Türkei Strategie im Infrastrukturbereich, bedeutende

Türkei Strategie im Infrastrukturbereich, bedeutende

Schweizerische Botschaft in der Türkei
Türkei
Strategie im Infrastrukturbereich, bedeutende
Infrastrukturvorhaben
Ankara, April 2012
Einleitung / Einschätzung
Die vor 10 Jahren eingeleiteten grundlegenden Wirtschaftsmassnahmen, u.a. Stabilisierung
der Finanzen, Währungsreform, Privatisierungen, Investitionsanreize und gleichzeitig
berechenbare politische Verhältnisse haben der Türkei über die vergangenen Jahre zu
einem sehr starken Wirtschaftswachstum verholfen. Sie stellt nunmehr die 17.
Volkswirtschaft mit einem BIP von über $ 10‘000/Kopf bei einer relativ sehr jungen
Bevölkerung von ca. 75 Mio. Einwohnern. Mit einer Verschuldung von 42% des BIP
präsentiert das Land gesunde Staatsfinanzen die langfristige Investitionspläne im
Infrastrukturbereich erlauben. Erneute finanzielle Unsicherheiten in Europa, eine weitere
Destabilisierung der politischen Lange in der Anrainerstaaten oder eine Überhitzung der
hiesigen Volkswirtschaft könnten die Investitionspläne aber kurzfristig wieder in Frage
stellen.
Die erfolgreiche und selbstbewusste Regierung plant den eingeschlagenen Weg mit
bedeutenden Infrastrukturvorhaben fortzuführen und zu festigen. Insbesondere sieht sich die
Türkei als Brückenkopf zwischen Europa und den energiereichen Staaten Zentralasiens und
des Mittleren Ostens und will für diese Märkte seinen Produktions- und Transitstandort
ausbauen. Dabei sollen die weniger entwickelten Gebiete im südöstlichen Landesteil mit
Investitionsanreizen besonders gefördert und die Infrastruktur ausgebaut werden, wobei vor
allem dem Umweltaspekt immer grösseres Interesse zu Teil wird.
Aufgrund der strategischen Lage und den Bemühungen um EU-Mitgliedschaft geniesst das
Land prioritäres Interesse des Westens und kommt in den Genuss von finanziellem und
wirtschaftlichem Know-how und Unterstützung, die die Türkei bei Ausschreibungen von
Projekten bestens gegenüber anderen interessierten Ländern, inkl. Russland und Fernost,
ausspielt.
Die Türkei verfügt über eine gute Infrastruktur für die Wirtschaft des 1. (Agrar) und 2. (Basisindustrie) Sektors. Mängel bestehen bei der gehobenen Dienstleistungsindustrie sowie R&D
und dessen Anwendung. Dies ist bedingt durch eines relativ tiefes Bildungsniveau und eines
kaum umgesetzten IPR-Schutzes (Patentrecht), das viele westliche Unternehmen abhält,
High-Tech-Produkte und Anwendungen ins Land zu bringen oder in der Türkei zu
entwickeln, zu produzieren oder bei der Produktion einzusetzen.
U.a. verfügt die Türkei über einen vorzüglichen Bausektor mit Milliardenaufträgen im In- und
angrenzenden Ausland, insbesondere im (Nord-)Irak, Russland und den energiereichen
Staaten entlang der Seidenstrasse sowie im Mittleren Osten und in Nordafrika.
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Erwähnenswert ist, dass der (Nord)-Irak zum zweiten Exportmarkt der Türkei nach
Deutschland avanciert ist.
Beim aufwandmässig grossen Bau-Anteil bei Infrastrukturaufträgen, die oft als BOT (BuildOperate-Transfer)-Projekte ausgeschrieben werden, kommen deshalb meist nur inländisch
e Firmen, allenfalls in Zusammenarbeit mit einem ausländischen JV-Partner, zum Zuge. Für
Schweizer Bau-Unternehmen sind entsprechende JV-Projekte von der Finanzierung her
meist zu gross (Klumpenrisiko). Als Sub-Kontraktor im Controlling-, Engineering-, Energie-,
Logistik- und Umweltbereich haben Schweizer Dienstleistungen durchaus ein Potenzial, was
wiederum den Einsatz von Schweizer Produkten nach sich ziehen kann.
Anlässlich des Besuches von Wirtschaftsminister Schneider-Ammann vom März 2012 regte
der türkische Industrieminister an, dass sich Unternehmen beider Länder zusammen tun
sollen, um in den Nachbarländern der Türkei gemeinsame Infrastruktur- und
Industrieprojekte durchzuführen.
Die heutige Türkei bietet ein oft unterschätztes grosses Potenzial für ausländische Anbieter
von Dienstleistungen, Arbeiten und Produkten für den Infrastrukturbereich, wobei Schweizer
Unternehmen, vorab solche mit einem langjährig bekannten Namen, auf ein Goodwill seitens
türkischer Geschäftspartner zählen können.
Obwohl der türkische Markt relativ transparent geworden ist und viele Informationen auch im
Internet abrufbar sind, ist eine aktive Vorarbeit zu einem erfolgreichen Geschäftsabschluss
wichtige Voraussetzung. Dazu gehören gute Kenntnisse und enge Beziehungen zur Industrie
und zu deren Entscheidungsträgern, Auswahl eines verlässlichen türkischen Partners,
Teilnahme an den zahlreichen Fachmessen in der Türkei als Besucher oder besser noch als
Aussteller, Kontakte zu Wirtschaftsverbänden, u.v.m.
Urs Wüest
Botschaftsrat, Wirtschaft und Handel
[email protected]
www.eda.admin.ch/ankara
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Infrastructure Projects of Turkey
Transportation
Projects/tenders include rehabilitation of existing networks, construction of new networks and
privatisation of existing infrastructure.
Railways
The government aims to increase 11’000 km current network of railways to 25’000 km by
2023. 10’000 km of this network is planned to be high speed train (up to 300km/hr). Total
investment cost is estimated $45 billion.
High Speed Train projects:
Ankara-Istanbul (under construction, planned to be in service end 2013)
Ankara-Izmir (planned to be in service in 2015)
Bursa-Yenisehir (planned to be in service in 2016)
Ankara-Sivas (planned)
Sivas-Kars (planned)
The projects include construction (mainly performed by local companies), procurement of
equipments, technical services and assistance. Financing is secured through the EU, EBRD,
WB and consortiums. Chinese, Spanish and S. Korean companies are very active and they
form consortiums with local companies.
There are also projects like construction and/or extension of metro/light rail transport systems
in major towns (e.g. Ankara, Istanbul, Bursa etc.)
During the TR-Prime Minister’s very successful visit to China this April, a first after 19 years,
there was even talk of building a new railroad from Eastern China through Turkey to Europa.
Highways
Construction of highways connecting major economic zones. For example Bursa-BalikesirIzmir Highway and Izmit Gulf Bridge Project. An Astaldi SpA-led group building the world’s
second-longest suspension bridge in Turkey is seeking $3.5 billion of loans, according to the
Italian builder. Astaldi, Japan’s Itochu Corp. and IHI Corp. and five Turkish contractors are
seeking the first slice of a loan to finance the $6 billion project which includes a highway
linking Istanbul to Izmir and a crossing over Turkey’s Izmit Bay.
Airports
Rehabilitation and/or extension of existing airports and construction of new airports. For
example, very recently, a joint venture has successfully placed a 357 million-euro bid for the
Çukurova regional airport tender in southern Turkey. The joint company will manage the
Çukurova Airport in Turkey’s south for about 10 years. The airport will service passengers in
the Mersin and Adana provinces, the center of the Çukurova area.
This will be the second airport in Turkey completely constructed by the private sector and will
have a domestic and international terminal.
Privatisation
Tenders for two of Turkey’s largest infrastructure and privatization projects—the building of a
third bridge over the Istanbul Strait (Bosporus) and transfer of operating rights for 2,236 km
of highways—are expected to kick off in the coming months.
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Environment
Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and construction of new systems.
According to the Turkish ministry’s estimation, total investment requirement of the sector
(2007-2023) to bring the sector to the EU standards amounts to 59 billion Euros, whereas:
 water: 34 billion Euros (58%)
 industrial: 15 bln (25%)
 waste: 9.5 bln (16%)
 air: 0,428bln (1%)
Financing: 50% is planned to be provided by private sector & international finance institutions
Legal Framework: main laws are in place, harmonization studies with the EU acquis are
ongoing

Turkey ratified the Kyoto Protocol in August 2009

EU has opened the "environment chapter" to negotiations in December 2009
Energy

Turkey's own oil and gas reserves are very much limited and meet less than 3%
of its energy requirements. Hence the import dependency of Turkey is very high
(over 70%).

Although the energy consumption is low compared to western European countries
(around 1'500 kWh per capita), the Turkish energy market is one of the country's
fastest developing sectors.

the demand for energy has increased 4% annually over the last decade, whereas
the total electricity consumption has increased around 8% annually in the same
period.

As of 2010, the total installed capacity and electricity production have reached
about 50’000 MW and 210 billion KWh, respectively.

65% of this capacity belongs to thermal plants (mainly coal and gas fired);
HEPPs have a share of 32%; whereas RER excluding hydro is still very limited
(3%).

Currently Turkey does not produce energy from nuclear sources. However,
studies are conducted to establish two nuclear power plants in near future (one
initially under negotiation with Russia, and most recently also with China and
Canada, and the second one with Japan and S. Korea).

Energy demand of the country is predicted to increase strongly in the next
decade.
Turkey needs to make a further $210-250 billion investment in electricity
production in the next 20 years, according to the head of the national Energy
Market Regulator (EPDK).


The (energy policy) priorities of Turkey is to diversify energy resources, to
increase energy efficiency, to use domestic resources, to create an environmentfriendly power system and to increase the use of renewables in the energy mix.

The targets set for renewables by the MoEN (energy strategy paper) by 2023 (the
100th year of the new Turkish Republic) is as follows
> to increase their share in electricity generation to 30% (min.)
> to increase wind and geothermal installed capacities
> to expand the utilization of solar energy
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> to meet 5% of electric production from nuclear
> to tap all hydro and coal potential

Unable to meet these targets with the limited budgets, Turkey has taken
measures
> to attract new local and foreign private sector investments (through privatization
and improving legal framework)
> to transfer the operational rights of existing facilities to the private sector for
their renewal and efficient operation.
Therefore, an extensive restructuring for liberalisation has been ongoing in Turkey since
2000 in order to improve investment environment and to establish a
stable/transparent/effective energy market. However, the success has not yet achieved due
to slow pace and political interference.
Privatization
The privatization of electricity generation and distribution network. Privatization revenues in
the Turkish energy industry might reach $20 billion in 2012, exceeding the estimated volume
of $15 billion, according to some experts.
Saudi and Chinese investors are interested in Turkey’s gas distribution. Russia’s Gazprom
also seeks to strengthen its role in Turkey and is conducting studies to see if it can build
natural gas storage facilities here, mainly underground. Gazprom officials said Turkey’s
electricity sector also has potential, but it was too early for them to consider entering Turkey’s
electricity market.
International Financing
In November 2011, the World Bank has extended an additional US$500M to help fund a
private sector renewable energy and energy efficiency project in Turkey.
The funding – which is guaranteed by the Republic of Turkey – was awarded to Industrial
Development Bank of Turkey (TSKB) and Development Bank of Turkey (TKB) for projects to
tap the country’s significant renewable energy potential from hydro, wind, solar, biomass,
geothermal and other resources.
The additional funds complement an initial World Bank loan of US$500M and Clean
Technology Fund financing of US$100M, which were approved on May 29, 2009 and
became effective on August 12, 2009.
The World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors has recently approved a Third
Environmental Sustainability and Energy Sector Development Policy Loan (ESES DPL
3) for Turkey in the amount of Euro 455.4 million (US$600 million equivalent).
The ESES DPL3 is the third operation in a series of three, following the Programmatic
Electricity Development Policy Loan (PEDPL1) in 2009 in the amount of Euro 548.4 million
(US$800 million equivalent) and the Second Environmental Sustainability and Energy Sector
Development Policy Loan (ESES DPL2) in 2010 in the amount of Euro 519.6 million
(US$700 million equivalent).
Based on the development goals articulated in Turkey’s Ninth Development Plan, the ESES
DPL3 aims to help: (a) enhance energy security by promoting private sector clean
technology investments and operations; (b) integrate principles of environmental
sustainability, including climate change considerations, in key sectoral policies and
programs; and (c) improve the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental management
processes.
In September 2011, the EBRD has extended its financing facility to support Turkey’s
investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects to increase energy savings
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and reduce carbon emissions. With the extension of the Mid-size Sustainable Energy
Financing Facility, or MidSEFF, originally launched in December 2010, the Bank will continue
helping Turkey to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels by financing private sector energy
efficiency investments in mid-size sustainable energy projects with the total investment cost
of up to €50 million. As part of this extension, the EBRD will offer a total of €225 million in
loans to Turkish banks for on-lending to private sector borrowers to undertake mid-size
renewable energy, waste-to-energy and industrial energy efficiency investments.
Health
Construction of new hospitals (under the public-private partnership model) mainly in
secondary economic zones to increase public access to health services. It is expected that
contractors to provide financing, development of as-built design, design, construction works,
medical devices and other equipment for hospital, and furbish the facilities.
Turkey is also very successful in attracting foreigner for medical treatment in their hospitals
and is encouraging the private sector to invest in top level medical facilities to cater for the
international, mainly from neighboring countries, clientele.
CH-TR cooperation (general)
CH companies, mainly SMEs, could take part in providing technical assistance and
consultancy and the supply of sophisticated equipment.
The framework agreement (MoU) signed b/w CH and TR in 2009 aims to encourage
business and technical cooperation in the various fields of energy sector.

Renewable energy
- hydropower
- wind energy
- solar energy

Energy efficiency
- promotion of energy efficiency (public campaigns: exchange of information)
- construction sector (CH willing to support TR for implementation of progressive
buildingstandards
- buildings with low energy consumption- e.g. minergie)
- heat pumps (launching this technology in TR and transferring the technology)

Promotion of co-operation b/w universities & research institutions
- research & development
- academic co-operation (exchange of information and researchers etc.)

Electricity market and transmission systems (cross border electricity trading etc.)
Nuclear energy (nuclear safety, licensing of new facilities etc.)
Potential areas of cooperation on micro level in the renewable and the environmental sector
could be the supply of various parts and components, systems integration, engineering and
consultation.
However, there are some country and sector specific issues that should be taken into
account when doing business in/with Turkey. Some of those challenges are:
Renewable Energy

Delays in the preparation of the secondary legislations
implementation of the financial incentives)

Absence of minimization of balancing cost of sales (for fluctuations in demand &
supply)
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

Grid infrastructure constraints (grid capacity)
Energy Efficiency: scarce financial resources, insufficient administrative
capacities, low knowledge/interest/acceptance in industry and population.

Environmental Sector

Legal framework (not fully adapted to the EU acquis yet)

Weak implementation of the existing legislations

Limited administrative capacities of the competent authorities

Lack of incentive systems (waste minimization and use of cleaner technologies)

Data availability (neither satisfactory nor reliable)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Turkish Business Environment in General
Strengths
 17th largest economy in the world and 6th largest economy compared with the EU27

Big domestic market and young population

High growth potential

Solid banking sector

High investment requirements for infrastructure

Need for foreign expertise and equipment

Relatively good legal framework (Foreign Direct Investment Law No. 4875, 2003)

Bilateral Agreements between Switzerland and Turkey for avoiding double
taxation and for the protection of investments
Challenges/shortcomings
 Heavy bureaucracy

Low transparency regarding changes in laws and regulations

State dominance (still high)

Public procurement system (complex and low transparency)

High taxes and complex tax regulations

Poor IPR protection/implementation

High unregistered economy

Inefficient judiciary system

High unregistered economy

Rigid labour market

Difficulties in obtaining work permits for foreign management positions

Competitors (EU, US, Far-east)
Recommendations for foreign investors/partners
 Technical & financial feasibility studies must be undertaken with great care

Work with a reliable local partner(s)

Be efficient (operation) and knowledgeable (market developments)
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