Time flies

Transcription

Time flies

UNIT ONE
Time flies
1
TO DO
Conditional clauses
Talking about time
Prepositions of time
Revision: ‘since’ and ‘for’
diomatic expressions with time
Different attitudes to time
and punctuality
Meeting visitors
Starting to write emails
Writing addresses
PEP – Personal Educational Professional
PEP 2-BMS - Oktober 2009.indd 5
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UNIT ONE: TIME FLIES
Talking of time
Put the number of the appropriate idiomatic expression in the space underneath each picture.
1 Every second counts.
2 Time flies.
3 Time is money.
4 Time is running out.
Are there equivalent expressions in German or another language you know well?
Which of the sayings do you relate to most?
.........
.........
.........
.........
Measuring time
Time is boundless, but we divide it up into different units. Here are some English words for these. Sort them into
a list with the shortest first and the longest last.
century
minute
day
month
decade
season
fortnight
second
hour
millennium
week
year
Fill the blanks in the sentences with an appropriate word from the list.
1
A ..................................... is divided into 24 ..................................... .
2
The arrival of the third ..................................... was celebrated with fireworks and huge parties all
over the world.
3
Vivaldi’s ‘The Four .....................................’ is one of the most popular pieces of classical music.
4
Americans hardly ever use the expression ....................................., which is the British English expression for
two ..................................... .
5
The 60s was certainly one of the most exciting ..................................... of the twentieth century.
6
Nowadays the difference between winning and losing in sport is a matter of hundredths, or even thousandths
of a ..................................... .
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Telling the time
t'PS UIPVTBOET PG ZFBST NFBTVSJOH UJNF XBT UIF
business of wise men or astronomers. They made
calculations using the sun, stars and planets.
Later, in Greece and ancient Rome, sundials and
water clocks were used to tell the time.
t*O *UBMZ JO UIF UI DFOUVSZ XF GJOE UIF GJSTU
mechanical clocks on churches and public
buildings. At that time they were very big – and
not very accurate!
t4QSJOHQPXFSFEDMPDLTXFSFJOWFOUFEJO(FSNBOZ
at the beginning of the 15th century. This meant
that clocks became smaller. In the 1600s the
pendulum clock was invented, which was more
accurate than previous clocks.
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t5IFGJSTUBUPNJDDMPDLXBTQSPEVDFEJOUIF64"JO5IJTJTUIFNPTUBDDVSBUFXBZPGNFBTVSJOHUJNF
Nowadays more than 250 atomic clocks all over the world share their data. A central institute in Washington
provides information to governments, to transport operators and to the media, as well as for the GPS systems
which are used for navigation and for radio-controlled clocks and watches.
Internet
extension activities
Why not find out more about time?
1
www.mcwdn.org/Time/TimeMain.html has interesting pages about measuring time, or calendars, for example.
Each section has a quiz, with instant feedback. Try them and see how you get on!
2
The US National Institute of Standards and Technology at http://physics.nist.gov/time gives you a fairly
detailed and technical account of everything from water clocks to atomic ones.
Put the different ways of measuring time in the right places on the timeline.
atomic clock
mechanical clock
pendulum clock
sun, stars, planets
sundial
quartz clock
spring-powered clock
water clock
early times
Greece / Rome
14th century
15th century
17th century
1920s
1949
What does the central institute in Washington do nowadays?
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Different attitudes to time
1
Read the article, and write the five different attitudes to punctuality it mentions into the grid.
2
Read it again and put the places mentioned into the appropriate line as in the example.
Attitude
absolute punctuality
Places
Finland, …
“Punctuality is the politeness of princes” (saying attributed to Louis XVIII of France)
Of course, 90 seconds are the same everywhere in the
world, but how we perceive them is not. Being 1½
minutes late for a meeting in Berlin makes a negative
impression: you seem to be a bad time-manager
and you insult your contact person. In Beijing your
lateness would probably not be noticed.
Our attitudes to time depend on our cultural background.
We usually think that the attitudes to time in our
culture are the norm, which is not true and can lead to
misunderstandings and bad feelings.
The USA and most of northern Europe
are time-oriented societies. Buses
and trains are supposed to follow
schedules, and appointments should
be kept. Classes, TV programmes
or movies begin and end at fixed
times. If you schedule a
meeting for 4.15, that’s when
you expect it to start. You
may even say when you expect the
meeting to end, too!
But, according to experts, even in time-oriented
societies there are different attitudes to time. Some
countries, for example Germany, Finland, the
Netherlands, or Japan expect absolute punctuality.
Others, like USA, Canada, Denmark or Sweden
accept up to five minutes lateness for meetings or
appointments. This attitude can be called virtual
punctuality.
The same experts put Austria in the relatively punctual
group, which also includes Norway, Belgium, France
and much of Asia. Here being late by up to thirty
minutes is not really a disaster.
8
Then there are the moderately punctual cultures:
Spain, Italy, Portugal and most of Latin America.
Lateness of up to one hour is tolerated there.
On the other hand, the traditional societies of Africa
or the Middle East are time-flexible: they have a more
relaxed approach to time.
People may be hours late for a meeting, or not come
at all. The feeling is that time should not be
anyone’s master. Cultivating relationships is
much more important than watching the
clock. A punctual Northerner can find
it hard to focus in this environment.
He or she can develop a negative
opinion of his or her business
associates, too.
Times are changing, though.
Although members of not-verypunctual cultures may still be
time-flexible in their private
lives, they are following the
norms of their business partners or employers in workrelated matters. A Latin American may be two or more
hours late for a party, but will be – more or less – on
time for the business meeting the next day.
In other words, stricter attitudes to punctuality are
spreading in the international business community.
Is this trend desirable? It makes doing business
easier, but also means that cultural differences are
disappearing. Perhaps it is those differences that make
our Earth so colourful and exciting?
What do you think?
13.10.2009 16:21:29
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Answer the questions.
1 What does your contact think if you are a little late for
a business appointment in Germany?
2 Which countries are only relatively or moderately
punctual?
3 Which kind of societies has a more relaxed approach
to time?
4 What is more important than watching the clock in
these societies?
5 Which trend can we see in work-related matters?
Will everybody be on time?
6 Austria is supposed to be a relatively punctual country. Do you think it is acceptable to be late by thirty
minutes in our country?
1
Me and punctuality
How would you describe yourself?
a
b
c
d
e
absolutely punctual
virtually punctual
relatively punctual
moderately punctual
time-flexible (very relaxed about time)
2
Would you like to change?
a Yes, I ought to become more relaxed about time. I let the
clock terrorise me.
b Yes, I ought to become more time-conscious. Teachers
and friends would appreciate that.
c No, I think I have a fairly healthy attitude towards time
keeping. Nobody has complained yet.
Talk about it.
Tick the way you would feel in the situations below. Then discuss your choices in groups and agree on the
response you all feel is most appropriate.
1
You have a very good friend. There’s just one problem – she has no sense of time and always turns up late.
How would you feel?
a She’s unreliable. I don’t want to be friends with her any more.
b She can’t help it. It’s part of her nature. There’s nothing I can do.
c I have to make her see how important punctuality is.
d I have no such friends. People who are not punctual drive me mad.
O
O
O
O
2
3
You arrange to meet your dad to buy stuff for your computer. He makes you wait 35 minutes.
How would you feel?
a It’s unfair. He insists I come home punctually in the evening.
b He doesn’t take me seriously; my concerns are not important.
c I have to stay cool. I want him to pay for the stuff.
d My dad is never late, something must have happened.
O
O
O
O
You and your girlfriend / boyfriend have arranged to meet. She / he turns up three quarters of an hour late.
How would you feel?
a She / he doesn’t love me any more.
b She / he is seeing someone else.
c I must tell her / him off for keeping me waiting.
d I’m so happy to see her / him.
O
O
O
O
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WORDPOWER 1
Prepositions of time
at, in, on
We use at with times: See you at 8! Lessons start at 9.30.
We also use it with the names of festivals: at Christmas, at Easter, at Hanukah, at Diwali.
In British English people say at the weekend.
We use in in the phrases in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening (but at night!).
We also use in with months, seasons and centuries: in September, in autumn, in Ramadan, in the 21st century.
We say on with days: on Monday, on Tuesday etc.
American English speakers say on the weekend.
K Notes
1
2
3
This applies if we are talking about a festival with Day or Eve in its name: on Christmas Day, on New Year’s
Eve, on St Patrick’s Day.
If we add morning, evening or night to a day, we also use on: on Friday morning
In AE you often drop the on here: See you Monday night!
before / after
Before and after are opposites. They are quite simple to use.
Don’t forget that you can also use them as conjunctions.
Prepositions: I saw her before breakfast. He has a sleep after lunch.
Conjunctions: Before she went outside, she checked what the weather was like.
The confirmation was sent after he called a second time.
during
Both during and while refer to a period of time (während).
During is a preposition. (It comes before a noun.)
What did you do during the holidays?
He fell asleep during the film.
While is a conjunction and introduces a clause.
How did you manage while your parents were on holiday?
by / until (till) / not … until
The most difficult time preposition for German speakers is by. We use it to translate German bis (spätestens).
I expect you to know the state capitals of the USA by next Friday.
He needs the final version by the end of the week.
The order should be delivered by Wednesday.
We use until to translate German bis if we mean up to a point in time.
We’ll wait until tomorrow.
You have until Friday to clear your desk.
We also use ‘till – until’ in the expression from … till:
She sang from morning till night.
Not until is the standard translation for German erst.
She’s not coming back until next year.
I can’t book until I know the date.
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Sie kommt erst nächstes Jahr zurück.
Ich kann erst buchen, wenn ich den Termin weiß.
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by X at the latest (spätestens) / until Y at the earliest (frühestens).
They will have it here by Friday at the latest. (Could be earlier.)
I won’t be finished until Christmas at the earliest. (Could be later.)
Fill in the appropriate words.
at / in / on
1
We sent the birthday card yesterday. She should get it .......... Wednesday.
2
What are you doing .......... Easter?
3
The last time I went to a concert was .......... May some time.
4
We arranged to meet .......... Saturday evening.
5
Melanie usually visits her cousin in Italy some time .......... spring.
6
They had a huge party .......... New Year’s Eve.
during / while
1
She likes to go away for a couple of weeks .................... the winter.
2
Try not to cough .................... she is speaking!
3
You won’t be able to get an autograph .................... he is on stage.
4
.................... the summer sale all items are reduced by up to 70%.
by / until
1
You are not allowed to drive a car ................... you are 18.
2
She promised she’d get here ................... 2 o’clock.
3
That report should be on my desk ................... Friday.
4
I have to give this in ................... Tuesday at the latest.
5
I can’t decide anything ................... I’ve talked to her.
6
The job will not be advertised ................... October at the earliest.
WORDPOWER 2
Imagine Giles has to travel to Washington unexpectedly. He cannot get a last-minute flight, so he decides to go by
rail. His train is due to leave at 10.20.
If he arrives at the platform where the train leaves from at 9.30, we can say he is early or ahead of time.
He certainly has time to spare: he can buy a paper, have a coffee or watch the people going by.
If he arrives at the platform at 10.15, he is in time. Maybe he would
even have caught the train – in the nick of time – if he had got to the
station at 10.19.
That would depend on whether the train left on time.
If he arrives at the platform at 10.25, he will be late.
He will probably miss the train.
Giles gets to the platform in good time. Oh dear, when he looks at the
telescreen, he sees that his train has been cancelled! In spite of all his
efforts, he’ll have to postpone the meeting until the following day.
Really, what’s the point of being punctual?
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Make sure you know the meaning of the expressions of time in the list and how to use them.
ahead of time
on time
with time to spare
punctual(ly)
asap (= as soon as possible)
[eɪ es eɪ ˈpiː / ˈæsæp]
shortly
in good time
last-minute
at the earliest / latest
in time
to delay, to postpone, to cancel
to catch / to miss
in the nick of time
due, overdue; in due course
Now complete the sentences with the most appropriate word or expression from the list.
1
He managed to get a ............................................................ flight to Berlin.
2
They got there ................................................... . Only a minute later and the gates would have been closed.
3
The film starts in two minutes, I hope she’s going to get here ............................................. for the beginning.
4
Their plane was ....................................................... . It wasn’t due until 12.15, but it landed at 11.55.
5
Our teacher insists that we give in our homework ................................................ .
6
I’m afraid this library book is ............................................... .
7
Mr Evans is very keen on good timekeeping. He expects his staff to be ....................................... at all times.
8
You’ll be hearing from us .................................................. .
9
Mrs Butler needs those estimates .............................................. !
10 Our plane was ....................................... so we had to ....................................... the meeting until the next day.
Not being punctual
1
Find three situations where you would not like to be late, as in the example.
I would not like to be late if I had to take an important exam.
Now go on: I would take care not to be late if ...
2
How do you respond when people are not punctual? Are you willing to wait or do you get impatient?
K
Notes
In German we usually use zu with spät and früh.
to be late = zu spät kommen
to be early = zu früh kommen
12
Examples:
Sie kam immer zu spät.
Du bist zu früh dran!
She was always late.
Oh, you’re early.
Useful phrase:
I’m running late.
Ich bin spät dran.
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Standard time
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London, for example, it was only 7.40 in Cornwall.
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timetables made sense. So-called ‘Railway Time’ was introduced in Britain in the 1840s. The USA introduced
Standard Railway Time in 1883.
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Moreover, the world was divided into 24 time zones.
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sometimes makes international business rather complicated.
We’re making good time.
Internet activity
Wir kommen gut voran.
research and report
Find out more about Greenwich: how you pronounce it, where it is, why it is important, what you can see and
do there nowadays. Share your information with some classmates and write a short report or prepare a short
presentation.
1
Live listening: How I manage my work
Lavonda is an office manager in a large American corporation. Listen to
what she says and answer the questions.
1
Does Lavonda always find it easy to organise her work?
2
What does she do to prioritise her tasks?
Listen again.
3
Which of the following things does she have to do?
respond to emails
talk on the phone
attend meetings
organise things for co-workers
Internet activity
make coffee
make photocopies
update records
language awareness
Online English-English dictionaries can be a great help in finding out the meaning of idiomatic expressions or
identifying new ones you would like to use.
1 Go to www.usingenglish.com, click on the Reference button at the top and on the reference page choose
Idiom list under English idioms from the list at the side. Type in the word “time” in the Search box. How
many expressions do you find?
Find out the meaning of the following idiomatic expressions of time: have no time for, be pressed for time,
make good time, have the time of your life, long time no see.
2 Go to http://dictionary.cambridge.org and look for the Dictionary
of Idioms. Then search for “time”. Choose three more idiomatic expressions of time you would like to remember and use.
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Communication
Emailing
Look at the exchange of emails below and then answer the questions.
1
Who is travelling to Shannon, Mr Mayhew or Mr Whittaker?
2
Does the flight arrive in the morning or in the evening?
3
Will the visitor be leaving on September 27 or September 28?
4
Should the visitor take a taxi or will someone meet him?
5
Who do you think Ms Rodriguez is?
6
Do you know where Shannon is? If not, find out.
K Note
Alternative spelling of email: e-mail
Send
Reply
File
Addresses
Print
Delete
Previous
Next
Mr Whittaker’s flight details
From:
Date:
To:
Cc:
Subject:
Susie Rodriguez
Friday 17 September, 2…, 09.43
Roland Mayhew
Fergus Copsley
Mr Whittaker’s flight details
Dear Roland Mayhew
In answer to your query, Mr Whittaker is booked on flight AA 420, arriving at Shannon at 9.50 on Friday 24 September.
Pls note: he will only stay at a non-smoking establishment.
Regards
Susie Rodriguez
Send
Reply
File
Addresses
Print
Delete
Previous
Next
AW Mr Whittaker’s flight details
From:
Date:
To:
Cc:
Subject:
Roland Mayhew
Friday September 17, 2…, 13.52
Susi Rodriguez
Fergus Copsley
AW Mr Whittaker’s flight details
Dear Ms Rodriguez
Thank you for the information. We have booked accommodation for 4 nights as requested, at the Strand Hotel, Cliffden, which
is entirely non-smoking.
Mr Whittaker will be met on arrival.
Yours
Roland Mayhew
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Parts of an email
We use emails for a wide variety of purposes. Generally speaking emails are short and fairly informal.
Although layouts differ, they usually have the following parts.
1
2
3
From (= sender’s name)
Date
To (= addressee’s name)
4
5
6
Cc (Copy to)
Subject
Salutation
7
8
9
Message
Complimentary close
Sender’s name / signature
Look at Susie Rodriguez’s email to Roland Mayhew again.
Put the right number next to the appropriate part.
K Note
Susie and Roland do not know each other well. The way they begin and end their emails and give their
names shows this.
2
Small talk: At Shannon Airport
Which of the following topics do NOT come up in Peter’s and David’s conversation?
food on the plane
luggage
duration of journey to HQ
airport terminal
town where Copsley’s is
weather in Shannon
details of accommodation
weather in London
flight
Peter:
Excuse me, Mr Whittaker?
Man:
No, sorry, I’m not.
Peter:
Oh, sorry. (Speaks to another passenger.)
Um, are you Mr Whittaker, perhaps?
David Whittaker: Yes, I am. And you’re from Copsley’s?
Peter:
That’s right. Peter Lloyd. Welcome to Ireland!
David Whittaker: Pleased to meet you. Thank you. I’m glad to be
here. Why don’t you call me David?
Peter:
Right, sir, I mean David. I’ve got a car waiting
outside. Let me take your bag.
David Whittaker: That’s OK, I’m fine.
Peter:
Did you have a good flight?
David Whittaker: All things considered, it was OK. No turbulence, no noisy passengers. We even got here
ahead of time.
Peter:
Oh, I’m sorry! Have you been waiting long?
David Whittaker: Don’t worry. I had a look outside the terminal. It’s a beautiful day. I thought your weather
was misty and rainy.
Peter:
Not all the time. You’re lucky today. How was the weather in Atlanta?
David Whittaker: Hot. Usually still is this time of year. How far is it to your HQ?
Peter:
Once we get clear of the traffic round the airport it’s about 45 minutes by car. We’re out in
the country, but it’s a lovely setting.
David Whittaker: I’m looking forward to seeing it.
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1
Mark the following statements true (T) or false (F).
T
F
1
Copsley’s plant is in the country.
O
O
2
It takes half an hour to get there from the airport.
O
O
3
Peter and David go to the plant by taxi.
O
O
4
It’s raining in Ireland.
O
O
5
In Atlanta it is still hot in September.
O
O
6
David Whittaker had a terrible journey. His flight was quite bumpy.
O
O
7
His plane was delayed.
O
O
Which sentence is most similar in meaning to the expression from the conversation
given?
1
2
3
‘I’ve got a car waiting outside’
‘I’m fine.’
‘How far is it to your HQ?”
a
Someone is waiting for my parking space.
b
I’m going to take you to the hotel by car.
c
We need to grab a taxi.
a
I’m feeling fit.
b
I feel better now.
c
I can manage on my own.
a
When do we get to the barbecue?
b
How many kilometres is it to the company headquarters?
c
How many kilometres is it to the ranch?
In the conversation, find the English equivalents for the following German expressions.
16
1
Es tut mir Leid.
………………………..............………….
2
Alles in allem, …
………………………..............………….
3
Entschuldigung, …
………………………..............………….
4
Es freut mich, Sie kennen zu lernen.
………………………..............…………..
5
Machen Sie sich nichts draus.
………………………..............…………..
13.10.2009 16:21:33
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You write
An American basketball trainer, Jason Spolsky, is coming to Linz to work with a local basketball team for two
weeks. Their coach is Kurt Barth.
Now imagine you are the trainer, Jackson Spolsky. Write an email to Kurt Barth
Tell him you are arriving on the 16.30 train from Vienna
Ask him to book accommodation for you during your visit.
Write a suitable reply from Kurth Barth.
He says he will meet you on the platform.
He tells you about the accommodation he has booked.
The emails on page 14 will help you. Make up the required dates, any special wishes, and details of the hotel
for yourself.
3
Meeting and greeting
Here’s another ‘meeting conversation’. Kurth Barth picks up Jason Spolsky from the station.
Kurt:
Excuse me, are you Mr Spolsky?
Spolsky:
Yes, I am. And you must be the coach from the basketball team.
Kurt:
That’s right. My name’s Kurt Barth. Welcome to Linz!
Spolsky:
Pleased to meet you. I’m very happy to be here.
Kurt:
I’ve got a car outside. Let me take your luggage.
Spolsky:
That’s ok. I can manage. It’s no problem.
Kurt:
Did you have a good journey?
Spolsky:
It was fine. The train was only half full and I had a compartment to myself.
Kurt:
Good!
Spolsky:
How far is it to the club?
Kurt:
It’s 10 minutes by car from here.
Spolsky:
Right. I’m looking forward to meeting the players …
Listen to the conversation and make a note of useful phrases. Highlight or underline them in the text.
Practise in pairs.
Practise ‘meeting conversations’. Use the phrases you have found. Change parts after a while. You have to
choose your own names.
Example:
Student A
Student B
You are the assistant to the director of a
wooden toy and furniture making company
in the Waldviertel. The company is hoping
to land a big contract to supply Marples, an
English design and furniture company. You
have to meet the Marples’ representative at
the airport.
You are the Marples’ representative. You want
to get a first-hand impression of the Austrian
company and their products before deciding
to use them as suppliers.
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1
‘Meeting person’
‘Met person’
A: Asks if this is the person he / she is meeting.
B: Says yes. Identifies A.
A: Gives name, wishes visitor welcome.
B: Expresses pleasure.
A: Says has a car. Offers help with luggage.
B: Refuses help politely.
A: Asks about journey.
B: Gives information about journey.
A: Responds politely.
B: Asks how far it is to destination.
A: Answers.
B: Responds politely (or asks question).
Says looking forward to something.
Writing letters
Some of the earliest written documents in human history are business letters. They were written in
Mesopotamia about five thousand years ago.
Nowadays, however, Mr Copsley and Jason Spolsky communicate with their contacts via email (and probably by phone). But there are still times when more formal letters are needed, to customers or suppliers, for
example, or to government offices, or on special occasions.
Such letters usually use more formal language and they differ a little in their layout, too. Under the heading
‘Writing letters’, we shall concentrate on how letters differ from emails and on special types.
Traditionally letters have envelopes. And it is most important to address them correctly so that they can be
delivered without any problems.
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1
Getting the address right
On an envelope you find your own address and the address of the person you are writing to. The lay-out of
addresses differs from one country to another. It will help your business partners – especially if they live in
other parts of the world – if you lay out your address as it should appear on the envelope when they reply.
Here are some typical examples from major English-speaking countries.
AUSTRALIA
Mrs J Ladera
Level 2, 26 Brisbane Esp
BARTON ACT 2600
AUSTRALIA
Floor number, number of the house and street go in one line. Esp stands for
Esplanade.
Town, state (territory), postal code in one line
ACT Australian Capital Territory, NSW New South Wales, NT Northern
Territory, QLD Queensland, SA South Australia, TAS Tasmania, WA Western
Australia
UNITED KINGDOM
No full stops after abbreviations like Dr, Mr, Ms
Dr Hamilton Rose
49 Featherstone Gr
SEDGEFIELD
CO DURHAM
TS21 3EE
GREAT BRITAIN
Gr is short for Grove.
Town, county (not always required), postal code and country in capital letters
Postal code in a line of its own
Both Great Britain and United Kingdom are used. Do not use the abbreviation UK, though. Many postal services computer systems use UK as an
abbreviation for Ukraine.
USA
M KLINE
SUITE 5 A
300 E BOYSTON AVE
SEATTLE WA 98102
USA
The USPS (United States Postal Service) prefers addresses to be all in capitals and without punctuation marks.
E stands for East, AVE stands for Avenue.
Town, state (in a two-letter abbreviation) and zip code go in one line.
If you want to know more about addressing postal items, go to the UPU (Universal Postal Union, a UN division)
website (http://www.upu.int). It offers information about postal addressing systems in over 180 countries.
Writing addresses
Write out these addresses as you would put them on an envelope. The information in the boxes on this page
will help you.
Gibsons Garden Sheds, 2/21 Corunna Road, Ashmore, Queensland 4214, Australia
Poundmoor Agricultural Society, 210 Green Lane, Poundmoor, County Durham. DL16 6JP, Great Britain
Muskie Feeds, 3400 River Drive, Muscatine, IA, 52761, USA
19
13.10.2009 16:21:35
1
Language review
Bedingungssätze (conditional clauses, ‘if-sentences’)
K Beachte
Bedingungssätze können vor oder nach dem Hauptsatz stehen. Wenn sie vor dem Hauptsatz stehen, werden sie durch einen Beistrich von ihm getrennt. Stehen sie nach dem Hauptsatz, so steht im Englischen
kein Komma.
If you want to get a good haircut, go to Gilbert’s.
Why don’t you stay at home if you have a cold?
If he didn’t tell her, who did?
You get fat very easily if you eat too much of this stuff.
If you haven’t done your homework yet, go to your desk and start
at once.
You see things differently if you have actually lived in the country.
How did she get down the mountain if she had broken her leg?
Hier betrachtet der Sprecher die Situation als real und die Bedingung als erfüllt:
‘Why don’t you stay at home if you have a cold?’ Die angesprochene Person ist tatsächlich verkühlt.
In diesen Sätzen verwenden wir jene Zeiten, die wir normalerweise im Englischen verwenden.
Use ‘if’ and a first half and a second half to produce meaningful sentences.
Looking at the examples first will help you.
First halves
Examples:
20
Second halves
If I go now, I should be back by five.
How do you expect to lose weight if you eat bars of chocolate all the time?
I go now
how long will we take in our old Ford?
I have some money
I usually spend it very fast.
Milk goes off quite quickly
she has spent such a long time in Paris?
How do you expect to lose weight
try Mick’s Garage in Portswood.
Pam didn’t phone late last night
who can it have been?
Ronald took three hours in his Mercedes
eat bars of chocolate all the time.
Why doesn’t she speak better French
you don’t keep it in a fridge.
you want a good second-hand car
I should be back by five.
13.10.2009 16:21:35
Drei Arten von ‚if-Sätzen’, in denen wir besondere Zeiten verwenden.
1
If Ann is ten minutes late in Finland, her client will probably be annoyed.
2
If Ann were ten minutes late in Spain, her client would probably not mind.
3
If Ann had been ten minutes late in Malawi, her client would probably not have noticed.
1
Type 1
Die Bedingung ist erfüllt oder kann erfüllt werden.
Im if-Satz verwenden wir die Gegenwart (present tense).
Im Hauptsatz verwenden wir die shall/will-Zukunft. Im Hauptsatz steht, was (nicht) passieren wird, wenn die
Bedingung (nicht) erfüllt wird.
If Ann is late again, I’ll give her a piece of my mind.
Wenn Ann wieder zu spät kommt, sage ich ihr
meine Meinung.
You’ll miss the train if you don’t hurry.
Du wirst den Zug versäumen, wenn du dich
nicht beeilst.
Complete these sentences. 1
1
If you watch the news regularly, ............................................................................... .
2
If ..............................................................................., you will be late for dinner.
3
If you don’t tell him the truth, ............................................................................... .
4
If ..............................................................................., you will get very wet.
5
............................................................................... if you don’t take a map.
6
I’m sure she will help me if .............................................................................. .
Say what you will do if the weather is bad (fine) at the weekend.
Example: If the weather is fine, I’ll go for a ride on my bicycle.
Type 2
Die Situation ist irreal: z.B. ‘If I were younger …’ Es ist nicht möglich, jünger zu sein, als man ist. Die
Bedingung kann nicht erfüllt werden.
Wir beziehen uns auf die Gegenwart: ‘Wenn ich (jetzt) jünger wäre, …’
In einem solchen if-Satz verwenden wir die Mitvergangenheit (past tense).
Im Hauptsatz verwenden wir die 1. Bedingungsform. Im Hauptsatz steht, was (nicht) passieren würde, wenn
die Bedingung (nicht) erfüllt wäre.
If I knew her address, I would send her a birthday card.
Wenn ich ihre Adresse wüsste, würde ich ihr
eine Geburtstagskarte schicken.
I wouldn’t go there if I was (were) you.
An deiner Stelle würde ich nicht hinfahren.
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1
K Beachte
Im formellen English verwenden wir ‘were’ statt ‘was’, z.B. If I (he) were you …’ (An deiner Stelle …)
1
If he went to the dentist regularly, ............................................................................... .
2
If ..............................................................................., she would be a lot fitter.
3
If they didn’t stay up so late, ............................................................................... .
4
If ..............................................................................., I would ask him for help.
5
............................................................................... if you tried a bit harder.
6
I would be very grateful if ............................................................................... .
Say what you would do if you were somebody else.
Example: If I were my mother, I would be very proud of my children.
Type 3
Die Situation ist irreal: z.B. ‘If I had had more money …’ Ich hatte aber nicht mehr Geld. Die Bedingung war
nicht erfüllt.
Wir beziehen uns auf die Vergangenheit: ‘Wenn ich (damals) mehr Geld gehabt hätte, …’
In einem solchen if-Satz verwenden wir die Vorvergangenheit (past perfect tense). Im Hauptsatz verwenden
wir die 2. Bedingungsform. Im Hauptsatz steht, was (nicht) passiert wäre, wenn die Bedingung (nicht) erfüllt
gewesen wäre.
If I had been ten minutes late, it would not have been a disaster.
Wenn ich mich um zehn Minuten verspätet hätte, wäre es keine Katastophe
gewesen.
I would have got here in time if the the train had not been late.
Ich wäre rechtzeitig hier gewesen, wenn
der Zug nicht Verspätung gehabt hätte.
22
1
If you had been there, ............................................................................... .
2
If ..............................................................................., you would have been very shocked.
3
If he hadn’t taken the earlier train, ............................................................................... .
4
If ..............................................................................., I would have felt very cold indeed.
5
............................................................................... if she had not studied so hard.
6
I would have enjoyed the dinner even more if ............................................................................... .
13.10.2009 16:21:36
1
What’s the English for ...? 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Das wäre nicht passiert, wenn du pünktlich fortgegangen wärst.
Ich würde mir an deiner Stelle (= wenn ich du wäre) diesen Film nicht anschauen.
Wenn du fleißig lernst, wirst du keine Probleme haben.
Ich würde gerne eine weitere Fremdsprache lernen, wenn ich mehr Zeit hätte.
Er wäre schneller gewesen, wenn er mit dem Fahrrad gefahren wäre.
Karin wird sich bestimmt freuen, wenn du sie einlädst.
Wenn ich ein Auto hätte, würde ich dich vom Flugplatz abholen.
Der Flug wäre angenehmer gewesen, wenn es keine Turbulenzen gegeben hätte.
Remember, remember …
Im Englischen gibt es für das deutsche Wort ‘seit’ zwei Ausdrücke: ‘since’ und ‘for’.
‘Since’ vewenden wir vor einem Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit: ‘since 1945’, ‘since May’, ‘since 8 o’clock’,
‘since then’ (seit damals), ‘since when (seit wann) ‘since he left’.
‘For’ verwenden wir vor einer Zeitspanne: ‘for many years’, ‘for three months’, ‘for over an hour’.
Gap-fill: Complete these sentences with ‘since’ or ‘for’.
1
She’s been on the phone …………… 7 o’clock in the morning.
2
You mean she’s been telephoning …………. over three hours?
3
Is it true that you have been in this country ………. over thirty years?
4
Yes, …… 1979 to be exact.
5
I haven’t seen my sister ……….. Anika’s birthday party.
6
In other words, you haven’t seen her ………. over three months!
What’s the English for …? 2
K Beachte
Im englischen Satz verwenden wir eine Vergangenheitsform (present perfect or present perfect progressive).
Das Wort ‘schon’ bleibt meist unübersetzt.
1
Ich warte schon seit halb acht.
2
Ist dein Rad neu? – Nein, ich habe es schon seit zwei Jahren.
3
Wie die Zeit vergeht! Jetzt besuchen wir diese Schule schon seit über einem Jahr.
4
Er war schon seit vergangenem Dezember nicht mehr auf Urlaub.
5
Stimmt es, dass der Kuchen schon seit über einer Stunde im Rohr ist?
6
Seit wann weißt du das schon?
23
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1
CHECKLIST
REVIEW
OK
I can make conditional sentences in real situations when the condition is fulfilled.
I know about the special use of tenses in three types of unreal / unfulfilled conditions.
I know a comma is used only after an introductory ‘if‘ clause.
I can use prepositions of time correctly.
I have revised ‘since’ and ‘for’.
I can talk about being punctual / late.
I am aware that there are cultural differences in attitudes to time.
I can meet visitors and make polite conversation with them.
I know about the parts of an email.
I know how to address envelopes.
JACKPOT!
See if you can earn 100 points
towards your total of 1000 points.
Your present score is 0.
QUESTION:
Which is the most accurate timepiece?
A: a pendulum clock
B: an atomic clock
C: a quartz clock
D: a spring-powered clock
Make your choice! Write your answer here.
………………..…………………............……….
Look for the answer in this unit, or in a dictionary. If you’ve got it right, you score 100 points.
24
13.10.2009 16:21:36

Time flies

Transcription

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