1945 Kahn was elected as a
PHPEHURIWKHFRPPLWWHHRIWKH$UFKLWHFWXUDO$GYLVRU\DQGFKDLUPDQRIUHJLon New York-Washington. But Kahn`s
greatest political energy was devoted to
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Architects which he served as president in 1947. The same year, Stonorov
and Kahn were selected to design the
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state solar house program. The design
RIWKHKRXVHZDVSXEOLVKHGXQGHUWKH
name Oscar Stonorov and Louis Kahn
$UFKLWHFWVLQDQXPEHURIERRNVDQGWKH
PHQWLRQLQJRIERWKRIWKHLUQDPHVDQJHUHG.DKQDQGEURXJKWWKHVXFFHVVIXO
partnership to an end.
.DKQZKRMXVWWXUQHGIRUW\VL[ZDV
now on his own.
)RUWKHQH[WIHZ\HDUVWKHEDFNERQHRI
.DKQCVZRUNZHUHVLQJOHIDPLO\KRXVHV
In 1947 he started teaching at Yale
KDYLQJUHMHFWHGDQHDUOLHURIIHUIURP
Harvard, as he loathed to leave PhilaGHOSKLD+HIHOWKDSSLHUZLWK<DOHZKLFK
was a train ride away, and he taught
WKHUHIRUHLJKW\HDUVEHIRUHEHFRPLQJD
SURIHVVRUDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\Ovania.
As an architect Kahn was limited to
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extension to the Yale Art Gallery.
7KH<DOHFRPPLVVLRQDOVRRIIHUHGDQ
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the ideas he had developed on a trip
to Greece, Rome and Egypt, when he
had become convinced that modern
architecture lacked the monumental and
VSLULWXDOTXDOLWLHVRIDQFLHQWEXLOGLQJV
“Our stuff looks so tiny compared to
it”KHZURWHWRKLVRI¿FHFROOHDJXHVLQ
Philadelphia. Kahn was convinced that,
as a modern architect, his responsibility was to create buildings with those
qualities using contemporary materials
and construction techniques.
Working with simple materials, notably
brick and concrete, Kahn applied his
principles to create buildings instilled
ZLWKWKHVSLULWXDOTXDOLWLHVIRUZKLFKKH
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space and light.
From the 1951-53 Yale Art Gallery exWHQVLRQ,Q(QJODQGWKH<DOH$UW*DOOHU\
was seen as the best American examSOHRI1HZ%UXWDOLVPDEULHÀ\IDVKLRnable term that captured only a single
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Trenton Boathouse in New Jersey and
the 1957-62 Richards Medical Towers
in Philadelphia in which Kahn showed
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space shaped by visible, rational, individualizing structures, Kahn combined
visually compelling spaces with drama
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sensory experience.
.DKQCVFOHDUDUWLFXODWLRQRIVHSDUDWH
components and his distinction between
213
Louis I. Kahn
VHUYDQWDQGVHUYHGVSDFHVZHUHMXJHG
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accepted norms.
By the time he began working on the
Salk Institute in La Jolla&DOLIRUQLD
(Fig. 1 - Study Tower, Fig. 2 - Courtyard, looking west) in 1959, Kahn had
mastered this approach to create his
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LQVSLULQJVHTXHQFHRIEXLOGLQJV
was designed with a large rectangular
RSHQLQJIDFLQJWKHRFHDQZKLFKDOORZHG
VXQOLJKWWRHQWHUDQG¿OOWKHURRP3HUhaps nowhere else has Kahn’s concern
IRUWKHZKROHRIWKHKXPDQH[SHULHQFH
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In the Salk Institute Kahn had the rare
opportunity to actually conceive a new
institution, where as in other instances
KHVLPXODWHGWKHHIIHFWRIRULJLQDWLRQE\
reducing programs to their most basic
human elements. The working area
was again divided into two parts - one
IRUWKHZRUNLQKDQGRQHIRUDFWLYH
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'HVSLWHWKHDFFODLPIRUWKHVHEXLOGLQJV
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commissions, at least in his home town,
3KLODGHOSKLDZKHUHKHZUDQJOHGIRU\Hars with the city planners over redeveORSPHQWRIWKHFLW\FHQWUH3DLQIXOO\VK\
since childhood, Kahn was also blessed
and cursed by an uncompromising
character that drove him to become
such an extraordinary architect, but
also to unavoidable clashes with clients.
,PSDWLHQWRIWKHGHDGOLQHVDQGEXGJHWV
routinely imposed on architects, he
FDPHWRORDWKVXFKFRQVWUDLQWVDQGIUHTXHQWO\ORVWFRPPLVVLRQVWROHVVJLIWHG
but more amenable architects.
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an enclosed concrete housing and a
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DQGIRUPXODWLRQ(DFKRIWKHVHTXDUWHUV
Kahn’s private life was equally turEXOHQWPDUULHGE\¿QDQFLDOGLI¿FXOWLHV
as much as by secrecy. He remained
married to Esther, with whom he had a
214
daughter, Sue Ann, but had two more
children, born to women with whom he
FRQGXFWHGORQJDQGSDVVLRQDWHORYHDIIDLUV.DKQKDGDVHFRQGGDXJKWHU$OHxandra born in 1954, with Anne Tyng,
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and was the geometrical strategist in
Philadelphia, and a son, Nathaniel, born
in 1962, with another collaborator, the
landscape architect Harriet Pattison.
Just as Anne Tyng made an important
contribution to Kahn’s 1950s buildings,
Pattison arose his interest in the relatiRQVKLSRIDUFKLWHFWXUHWRLWVORFDWLRQDQG
landscape during the 1960s.
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was equally important to Kahn’s 196065 campus buildings at Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania, the 1967-72 Exeter
Library in New Hampshire and 1968-74
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Louis I. Kahn
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215
Louis I. Kahn
72 Kimbell Art Museum at Fort Worth
in Texas, which is still regarded as an
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poured his energy into his most demanGLQJSURMHFWVWKH Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad
(Fig. 3) and the monumental Capital
Complex in Dhaka (Fig. 4 - view from
south), which he began in 1962 but
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death.
It was in Dhaka that Kahn realised his
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construction was not only disrupted by
political unrest and, eventually a war
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storms. The result is a magical seTXHQFHRIEXLOGLQJVWKDWDSSHDUWRÀRDW
above the surrounding water in vernacular red brick brilliantly constructed by
216
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humane.
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was diagrammed with a low dome near
its center and angled spurs representing minarets expanded the square
mosque it touched. To give some shape
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proposed embanked roadways and
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on these he placed related elements
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Academy , designed 1966-68, (Fig.
5 - view from northwest).DKQCV¿UVW
thoughts about the library were an allu-
sion to the Middle Ages in general and
monasteries in particular.
Corner Towers and interior and exterior
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Kahn`s primordial rooms. The reader
was introduced to the building by a
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interior elevation (Fig. 6 - Central Hall),
bracing the main piers at the corners as
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whole in quiet brightness.
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men‘s restroom in Pennsylvania Station
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the home address on his passport. He
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India, and despite his long career, he
was deeply in debt when he died.
Louis I. Kahn
Fig. 3
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 4
Fig. 7
217
Louis I. Kahn
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218
zusammengestellt von: Patrick Herold
Frank Gehry
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throws is on the sidewalk, a sign
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new concert hall, designed by architect Frank Gehry
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Marge requesting his services. He‘s
especially impressed by the Snoopy
stationary. Nice mailbox.
219
Frank Gehry
Frank Gehry (b. 1929)
„I approach each building as a sculptural object, a spatial container, a space
with light and air, a response to context
and appropriateness of feeling and spirit. To this container, this sculpture, the
user brings his baggage, his program,
and interacts with it to accommodate his
needs. If he can‘t do that, I‘ve failed.“
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Born 1929 in Toronto, Canada, Frank
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Gruen Associates, where he had been
apprenticing part-time while still in
school.
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urban planning at Harvard Graduate
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When he returned to Los Angeles, he
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until 1960.
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moved to Paris, where he worked in
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that year in Europe, he studied works
by LeCorbusier, Balthasar Neumann,
and was attracted by the French Roman
churches. In 1962, he returned to Los
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house in Santa Monica (Fig. 1), CaliIRUQLD
“With the original house almost intact
formwise, Gehry lifted back the skin to
reveal the building as layers, with new
forms breaking out and tilting away from
the original, to create a forerunner of
the Deconstructionist spirit of the eighties. It is almost an idea of ‚wrapping‘
à la Christo, but where Christo seeks
through a veil to transform the original
to a new sense of being and meaning,
Gehry rather produces a discontinuous
juxtaposition where one system collides
with another resulting in, to quote
Bernard Tschumi, a ‚super position
or disjunctive disassociation.‘ Where
Johansen assembles technologicallike elements freely seeding dialogue
through the combination, Gehry,
through collaging, also basically (but
with a different aesthetic) derives an
approach to design from the methodology and respect for construction and its
architectonic potential as a form maker
and space generator.“
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Ideas and Ideologies in the Late Twentieth Century. p228-230.)
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New York Times Architecture Critic
described it: „Mr. Gehry‘s architecture
is known for its reliance on harsh,
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intelligent and controlled than it sounds
to the uninitiated; he is an architect of
immense gifts who dances on the line
separating architecture from art but who
manages never to let himself fall.“
Frank Gehry
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
221
Frank Gehry
He received the Pritzker Price 1989.
6RPHRIhis most notable projects
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(Fig. 2 - The Guggenheim Bilbao, along
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Louise Bourgeois),
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Washington, 1995-2000), DG Bank
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Spain, 2006)
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(Fig. 3 - Last update of the Redesigning
Atlantic yards project)
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Florida).
222
:LWKWKHRSHQLQJRIWKHWalt Disney
Concert Hall (Fig. 4 - 13) in 2003 Frank
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town L.A.. It may be his most dramatic
and complete work to date. The total
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architect in 1988, his design became
public in 1991 and work began in November 1999.
The asthetic goals with the exterior
wall, all the accoustic issues, there is so
much that is atypical...this is no sense
of conventional building.“
The architect was also closely involved
in the Concert Hall interior, designing it
in wood.
$VLWZDVWKHFDVHIRUWKH%LOEDR*XJgenheim, Gehry used CATIA programming to design and help building the
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the engineering industry, especially in
the automotive and aerospace sectors.
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designed without researching the local
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buildings do not seem to belong in their
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Rather than titanium cladding, stainless
steel was used in Los Angeles, though
KHGLGFRQVLGHUDFRPELQDWLRQRIOLPHstone and steel at some point.
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IRU*HKU\CVRI¿FH„It`s an enourmously
complicated structure because of the
curved shapes and the intricate joinery.
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and repeating themselves.
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Frank Gehry
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 4
223
Frank Gehry
4XHOOHQ
Jodido Philipp:Architecture Now!-Taschen,Köln 2002
El Croquis-Ausgabe: Frank O. Gehry,2003
www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Gehry_House.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry Stand 08.03.2008
Fig.1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao Stand 08.03.2008 S.9
Fig.2 http://www.streetsblog.org/2006/11/29/what-wentwrong-at-atlantic-yards/ Stand 03.03.2008 S.9
Fig.3-4 Jodido,Taschen,2002 S.11
Fig.5 http://www.arcspace.com/architects/gehry/disney2/
Stand 08.03.2008 S.9
224
SCI - Arc
zusammengestellt von: Elena Berecova
225
SCI - Arc
History
Founded in 1972, SCI-Arc was as a
radical alternative to the conventional
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Architect and educator Ray Kappe—
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until 1987—leased an industrial building
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started what they initially called the
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United by their commitment to an alternative to the more rigid, hierarchical
structure they had encountered at other
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and criticism. The school grew rapidly
and quickly developed an international
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SCI-Arc attracted motivated students
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226
were interested in pursuing their own
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thinking, analyzing and making.
...“There is so much in architecture that has to do
with the creation of opinion as opposed to the creation of the thing, the making the thing. Making the
thing and commenting on the thing are very much
about developing a meaning of the thing that lasts.
I would like to create an environment at SCI-Arc
that would enable faculty, students, and everyone
associated with the school to have enough FRQ¿dence in what they know and in what they do to be
able to distinguish the importance of those things
from all the noise and promotion.“... - (Eric Owen
Moss, Director)
Depot6&,$UFDEVWUDFW
With its location in the intensively urban
Artist District near Little Tokyo in Downtown Los Angeles, SCI – Arc provides
students with a uniquely inspiring environment in which to study Architecture.
The extreme social and natural condi-
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world attention serve as vantage points
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school is distinguished by the vibrant atPRVSKHUHRILWVVWXGLRVZKHUHVWXGHQWV
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and exploring and testing new ideas
through making.
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graduate levels. SCI-Arc degrees are
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227
SCI - Arc
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Architecture was started in 1972 as a
radical alternative to the convention
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society, technology, and culture with a
constantly-evolving curriculum that integrates courses in History and Theory,
the Humanities, Technology and Visual
Arts....
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emerging cultural center. This incluGHVWKH0XVHXPRI&RQWHPSRUDU\
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new cathedral and the Disney Concert
Hall by Frank Gehry. Also nearby are
Olivera Street, Chinatown, the Staples
Center and Dodger Stadium.
(Fig. 1,2,3 - Depot)
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Graduate studies
Public initiatives
The graduate program at SCI-Arc
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education and practice. It is taught by
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Architecture. The curriculum builds on
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students to provide a rigorous architectural education that is responsive to
cultural change, and which above all
promotes experimentation and creaWLYHDQGDFDGHPLFIUHHGRP,QSXUVXLW
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downtown Los Angeles, SCI-Arc brings
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ways.
The SCI-Arc Gallery, located within the
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WRH[KLELWVXQLTXHVLWHVSHFL¿FLQstallations by contemporary architects.
6WXGHQWVUHFHLYHFUHGLWIRUSDUWLFLSDting in workshops in which they help
construct the installations. Exhibiting
architects experiment with new and proYRFDWLYHPDWHULDOVFRQFHSWVDQGIDEULFDWLRQPHWKRGVUHÀHFWLQJWKHVFKRRO¶V
experimental approach to construction
materials and its emphasis on learning
through building....
(Fig. 4-8 Students Works)
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2004-2005 Academic Year
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annual tuition cost
$ 18,496
living and personal expenses $ 10,640
SCI - Arc
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 11
Fig. 10
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Fig. 7
Fig. 12
229
SCI - Arc
course supplies and books $ 1,500
mandatory health insurance
per term
$ 216
RQHWLPHLQWHUQVWXGHQWIHH
Student Life
Students actively participate in all
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through the student union, made up
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Among the events organized by the
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weekly barbecue open to the entire
SCI-Arc community, and an annual
Halloween party...
... Students have also been actively
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yearly publication class, student exhibitions, and student design competitions.
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the wood shop and the IT department....
230
...The SCI-Arc Student Union voices
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administrative issues. The student
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student concerns to long-term planning
issues. A student representative sits
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two-year term—reporting directly to and
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committees that advise the Academic
Council such as the Curriculum Committee. Two student representatives sit
on the Academic Council which meets
monthly to advise the director on school
policy matters. It provides the student
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voice their concerns to the director,
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General Employment Information
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Some teachers at SCI-Arc
Lectures by Hernán Diáz Alonso
(Fig. 9 - „Pitch-Black“)
Lectures by Span
(Fig. 10, 11)
Lectures by Iain Maxwell and David
Pigram
(Fig. 12, 13 - Proto-Synthesis)
7LPRWK\'XUIHH
(Titelbild - Museum of Digital Art )
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Monacelli Press 1997
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http://www.sciarc.edu/
http://google.net
Morphosis
zusammengestellt von: Elena Berecova
231
Morphosis
abstract - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Thom_Mayne
Curriculum Vitae
Thom Mayne, born January 19, 1944 in
Waterbury, Connecticut, is a widely recognized Los Angeles based architect.
(GXFDWHGDW8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLDDQGWKH+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\*UDGXDWH6FKRRORI'HVLJQ0D\QH
KHOSHGIRXQGWKH6RXWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLD
,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKLWHFWXUH6&,$UFLQ
1972. Since then he has held teaching
positions at both SCI-ARC and UCLA.
(Fig. 1 - Thom Mayne)
Morphosis
Thom Mayne, with Michael Rotondi,
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&DOLIRUQLDLQWKHVDPH\HDUWRGHvelop an architecture that would eschew
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commission was a school in Pasadena,
attended by Mayne‘s son. Publicity
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commissions, including the Lawrence
Residence.
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practices in the United States, with
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Science Center School in Los Angeles,
Diamond Ranch High School in PomoQD&DOLIRUQLDDQGWKH:D\QH/0RUVH
United States Courthouse in Eugene,
Oregon. Mayne received the Pritzker
Prize in March 2005.
Design Philosophy
Morphosis’s design philosophy arises
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a meaning that can be understood by
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made. This is in opposition to typical
architectural philosophies which overlay
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the name Morphosis is derived) means
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process intuitively embedded within an
increasingly groundless modern society
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as a dynamic entity.
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unique expression while contributing
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has been increasingly made possiEOHWKURXJKWKHXVHRIFRPSXWDWLRQDO
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Morphosis
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
233
Morphosis
Major Projects
Completed
8QLYHUVLW\RI&LQFLQQDWL5HF&HQWHU
San Francisco Federal Building, San
)UDQFLVFR&DOLIRUQLD
Wayne L. Morse United States
Courthouse, Eugene, Oregon, 2006
8QLYHUVLW\RI&LQFLQQDWL6WXGHQW5HFUHDtion Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2006
Science Center School, Los Angeles,
&DOLIRUQLD
Caltrans District 7 Headquarters, Los
$QJHOHV&DOLIRUQLD
+\SR$OSH$GULD&HQWHU.ODJHQIXUW
Austria, 2002 (Fig. 24)
8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR*UDGXDWH+RXVH
8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR*UDGXDWH+RXVH
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2000
Diamond Ranch High School, Pomona,
&DOLIRUQLD
Lutèce Restaurant, Las Vegas, Nevada,
1999 (Fig. 19)
Tsunami Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas,
Nevada, 1999 (Fig. 23)
Sun Tower, Seoul, Korea 1997
Blades Residence, Santa Barbara,
&DOLIRUQLD
234
In Progress
New Academic Building, The Cooper
8QLRQIRUWKH$GYDQFHPHQWRI6FLHQFH
and Art, New York, New York, 2008
(Fig. 2, 3)
National Oceanic Atmospheric AdmiQLVWUDWLRQ12$$6DWHOOLWH2SHUDWLRQ
Facility, Suitland, MD, 2007
3KDUH7RZHU/D'pIHQVH)UDQFH7KH
/LJKWKRXVHÄ*UHHQ³:LQG3RZHUHG
2I¿FH%XLOGLQJ3DULV)UDQFH
(Fig. 4, 5)
0XVHXPRI1DWXUH6FLHQFH%XLOGLQJ
Victory Parkdevelopment, Dallas, Texas, 2013
Madrid Housing, Spain, 2006 (Fig. 26)
Competition
New Yotk City Park, 1999 (Fig. 25)
&KLOGUHQµV0XVHXPRI/RV$QJHOHV
&DOLIRUQLD(Fig. 6)
/RV$QJHOHV&RPXQLW\RI$UW&DOLIRUnia, 2001 (Fig. 20)
(XURSHDQ&HQWUDO%DQN)UDQNIXUW
Germany, 2003 (Fig. 27)
1<&2O\PSLF9LOODJH4XHHQV
New York, 2004 (Fig. 21)
Science Center School, Los Angeles
(Fig. 7, 8)
³0RUSKRVLVIRUFHIXOO\JHQHUDWHVD
VHQVHRILGHQWLW\IRUWKH6FLHQFH&HQWHU
School in L.A.’s Exposition Park
The realization that a thrusting, steelIUDPHGODWWLFHODGHQVWUXFWXUHDWWDFKHG
to an early-20th-century brick-and-caststone armory is actually a public elementary school comes as a shock. It’s
VXFKDIDUFU\IURPWKHGUDEORZULVH
concrete-block buildings usually pushed
through by school districts. ... Mayne
has brought a sui generis architecture
consistently to the public sector.
,IDEROGDQGEUDVKODUJHVFDOHZRUN
such as the Science Center School,
DOPRVWRYHUZKHOPVLWVGLPLQXWLYHLQ
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K-12 students, along with a teachertraining center, brings a unique energy
to a dismal building type...
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draws on Morphosis’s signature lexicon
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Morphosis
and berms. Here Mayne pushed the
linear structure upward toward the east
so that his gridded lattices, bridges,
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- (By Suzanne Stephens)
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
235
Morphosis
Diamond Ranch High School,
Pomona, California
(Fig. 9-12)
abstract - http://www.pritzkerprize.
com/164/pritzker2005/diamondranch.
htm
...The Diamond Ranch High School
blurs the distinctions between building
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concurrently pursuing a social agenda
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on augmented landscape. Morphosis
has been exploring the hybrid territory
between building and site, attempting to
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building.
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ZD\WRDVWUDWHJ\RIPDQLSXODWHGODQGVcape, as structure and ground become
progressively interchangeable. The
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236
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the campus as re-interpreted landscape. Angled walls and canted volumes
HVWDEOLVKDSXUSRVHIXOIRUPDOODQJXDJH
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VFDSHVIROGDQGEHQGOLNHVKLIWLQJJHRlogic plates. This sidewalk reproduces
a more urban experience in contrast to
Pomona’s suburban milieu, providing
DQLQWHQVL¿HGWKURXJKZD\WRHQFRXUDJH
interaction and create improvisational
learning environments.
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team teaching in an intimate educational setting. Lower and upper grades
DUHIRFXVHGLQVHSDUDWHFOXVWHUVRI
classrooms, while landscaped outdoor
WHDFKLQJDUHDVDFWDVFRXUW\DUGEXIIHUV
between buildings and punctuate the
FODVVURRPXQLWVZLWKYLHZVRIPRXQ-
tains and sky.
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message that has been sent by a
society that routinely communicates its
GLVUHJDUGIRUWKH\RXQJE\HGXFDWLQJ
them in carelessly arranged, temporary
bungalows surrounded by impenetrable
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students, teachers and administration
DUHH[SUHVVHGLQDWKRXJKWIXODQGKHWHrogeneous design...
Caltrans District 7 Headquarters
Los Angeles, CA
(Fig. 15-18 + Titelbild)
abstract - http://www.pritzkerprize.
com/164/pritzker2005/caltrans.htm
Program Size: 1.2 million gross square.
With a hybridized civic orientation
that blends an L.A. sensibility with a
more cosmopolitan urban tradition, the
new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters
building in downtown Los Angeles is
SHUFHSWXDOO\RIWKHIDEULFRIWKHFLW\
Morphosis
Fig. 9
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 18
237
Morphosis
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or ornament. Enrobed in a constantly
changing mechanical skin that is alternately open or closed depending on
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At dusk the building is transparent—
textured and windowed everywhere to
invite the voyeur—while at mid-day it is
buttoned up against the sun, appearing
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larger metropolis, this building will be
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depending on his or her experience with
it.
,PSRUWDQWDPHQLWLHVIRUWKHSXEOLF
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outdoor lobby area, and an exhibition
VSDFHDUHDQLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWRIWKH
design, intended to create a building
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downtown Los Angeles. The design
JRHVEH\RQGPHUHO\SURYLGLQJIXQF-
238
tional spaces. It seeks in every way to
engage people actively while blurring
the distinction between outside and
inside, so that this government bureau
works as a truly public building. ... To
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are located around the outdoor lobby at
ground level.
Prosaic materials, outsized structural
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DQGHYRNHDIHHOLQJRIEHLQJLQXQGHURU
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outdoor lobby is activated by an extraordinary public art installation designed
in collaboration with Morphosis by the
internationally acclaimed artist Keith
Sonnier. Titled Motordom, the work is
integrated directly into the architecture
RIWKHIRXUVWRU\RXWGRRUOREE\¿OOLQJ
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red and blue light that mimic the ribbons
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Motordom is the largest public art installation in Los Angeles...
...The building’s equally innovative south
IDFDGHLVHQWLUHO\VXUIDFHGZLWKSKRWRvoltaic cells which will generate approxiPDWHO\RIWKHEXLOGLQJ¶VHQHUJ\
4XHOOHQ
http://www.morphosis.net/
http://wikipedia.com/
http://www.pritzkerprize.com/
Fresh Morphosis 1998 - 2004,
Rizzoli International Publications, New York
Fig. 19
Morphosis
Fig. 21
Fig. 20
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 22
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
239
240
Neil M. Denari
zusammengestellt von: Katharina Reiner
241
Neil M. Denari
Neil Denari was born in 1957 in Fort
Worth, Texas. He started studying arFKLWHFWXUHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI+RXVWRQ
$IWHUUHFHLYLQJWKH%DFKHORUGHJUHH
he switched to Harvard University and
graduated in 1982. In Harvard he also
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WHFKQLFDOLQWHUQIRU$HURVSDWLDOH+HOLFRSWUHVQRZ$LUEXVD)UHQFKDYLDWLRQDQG
space company.
1982 he moved to New York to work
as a Senior Designer at James Stewart
Polshek & Partners. Later on he taught
DW&ROXPELD¶V*UDGXDWH6FKRRORI$UFKLtecture and Planning. 1988 he moved
WR/RV$QJHOHVDQGIRXQGHG&RU7H[$Uchitecture, which became NMDA - Neil
M. Denari Architects in 1998.
At that time he taught at SCI-Arc, the
6RXWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLD,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKLtecture, where he also was the third
'LUHFWRUIURP+HQRZKROGV
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in the Architecture and Urban Design
Department at UCLA. Neil Denari wrote
242
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mostly virtual work, began to achieve
international recognition. For instance
the Massey Residence (Fig. 1-3) in Los
$QJHOHV.DQVDL.DQ1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\LQ-DSDQDQGWKH$UOLQJWRQ
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1996 he realized an experimental space
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Tokyo. In Japan, where he also taught
DW6KLEDXUD,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\D
VHULHVRIEDQNSURMHFWVIRUWKH0LWVXELVKL
7UXVW)LQDQFLDO*URXSIROORZHG
2WKHUUHDOL]HGSURMHFWVDUHWKHFRPPHUcial buildings Endeavor Talent Agency,
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/$WKHUHVLGHQWLDOKRXVHV+LJK
/LQHDQG$ODQ9RR+RXVH
DQG)OXRUVFDSH(Fig. 7-8),
which is an installation at SCI-Arc.
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architectural design and visualization,
10'$KDVSURGXFHGDERG\RIZRUN
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graphic worlds in unprecedented ways.
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Since the early 80‘s I was always
interested building hi-economy projects
-meaning if you put in a little you get
a lot, which is a modernist idea. Then
develop a set of strategies that are very
build able. One of the reasons many
architects were able to use the same
method, because it is eminently build
able. I was very conscious about wanting to be able to realize this work...There
is a maximum-spatial effect although
we are dealing with Cartesian systems.
We are using extrusion, radii, intersection or the thickness of the surface, this
stuff has been incredibly dramatic in it‘s
ÿQLVKHGµVRUWRILQSXW7KDWµVZK\,FDOO
this hi-economy. (Denari, Arcspace)
Neil M. Denari
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
243
Neil M. Denari
Massey Residence
7KHSURMHFWLVORFDWHGLQZHVW/RV
Angeles on typical 50’x150’ site. Many
residential areas in Los Angeles are
¿HOGVGLYLGHGLQWRVPDOOHVWORWVWKDW
are covered with dwellings one or two
stories high. The houses are normally
XQLIRUPDQGGRQ¶WFDUHIRUVSDWLDOH[SHULPHQWDWLRQEXWRIIHUtheir inhabitant
individual ownership and territorial soYHUHLJQW\DVUHÀHFWHGLQWKHEDFN\DUG.
(Denari, 1999)
The client now required a common
spatial program and wished that all experimentation should take place in the
VHFWLRQQRWWKHÀRRUSODQ(Fig. 1 - 3D
Section) 7KHUHIRUHWKHKRXVHLVSRVLWLoned on the site like the other houses in
the context are. (Fig. 2 - Site Plan)
Underneath the main space, the parNLQJLVVLWXDWHG7KHÀRRUSODQLVVSOLW
LQWRVHYHQOHYHOVHDFKRQHVKLIWHGLQ
height. Main structural elements are
concrete walls, steel beams, and two
large V-shaped bents to support the
URRI
244
Within an urban milieu that is the
subject of countless rehearsals of both
angst and ennui, this house sits as an
DPELYDOHQW¿JXUHFRPPLWWHGWRWKHSUHservation of site typology while internally engaging in an extreme criticism of
architectural similitudes. (Denari, 1999)
Gallery MA / Interrupted Projections
The logo or identifying symbol becomes
a sign or, further, a code in the move
from an object-based to a graphicbased culture. (Denari, 1999)
Gallery MA, sited in Tokyo, is an exhibiWLRQVSDFHIRUDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGUHODWHG
GHVLJQ7KHRIIHUHGVSDFHIRUWKH
installation is 6.5x11x2.45m. The design
VFKHPHLVGHYHORSHGIURPWKH+RPRORVLQH,QWHUUXSWHG3URMHFWLRQ0DSSLQJ
System, a pseudo cylindrical, equalDUHDFRPSRVLWHPDSSURMHFWLRQRIWHQ
XVHGIRUZRUOGPDSV(Fig. 4 - Map)
'HQDULGH¿QHVPDSDVDWZRGLPHQVLRnal plane to record territories on it.
Arguing, a sheet must be bent in order
to architecturally spatialize a phenomenonKHFRQVWUXFWVDVXUIDFHWKDWIRUPV
space by smoothly bending and looSLQJ6HYHUDO¿FWLRQDOORJRVDUHSULQWHG
RQWRWKHJUHHQVKHHW6RPHLQIRUPDWLRQ
FDQEHUHDGRXWRIEDUFRGHVQH[WWR
these logos using a Sony device. The
whole combination he calls worldsheet,
a stretchy, logoized fabric.
(Fig. 5-6 - Interrupted Projections)
Fluorscape
'HQDULFODLPVWKDWDUWL¿FLDOOLJKWRIDOO
EXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVRIIHUVWKHEHVWSRVsibilities to manipulate space. For this
installation, exhibited at SCI-Arc Gallery
LQKHZDQWHGWR¿QGQHZJUDSKLF
organizational, and structural possiELOLWLHVIRUVWDQGDUGÀXRUHVFHQWVWULS
OLJKWV)6/7KHUHIRUHKHXVHVZKLWH
PHWDOULEVDQGRI)6/DV¿HOGWKH
organizational) of stiffening members
(structural) and dashed white lines (the
graphic)... All together, these elements
articulate the conceptual ambition of
the project: to produce a blinding, over
Neil M. Denari
Fig. 5
Fig. 4
Fig. 6
245
Neil M. Denari
OLWREMHFWZKRVHJHRPHWULF¿QLWHQHVVLV
undermined by the tremendous glare
DQGVHHPLQJO\LQ¿QLWHIDOORIIRIOLJKW
(NMDA)
(Fig. 7-8 - Fluorscape)
Neil Denari collaborated with Barco
/LJKWLQJDOHDGLQJPDQXIDFWXUHURI
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by Sony, Denari is convinced that corporate sponsorship can go beyond the
VLPSOHH[FKDQJHRIFRPPHUFH$VDFULWLFGHFODUHV)OXRUVFDSHLVDQDUWREMHFW
WKDWSUHVHQWVWKHZDUHVRILWVVSRQVRU
well, but keeps true with Denaris vision
RIDHVWKHWLFVZZZWURSROLVPFRP
High Line 23
The site in New York’s West Chelsea
Arts district is directly neighboured to
WKHIDPRXV+LJK/LQHFXUUHQWO\EHLQJ
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IRRWSULQWZLOOEHRQO\IRRWZLGHDQG
LVKDOIFRYHUHGE\WKH+LJK/LQH7KH
VKDSHRIWKHEXLOGLQJHPHUJHVIURPWKH
246
need to achieve as much square meters
as possible while being restrained by
the strict zoning law.
NMDA comes up with a building, 14
VWRULHVKLJKRQHXQLWSHUÀRRUDQG
WKUHHGLVWLQFWIDFDGHV7KHHDVWVLGH
IDFLQJWKH+LJK/LQHLVFRYHUHGZLWKD
FXUYHGVWDLQOHVVVWHHOSDQHOIDFDGH
ZKLOHWKHVRXWKDQGWKHQRUWKIDFDGHV
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are structured by some very graphically
shaped diagonal braces, that allow to
UHGXFHWKHDPRXQWRILQWHULRUFROXPQV
WRDPLQLPXP7KHÀDWV¶SULFHVUDQJH
IURPPLOOLRQIRUDWZREHGURRP
VTXDUHIRRWXQLWWRPLOOLRQIRU
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The project‘s geometry is driven by
challenges to the zoning envelope
on the site and by NMDA‘s interest in
achieving complexity through simple
tectonic operations. (NMDA)
Literatur:
Denari, Neil M.: Gyroscopic Horizons - Thames & Hudson,
London, 1999
Jodido, Philip: Architecture NOW! - TASCHEN, Köln, 2007
Souhern, John: http://www.tropolism.com, 08.03.08
http://archinect.com/, Stand 08.03.08
http://www.bloomberg.com, 08.03.08
http://www.arcspace.com, 08.03.08
http://www.nmda-inc.com, 08.03.08
http://www.wikipedia.net, 08.03.08
Bilder:
Fig. 1 - Denari, 1999, S.77
Fig. 2 - Denari, 1999, S.75
Abb 3 - Denari, 1999, S. 67
Fig. 4 - Denari, 1999, S.157
Fig. 5 - Denari, 1999, S.163
Fig. 6 - http://www.wikipedia.org, 2008
Fig. 7 - Southern, 2008
Fig. 8 - Southern, 2008
Neil M. Denari
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
247
248
San Francisco
zusammengestellt von: Ivana Plavotic & Felicitas Tschida
249
San Francisco
Topographie und Geschichte
Die Stadt kam 1846 in den Besitz der
USA. San Francisco erlebte seinen
ersten großen Aufschwung durch
den 1848 beginnenden Goldrausch in
Kalifornien. Durch diesen Goldrausch
erhielt das Golden Gate seinen Namen.
Die Bevölkerung wuchs dabei von etwa
900 auf über 20.000 in einem einzigen
Jahr an.
Vor rund 12 000 Jahren, als das Gletschereis schmolz, stieg der MeeresVSLHJHODQ:DVVHUÀXWHWHLQV%LQQHQODQGXQGIOOWHGDV7DOGLHKHXWLJH
Bucht von San Francisco. Die Stadt be¿QGHWVLFKDQGHU6SLW]HHLQHU+DOELQVHO
]ZLVFKHQGHP3D]L¿VFKHQ2]HDQXQG
der San Francisco Bay. Eine Meerenge
und eine Vielzahl von Flussmündungen
bilden diese 74 km lange Bucht. Die
Indianer waren die ersten Bewohner der
Halbinsel.
Erst 1775 kamen die ersten europäischen Entdecker. Spanier, Mexikaner
und schließlich auch Engländer hinter-
250
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Land.
1847 bekam die Stadt ihren heutigen
Namen San Francisco.
Zu dieser Zeit erweiterten die Iren das
Straßennetz um eine 37 m lange diagonal liegende Straße, die Marketstreet,
welche bis heute die Durchquerung der
Stadt erschwert.
„Gold! Gold! Gold aus dem American
5LYHU³GLHVHU6DW]YHUlQGHUWHGLH
Geschichte und somit die Entwicklung
PD‰JHEOLFK'LH(LQZRKQHU]DKO
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20 000 an.
Als die Goldenen Tage gezählt waren,
begannen die Silbernen. Das größte Silbervorkommen der Geschichte wurde
1859 entdeckt. Banken, Börsen und
Bürogebäude siedelten sich an, so entstand das bedeutendste Finanzzentrum
GHU:HVWNVWH'LHVHU5HLFKWXPIKUWH
zu einem Bauboom, der sich 1864 in
der Errichtung von 1000 Neubauten
zeigte.
Ursprünglich wurden die Häuser aus
Holz und Segeltüchern gebaut, nach
unzähligen Bränden baute man aus
Ziegeln und Steinen.
IKUWH$QGUHZ+DOOLGLHGHQ&DEOH
Car, ein Drahtbahnsystem ein, welches
das hochgelegene Terrain erschloss.
(Abb. 1-Cable Car)
Einen weiteren Beitrag zum Verkehrsystem stellte der Bau der transkontinentalen Eisenbahn zwischen der Ost- und
Westküste dar. Dies brachte nicht nur
Vorteile, da so billige Ware nach San
Francisco gelangte.
Als neue Einnahmequelle diente der
)LVFKIDQJXQGGHU:HL]HQH[SRUW(V
ZDUHLQDXIXQGDE(UGEHEHQ:LUWVFKDIWVGHSUHVVLRQHUVFKWWHUWHQGLH
Stadt. Trotzdem wurde die Golden Gate
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entstanden im Bay Area. Während des
San Francisco
Krieges siedelten sich unterschiedliche
Kulturen, darunter auch viele Minderheiten an.
1965 begann mit den Hippies eine neue
unkonventionelle Bewegung. Die von
San Francisco ausgehende Hippiebewegung stellte die ihrer Meinung nach
sinnentleerten Wohlstandsideale der
Mittelschicht in Frage und propagierte
eine von Zwängen und bürgerlichen
Tabus befreite Lebensvorstellung.
ner von SF nach dem zu erwartenden
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Lage
Westküste, USA
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Einwohner
740.000
Dieser neue Lebensstil brachte Drogen,
IUHLH/LHEHDEHUDXFKHLQHWROHUDQWHUH
*HVHOOVFKDIW,QGHQHU-DKUHQZXUGH
SF zur Hauptstadt der homosexuellen
Bewegung.
Die Geschichte von San Francisco
liest sich wie ein Abenteuerroman. Die
YLHOHQ(UVFKWWHUXQJHQIRUGHUWHQXQG
I|UGHUWHQVLHLPPHUZLHGHUJOHLFK]HLWLJ
Heute ist die Stadt in den Bereichen
Handel, Kunst und Tourismus ein Musterbeispiel.
Wir sind neugierig wie sich die Bewoh-
Abb. 1
251
San Francisco
San Francisco heute
6DQ)UDQFLVFRLVWHLQH+DOELQVHODXI
Hügeln optisch abgeschirmt durch die
Golden Gate Bridge. Die Stadt gliedert
sich in viele unterschiedliche Viertel.
(Abb. 2 - Stadtplan)$QJHIDQJHQEHL
GHQ3DFL¿F+HLJKWVEHU&KLQD7RZQ
bis hin zu North Beach.
3DFL¿F+HLJKWV ist das elitärste Wohnviertel in SF. Es zeichnet sich durch
seine hervorragende Lage, schöne
Häuser im viktorianischen Stil und natürlich die einmalige Aussicht aus. Einer
der Höhepunkte dieses Stadtviertel
ist die schlichte swedenborgianischen
Kirche, auch genannt „ Die Kirche des
HLQIDFKHQ/HEHQV³$QJUHQ]HQGDQGDV
(OLWHYLHUWHOEH¿QGHQVLFK-DSDQWRZQ
&RZ+ROORZHLQVW2UWYRQ%DXHUQXQG
6FKODFKWK|IHQXQG3UHVLGLR+HLJKWV
Haight-Ashbury und Golden Gate
Park, westlich von der Innenstadt, waUHQIUKHULOOHJDOEHZRKQWH6DQGGQHQ
$XIGHQ'QHQZXUGHHLQ3DUNJHVFKDIIHQZRGXUFKGLH*HJHQGDQ3RSXODULWlW
252
gewann. Noch heute ist das Viertel das
=HQWUXPYRQ+LSSLHVMXQJHQ0HQVFKHQ
und Junggebliebenen. Der Golden Gate
Park mit einer Größe von über 400 ha
stellt eine Oase mitten in der Innenstadt
dar. An sonnigen Tagen genießen 100
000 Einw. der Stadt den Park.
Mission und Castro beide Stadtteile
liegen im Süden, weder an einer Bucht
QRFKDXIHLQHQ+JHOXQGZDUHQVRPLW
von Tourismus kaum berührte Viertel.
Die Bezirke sind heute das Zentrum der
Hispanics und Homosexuellen. In SF
leben heute mehr als 120 000 Schwule
und Lesben. Der Castro District ist ihre
heimliche Hauptstadt. SF ältestes GeElXGH0LVVLRQ'RORUHVEH¿QGHWVLFK
zwischen den Bezirken.
SomaÄ6RXWKRI0DUNHW³GHUHKHPDOLJH,QGXVWULHEH]LUNZXUGHDXIGHQ
VRJHQDQQWHQ/DQG¿OOVHUULFKWHW'LHVHU
bestand zunächst aus Lagerhallen,
+DIHQXQG,QGXVWULHDQODJHQ,QGHQ
späten 1970ern hat sich Soma durch
6WDGWHQWZLFNOXQJVSURMHNWHXQGGXUFK
die Kunstszene in SF stark verändert.
Neben zahlreichen Kultureinrichtungen,
ZLHGDV6)0XVHXPRI0RGHUQ$UW
EH¿QGHWVLFKDXFKGHU6LW]GHU6WDGWregierung dort. Ursprünglich lebten die
Reichen in Soma, mit der Errichtung
der Kabelbahn, zogen sie ins Viertel
3DFL¿F+HLJKWV=XHLQHPGHUMQJVWHQ
(QWZLFNOXQJVSURMHNWHLQ6RPD]lKOW
das ehemalige Ferry Building. Heute
ELHWHWHV*HVFKlIWHXQG5HVWDXUDQWV
China Town, die Stadt in der Stadt, ist
das am dichtesten besiedelte Gebiet.
Über 30 000 Menschen leben hier
in nur 24 Wohnblocks. Das Viertel,
welches man auch als Getto bezeichnet, bestätigt alle Vorurteile. Armut,
geringes Einkommen, Hygieneprobleme
und schlechte Englischkenntnisse stehen an der Tagesordnung.
San Francisco
Abb. 2
253
San Francisco
San Francisco heute
Nob Hill, welches nur 114 m über dem
Meerespeigel liegt, bietet eine besonGHUQ$XVEOLFNDXIGLH%XFKW'LHVHV
Viertel ist ein weiteres bevorzugtes
Wohngebiet der Wohlhabenden. Durch
die großen Villen wird es auch „Snob
+LOO³JHQDQQW'LH/X[XVKRWHOVVLHGHOten sich in dieser Gegend an. Von Nob
Hill aus kann man dem städtischen
6FKDXVSLHODXIGHP8QLRQ6TXDUH
WUDGLWLRQHOOH6)XQGKHXWLJH*HVFKlIWVzentrum) zusehen.
(Abb. 3 - Nob Hill)
North Beach ist eines der angenehmsten Viertel der Stadt. Es liegt
in einem Tal zwischen zwei Hügeln.
Der Name täuscht, in den 70er Jahren
ZXUGHGLH.VWHDXIJHVFKWWHW1RUWK
%HDFKHUVWUHFNWVLFKELVKLQDXI]XP
PKRKHQ7HOHJUDSK+LOOGHUIUKHU
DOV$XVVLFKWWXUPIUKHUDQNRPPHQGH
6FKLIIHGLHQWH'LHNXUYLJVWH6WUDVVH
der Welt, Lombard Street, ist am Russian Hill.
(Abb. 4-Lombard Street)
254
Fisherman`s Wharf bezeichnet das
Viertel entlang der 1,6 km langen Küste
zwischen dem Aquatic Park und dem
3LHU'LHIDUEHQIURKHQ)LVFKHUERRWH
)LVFKVWlQGHPLWIULVFKHU:DUHXQGGLH
Fischer kennzeichnen den KüstenstreiIHQ9RQKLHUDXVNDQQPDQ]XUQDKH
JHOHJHQHQ,QVHO$OFDWUD]IXQJLHUWH
HLQVWDOV*HIlQJQLVIDKUHQ
(Abb. 5 - Insel Alcatraz)
Kunst und Kultur
Die Stadt bietet viel Kulturelles. Der
Goldrausch brachte eine Vielzahl an
(LQÀVVHQXQGNXOWXUHOOHQ6WLOULFKtungen, vor allem aus Europa.
Neben der literarischen Geschichte
wurde SF auch Hintergrund zahlreicher
)LOPVWUHLIHQZLH'LUW\+DUU\DXIJUXQG
GHUYLHOIlOWLJHQ6FKDXSOlW]H0DOHUHL
)RWRJUD¿HXQG%LOGKDXHUHLVLQGDXV
SF nicht wegzudenken. Die aktuelle
.XQVWV]HQHLQ6)NRQ]HQWULHUWVLFKDXI
3ULYDWJDOHULHQXQGGLHÄ6R0D$FKVH³
GDV6)0XVHXPRI0RGHUQ$UW6SH]LDO
Museen und das avantgardistischere
&HQWHUIRUWKH$UWVLQ<HUED%XHQD
Gardens.
Galerien
Asian Art Museum
200 Larkin Street, Civic Center
+RVIHOW*DOOHU\
430 Clementina Street, Civic Center
San Francisco
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5
255
San Francisco
Architektur
Viktorianische Häuser
Die viktorianische Architektur blieb bis
zur Jahrhundertwende vorherrschend.
Die Grundkonstruktion sowie die Verziehrungen waren aus Holz, welches
ausreichend vorhanden und somit
preiswert, war. Die Häuser wurden so
geplant, dass sie in die 7 m breiten und
IDVWPWLHIHQ*UXQGVWFNHSDVVWHQ
Heute stehen an die 15 000 viktorianische Häuser in San Francisco.
Vier Hauptstilrichtungen sind kennzeichnend.
Der Gothic-revival-Stil
EHUXKWDXIGHU*RWLVFKHQ$UFKLWHNWXU
des Mittelalters. Viele Häuser dieses
Stils waren in schlichten weiß gestrichen, mit großzügigen Portalen und
Balkonen.
(Abb. 6 - Filbert Street 1978)
Italienisierender Stil DEZHOcher an Italienische Villen und Palazzi
erinnern. Die Fassade war plan und
sachlich mit symmetrisch angeordneten
Fenstern. (Abb. 7 - Bsp. für Ital. Stil)
Der Stick-Stil DEGHUVLFKDQ
seiner ausgeprägten vertikalen StrukWXULHUXQJHUNHQQHQOlVVW4XDGUDWLVFKH
(UNHUIHQVWHUUHFKWZLQNHOLJH(FNHQXQG
IDOVFKH*LHEHOVFKPFNWHQGLH+lXVHU
(Abb. 8 - Liberty Street 111-115)
Und schließlich der Queen-Anne-Stil
HUHUNHQQEDUDQXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH
Materialien, Formen und Ornamenten. Das Design war asymmetrisch
mit starker Betonung der horizontalen
Linien.
(Abb. 9 - Bsp. für Queen-Anne-Stil)
Abb. 6
256
San Francisco
Abb. 7
Abb. 8
Abb. 9
257
San Francisco
Zeitgenössische Architektur
Kultur Bauten
de Young museum, 2005
Das Museum von Herzog & de Meuron
im Golden Gate Park erzeugt durch die
SHUIRULHUWH.XSIHUIDVVDGHHLQ6FKDWWHQmuster wie unter einem Laubdach. Die
Architekten reduzierten die GrundÀlFKHXPPðXPVLHGHP3DUN
zurückzugeben. Der Panoramablick
vom Museum aus ist beeindruckend.
(Abb. 10 - de young Museum)
50 Tea Garden Drive
Golden Gate Park
SF Museum of Modern Art, 1995
0DULR%RWWDV(QWZXUILVWHLQH9LHO]DKO
geometrischer Formen. Drei große,
IHQVWHUORVH%ORFNVLQ=LHJHOVWHLQIDVsade, werden von einem Zylinder, aus
schwarzen und silbergrauen GranitstreiIHQ]HUVFKQLWWHQ
'DV0XVHXPYHUIJWEHUHLQH$XVVWHOOXQJVÀlFKHYRQPð'DV6)
MoMa besitzt eine Kunstsammlung von
258
über 20 000 Werken aus dem 20. Jahrhundert. (Abb. 11 - SF MOMA)
151 Third Street
6RXWKRI0DUNHW
San Francisco Main Library, 1996
SMWM ordnete die Räume rings um
HLQRIIHQHV7UHSSHQKDXVXQGXPGDV
stöckige, glasgedeckte Atrium. Die Au‰HQIDVVDGHQVFKDIIHQHLQHVWLOLVWLVFKH
Verbindung zu den benachbarten
Gebäuden.
(Abb. 12 - Library)
100 Larkin Street
Civic Center
www.smwm.com
The Contemporary Jewish Museum,
2007
'DQLHO/LEHVNLQGV0XVHXPEH¿QGHW
VLFKLQHLQHPVWLOOJHOHJWHQ.UDIWZHUN(U
EHOLH‰GLHDOWHQ3DUDPHWHUXQGHQWZDUI
einen Rundgang, welcher die räumliche
Umgestaltung des Anbaus erleben
lässt.
(Abb. 13 - Jewish Museum)
Jessie Street
6RXWKRI0DUNHW
Abb. 10
San Francisco
Abb. 11
Abb. 12
Abb. 13
259
San Francisco
Zeitgenössische Architektur
Öffentliche Bauten
New International Terminal Building
SFO, 2000
Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP ArchiWHNWHQHQWZDUIHQIUGDVQHXH7HUPLnal Gebäude ein Tragwerk aus Stahl,
welches sich über die 200m lange Halle
spannt. Am Tragwerk liegt ein 24 m
KRKHVJHZ|OEWHV*ODVGDFKDXI
Pier 1, 2001
60:0VFKDIIWHQHLQHQ|IIHQWOLFKHQ
5DXPPðJUR‰GLUHNWDP8IHU
+LHUIUYHUZHQGHWHQVLHÄJUQH³0Dterialien. Das Gebäude weist bewusst
HLQHQLQGXVWULHOOHQ&KDUDNWHUDXIXPDQ
GLH*HVFKLFKWHGHV+DIHQV]XHULQQHUQ
(Abb. 14 - Pier 1)
Pier 1
The Embarcadero
260
Federal Plaza SF, 2000
'HOOD9DOOH%HUQKHLPHU'HVLJQ//3
ergänzten den Platz mit einer Baldachinkonstruktion und einer lang
gezogenen dreieckigen Bühne. Die
.RQVWUXNWLRQGLIIXQGLHUW/LFKWXQGDXI
GHU%KQHEH¿QGHQVLFK6SUHFKHUXQG
Darsteller an einem Ort.
450 Golden Gate Avenue
Civic Center
Ferry Building, 2003
SMWM gestaltete das ehemalige Ferry
%XLOGLQJ]XHLQHU|IIHQWOLFKHQ0DUNWKDOle um. Große durchlässige Passagen
YHUELQGHQGDV*HElXGHPLWGHP8IHU
=DKOUHLFKH*HVFKlIWHXQG5HVWDXUDQWV
entstanden im revitalisierten Gebäude.
(Abb. 15 - Mall-Ferry Building)
The Ferry Building
The Embarcadero
St Mary´s Cathedral, 1971
3LHU/XLJL1HUYLV.DWKHGUDOHIRUPWVLFK
YRQHLQHUTXDGUDWLVFKHQ*UXQGÀlFKH
zu einem Kreuz. Außen zeigt sich das
*HElXGHSDUDEHOOI|UPLJDXV7UDYHUWLQ
und Beton. Im Inneren erlebt man dies
verstärkt durch buntes Kirchenglas.
(Abb. 16 - Innenraum-St Marys Cath.)
1111 Gough Street
Tenderloin
San Francisco
Abb. 14
Abb. 15
Abb. 16
261
San Francisco
Zeitgenössische Architektur
Wohnen
SOMA House, 2002
-LP-HQQLQJV+RIKDXVEH¿QGHWVLFKDQ
einer belebten Strasse. Das Gebäude spielt mit dem Gegensatz Intimität
XQG8UEDQLWlW'DV+DXVYHUIJWEHU
5FN]XJVEHUHLFKHLQGHQ+RIXQGKHOOH
Innenräume.
(Abb. 17)
967 Howard Street
Civic Center
Folsom Dore Apartments, 2005
David Baker Architekten konzipierten
GDV*HElXGHIUVR]LDOEHQDFKWHLOLJWH
Langzeitobdachlose und Arbeitslose
Menschen. Es ist das erste erschwingliche Beispiel in ökologisch nachhaltiger
Bauweise. Das Gebäude bietet 98
Wohneinheiten.
(Abb. 18)
75 Dore Street
6RXWKRI0DUNHW
262
419 Fulton Street Housing, 2000
3IDX$UFKLWHNWHQHQWZDUIHQGLHVHV
:RKQORIW*HElXGHLQ+D\HV9DOOH\
einen der progressivsten Stadtteilen
SF. Hier hat man zur Gewinnung von
%DXODQGGLHHKHPDOLJYHUODXIHQGHQ
Schnellstrassen abgerissen.
(Abb. 19)
419 Fulton Street
Hayes Valley
1028 + 1022 Natoma Street,
6DLWRZLW]$UFKLWHNWHQZlKOWHQIUGLHVH
beiden Bauten ein sehr markantes
'HVLJQ7\SLVFKIU6)IOOHQVLHGLH
JHVDPWH*UXQGVWFNVEUHLWHDXI7URW]
unterschiedlicher Errichtungsdaten
JHKHQVLHEHKXWVDPDXIHLQDQGHUHLQ
Vorgehängten Fassaden wurden bei
EHLGHQ2EMHNWHQYHUZHQGHW
(Abb. 20)
1DWRPD6WUHHW
6RXWKRI0DUNHW
Oriental Warehouse, 1997
Fisher Friedman Architekten revitalisierten das alte Oriental Warehouse zu
HLQHP6RXWK%HDFK/RIW'DV*HElXGH
welches heute Wohn- und ArbeitseinKHLWHQEHKHUEHUJWGLHQWHIUKHUDOV
$QODXIVWHOOHIU,PPLJUDQWHQ
(Abb. 21)
650 Delancey Street
South Beach
San Francisco
Abb. 17
Abb. 19
Abb. 18
Abb. 20
Abb. 21
263
San Francisco
Zeitgenössische Architektur
Hotels, Restaurants und Shops
Clift, 2002
Philippe Starcks Gebäude ist aus dem
19. Jahrhundert. Übergroße Möbel und
Dramatik inszenieren die Lobby. Die
Zimmer sind typisch Starck, aber komIRUWDEHO+LHUYHUVFKPLO]WDOWH+RWHOHOHganz mit Moderne.
(Abb. 22)
495 Geary Street
Union Square
The Mosser Hotel, 2002
Your Space verbindet bei diesem Hotel
viktorianische Architektur mit zeitgenösVLVFKHQ(OHPHQWHQ'DV+RWHOYHUIJW
weiters über ein Tonstudio mit modernster Technik.
(Abb. 23 - Lobby)
54 4th Street
6RXWKRI0DUNHW
Americano, 2005
Heller Manus Architekten verwendeten
IUGLHVHV*UDG3DQRUDPDORNDO
264
viel Holz. Es strahl eine gemütliche
Atmosphäre aus. Restaurant, Bar und
Lounge unter einem Dach.
(Abb. 24)
8 Mission Street
The Embarcadero
Foreign Cinema, 1999
Praxis Architekten gestalteten ihr Lokal
aus Holz und Beton und vielen alten
Theaterrelikten aus der Gegend. Damit
VFKDIIWHQVLHHLQHQ%H]XJ]XPQLFKW
mehr bestehenden Theaterviertel.
(Abb. 25)
2534 Mission Street
Mission
Jil Sander, 1996
Gabellini Architekten versuchten mit
Durchsichtigkeit Undurchsichtigkeit zu
spielen. Ein netzartiger Schleier aus
Edelstahl verleiht der Treppe diesen
ÀLHVHQGHQ&KDUDNWHU2IIHQH(EHQHQ
ODVVHQGLH.ROOHNWLRQIUHLLP5DXP
schweben.
Abb. 26)
135 Maiden Lane
Union Square
Friend, 2003
)XVHSURMHFWV.RQ]HSWPLW%HWRQXQJDXI
/LIHSUlVHQWLHUWHLQH9LHO]DKOYRQ2EMHNWHQDQJHIDQJHQYRQ0|EHOQELVKLQ
zu Kleidung und Accessoires. Friend
wechselt regelmäßig die Designer und
sein Programm.
(Abb. 27)
401 Hayes Street
Hayes Valley
San Francisco
Abb. 22
Abb. 24
Abb. 26
Abb. 23
Abb. 25
Abb. 27
265
San Francisco
Golden Gate Bridge
Die berühmte Brücke überspannt das
Golden Gate, die etwa 1.6 Kilometer
breite Einfahrt in die Bucht von San
Francisco.
Die Golden Gate Bridge, errichtet 1937,
ist eine Hängekonstruktion, an welcher
mittels dicker Stahlseile die Strasse an
]ZHLPKRKHQ7UPHQDXIJHKlQJW
ist.
Das Fundament des südlichen Turmes
liegt 33 m unterhalb der MeeresoberÀlFKH%HLGH7UPHKDEHQHLQ*HZLFKW
YRQPHKUDOV7RQQHQ$EE
Die Maße des Bauwerkes sind beträchtlich, mit einer Länge von 2 700 m und
einer lichten Weite von 1 260 m, war sie
bis 1964 die längste Brücke der Welt.
'LH6WDKOVHLOHZLHJHQMHZHLOV
Tonnen, bei einem Durchmesser von 92
cm und bestehend aus 27 572 Einzeldrähten.
Zusammen würden die Länge der DrähWHGUHLPDOXPGHQbTXDWRUUHLFKHQ
266
Bei starken Windverhältnissen kann die
Brücke bis zu 8 m schwanken.
,P'XUFKVFKQLWWYHUOlXIWGLH6WUDVVH
m über dem Meeresspiegel. Die Konstruktion musste so entwickelt werden,
dass sie sowohl Winden, Erdbeben als
auch Wellen standhält. Der Bau dauerte
4 Jahre und kostete 35 Millionen Dollar.
6HLWLKUHU(U|IIQXQJPXVVGHU
Anstrich in der Farbe „International
2UDQJH³UHJHOPl‰LJHUQHXHUWZHUGHQ
(Abb. 29)
Seit der Errichtung der Brücke sprangen 1000 Menschen von dieser in den
Tod.
48(//(1
National Geographic Traveler, San Francisco-Nat. Geo.
7UDYGW$XVJDEH$XÀDJH+DPEXUJ
:DOOSDSHU&LW\*XLGH6DQ)UDQFLVFR:DOOSDSHU$XÀDJH
London, 2007
architecture & Design San Francisco-teNeues Verlag
GmbH & Co. KG, Kempen, 2005
www.wikipedia.org
www.lovento.com
www.daniel-libeskind.com
www.smwm.com
Abbildungsverzeichnis:
Titelbild:
National Geographic Traveler, San Francisco - 2007
Abb. 1: National Geographic Traveler, San Francisco-2007
Abb. 2: Wallpaper City Guide, San Francisco-2007
Abb. 3-9: National Geographic Traveler
Abb. 10: Wallpaper City Guide
Abb. 11: National Geographic Traveler
Abb. 12: architecture & Design-teNeues San Francisco,
2007
Abb. 13: www.daniel-libeskind.com
$EEDUFKLWHFWXUH'HVLJQ
Abb. 16: Wallpaper City Guide
Abb. 17-21: architecture & Design
Abb. 22-27: architecture & Design
$EE1DWLRQDO*HRJUDSKLF7UDYHOHU
San Francisco
Abb. 28
Abb. 29
267
268
Learning from Las Vegas
269
Reiseinformation
WIEN - NYC
United Airlines - UA 9467
Freitag, 28. März
Vienna Intl
11.30
New York JFK
16.15
NYC - LAS VEGAS
US Airways - US 468
Mittwoch, 2. April
New York JFK
07.45
Las Vegas McCarran Intl 10.45
BUSREISE:
Abreise
7.00
Las Vegas Golden Nugget
- Arcosanti - Los Angeles
L.A - SAN FRANCISCO
United Airlines - UA 808
Mittwoch, 9. April
Los Angeles Intl
13.00
San Francisco Intl
14.19
SAN FRANCISCO - WIEN
United Airlines - UA 914
Samstag, 12. April
San Francisco Intl
07.55
Washington Dulles Intl
15.55
United Airlines - UA 9466
Samstag, 12. April
Washington Dulles Intl
18.00
Vienna Intl
08.40
270
HOSTELS
Continental Hostel
330 West 95th Street., NYC, NY 10025,
FRQWLQHQWDO#Q\FKRVWHOVFRP
7HO
+RZWR¿QGXVWDNH1XPEHUVXEZD\
exit at the West 96Th Street station and
walk 2 blocks.
Golden Nugget
129 E. Fremont St, Las Vegas NV
JQOYUHVY#JROGHQQXJJHWFRP
Tel: 1 800 634 3454
Arcosanti, An urban Laboratory?
PLOHVQRUWKRI3KRHQL[$=
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Tel: 928 632 7135
Guest Services Manager: Carri Krueger
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Tel: 928 632 6222
Venice Beach Cotel
25 Windward Ave., Venice CA
Tel: 310 399 7649
UHVHUYDWLRQV#YHQLFHEHDFKFRWHOFRP
www.venicebeachcotel.com
Public Transport from LAX:
1. Take free shuttle bus „C“ to city bus
terminal
2. Transfer to BLUE BUS 3 to California
Ave. (0.75cent)
3. Transfer to BLUE BUS 2 (westbound)
to Venice Circle (Windward Ave)
4. Walk to the beach (one minute) to
25 Windward Ave: The Cotel is the last
building to the right before the beach
ZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOÀDJVRQWKHURRI
From downtown LA:
1. Bus 60 or 360 outside Greyhound
WHUPLQDOWRGRZQWRZQ1HHGDWUDQVIHU
WLFNHW
2. Transfer to bus 33 on Spring St.
FRUQHUWRWK6WWR9HQLFH
3. Get off on Windward Ave. (50 minutes on the bus).
4. Walk toward the beach to 25 Windward Ave.
Elements Hostel
2524 Mission Street, San Francisco,
IUDQFHVPRVXOOLYDQ#\DKRRFRXN
Tel: 01 415 647 4100
Fax: 01 415 550 9005
+RZWR¿QGXV6XEZD\HDFK
person. First take free AirTrain to BART.
Take San Francisco train and Exit at
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is 3 blocks away at 21st St.
Impressum
KONSULATE
IMPRESSUM:
New York
Generalkonsulat
31 East 69th Street, N.Y. 10021
7HOHIRQ$PW
7HOHID[RG
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Fachbereich Städtebau
www.stb.tuwien.ac.at
Las Vegas
Honorarkonsulat
RKQH3DVVEHIXJQLVRKQH6LFKWYHUPHUNVEHIXJQLV
4063 Spring Mountain Rd., Las Vegas,
NV 89102
7HOHIRQ
7HOHID[
Los Angeles
Generalkonsulat
11859 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 501,
/RV$QJHOHV&DOLIRUQLD
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7HOHID[
San Francisco
HonorarkonsulatRKQH3DVVEHIXJQLV
RKQH6LFKWYHUPHUNVEHIXJQLV
&DOLIRUQLD6WUHHW6XLWH6DQ
Francisco, C.A. 94104
7HOHIRQ
7HOHID[
Technische Universität, 1040 Wien, Karlsplatz 13
Herausgeber:
Markus Tomaselli und Michael Rieper
Zusammengestellt von:
Lisa Kopa, Martha Wiesbauer, Thomas Lebinger, Rita Nowak, Zenke-Zsuzsanna Szabo, Marion Haider, Eva-Maria Strieder, Klaus Molterer, Robert Redl,
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7VFKLGD0DUNXV+DIQHU$UPLQ.DPHQVFKHN(OHQD%HUHFRYD6DELQH/XW]<XQ
Zhang, Patrick Herold, Margit Wurzer, Claudia Kutschera, Alexander Dworsky
und Matthäus Maier.
Layout, Cover & Schlussredaktion:
Brigitte Pollak
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Diese Publikation dient ausschließlich Lehrzwecken.
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