Wrocław -‐ Breslau

Wrocław -­‐ Breslau Breslau in 1936 The combined historical, social and func9onal structure of Breslau in interwar years The church centre Breslau – Roman Catholics and Lutherans and others A city of culture, science and commerce, 90 % German. Wertheim, Petersdorff, Centenniial Hall, University, Park Hotel Breslau was a modern city. Garden city and Bauhaus ideas can be seen in Zimpel and Bischofswalde and other suburbs from the 1920s and early 1930s. Jahrhunderthalle
Japanese garden.
The early modernist
Parkhotel
Zimpel (today: Sępolno). New city district, developed in
the 1920s and 1930s.
Barthein (today: Bartoszowice). New city district,
developed in the 1920s and 1930s.
Bischofswalde (today: Biskupin). New city district, developed in the 1920s and 1930s.
Three main districts in the city centre: The old river town and church centre. The late medieval planned city with Ringplatz The ”Gründerzeit” centre, ca 1870 -­‐ 1930 Everyday interwar Breslau M. Pientka, Butter, Käse,
seit 1890, Eier, Milch;
Juwelier Eduard Kl (...)
Ring (Rynek) then and now Gebrüder Sommé.
Priebatsch’s Buchhandlung, Verlag,
Städt. Elekrizitätswerke,
Geschwister Trautner Nachfolger,
Lehrmittel; H. Reinke;
“Kamp dem Verderb”
Spitzes; (...) & Putzrath, KleiderGebr. Taterka, Stoff-Lager, Livréen,
Apotheke.
Fabrik.
Herren-Kleider; Schuler & Mrosek;
Butter, Frank., Milch, Sahne,
S. Kowaczyk;
Ring-Theater.
Käse; Zigarren, ZigarettenAlbert
Michaelis
Georg Hünert & Co, Gardinen,
Geschw. Künert; P. Heinrich;
Automat; Erich Brendel,
Damen-MäntelAufstelling; B. Pohl, Schokoladen,
S. Hanus, Zigarren.
Juwelier & Goldschmied.
Fabrik;
Konfitüre, Zuckerwarenfabrik,
N. Berger, Modewaren, Konfektion, Samte,
Earlier: Julius Seldin; Carl
Kakao, Kaffee,Tee, Keks, Waffeln;
Seidenwaren; Zahn-Institut.
Frey u. Söhne.
Breslauer Autobus-Gesellschaft,
Ernst Hentschel; Naschmarkt-Apotheke;
Käse-Böhm.
Reisebüro, Pauschalreusen,
Tilza & Rosenbaum, Schneider.
Studienreisen, Buchungstelle
Blumen, Kranze.
Fischhoff, Seidenwaren, Wollstoffe;
der Hapag und der Deutschen
Trauer-Magazin
Hans Püls.
Lufthansa.
August Benedix.
Pelzwarenhaus E. Bischoff,
S. Pietzsch;
Franz Klonka, Inh. Alfred
Pelz-Aufbewahrung; Weisswaren.
Bazar.
Ackermann.
Schoder; Breslauer ConsumTack, shop; Th. Schultz & Rudolf,
Verein; Buchdrückerei FerdiHerrenkleiderfabrik, Uniformen;
nand Goldstein; Wilhelm
Bernhard Schwan, Damen- &
Lorisch; Oskar Brückner;
Mädchenmäntel; Eugen Goldberg.
53
60 59
Otto Littmann, Mode50 48
46 44
57 5554
52 51 49 47
58
Kreutzberger shop.
56
Zeitungen; Lyon.
45 43 42
Emil Fache AG
Gebr. Grüttner, shop.
1
Siegmund Freund; Auguste
Louis Lewy jr. Damenmäntel41
Herfurth, “Yuch-Könte”; Hirt
2
fabrik; H. Silbermann & Co;
40
Buchhandlung; Schulbücher;
In 1939: Geppert & Co.
10-11
3
39
Lampner & Schmidt Druckerei.
12 13
Kürschnermeister M. Boden
38
28 C
4
Carl Scholz Möbel, PolsterHoflieferant; Paul Friedr. Scholz.
36-37
Möbel; Molkerei Niederlage,
5
Gerson Fränkel shop.
35
Restaurant Ratsheim.
26 B
Emanuel Graeupner, Damen34
Jul. Dressler & Co.
6
moden.
33
E. Heimann, Bankgeschäft;
Carl Scholz Möbel; “Kosa”.
24 A
7
Nogat.
“Greifenhaus”, Reinhold LudCity Hall.
wig Zigarren, gegr. 1841.
32
8
Gebrüder Barasch, department
“Ring-Drogerie” with “Photo
store.
31
Sabiers”, Chemikalien, Farb9
Darmstädter und Nationalbank;
en; earlier Autobus Reise30
Dresdner Bank;
dienst and Molkerei Nieder10-11
Gerson Fränkel; Hecht & David.
lage; “Wetten Annahme”.
29
Gebäude der Städtischen
Stadtkasse, built in 1931.
In former nr. 9 was Herz &
Ehrlich tool (Werkzeuge)
shop.
Kiosk “Olex” at
the market place.
Rats-Weinkeller Raffeisen;
Innerausbau Heinrich
Hauswald; K. Bruchmann.
Earlier: Adolf Sachs Jr.;
S. Schacher; Emilie (...).
12 13
14
15
16
Klausner
shoe shop.
Ca 1900: s. Lewandowski,
Sörgel & Diekamp,
Herren-Hüte; G. & N. Ritter, Anfertigung u. Lager,
Baumwollwaren engros,
Möbel- u. DekorationsSpecialität Serges u. Zanel- Posamenten.
las; Eduard Bielschowsky,
Chales, Tücher, Seidenwaren.
17
18
19
20
21
24
25
26
27
28
(...)ratke.
(...) Fabrik.
Adler-Apotheke.
“Konditorei Frank”; “Herrmann
Thiel, Handlung für Zahnbedarf”;
“Schuh-Haus Fortuna”; “Tuch-Lager
Fritz Glofke”, “Kämme, Haarschmuck,
Bürsten”; earlier: Herz & Ehrlich, tools;
Kaiser.
“Haus Gittler”, Bankhaus
Max Gittler, gegr. 1911;
Autobus Reisebüro;
Friedrich Gronau, Wäsche,
Teppiche, Gardinen.
A: S. Schwerin Nachf., Auguste Hahn, Schuh- u. FilzschuhLager, Hausschuhe, Holzschuhe, Pantoffeln; Pachnicke &
Lange, Wäsche, Ver(...), Ausstattungshaus, Teppiche, Möbelstoffe, Gardinen, Linoleum, gegründet 1780; Ihlau, Stein &
Co; A. Sedlatzek Schablonenfabrik, Stempelfabrik.
Kiosks in front of A and B: Frucht-Eis-Stübe, gegr. 1907;
Speise-Eis, Inh. A. Ochl; Wurst-Schneider; Wurst-Baude;
A. Sedlatzek; Zigarren, Wochenschriften, Zeitschriften;
Eilboten-Anstalt, Gelbe Radler, Verkehrs-Anstalt, GepäckAufbewahrung.
22
23
Hermann Randel;
Photograph-Atelier.
Stein & Koslowsky shop;
Albert Schäfer; Herz &
Ehrlich, Werkzeuge.
Cassel & Goldberg; Liechtenstein & Wachsner;
Priebatsch Buchhandlung; W. Lichauer (?) & Co,
Friseur.
Café “Zur goldenen Krone”, Kipke
Bier; Ed. Stephan Nachf.;
Annoncen Ollendorf; “Hacifa
Cigaretten”; Hecht & David; Leutschild (*).
(After 1932:) Reformhaus Thalysia;
Volkswohl Bund; Gustav Arnold
shop; Nazi banners.
V. Martin shop,
Koslowsky shop.
C. Menzel & Sohn, Pelzwaren,
Konfektion; Eduard Littauer, HerrenGarderobe engl. Schnitt; Seidel u. Co,
Likör- u. Spritfabrik; Oppenheim
& Schweitzer, shop.
C. Menzel & Sohn, Pelzwaren;
M. I. Hirschstein, Herrenkleider;
Bank- u. Wechselgeschäft
Jaffe & Co.
B: 1920s: Julius Henel & C. Fuchs, Wäsche-Haus, Spezial-Wäsche-Haus, Bett- und Tisch-
wäsche, Ausstattungen; Curt Bechhofer (?), Musik-Haus Felix Kayser; Fritz Falke, ElektroGroßhaus, Beleuchtungs-Großhaus; SKF-Norma, Kugellager, Rollenlager; Chlorodini,
Kontor-Lager; Tuch-Hinke Herrenstoffe; Wohl & Alexander, Damen- und Mädchen-Mantelfabrik. Building from 1906. 1938: Felix Kayser’s shop is replaced by Walter Blenn’s shop.
(*) At this site were earlier the Jewish
companies Rosenbach & Königsfeld;
C: M. Raphael, Herren Maß-Schneiderei;
Krakauer; Freund & Kuttner; Guttentag
Prager & Kahl, Trikotagen engros.
& Co, and J. Marx.
Ring with department stores, fashon s9res, bookstores, cafés, jewelleries etc. Many of the most wellknown were Jewish. Some new buildings among the old ones. Wellknown stores at Ringplatz were Gebrüder Barasch department store, Louis Lewy and Albert Michaelis ladies’s coats, M. Boden and E. Bischoff furs,Carl Scholz furniture and Fischoff silk. The modernist Max Leschnitzerbuilding from 1928 with MohrenApotheke, clinics and the shop
“Fassbender Niederlage”.
Architect Adolf Rading.
Blücherplatz J. Strassberg;
Herz.
Nr, 1 and 2 were demolished in 1929 and
replaced by the modernist Städtische
Sparkasse-building. In nr, 1 was before
“Zigarren” and “Tuch- und FutterstoffAktiengesellschaft Breslau” und Max Lewy
shop. In nr. 1 was “Herz & Ehrlich” tool
shop.
A. Rosenthal.
1920s: Gaststätte “Wilder Mann
u. Mohr”. 1941: Gaststätte.
1920s: Hanisch, Schuhe, Stiefel.
1941: Schuhwaren; Milch.
The building “Zu den drei Mohren”,
with Klosterlitz & Lessing, Stoffe;
Hans Boldt.
Gaststätte zu den
2 Tauben.
5
Ernst Knott, Fahrräder;
H. Schein (shop); Damenu. Herren-Friseur; Schirdewan, Gaststätte am Blücherplatz, Liköre; Max Steinmetz,
“Uniformen, Berufskleidung,
Sportbekleidung, Arbeitskleidung, Motorradhandschuhe, Skihandschuhe”;
Danziger & Sc (...).
4
2
3
1
6
20
7
19
8
Siechen.
10
12
Friseur.
Georg Drube (?) Linoleum,
Cocos, Wachstuch.
17
11
C. Lewin, shop; Engel &
Mamelok, shop; Siegmund
Freund, shop; Möbel, Roth.
Brau-Stübl, KräheStübl, Brauerei “Schwarze
Krähe”.
18
9
Marcus Kanter, Galanterie,
Kurz- u. Spielwaren-Lager.
Emil Meyer, Uniformen,
Herrenkleiderfabrik; P. Kloss;
Zigarren. Around 1900:
Geschäftshaus N(...), Architect
Robert Honsch; Maurermeister
Robert Seidel; Shawls.
13
14
15
16
Moritz Schensowsky;
Radler-Institut, KronenRadler, Gelegenheitskauf.
Siegfried Wey, shop.
Oscar Liebermann Nachf.;
Gebr. Thiene(?); Konditorei.
S. Mathias, Tapisserie.
Hamburger, Glas, Porzellan;
Leo Zweig, Möbel, Wäsche,
Bekleidung.
Bierhaus am Neumarkt, Inhaber
Georg Czerwionka u. Herbert
Hildebrand, Biere der Brauerei
“Alter Weinstock”, Flaschenverkauf, Weine, Zigarren, Zigaretten,
Ausschank von Weinbrand-Crême,
Likören, Rum, Arak, “Und zehn
1920s & 1941: Minuten gönne dir fürs gute
Kaffee-Halle. ‘Alter Weinstock’ Bier!”, Edelbräu,
Pilsener, Eisbeine. “Zu vermieten”.
1920s: Lebensmittel, Bäckerei- 1920s: Adolf Rindfleisch,
Filiale. 1941: Häute- u. FelleKolonialwaren, Heringe;
Handlung, August Stenzel.
Mortitz Schensowsky,
shop,.1941: Karl Stein,
shop.
Fleischermeister.
Neu-­‐ markt Breslau had many Jewish Shops and enterprises Already in 1933 the Nazis began boycot-­‐ Ac9ons against Jewish shops Antonienstraße 5 M. Löwi, Manufakturwaren, Stoffe,
Tuche; Josef Mücke, Mützen-Fabrik,
billigste Bezugsquelle, en gros, en
detail; Werkstätte für Möbel und
Innenausbau; Jakob Silber, Obstu. Gemüse-Handlung.
E. Buckausch, TextilVertretungen; Max
Bakoczy (?), Kolonialwaren.
Antonienstraße/ Karlsplatz Around Wallstraße was an important Jewish centre. “Central”,
Plätterei,
Wäscherei.
23
19
17 15
Former Jewish hospital 13
11
9
7
5
3
1
7
G. Koenigsberger,
Kleiderstoffe, Großhandlung; Georg
Rothholz, Trikotage,
Wollwaren, Leinenwaren.
9
5
At Wallstraße 9, Anita Lasker-Wallfisch
and her sister were placed in a Jewish
Orphanage in 1942, when their
parents had been deported. It was
probably here.
Royal Castle.
Karlsplatz “Neue Synagoge” from 1872,
designed by Edwin Oppler.
Courts and prison
Synagogue
seminary
NSDAP
Head Quarter
Police
The modernist Wertheim
department store was erected
here in 1929-30, designed by
Hermann Dernburg.
Tauentzien-Theater; Bank für
Landwirtschaft; Cinema; Lorenz
Demmel; Breslauer Kredit(?)Bekleidung;.
Owned by E. Cohen
and Alfons Lasker
Several lawyers
lived here, also
Julius Lasker
Schloss-Restaurant.
Last flat of the
Lasker family before
deportation
Wollsdorff, Foto, Schubert, Kino.
Linoleum, Tapeten.
Gaststätte, Restaurant.
Kronen-Apotheke, Salem-Aleikum
Cigaretten.
Franz Sobt (...)
Henrich Lesch, shop; Etam, shop;
Buchhandlung Max Hessel, Inh.
Friedrika Müller.
The Nazi power centre was right in Jewish Breslau S. B. Rubin, shop; Tina Glaser,
shop; (...) Robert, shop“Fortschritt”
Anita Lasker Wallfisch Bäckerei; Hamburg-Amerika-Linie
Here, Anita Lasker and her sister were taken to the orphanage
Schweidnitzer Straße – The most important commercial street. 54
53
52
Damen-Hüte, Bürgel & Seiel.
“Staatliche Lotterie-Annahme
Junker, Staatslotterie, Preussenlose;
Artur Welsch, Herrenstoffe; Hans
Baucke, Gardinen, Teppiche; Maja,
Perlen. Uhren, Longines.
Wilhelm Knittel department
store from 1929 in modernist
style, architect Max Strassburg.
Bielschowsky department store
from 1930 in modernist style,
architect Hermann Wahlich.
Richard Rosenberger.
Wetten-Annahmen von
Rennen zu Rennen; Haunauer
shop; Foto; Gebr. Jacoby, DamenMäntel-Fabrik; Mädchen-MäntelFabrik.
Warenschau Bielschowsky.
Faulhaber, Leinenhaus, Wäsche;
Miksch, shop.
Gerstelhaus, built in 1903,
architect Alvin Wedermann;
Grzesik G.m.b.H, Kleider, Mäntel,
“Die deutsche Frau”; Seliger &
Sohn, Klavier u. Radio Etage,
Schaub Radio; Flügel, Pianos,
Schiedmayer u. andere Marken,
Harmoniums; Conditorei und
Café Bertram.
St. Dorotheenkirche.
Hotel Monopol.
City Theatre, Opera;
Strunkmann & Meister.
13
15
Apotheke.
16
17
36
Dom-Stübel; Weinhaus Fritz Preusse,
Weingrosshandlung; B. Pfeiffer, Sport-,
Jagd-, Reit-Kleidung, Livrée u. AutoAusrüstungen, Feine Maßschneiderei
für Herren u. Damen; Weiss.
19
(?)
31
30
Gebr, Zepler, shop.
August Schneider, Imbiss-Raum,
Wurst-(...).
Petermann & Graumann; Martin B (...),
Engros Damenhüte, Export; Württembergische Me(...); Ka(...).
“Frucht-Konditorei”, Inh. Pedro Coll.
Schloss-Café.
Heidrich; (...)Mondo Lor(...), Juwelen.
“Generalkommando”.
Nr. 20 (where?): Georg Janower;
Georg Matschke, Hüe, Mützen,
Engros, Export; Schlesische
Matratzen- u. Polstermöbelfabrik;
C. Menzel & Sohn, Pelze.
House of the Molinari family,
described in the novel “Soll
und Haben” by Gustav Freytag.
Meat and deli shop. Wall texts:
“Gottvertraun, Fleiss und Kraft,
das Beste schafft”. “Willenskraft
(...)ge schafft.”
56
Maria Magdalena Church,
Kienast, Schuhhauscfür alle,
Schuhhaus grössten Stils; F. A.
Prause, Tuchhaus, Seidenhaus,
Kleiderstoffe, Tuchlager, VersandHaus für Tuche u. Seiden. Tuchgrossversand.
Weinstube.
Milch Ausschank; Friseur;
Schultheiss Bier.
(...)ff-Haus; (---) & Winkler; Robert (?) Rother,
Max Hamburger.
Here, the Rudolf Petersdorff department store was
erected in 1927-28 in modernist style, designed
by Erich Mendelsohn. “Wir führen die eleganteste
Bekleidung in nur guten Fabrikaten”.
Kupferschmiedegasse – a siding Schuhbrücke Porzellan, Kristall, (...)s u. Bedarf, Tafel-Geschirr,
Geschenke; “Zur Hütte”, Pilsner Urquell.
Speier’s Schuhwarenhaus; Kronen.
Konditorei, Moka Efti; Konzert-Café,
Billard u. Spielsaal,
Linoleum.
Gustav Flieder (?).
Gebr. Lewandowski, Corsets;
Konditorei, Café; Von Kreyfelt,
Photographische (...); August
Schneider, shop.
(...)rhalle.
Schuh.
Albert Leser (?); Carl Bolz;
Eduard Klee; Guido Hackeböll (?) & Co; Schuhe; (...) PrivatSchule (...).
Ohlauer Straße 33
31
29
27
25
Breslauer Neueste Nachrichten.
(...)ann Simon.
Fischwaren, Delikatessen.
Kipke, Ausschank,
Bahnhofskeller,
Hausschlachtung,
Trinkt Kipke Bier.
“Zum Schindler-Toarle” (?),
Das Bauern-Stübl.
Bäckerei; Hamburg-Amerika-Linie.
Fortschritt.
Gartenstraße 104
Franz Sobt(...).
Schultheiss.
Vereinigte Breslauer Tischlermeister;
Möbelhaus am Hauptbahnhof, Möbel
gut u. billig; Zigarren.
Main railway station.
Alfred Herzig.
Museum and synagogue Tauentzienstraße Concert hall Max Schüller,
Cigarrenfabrik, (...)ase.
Cigaretten.
Martin Schiftan, Herren-Hüte,
Hosen, Windjacken, Herrenwäsche;
Fremdenheim; Schokoladen-Vertrieb;
Eisen(?)-Waren-Handlung, Inh. Paul
Perlach (?).
Jewish teological seminary Advertisement pillar: Orgelkonzert, Hermann Lüge (?);
Promenaden-Theater: Die Großfürstin und ihr Kellner;
Victoria: Breslau lacht.
At Blücherstraße 23-27
three apartment buildings were confiscated
in 1945 to be used by
the local Polish authorities. The German residents had 20 minutes
to leave there homes,
only the owner of Nr. 27,
a baker, was allowed to
stay, agreeing to provide
the Polish officials with
fresh bread.
Blücher-­‐ straße Nava Ruda´s family
moved into Moltkestraße 8, present Ulica
Władysława Łokietka,
in 1945. The German
family that had lived
there, had quickly
been thrown out
shortly before.
Moltke-­‐ straße The ecclesias9cal centre Mahas-­‐ straße School Nava Ruda remembers
that her father from 1945
had a small shop at Matthiasstraße, then called Ulica Stalina.
She remembers this street as
a street with shops and cinemas.
Charloie Kohn (Nava Ruda) came to Wrocław Home The last home of the Lasker
family was at Höfchenstraße 1.
The Lasker family was forced
to move to Museumstraße.
Here was the large
“Neue Synagogue”,
burnt in 1938.
Anita LaskerWallfisch´s last
(Jewish) school
was at Rehdiger
Platz.
At this street corner, Anita Lasker-Wallfisch
and her sister were caught, when they
tried to poison themselves after their
parents had been deported in 1942. Then
they came to a Jewish orphanage at
Wallstraße.
The Lasker family lived at
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße, near
Augusta-Straße, “wo es
schräg geht”.
The Lasker family
also lived for a
period at Agathstraße.
At Kürassier-Straße was Roxy-Kino,
where Arno Selten remembers a
Hanukkah-fiest in 1937.
The Selten family lived here, at Wölfl-Straße, from 1937.
The Lasker family lived a period at Kastanien-Allee.
Südpark was a bit furtrher to the south.
Arno Selten Memory treatment is about: -­‐  The memory of who used the buildings and how. -­‐  The special memory of the Jewish popula9on and their buildings. -­‐  The memory of the vanished buildings and their users. -­‐  The treatment of preserved and restored buildings from before WW2 and the memory of those who used them. -­‐  Choices between restoring and renewing in war damaged urban areas. The presenta9ons of urban planning will deal with memory Treatment and conflicts in urban renewal plans and projects and in preserva9on policies. GENERAL COMPARATIVE CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING THE FOUR CITIES: •  Large differencies between old, poor districts and higher standard districts in Chişinău, Cernăuţi and Lwów – lesser differencies in Breslau. •  The seilement paiern was more economically that ethnically decided, but poor districts in Chişinău, Cernăuţi and Lwów had many Yiddish-­‐speaking Jews keeping old tradi9ons. •  All four ci9es had a well-­‐integrated middle or upper class group of Jews, mostly speaking Russian in Chişinău, German in Cernăuţi and Polish in Lwów. In Breslau all Jews spoke German. •  All four ci9es had “modern, integrated” Jewish centres and, except Breslau, old, tradi9onal Jewish centres. •  The Jewish share was 50 % in Chişinău, 40 % in Cernăuţi, 33 % in Lwów and 5 % in Breslau, but the Jewish significance in cultural, scien9fic and commercial life was larger in all towns. •  In central Chişinău and Cernăuţi, especially the oldest parts, were most building and shop owners Jewish. In Lwów, the Jewish and Polish share seem to be rather similar, but the Ukrai-­‐ nian share seems to be smaller. •  The main commercial streets/squares were Strada Alexandru cel Bun in Chişinău, Strada Regele Ferdinand, Regina Maria and Iancu Flondor and Piaţa Unirii in Cernăuţi, Ulica Legiono-­‐ wa, Akademicka and Kazimierzowska and Rynek in Lwów and Schweidnitzer and Ohlauer Straße and Ring in Breslau. In this areas were also many cafés and restaurants. Except for In Breslau, Here are also the leading hotels situated. •  The old, poorer districts in Chişinău, Cernăuţi and Lwów had very high historic value, but rather low technical standard. There were many small shops, tailors snd cravsmen. The WW2 gheios were established here. Breslau had no gheio. •  All four ci9es have local main streets with daily shops as grocers, bakers, haberdasheries and fruit stores as well as small restaurants and cafés. •  The school buildings are mostly rather large and monumental. There are both public schools for all ethnic groups and schools organised by ethnic and religious organisa9ons. All ci9es had special Jewish hospitals. •  Cernăuţi had the most mul9ethnic structure and the most developed system of ethnic cultural palaces. •  Lwów had an old conflict between Poles and Ukrainians and Cernăuţi between Romanians and Ukrainians. Imperial policy brought Austrians (Germans) to Cernăuţi and Russians to Romanian-­‐populated Chişinău as a new upper class, crea9ng combined social and ethnic differences. Poles in Cernăuţi were mostly outside ethnic conflicts. Jews approached the domina9ng ethnic groups, but were also pinched between ethnic groups. •  In Breslau the Polish and Czech popula9on had through centuries been reduced to a few Percent and there were rather few Jews, well integrated in the German society. There were very limited ethnic conflicts, but the Nazi takeover in 1933 changed the situa9on. •  Pre-­‐imperial Chişinău and Cernăuţi were both old Moldovan village-­‐like towns, and both were Romanian in interwar years, with an growing Romanian urban middle class. Both ci9es were added with a new city centre in imperial years. •  Lwów and Breslau were both old, rather large Central European university ci9es with planned late medieval districts surrounded by 19th century development. Several Poles, expelled from Lwów, seiled in Breslau. •  Modern architecture developed in all four ci9es in interwar years. Breslau had new thoruoghly planned residen9al districts; Cernăuţi and Lwów had gradual extensions and Chişinău had more spread and par9al addi9ons.