Table of Contents - University of Michigan Law School Scholarship

Table of Contents - University of Michigan Law School Scholarship

Table of Contents
PAGE
FOREWORD BY WILLIAM DRAPER LEWIS, DIRECTOR, THE
AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE, AND HESSEL E. YNTEMA. .
PREFACE
Vll
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XXl
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xlv
PART ONE.
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
LITERATURE AND SouRcEs oF CoNFLICTS
LAW.................................
I. Scope of Conflicts Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. The International Historical Background. .
2. Modern Treatises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France and Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Latin countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· New Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Codifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Special Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Multilateral Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Montevideo Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Hague Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) C6digo Bustamante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XXV
3
3
6
6
I I
I I
I2
14·
I6
I 7
I 7
I7
I 8
I9
I9
26
26
28
29
29
30
32
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xxvi
PAGE
(d) Scandinavian Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Conventions on Negotiable Instruments.
(f) Other multilateral efforts . . . . . . . . . . .
(g) Drafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bilateral Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Case Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
International Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
34
35
36
37
37
38
40
2. STRUCTURE oF CoNFLICTs RuLES. . . . .
I. The Parts of the Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. The First Part: The Object of the Rule . . . . . .
Ill. Interpretation and Characterization . . . . . . . . .
I. Lex Fori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Lex Causae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Comparative Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. The Second Part: Reference to a Legal System . .
I. The Nature of the Reference . . . . . . . . . . .
2. The Extent of the Reference . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
42
45
47
47
48
49
6o
6o
63
3. THE DEVELOPMENT oF CoNFLICTS LAw.
I. Retarding Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Preconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Renvoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Choice of Law by the Parties . . . . . . . . . . .
II. The Purpose of Conflicts Law . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Uniformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Policy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. Rationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Special Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Independent Conflicts Rules . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
68
68
70
83
87
87
89
92
92
94
96
4·
5·
6.
7·
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
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xxvii
PAGE
PART TWO. PERSONAL LAW OF
INDIVIDUALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. THE PERSONAL LAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nature and Scope of Personal Law .........
I. Personal Law Defined .................
Scope of the personallaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Legal Problems ......................
Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prohibitive policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connection of a person with a given territory.
3· Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contacts Determining the Personal Law. . . . . .
I. Domicil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Domicil of origin .................
(b) Domicil of choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Domicil by operation of law . . . . . . . . .
(d) Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Nationality .........................
3· Mixed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supplementary Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Multiple Nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Stateless Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Nationals of Countries with a Composite
System of Private Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Composite law on personal basis . . . . . . . . .
Composite law on territorial basis .... ·. . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of Nationality and Domicil ...
I. Determination of Nationality . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER
I.
II.
III.
IV.
99
IOI
IOI
IOI
I02
I05
I05
I06
I 07
I07
I09
I 09
I09
I IO
III
III
II2
I I
5
I I
5
6
7
I I
I I
I20
I20
I 22
I 24
I24
I 26
I35
I36
I 36
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xxviii
PAGE
Determination of Domicil .............
Variety of domicil concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Which law decides? ...................
Lex fori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V. Change of Personal Law .................
1. Change of Nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Change of Domicil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VI. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Political Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Economic Considerations; Migrations . . . .
4· Practicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s. Efforts to Reach a Modus Vivendi Between
the Two Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Conclusion ..........................
2.
CHAPTER
5.
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
I39
I 39
I42
I 43
I47
I 47
I 48
I 49
I49
I 50
I5I
I 54
I
55
I58
OF THE PER-
SONAL LAw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I6I
I. Personal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 6 I
I. General Capacity to Have Rights and Duties. I 6 I
2. Beginning and End of Personality . . . . . . . . I 63
3· Name .............................. I68
(a) Individual name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 68
(b) Commercial name (firm) .......... I70
4· Status as Merchant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 70
5. Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 72
II. Public Policy .......................... I74
6. CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I79
I. Object of the Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 79
II. Tlie Law Governing Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 82
I. Capacity Governed by the Law of the Place
of Contracting ..................... I82
CHAPTER
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XXIX
PAGE
Capacity Governed by Personal Law . . . . . .
3· Mixed Systems ......................
(a) English law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Former Italian system .............
III. Problems Raised by Incapacitating Provisions
of the Law of the Place of Contracting. . . . .
IV. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
PART THREE.
I
85
I90
I90
I9I
I 92
I94
MARRIAGE ................
I97
7. MARRIAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Engagement to Marry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Groups of Conflicts Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Public Policy ........................
4· Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. The Concept of Marriage in the Conflict of
Laws ..............................
r. Soviet Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Polygamous Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. Formal Requirements of Marriage .........
r. Survey of Problems: Requirements of Form
and Intrinsic Validity Distinguished. . . . .
2. Locus Regit Actum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Compulsory rule .................
(b) Optional rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Rule modified by religious requirements.
3. The Law of the Place of Celebration as Applied to Domestic Marriages . . . . . . . . . .
General rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparent exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consular marriages performed within the
forum ...........................
I99
CHAPTER
I 99
I 99
20I
203
204
204
20 5
206
207
207
2IO
2I I
2I I
2I3
2I6
2I6
2I9
220
XXX
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PAGE
4· The Law of the Place of Celebration as Applied to Foreign Marriages . . . . . . . . . . .
In general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special problems .....................
(a) Common law marriages ..........
(b) Tribal marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Marriage by proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prevention of secret marriages . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Provisions by the state of celebration.
(b) Banns prescribed by the personal law.
(c) Recordation prescribed by the personallaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Defective celebration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evasion of formalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5· Religious Ceremony Considered Essential by
the Personal Law ...................
Point of view of the personal law . . . . . . . . .
(a) Foreign civil marriage ...........
(b) Foreign religious marriage .......
Point of view of the local law . . . . . . . . . . . .
Point of view of third countries . . . . . . . . . .
6. Other Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreign consular marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) In general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Authority granted by the sending
state ......................
(c) Law of third states . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marriage on the high seas ..............
Marriage in remote places . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Military marriages abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. Conclusions ...........................
222
222
223
223
225
225
226
226
227
228
229
231
232
232
232
233
233
234
236
2 36
236
238
240
240
241
241
241
242
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xxxi
PAGE
CHAPTER
8.
RIAGE
SuBsTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR MAR................................
I. Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Terminology ........................
2. Two Rival Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Influence of Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4· Ecclesiastical Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Law of the Place of Celebration ............
r. The Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The United States ....................
Argentina and others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chile and others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C6digo Bustamante ...................
Switzerland .........................
Soviet Russia ........................
2. Exceptions: Prohibitive Public Policy .....
The United States: Policy of the forum . . . .
Policy of domicil ...................
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latin-American countries ..............
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Exceptions: Permissive Public Policy .....
The United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. Personal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. The Primary Principle ................
Law of the domicil ....................
National law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Renvoi ............................
2. Problems Arising when Parties are Subject to
Different Personal Laws .............
243
243
243
244
245
246
247
24 7
247
24 7
248
249
250
250
251
251
25 I
252
2 56
256
257
258
258
259
259
259
259
261
262
263
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Each law applied separately . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minority opinions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Doctrine of unilateral prohibitions . . . . . . . .
(a) Age required for marriage . . . . . . . .
(b) Consent in form but not in fact; defective intention . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Consent of parents or guardians . . . .
(d) Prohibition against remarriage . . . .
(e) Impotence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Doctrine of bilateral prohibitions . . . . . . . . .
(a) Social policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Adultery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Impediments connected with religion.
(d) Sham marriages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Prohibitive Public Policy of the Country of
Celebration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Hague Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C6digo Bustamante ...................
Trend .............................
Effect of treaties and conventions . . . . . . . . .
4· Permissive Public Policy of the Country of
Celebration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Hague Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relation to the forum .................
Consequences of a state's acts ............
5. Sanctions for the Fulfillment of Intrinsic Requirements ...................... .
Certificate of ability to marry ........... .
D .tspensat'ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... .
Effect of violation of personal law . . . . . .. .
Evasion of directive requirements ....... .
IV. Conclusions .......................... .
263
263
264
2 65
26 5
266
269
269
2 70
2 70
2 70
2 7I
2 72
2 73
2 75
2 75
276
277
2 79
2 79
2 79
282
283
284
284
284
286
286
288
288
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XXXlll
PAGE
9. PERSONAL EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE
I. Effects of Marriage in General . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. The Internal Conceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Reaction on Conflicts Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Personal Effects of Marriage ............
II. Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Law of the Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Law of the Domicil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Law of Nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Last common nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cumulative application of both national laws.
Emergency solutions ..................
4· Public Policy of the F~rum . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Law of the wife ......................
French courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedural law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. Scope of the Rules ......................
I. Duties of Conjugal Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Domicil by operation of law. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Capacity of Married Persons . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married woman's capacity to contract . . . . .
Capacity to sue and be sued . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Right of the wife to carry on a business or engage in a profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prohibition of certain transactions with third
persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protection of third persons . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Implied Authority: Legal Transactions Between Husband and Wife . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power to obligate the other spouse . . . . . . .
CHAPTER
294
294
294
296
298
299
299
299
300
300
30I
30I
302
303
304
305
305
306
307
308
308
309
3I I
3I I
3I 4
3I 5
3I 6
3!6
3I 7
3I 8
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XXXIV
PAGE
Prohibited transactions between husband and
wife .............................
4· Support ............................
Application of the matrimonial law .......
Lex fori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Law of the debtor .... ·................
Provisional decrees ...................
5· Wife's lien .........................
10. EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE ON PROPERTY.
I. Basic Conceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. American Rules on Immovables .........
2. American Rules on Movables ...........
3· Continental Rules on Marital Property Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4· Scope of the Marital Property Law . . . . . .
5. Relation Between the Marital Property Law
and the Lex Situs ...................
Necessary role of the lex situs ...........
American conception of the lex situs . . . . . .
The lex situs in other countries . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deference of Continental countries to the
Anglo-American rule of lex situs ......
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Theory of Implied Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. French Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Method and result of French cases . . . .
(b) Influence of the French doctrine on
other countries .................
(c) Influence on America . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Opposition to French practice . . . . . . .
CHAPTER
320
324
324
325
326
326
326
328
328
328
329
330
33 I
335
335
33 7
340
341
342
342
343
343
344
345
347
347
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XXXV
PAGE
III. Contacts ..............................
I. Domicil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Law of the Place of Celebration .........
4· Renvoi .............................
IV. The Problem of Mutability: Change of Personal
Law During Coverture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Change in Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Change in Status .....................
J. The Principles .......................
(a) Full mutability ..................
(b) Mutability of new acquisitions . . . . . . .
(c) Immutability ....................
4· Exception: New Marriage Settlements ....
5. Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Renvoi ............................
7. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V. Marriage Settlements ...................
I. Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Permissibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Formalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4· Capacity ................... ~ . . . . . . .
S· Mutability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Settlements Concerning Immovables .....
7. Obligatory Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VI. Protection of Third Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. No Exception to the Personal Law .......
2. Exception with Respect to Third Persons . .
3· Exception in Favor of Third Persons in
Good Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VII. Questions of Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Composition of Community Property .....
348
348
349
352
352
3 54
354
354
355
355
356
357
359
36 I
362
362
364
3 64
364
366
367
368
369
3 70
370
37I
3 71
372
373
373
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxxvi
PAGE
2.
Marital Property and Inheritance .......
(a) Importance of defining limits of each
field ........................
(b) Rights and expectancies distinguished.
(c) Coordination of the two fields in municipal legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3743743 77
3 79
PART FOUR. DIVORCE AND ANNULMENT. 383
11. DIVORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. The Problem of Foreign Divorce ..........
I. Aspects of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Diversity of Divorce Legislation .........
3· Divergence in Method ................
4· Predominance of Lex Fori . .' ............
5. "M'1gratory"D'1vorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Ex Parte Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Junsd1ct10n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r. Nationality as Basis ...................
2. Domicil as Basis ......................
(a) Common domicil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Presumption of common domicil . . . . .
(c) Admission of separate domicil for married women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Restrictions on the Assumption of Jurisdiction .............................
(a) Additional requirements . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Conformity to National Law . . . . . . . .
The Hague Convention ............
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland .....................
4· Religious Divorce .... ,................
CHAPTER
3 85
385
3 85
387
390
392
·393
3 95
396
397
399
400
40I
403
407
407
4IO
4IO
4I I
412
413
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxxvii
PAGE
III. Common Scope of the Lex Fori ............
1. Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Decrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Validity of the Marriage Prerequisite .....
IV. Choice of Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Lex Fori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other countries ................. ·. . . . .
Latin American treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Diverse Contacts .....................
3· National Law Cumulatively Applied with
the Lex Fori ......................
France and others ....................
V. Application of the Nationality Principle .....
I. Permissibility of Divorce and Grounds for
Divorce Distinguished . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Permissibility of Divorce ...............
(a) Under the law of the forum .....· ....
(b) Under the national law . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Grounds for Divorce ..................
Permissive policy ....................
4· Different National Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
National law of the husband ............
Last common nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both laws cumulatively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The law of the plaintiff ................
VI. Renvoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VII. Change of Domicil or Nationality ...........
I. Change of Factor Determining Jurisdiction.
2. Change of Factor Determining the Choice of
Law After Beginning of Litigation .....
416
416
417
419
422
422
422
424
42 5
426
427
428
429
429
430
430
432
433
436
439
440
440
441
441
441
446
449
449
450
XXXVIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
3· Changes of Factor Determining Choice of
Law Before the Divorce Suit Is Brought .. 451
VIII. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
CHAPTER 12. REcoGNITION oF FoREIGN DrvoRcE ..
I. Individual Systems .....................
1. England ...........................
2. ·The United States ....................
3· France .............................
4· Germany ...........................
5· Soviet Union ........................
6. The Hague Convention on Divorce . . . . . .
7. Latin-American Conventions . . . . . . . . . . .
8. The Scandinavian Convention on Family
Law of 1931 ......................
9· Bilateral Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Particular Problems .....................
r.,. Scope of Recognition as Contrasted with Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Scope of Res Judicata ..................
3· Divorce Without Judicial Litigation ......
Recent Soviet legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4· Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Divorce
Court ...........................
(a) Exclusive jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) International jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) International treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Opportunity for defense . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Anti-Divorce Policy of the Forum . . . . . . . .
(a) Nationals of the forum . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Marriage celebrated within the forum .
(c) Foreigners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Bigamy .................... , ...
462
463
463
465
471
475
478
4 79
4 79
480
48 r
482
48 2
484
485
490.
491
49 I
492
493
494
496
496
498
sao
501
TABLE OF CONTENTS
XXXIX
PAGE
6. Requirement of Similar Grounds . . . . . . . .
7. Evasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Fictitious change of personal law . . . . .
(b) Fictitious change of domicil . . . . . . . . .
(c) Fictitious change of nationality . . . . . . .
(d) Effective change of personal law . . . . .
8. Additional Application of Public Policy. . . .
9· Renvoi ............................
III. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. EFFECTS OF DIVORCE
I. Effects of Non-Recognized Foreign Divorces ..
I. View of the Country of Divorce and of Third
States ............................
,., View of the Personal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Effects of Valid Divorces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Effects on Personal Relations between Husband and Wife ....................
(a) Name, capacity, gifts, etcetera .......
(i) The law of the forum ..........
(ii) The law of divorce . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Alimony following a foreign divorce . .
2. Effects on Marital Property . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Custody of Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER
0
0
0
0
0
0
°
0
0
0
0
0
0
14. ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE
I. Annulment Distinguished from Divorce . . . . .
II. Annulment of the Marriage of Foreigners ....
1. JunsdtctiOn .........................
(a) Court of the place of celebration . . . . . .
(b) Court of the domicil . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Courtofthenationalcountry ........
CHAPTER
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
•
0
•
502
504
504
50 5
507
508
51 1
511
513
517
517
517
5I 9
521
523
523
523
524
525
529
53 I
535
53 5
537
537
53 7
53 8
539
xl
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Applicable Law ......................
(a) Rule ...........................
(b) Policy of the forum in favor of marnage ........................
(c) Policy of the forum against the marnage ........................
(d) Adjustment of the applicable law ....
III. Recognition of Foreign Annulments . . . . . . . .
IV. Effects of Annulment ....................
1. Partly Effectual Void Marriage . . . . . . . . . .
2. Protection of Third Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
540
540
541
541
542
543
544
544
550
PART FIVE. 'PARENTAL RELATIONS ...... 553
15. PARENT AND CHILD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Preliminary Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Subject Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Institutions Involving an Act of a Party. . . .
3· Liberal Trends ......................
II. Legitimate Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Rules .............................
1. Personal Law of the Parent . . . . . . . .
Contacts: domicil or nationality . .
2. Personal Law of the Child ........
3· Time Governing Ascertainment of Applicable Law ... , .............
4· Soviet Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Scope of the Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Validity of Marriage as Condition ..
2. Presumptions of Legitimacy . . . . . . .
3· Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Children of Invalid Marriages ..........
(a) United States: general rule . . . .
(b) England ..................
CHAPTER
555
55 5
55 5
556
559
559
559
559
560
561
562
564
56 5
565
566
567
568
568
568
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xli
PAGE
(c) Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
(d) Other countries ............. 570
III. Legitimation by Subsequent Marriage ....... 57 I
A. Rules ............................. 57I
I. Decisive Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57I
2. Contacts: Usual Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
(a) LawofDomicil .............. 574
(b) Law of Nationality .......... 575
3· Personal Law of the Child ........ 575
4· Rules on Effects of Legitimation. . . . 577
5· Renvoi ....................... 577
6. Soviet Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
B. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 8
I. Validity of the Marriage . . . . . . . . . . 578
2. Conditions and Effects of Legitimation 579
3· Invalid Subsequent Marriage ...... 580
4· Acquisition of Nationality. . . . . . . . . . 58 I
5. Prohibitive Public Policy of the Forum 58 2
(a) United States ............... 582
(b) England ................... 583
(c) Continent .................. 583
6. Permissive Public Policy of the Forum 58 5
7· Law of Situs .................... 585
IV. Legitimation by Other Acts ............... 586
I. United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
2. England ........................... 587
3· National Law of Parent ............... 588
4· Argentine Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 9
V. Recognition of Foreign Legitimation . . . . . . . . 589
I. Validity of Legitimation as a Preliminary
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
2. Effect of Foreign Legitimation on Inheritance Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xlii
PAGE
VI. Relations Between Legitimate Parents and
Child .............................. 592
A. Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
I. Personal Law of Father . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Cases of Different Nationalities . . . . .
3· Renvoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Scope of the Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Maternal Rights ................
2. Personal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Duty of Providing a Dowry ........
4· Protecting Interference by Courts . .
5. Parental Interest in Child's Property .
6. Authority of Parent . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7· Duties of Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Determination of Domicil of the Child
Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9· Tort ..........................
C. Change of Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Mutability of Incidents of the Child's
Status .......................
2. Different Personal Laws . , . . . . . . . .
3· Non-retroactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
596
596
596
597
598
598
6oo
602
603
604
6o 5
6o6
6o6
6o6
607
6o8
..........
6Io
I. Mother and Child ......................
I. Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Scope ..............................
Change of Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Father and Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Contacts ............................
3· Public Policy .......................
4· Time Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5· Renvoi ............................
6ro
6 IO
6rr
6I 3
6I 3
6I 3
CHAPTER
16.
594
ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN
6I6
6I8
622
623
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xiiii
PAGE
III. Recognition of a Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r. Formalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Substantive Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Scope ........................... ·. . .
IV. Mother and Father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
624
624
625
626
628
629
17. ADOPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Preliminary Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r. Definition of Adoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law . . . . . . . . . .
II. Adoption of or by Foreigners Within the Forum.
r. Law of the Forum ....................
(a) United States ....................
(b) British Law .....................
(c) Scandinavian Countries . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Law of the forum governing formalities
everywhere ...................
2. Systems of Personal Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Law of the ·adopter ................
(b) Consideration of the child's law. . . . .
(c) Exclusive application of the child's
personal law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Both laws cumulatively applied. . . . .
(e) Special rules on the effect of adoption . .
III. Recognition of Foreign Adoption. . . . . . . . . . .
r. Conditions of Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Effects of Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3· Effect on Inheritance Rights in Particular ..
(a) Construction of language . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Major rights acquired by foreign act ..
(i) Law of situs of immovables. . . . . .
(ii) Local policy .................
632
632
632
CHAPTER
635
63 7
637
637
638
63 9
639
641
641
642
643
643
644
645
645
648
653
6 53
654
654
655
xliv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
(c) Major rights granted by the statute of
distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 57
TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
TABLE OF STATUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5
TABLE OF ANGLO-AMERICAN CASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7JI
List of Abbreviations
A. C.
AG.
All. E.R.
Allg. BGB.
A.L.R.
Am. Dec.
Am. J. Int. Law
Am. Rep.
Amtl. S.
Anales Jud.
Ann. Giur. !tal.
Ann. Sachs. OLG.
Annuaire
Annuario Dir.
Comp.
App. Cas.
Appeal Cases, English Law Reports.
Amtsgericht (Germany).
All England Law Reports, Annotated.
Allgemeines Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch
(Austria).
American Law Reports, Annotated.
American Decisions (Select Cases).
American Journal of International Law.
American Reports.
Entscheidungen des k.k. Obersten Gerichtshofs
in Zivil-und Justizverwaltungssachen veroffentlicht von diesem Gerichtshofe, Fortsetzung der von Nowak begriindeten Sammlung
(Austria).
Anales J udiciales de la Corte Suprema de
Justicia (Peru).
Annali di giurisprudenza.
Annalen des sachsischen Oberlandesgerichts.
Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international.
Annuario di diritto comparato e di studi legislativi.
Appeal Cases, English Law Reports, 1876-
I89o.
App. Civ.
App. Div. (N.Y.)
Arch. Civ. Prax.
Arch. Jud.
Ariz.
Atl.
Barn. & C.
Bay.ObLGZ.
Appellas;ao Civil (Brazil).
New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Reports.
Archiv fiir die civilistische Praxis (Germany).
Archivo J udiciario (Brazil).
Arizona Reports.
Atlantic Reporter (National Reporter System,
United States).
Barnewall and Cresswell, English King's
Bench Reports.
Sammlung von Entscheidungen des ·Bayerischen Obersten Landesgerichts in Zivt1sachen.
xlv
xlvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BBl.
B.C.
Beav.
Belg. Jud.
BGB.
BGE.
Bing. N.C.
Bl.f.Zurch.Rspr.
Brit. Year Book Int.
Law
Brooklyn L. Rev.
Bull. Argent. de
Droit Int. Prive
Bull. Inst. Beige
Bundesblatt der Schweizerischen
Eidgenossenschaft.
British Columbia Reports.
Beavan, English Rolls Court Reports.
Belgiques judiciaire. Gazette des tribunaux
belges et etrangers.
Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch (Germany).
Entscheidungen des Schweizerischen
Bundesgerichtes, Amtliche Sammlung.
Bingham, New Cases, English Common Pleas.
Blatter fiir ziircherische Rechtsprechung.
British Year Book of International Law.
Brooklyn Law Review.
Bulletin Argentin de droit international prive.
C. Civ. Proc.
Ch. D.
Institut Beige de droit compare, Bulletin
trimestriel. (See also Revue Inst. Beige).
Bulletin de I'Institut juridique international.
Leyde. Originally: Bulletin de l'Institut
intermediaire international.
Bulletin de Ia Societe d'etudes Iegislatives
(France).
B~lletin de Ia Societe de legislation comparee (France).
Boston University Law Review.
Bush, Kentucky Reports.
Burgerli jk W etboek (the Netherlands).
California Appeals Reports.
California Law Review.
Cambridge Law Journal.
Canadian Bar Review.
Common Bench Reports, Court of Common
Pleas.
C6digo Civil, Civil Code, Code Civil.
Code of Civil Procedure.
Chancery Division, English Law Reports,
Chi. Kent Rev.
Chicago Kent Review.
Bull. Inst. Int.
Bull. Soc. d'Etudes
Leg.
Bull. Soc. Legis!.
Comp.
B.U.L. Rev.
Bush (Ky.)
mv.
Cal. App.
Cal. L. Rev.
Cambr.L.J.
Can. Bar Rev.
C.B.
c.c.
I8]6-1890.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
C.J.S.
Cl. and F.
Clunet
Col. L. Rev.
Colo.
Conn.
Conn. B. J.
Cornell L.Q.
Cr. & St.
Craig. & St.
Curt. Ecc.
D.
D. & C. (Pa.)
D.C.
Dem. Sur. (N.Y.)
D.H.
Disp. Prel.
Dist. Haw.
Distr. Fed.
DJZ.
D.L.R.
Dt. Justiz
Dt. Recht
EG. BGB.
Els. Lothr. J.Z.
Eng. Rep.
Entsch. kgl. Ob.
Trib.
Esp.
xlvii
Corpus Juris Secundum (United States).
Clark and Finnelly's Reports, House of Lord's
Cases.
Journal du droit international. Fonde par
Clunet, continue par Andre-Prudhomme.
Columbia Law Review.
Colorado Reports.
Connecticut Reports.
Connecticut Bar Journal.
Cornell Law Quarterly.
Craigie & Stewart, House of Lords Reports
(Scotland).
Craigie, Stewart and Paton, Appeals Cases
(Scotland) .
Curteis, English Ecclesistical Reports.
Dalloz, Recueil periodique et critique de jurisprudence, de legislation et de doctrine
(France).
District and County Reports, Pennsylvania.
District of Columbia.
Demarest's Surrogate Reports, New York.
Dalloz, Recueil hebdomadaire de jurisprudence
(France).
Disposizioni Preliminari del Codice civile
(Italy).
District of Hawaii.
Districto Federal (Brazil).
Deutsche J uristenzeitung.
Dominion Law Reports (Canada) .
Deutsche. Justiz. Amtliches Blatt der deutschen Rechtsflege.
Deutsches Recht. Zentralorgan des nationalsocialistischen Rechtswahrerbundes.
Einfiihrungsgesetz zum Biirgerlichen
Gesetzbuch (Germany).
J uristische Zeitschrift fiir Elsass-Lothringen.
Moak, English Reports (American reprint).
Entscheidungen des koniglichen geheimen
0 bertribunals, I 83 7- I 8 79 (Prussia) .
Espinasse, English Nisi Prius Reports.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xi viii
F.(2d)
F.C.A.
Fed.
Fed. Cas.
Foro !tal.
Foro !tal. Rep.
F.Supp.
Gac. del foro
Gaz.
Jur.
S. Paulo
Gaz. Pal.
Gaz. Trib.
Gaz. Trib. Mixtes
Geller's Zentralblatt
Giur Comp. DIP.
Giur. Comp. Dir.
Civ.
Giur. !tal.
G.L.R.
GJU.
GJU. NF.
Grant (Pa.)
Gratt. (V a.)
Grotius
Grotius Soc.
Gruchot's Beitriige
Griinhut's Z.
Hag. Con;
Federal Reporter, Second Series (United
States).
Federal Code Annotated.
Federal Reporter (United States).
Federal Cases (United States).
II Foro Italiano.
II Foro Italiano, Repertorio.
Federal Supplement (United States).
Gaceta del foro; jurisprudencia, legislacion,
doctrina (Argentina).
Gazeta Juridica; revista mensa} de legisla<;ao,
doutrina e jurisprudencia do Estado de Sao
Paulo.
Gazette du Palais (France).
Gazette des Tribunaux (France).
Gazette des Tribunaux Mixtes d'Egypte.
Zentralblatt fiir die Juristische Praxis, begriindet von Dr. L. Geller (Austria). (See
also Zentralblatt).
Giurisprudenza comparata di diritto internazionale privato.
Giurisprudenza comparata di diritto civile.
Giurisprudenza italiana.
Gazette Law Reports (New Zealand).
Sammlung von zivilrechtlichen Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofes, begriindet
von Glaser und Unger (Austria).
Idem, Neue Folge (new series of the court
reports cited above) (Austria).
Grant's Cases. (Pennsylvania).
Grattan's Virginia Reports.
Grotius, Annuaire internationaL
Transactions of the Grotius Society.
Beitriige zur Erlauterung des deutschen
Rechts, begriindet von Dr. J. A. Gruchot.
Zeitschrift fiir das Privat- und Offendiche
Recht der Gegenwart, herausgegeben von
Dr. C. S. Griinhut (Austria).
Haggard, English Consistory Reports.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Hans.GZ.
Hans.RGZ.
Hans.RZ.
Harv. L. Rev.
How.
H.R.
HRR.
Humph.
Ia.
Ill.
Ill. L. Rev.
Ind. App.
IPRspr.
J.A.
Jahrb.DR.
Jahrb. FG.
Jahrb. H.E.
J.Bl.
J.d. Tr.
Jherings J ahrb.
Johns. Cas. (N.Y.)
J ourn. Comp. Leg.
Jur. Comm. Brux.
Jurid. Rev.
Jur. Liege
JW.
Kan.
xlix
Hanseatische Gerichtszeitung. (See also Hans.
RGZ. and Hans. RZ.)
Hanseatische Rechts- und Gerichts-Zeitschrift.
Hanseatische Rechts-Zeitschrift.
Harvard Law Review.
Howard, United States Supreme Court Reports.
Hooge Raad (the Netherlands).
Hochstrichterliche Rechtsprechung
(Germany).
Humphreys' Tennessee Reports.
Iowa Reports.
Illinois Reports.
Illinois Law Review.
Indiana Appellate Court Reports.
Die Deutsche Rechtsprechung auf dem Gebiete
des internationalen Privatrechts. Beilage
der Zeitschrift fiir ausHindisches und internationales Privatrecht (Z.ausl.PR.).
Revista de J urisprudencia Argentina.
J ahrbuch des Deutsch en Rechts.
J ahrbuch fiir Entscheidungen in Angelegenheiten der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit und
des Grundbuchrechts (Germany).
J ahrbuch hochstrichterlicher Entscheidungen
(Austria).
J uristische Blatter (Austria).
Journal des Tribunaux (Belgium).
Jherings J ahrbiicher fiir die Dogmatik des
biirgerlichen Rechts (Germany).
Johnson's New York Cases.
Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law. Formerly Journal of Society
of Comparative Legislation (England).
Jurisprudence commerciale de Bruxelles.
Juridical Review (Scotland).
Jurisprudence de la cour d'appel de Liege.
J uristische W ochenschrift (Germany).
Kansas Reports.
"
1
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
K.B.
Kentucky L. J.
Kg.
KG.
K.&J.
L.R.A.
L.R.C.C.R.
English Law Reports, King's Bench.
Kentucky Law Journal.
Kantongerecht (the Netherlands).
Kammergericht (Germany).
Kay & Johnson, English Vice-Chancellors'
Reports.
Kentucky Reports.
B. Monroe's Kentucky Reports.
Louisiana Reports.
Louisiana Annual Reports.
Louisiana Law Review.
Law and Contemporary Problems. School of
Law. Duke University.
Law Quarterly Review (England).
Lower Canada Jurist.
Leipziger Zeitschrift fiir Deutsches Recht.
Law Journal Reports, Chancery (England).
Law Journal Reports, Privy Council
(England).
Law Journal, New Series, Probate, Divorce
and Admiralty (England).
Lawyers' Reports, Annotated (United States).
English Law Reports Crown Cases Reserved,
L.R.I.Eq.
L.R.P.&D.
L.T.R.
MacArthur
Man.R.
Mart. N.S. (La.)
Law Reports, Irish Equity Series.
English Law Reports, Probate and Divorce.
Law Times Reports (England).
MacArthur, District of Columbia Reports.
Manitoba Reports (Canada).
Martin, Louisiana Reports, New Series.
Mart. O.S. (La.)
Martin, Louisiana Reports. Old Series.
Md.
Mich. L. Rev.
Minn.
Minn. L. Rev.
Miss. L.J.
Mo.
Mo. App. Rep.
Monitore
Maryland Reports.
Michigan Law Review.
Minnesota Reports.
Minnesota Law Review.
Mississippi Law Journal.
Missouri· Reports.
Missouri Appellate Reports.
Monitore dei Tribunali.
Ky.
Ky. (B. Mon.)
La.
La. Ann.
La. L. Rev.
Law and Cont.
Probl.
Law Q. Rev.
L.C.J.
Leipz. Z.
L.J. (Ch.)
L.J. (P.C.)
L.J.P.D. & A.
I866-I875·
I823-1830.
I8II-1823.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Moore P.C.
NAG.
N.C.
N.E.
Neb.
Neb. L. Bull.
Neb. L. Rev.
N.H.R.
N.J.
N.J.Eq.
N.J.Misc.
Nouv. Revue
N.W.
N.Y.
N.Y.Misc.
N.Y.St.Rep.
N.Y.Supp.
N.Y.U.L.Q. Rev.
N.Z.L.R.
OGH.
Okla.
O.L.R.
O.R.
O.W.N.
P.
Pa.
Paige
Pand. Fer.
Parana Jud.
li
Moore, English Privy Council Reports.
Bundesgesetz betreffend die zivilrechtlichen
Verhaltnisse der Niedergelassenen und
Aufenthalter (Switzerland).
North Carolina Reports.
Northeastern Reporter (National Reporter
System, United States).
Nebraska Reports.
Nebraska Law Bulletin.
Nebraska Law Review.
New Hampshire Reports.
N ederlandsche J urisprudentie.
New Jersey Equity Reports.
New Jersey Miscellaneous Reports.
Nouvelle Revue de droit international prive.
Northwestern Reporter (National Reporter
System, United States).
New York Court of Appeals Reports.
New York Miscellaneous Reports.
New York State Reporter.
New York Supplement Reports (National
Reporter System, United States).
New York University Law Quarterly Review.
New Zealand Law Reports.
Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria).
Oklahoma Reports.
Ontario Law Reports (Canada).
Ontario Reports (Canada).
Ontario Weekly Notes (Canada) .
English Law Reports, Probate Division.
Pennsylvania Reports.
Paige, New York Chancery Reports.
Pandectes periodiques. Recueil de jurisprudence (Belgium) .
Parana Judiciario, doutrina, jurisprudencia e
legisla~ao.
Pasicrisie
Pa.Super.Ct.
P.O.
Pasicrisie Beige. Recueil general de la jurisprudence des cours et tribunaux de Belgique.
Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports.
Probate Division, English Law Reports.
Iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
P.G.R.
Pos. Mschr.
Praxis
Proceedings Am.
Lawinst.
Q.B.
Queb. K.B.
Que.S.C.
Rb.
Rechtsk. Wkbl.
Rec. Somm.
Recueil
Req.
Rev. de Jur.
Rev. Der. Juris.
Adm.
Rev. dos Trib.
Rev. Inst. Beige
Revista del Foro
Revista de los Trib.
Revista Der. Jur. y
Ciencias Soc.
Revista Der. Priv.
Revista Dir. Civ.
Revista Gen. Legisl.
y Jur.
Revista Jur.
Revista Sup. Trib.
Rev. Jur. Bras.
Liechtensteinisches Zivilgesetzbuch, Personenund Gesellschaftsrecht.
J uristische Monatsschrift fiir Posen, West- und
Ostpreussen, und Pommern.
Die Praxis des Bundesgerichts (Switzerland).
Proceedings, American Law Institute.
Queen's Bench, English Law Reports.
King's Bench Reports (Quebec, Canada).
Quebec Official Reports, Superior Court
(Canada).
Recht bank (the Netherlands).
Rechtskundig Weekblad (Belgium).
Recueil des sommaires de la jurisprudence
fran<;aise.
Recueil des cours de 1' Academie de droit international de Ia Haye.
Chambre des requetes de Ia cour de cassation
(France).
Revue de Jurisprudence (Quebec, Canada).
Revista deDerecho, J urisprudencia y Administracion (Uruguay).
Revista dos T ribunaes (Brazil).
Revue de l'Institut de droit compare.
La Revista del Foro; organo del Colegio de
Abogados (Peru).
Revista de los Tribunales (Peru).
Revista de Derecho, J urisprudencia y Ciencias
Sociales (Chile).
Revista de Derecho Privado (Spain).
Revista de Direito Civil, Commercial e Criminal (Brazil).
Revista General de Legislacion y Jurisprudencia (Spain).
Revista J uridica. Doutrina-J urisprudenciaLegisla~ao (Brazil).
Revista do Supremo Tribunal (Brazil).
Revista de J urisprudencia Brasileira (Brazil).
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Rev. Trim. D. Civ.
Revue
Revue Crit.
Revue Dr. Int.
( Bruxelles)
Revue Inst. Beige
RG.
RGBI.
RGZ.
Rhein. Arch.
Rheinische Z. f.
Zivil- und ProzessrechtRivista
Rivista Dir. Int. di
Napoli
Rivista Dir. Priv.
Rivista Italiana
R.L.
Rob. Ecc.
Rob. (La.)
ROLG.
Rv.
RVerwBI.
s.
Siichs. Arch.
-
__ ;.
'"'
""-·
liii
Revue trimestrielle de droit civil (France).
Revue de droit international prive. F ondee
par A. Darras.
Revue critique de droit international.
Revue de droit international et de legislation
comparee. Fondee par Rolin Jaequemyns,
Asser et Westlake.
Institut Beige de droit compare, Revue trimestrielle (I924-). Originally: Revue
de l'Institut de droit compare (I 908- I 914).
Suspended 1915-1921. 1922-1924: Institut Beige de droit compare, Bulletin trimestriei (See Bull. Inst. Beige).
Reichsgericht (Germany).
Reichsgesetzblatt (Germany).
Entscheidung~n des Reichsgerichts m Zivtlsachen (Germany).
Rheinisches Archiv fiir Zivil- und Strafrecht.
Rheinische Zeitschrift fiir Zivil- und Prozessrecht des In- und Auslandes.
Rivista di diritto internazionale.
Rivista di diritto internazionaJe e di legislazione
comparata.
Rivista di diritto privata.
Rivista Italiana di diritto internazionale privato
e processuale.
Revue Legale (Quebec, Canada).
Robertson, English Ecclesiastical Reports.
Robinson's Lou_isiana Reports.
Die Rechtsprechung der Oberlandesgerichte
auf dem Gebiete des Zivilrechts (Germany).
Wetboek van Burgerlijke Regtsvordering (the
Netherlands).
Reichsverwaltungsblatt (Germany).
Sirey, Recueil general des lois et des arrets
(France).
Sachsisches Archiv fiir Rechtsflege.
liv
S.C.(H.L.)
Schlesw.-Holst.
Anz.
Sc. L. T.
S.C.R.
S. Ct.
Seman. Jud.
Sem. Jud.
Seuff.Arch.
SJZ.
So.
So. Cal. L. Rev.
SpR.
S.R.
StAZ.
St.R.&O.
Striethorst
Sup. Trib. Fed.
S.\V.
Sw.&Tr.
sz.
Tenn.
Tenn. (Baxt.)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Court of Session Cases, House of Lords (Scotland).
Schleswig-Holsteinischer Anzeiger.
Scots Law Times.
Supreme Court Reports (Canada) .
Supreme Court Reporter (National Reporter
System, United States) ; Supreme Court;
Suprema Corte.
Semanario Judicial de la Federaci6n. Sentencias dictadas por la Suprema Corte
(Mexico).
La Semaine judiciaire (Switzerland).
J .A. Seuffert's Archiv fiir Entscheidungen der
obersten Gerichte in den deutschen Staaten.
Schweizerische Juristen Zeitu~g.
Southern Reporter (National Reporter System,
United States).
Southern California Law Review.
Spruchrepertorium des Obersten Gerichtshofes
(Austria).
Liechtensteinisches Zivilgesetzbuch, Sachenrecht.
Zeitschrift fiir Standesamtwesen (Germany).
Statutory Rules and Orders (Great Britain).
Archiv fiir Rechtsfiille die zur Entscheidung
des koniglichen Obertribunals gelangt sind,
I 85 I- 1 88o.
Herausgegeben von Striethorst (Prussia).
Supremo Tribunal Federal (Brazil).
Southwestern Reporter (National Reporter
System, United States).
Swabey & Tristram, English Probate and
Divorce Reports.
Sammlung der Entscheidungen des Osterreichischen Obersten Gerichtshofes in Zivilund J ustizverwaltungssachen. Veroffentlicht von seinen Mitgliedern (Austria).
Tennessee Reports.
Baxter's Tennessee Reports.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Terr. L.R.
Tex.
Tex. L. Rev.
T.L.R.
Trib. Comm.
Bruxelles
Trib. Supr.
Tul. L. Rev.
U.f. R.
U.L.A.
U. of Chi. L. Rev.
U. of Detroit L.J.
U. of Pa. L. Rev.
u.s.
u.s.c.
U.S. Dist. Ct. Haw.
Va. (Grat.)
Va. L. Rev.
V. L. R.
Vt.
w.
Warn.Rspr.
Wash. L. Rev.
Wis.
W.L.R.
W.Va. L. Q.
W.W.R.
Yale L. J.
Z.ausl.PR.
ZBJV.
Zentralblatt
lv
North-West Territories Law Reports
(Canada).
Texas Reports.
Texas Law Review.
Times Law Reports (England).
Tribunal de commerce de Bruxelles.
Tribunal Supremo.
Tulane Law Review.
Ugeskrift for Retsvaesen (Denmark).
Uniform Laws, Annotated (United States).
University of Chicago Law Review.
University of Detroit Law Journal.
University of Pennsylvania Law Review and
American Law Register.
United States Reports.
Code of the Laws of the United States of
America.
United States District Court for Hawaii.
Grattan's Reports, Special Court of Appeals of
Virginia.
Virginia Law Review.
Victorian Law Reports (Australia).
Vermont Reports.
W eekblad van het Recht (the Netherlands).
Die Rechtsprechung des Reichsgerichts auf
dem Gebiete des Zivilrechts, herausgegeben
von 0. Warneyer (Germany).
Washington Law Review.
Wisconsin Reports.
Western Law Reporter (Canada).
West Virginia Law Quarterly.
Western Weekly Reports (Canada).
Yale Law Journal. ,
Zeitschrift fiir auslandisches und internationales
Privatrecht. Begriindet von Ernst Rabel.
Zeitschrift des Bernischen J uristenvereins
(Switzerland).
Zentralblatt fiir die J uristische Praxis. Continuation of Geller's Zentralblatt (Austria).
lvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Z.f.Ostrecht
Zeitschrift fur Ostrecht. (See also Z.osteurop.
Z.int.R.
Niemeyer's Zeitschrift fur internationales
Recht.
Zeitschrift fur osteuropaisches Recht. (In
I 92 7 merged with Ostrecht into Zeitschrift
flir Ostrecht. Continued since 1934 as
Zeitschrift fur osteuropaisches Recht. See
also Z.f.Ostrecht).
Zeitschrift flir Rechtspflege in Bayern.
R.).
Z.osteurop.R.
Z. Rechtspfiege
Bayern
Z. Schweiz. R.
Z. Ziv. Proz.
Zeitschrift fur schweizerisches Recht.
Zeitschrift fur deutschen Zivilprozess.