Eco-Efficient Ready Mixed Concrete Plants and Concrete Production

Transcription

Association of the Swiss Aggregate and Concrete Industry
Eco-Efficient
Ready Mixed Concrete Plants
and Concrete Production
A Handbook by the Association of the Swiss Aggregates
and Concrete Industry 2003
© 2003 ASAC
Eco-Efficient Concrete Plants and Concrete Production – Handbook by the ASAC
© 2003 ASAC
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© 2003 ASAC
Foreword
This handbook for the Swiss Ready Mixed Concrete (RMC) producers was originally written in German and French. The text applies specifically to Switzerland, referring to the Swiss laws and regulations, markets, practices, organizations, and the Swiss states known as cantons. But in spite of the
local focus, this handbook has global value. It gives an overview of environmental aspects that affect
the RMC industry worldwide. It shows how the Swiss RMC industry is responding to these issues,
providing examples that could be useful anywhere. Learning from other markets around the world is
mandatory because eco-efficient RMC production is a global challenge and responsibility - which this
handbook can help us to meet. This is the reason why the ASAC Board decided to translate the handbook in English in order to make "good practice" from Switzerland available to the members of
ERMCO. The ASAC Board is convinced, that many eco-efficient suggestions made in this handbook
will also be useful for the European members as well as for the ERMCO associate members such as
the United States, etc. The handbook is available as pdf-file on the ASAC website under "Aktuell" or
"Publikationen", www.fskb.ch or ERMCO website under "Publications", www.ermco.org.
Eco-efficiency, the synergy between economic and ecological aspects, improves the benefit of a company and prevent/reduces ecological problems at the same time. Eco-efficiency is a practical answer
to sustainable development and should therefore be present in the daily thinking of top managers and
of all employees of a company. The image of an eco-efficient RMC company which regularly informs
its stakeholders about its activities is strongly improved. This good image will facilitate the business
conditions, especially in connection with the relationship to authorities and the public.
More details about "eco-efficiency" can be derived from the presentation made at the ERMCO Helsinki
Congress in June 2004 on "Eco-efficient RMC Plants and Eco-efficient Concrete Production". The
presentation is also available as pdf-file under www.fskb.ch and www.ermco.org.
Important remarks: Please refer also to the "Introduction" regarding the background of this handbook.
RMC stands for "Ready Mixed Concrete". The German abbreviations in the text correspond to relevant laws, regulations and guidelines (please refer to explanations in Appendix 1, page 41 and Address list, page 65, 66).
Handbook
Editor/Copyright
ASAC - Association of the Swiss Aggregates and Concrete Industry
Sponsoring
ASAC and Holcim Group Support, Ltd, CH-5113 Holderbank
Author team:
ASAC Environmental Committee:
Jacques Grob (President ASAC), Paul Niederer (Chairman Environmental
Committee), Beat Grossman, Ueli Haldimann, Roberto Meister,
Kurt Scheidegger, Hans-Jakob Suter, Dr. Andreas Röthlisberger,
Dr. René Teutsch, Dr. Peter Zgraggen
Translation:
WentzWords Corporate English, Switzerland / Holcim Group Support, Ltd
Layout:
ASAC Environmental Committee
Technical info:
Address ASAC
ASAC, Phone +41 (0)31 326 26 26 Fax +41 (0)31 326 26 29
FSKB - Fachverband der Schweizerischen Kies- und Betonindustrie
Bubenbergplatz 9, CH-3011, Bern. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.fskb.ch
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© 2003 ASAC
Contents
Introduction
6
1. Planning, investment, new construction, modifications
1.1
General
1.2
Legal requirements
1.3
Suggestions for eco-efficiency
7
7
7
8
2. Material sourcing
2.1
Water
2.2
Cement
2.3
Aggregates
2.4
Recycled construction materials (secondary construction materials)
2.5
Mineral additions, including fly ash, added directly to concrete
2.6
Energy
8
8
9
10
11
12
13
3. Storage
3.1
Diesel fuel, gasoline, and heating oil
3.2
Concrete admixtures
3.3
Recycling construction materials
14
14
16
17
4. Washing stations for vehicles
4.1
General
4.2
Legal Requirements
4.3
19
19
19
20
5. Recycling and disposal
5.1
Wastewater from concrete production
5.2
Leftover (returned concrete)
5.3
Concrete grey water sludge
5.4
Aggregates from leftover concrete
5.5
Colored concrete
5.6
Concrete wastewater from construction sites
5.7
Waste
5.8
Hazardous waste
21
21
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
6. Clean air
6.1
General
6.2
Legal requirements
6.3
31
31
31
31
7. Noise control
7.1
General
7.2
Legal requirements
7.3
32
32
32
33
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8. Industrial accidents and incidents
8.1
General
8.2
Legal requirements
8.3
33
33
33
33
9. Transport
9.1
General
9.2
Legal requirements
9.3
34
34
34
34
10. Occupational health and safety
10.1 General
10.2 Legal requirements
10.3 Suggestions for social responsibility
35
35
36
36
11. Communication
11.1 General
11.3 Suggestions for effective communication
37
37
37
37
12. ISO 14001 environmental management system
12.1 General
12.2 Objectives of an ISO 14001 EMS
12.3 Recommendations
38
38
38
39
Appendix 1: List of relevant laws, regulations, and guidelines
41
Appendix 2: Content of the relevant laws, regulations, and guidelines
44
Appendix 3: Examples of building permits for RMC plants
52
Appendix 4: Diagram of a system for recycling returned concrete
56
Appendix 5: Construction of a new RMC plant: economic considerations
57
Appendix 6: SAEFL Circular on fly ash and blast-furnace slag, 4 July 1997
60
Address list
65
References (in German): Weiterführende Literatur
67
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Introduction
Eco-efficient ready mixed concrete (RMC) plants and concrete production
Technical measures and dedication alone are no longer enough. Environmental responsibility
and challenges have become more significant in recent years, chiefly because of stricter environmental laws at the federal and cantonal levels. The body of legislation has become so
dense that even the experts find it difficult to understand.
For this reason the ASAC (Association of the Swiss Aggregates and Concrete Industry) has
prepared this handbook. It gives an overview of the entire body of relevant Swiss federal legislation. It also reflects what the ASAC considers the state of the art in the eco-efficient production of RMC.
Environmental measures and the economic benefits they bring, are not mutually exclusive.
They go hand in hand, and both must be considered in decision-making (eco-efficient approach). In other words, ecology has become a top-management issue.
This handbook has been compiled to be as comprehensive as possible. Nevertheless, its use
does not relieve any companies from the obligation to consider additional regulations that
may apply to a given RMC plant, including federal laws and particularly cantonal or local laws.
A list of relevant federal laws, regulations, and guidelines is included in Appendix 1. Also to be
considered are the specific requirements imposed by the building permit process and any local regulations that apply to industrial zones or development areas. And of course labor laws
and accident insurance laws always apply.
Environmental approaches and considerations begin with raw-material sourcing (Chapter 2),
continue into production (see energy optimization, Section 2.6), and achieve full effect in recycling and disposal (Chapter 5). Methods of reducing noise and dust emissions are included
in Chapters 6 and 7.
The handbook is organized into chapters, each handling a key topic. The chapters are meant
to be as complete as possible, which makes the handbook valuable as a reference work. For
the sake of convenient reference, some repetition is tolerated.
The recommendations given apply to RMC companies and their plants.
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1. Planning, investment, new construction, modifications
1.1 General
When a new RMC plant is planned or an existing RMC plant modified or upgraded, all the
applicable legal requirements must be considered. Planning also offers the opportunity to incorporate environmental aspects into the process. When environmental criteria are included
in the planning phase, the effect is especially beneficial and cost effective.
Before a RMC plant is built the financial aspects must be studied (see Appendix 5, Construction of a new RMC plant: economic considerations).
A recycling and waste-management concept should also be considered. It is advantageous to
increasingly strive for closed-loop cycles, because resources and landfill areas are limited. A
systematic approach is offered by the international standard ISO 14001, which provides a
framework for establishing an environmental management system that can be certified.
Before a new RMC plant is built, the company must obtain a building permit. Furthermore the
company may be required to obtain a use permit (water concession), an effluent discharge
permit, and then an operating permit.
The permit process varies for modification projects. Experience shows that some communities and cantons approve certain additions, expansions, and upgrades without expanding the
scope of the permit application, while other communities and cantons impose extra requirements for older parts of the plant not included in the application.
During the design phase of a project, the following legislation in particular should be considered:
•
•
•
Regional planning law (RPG)
Environmental protection law (USG) pertaining to:
- Environmental impact assessment (UVPV) (in connection with other activities on site
such as recycling of demolition material, gravel exploitation, etc.)
- Clean air (LRV)
- Noise control (LSV)
- Technical requirements for handling waste (TVA)
Federal water protection law (GSchG) pertaining to:
- Water protection regulations (GSchV)
- Protecting natural waters from water-endangering liquids (VWF)
For more laws, regulations, and guidelines see Appendices 1 and 2 of the handbook.
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1.3 Suggestions for eco-efficiency
The best time to make long-term and eco-efficient investments is when a RMC plant is being
newly built or being upgraded.
Consider for example:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Review geographic locations (RPG, USG, LSVA, CO2 law)
Study energy sources (especially thermal energy) (EnG, EnV)
Minimize internal travel distances (USG, CO2 law)
Simplify conveying processes (or shorten them)
Use water-conserving processes (recycling, washing stations)
Employ wastewater treatment systems and use recycled water (GschG, GschV)
Thermally insulate aggregates silos (EnG, EnV)
Ensure healthy and safe workplaces (ArG, UVG, VUV)
Care for the appearance of the buildings and grounds (building regulations, NHG)
Use recycled materials (SAEFL1 guidelines)
Apply a concept for waste management and recycling (TVA, VVS; recycling of residual
concrete)
2. Material sourcing
2.1 Water
2.1.1 General
A RMC plant requires water for concrete production and for cleaning of mixers and trucks.
Potential sources are many: groundwater, well water, public water supply, collected rainwater,
and water from cleaning of mixers and trucks. The relevant concessions and permits must be
in hand and valid.
2.1.2 Legal requirements
Federal water protection law (GSchG):
Art. 29
Art. 36
Permit for using groundwater and drawing water from streams or lakes.
Conditions for water-use permits.
Drawing water from public waters is regulated by the cantons and requires a permit.
Water use law (WnG) (Bern canton):
Misc. articles:
1
A concession is required for tapping groundwater or source water. The
concession limits the water volume, defines a duration of validity, and
prescribes a fee. A permit must also be obtained to tap the public water
supply system.
SAEFL = Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape
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2.1.3 Suggestions for eco-efficiency
Reduce the consumption of fresh water to a minimum (see water management, water recycling, wastewater disposal). Collect rainwater in a separate basin; overflow of basin should
seep into the groundwater. The use of a certain percent by volume of recycled water for the
production of designed concrete is permissible if confirmed by the appropriate pretests. Consult EN 206-1 for the relevant requirements.
Figs. 1 and 2: Catching rainwater in a gutter.
2.2 Cement
2.2.1 General
Cement is a hydraulic binder made of cement clinker, mineral additions, and gypsum to regulate the setting time. Certain mineral additions carry a higher heavy metal content than does
clinker. The heavy metals in these mineral additions are not expected to pose an environmental risk for example when concrete is leached out (see SIA D0146, Environmental Aspects of Concrete, pages 41-42).
There are no specific legal requirements for cements. However, the noise and dust generated
by cement handling must be suitably controlled. This applies particularly to plants near residential areas. No limit for cement dust is prescribed by clean air laws, but the cantons can
prescribe a limit for total dust emissions (e.g. 20 mg/m3). Relevant noise control regulations
must also be met.
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Optimize transport dispatching. Optimize the number and size of larger cement silos. Optimize delivery distances, transportation modes and capacities. Use suitable means to prevent
the inadvertent use of the wrong silo feed pipes. Dust can be released when a silo is filled, as
air is displaced and expelled, loaded with cement dust. Silo filters with polyester-mesh filter
elements should be installed. Air compressors for cement handling should be acoustically
insulated if they are too loud. In general, energy and raw material resources can be saved in
cement production if the RMC plant reduces the content of portland cement (by using more
composite cements) or by using mineral additions such as fly ash directly in concrete.
A note on safety:
Cement is a hydraulic binder. In the presence of moisture or water it undergoes an alkaline
reaction. Avoid skin contact as much as possible. Use personal protective equipment. If cement gets in the eyes it must be immediately and thoroughly rinsed out with water, and a doctor should be consulted without delay.
2.3 Aggregates
2.3.1 General
There are no specific legal requirements for aggregates. In Switzerland, sand and gravel are
sourced according to criteria such as quality, grading, and other properties. The components
and percentages are a function of the type of concrete being produced.
Aggregates are classified according to their source:
•
•
•
River and lake deposits
Glacial deposits
Material from shot rock quarries
Special aggregates are used for special applications. Requirements for aggregates are defined by the relevant standards.
An important criterion for sand is uniformity. Requirements for aggregates are defined in SIA
Standard 162-1 and more recently in the European Concrete Standards EN 206-1, Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity, and EN 12620, Aggregates for
concrete. The handling and storage of aggregates can require special measures regarding
cleanliness, segregation, dust, and noise. Dust can be a nuisance especially in the summer
and near residential areas. Noise emissions can be particularly acute when gravel is dumped
into metal silos or bins.
There are no specific legal requirements for aggregates. Aggregates are supplied under
agreements and contracts. Quality requirements for materials are defined in standards such
as SIA 162-1 and EN 12620.
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The sourcing of aggregates can be optimized to reduce environmental impact. Transport distances and modes of transport can be improved both between the aggregates source and
RMC plant and within the RMC plant site itself. The avoidance of intermediate stockpiling
usually cuts costs (see Chapter 9, Transport, and 9.3, Suggestions for eco-efficiency) and
offers environmental advantages (reducing energy consumption and emissions). Thus new
RMC plants should include sufficiently large silos. Insulating aggregates silos markedly cuts
energy consumption for heating in the winter. Dust development on the plant site can be reduced by sprinkling water and by other accepted practices. Feed bins can be lined with an
elastomeric or polymeric membrane to dampen the noise of loading.
Fig. 3: Fluvio-glacial gravel-sand deposit
(Most of the concrete produced in
Switzerland consists of gravel and
sand and not of aggregates from
shot-rock quarries).
2.4 Recycled construction materials (secondary construction materials)
2.4.1 General
To preserve resources we strive for closed-loop cycles. This means that "construction waste"
or demolition material should be collected, sorted, and reused to produce new construction
materials. This practice will continue to grow in importance for environmental and economic
reasons and because resources and landfill areas are limited. For more information see the
Guidelines for recycling mineral demolition materials, SAEFL (1997) and the ARV2 Quality
certification for recycled construction materials.
2
ARV = Swiss Demolition, Excavation and Recycling Association
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Environmental protection law (USG):
Art. 30
Basics of waste handling: avoiding, collecting, processing, recycling, and
depositing.
SAEFL Guidelines for recycling mineral demolition materials, SAEFL 1997.
ARV Quality certification for recycled construction materials.
If secondary construction materials are used (concrete demolition material, roadway demolition material, mixed demolition material) the following laws and regulations apply (refer to appendix 1): USG, GschG, GschV and especially the SAEFL guidelines for mineral demolition
materials. Product liability laws can also influence the use of secondary construction materials
in structural concrete.
Optimize delivery distances, transport modes and capacities. Accept only secondary construction materials that comply with SAEFL guidelines and that can be suitably stockpiled.
Study the market potential.
SIA Recommendation 162/4, Recycling concrete, 1997.
Concrete using mineral demolition materials, EMPA (Concrete Technology), 1999.
2.5 Mineral additions, including fly ash, added directly to concrete
2.5.1 General
Fly ash, classified as a mineral addition, is a by-product of furnaces in coal-fired power plants.
Fly ash may be added to concrete to increase the fines content or to achieve special characteristics. Refer to appendix 6 of the handbook "Recommendations for the import and use of fly
ash and blast-furnace slag in the production of building materials," SAEFL, 4 July 1997.
There are no specific legal requirements for fly ash. For technical information refer to the Cement Bulletin (1995). European Standard EN 450, Fly ash for concrete, defines the chemical
requirements:
•
•
•
Chloride
Sulfur trioxide
Free quicklime
< 0.1% content by mass
< 3.0% content by mass
< 1% content by mass
Provisional standard values for heavy metals (see the Tables 1 and 2 in the SAEFL circular of
4 July 1997 to the Swiss cantonal authorities in appendix 6):
•
If these materials fail to conform to the standard values given in Table 2 they must be
treated as hazardous waste.
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Other requirements:
•
•
Dosage of fly ash according to EN 206-1 (K-value concept)
Fly ash and blast-furnace slag may be used only in bound form (blended with cement
or directly added to concrete). Application in loose form is strictly prohibited, e.g. as
base material in road construction.
Some fly ash has a higher heavy metal content than does cement. The heavy metals in fly
ash are not expected to pose an environmental risk for example by leaching out of the concrete. The critical issue here is the amount of heavy metals that can leach out during the service life of a structure and afterwards (see SIA D0146, Environmental Aspects of Concrete).
For additional suggestions see Section 2.2.3 (Cement).
2.6 Energy
2.6.1 General
Most RMC plants require electricity to power conveyors and mixer(s), heating oil for heating
buildings and the aggregates, and diesel fuel for the trucks and mobile equipment (see Chapter 9, Transport). The consumption of electrical power fluctuates throughout the day depending on production intensity. Heating oil is burned only for a few months in winter.
Building regulations govern the thermal insulation of buildings. Authorities may impose energy-conservation requirements for manufacturing processes. Although energy efficiency is
primarily a cost concern, lower consumption also benefits the environment. Therefore Switzerland is increasingly promoting energy efficiency by raising energy costs (e.g. by imposing
a CO2 tax).
a) Electrical power
All electro-magnetic consumers such as electric motors require not only working energy but
also reactive energy. Reactive current produces no warmth and performs no mechanical
work; it serves merely to establish magnetic fields. It is not consumed, but flows back to the
power plant. Thus it travels back and forth between producer and consumer. Power producers don’t like reactive current because it burdens the power lines, transformers, and generators. Thus power companies charge high rates for reactive current when the degree of efficiency (cosine φ) falls below a certain rate (approx. 85%). Reactive current can be compensated for by means of the proper equipment on site. With such systems, the reactive current
oscillates only between the user and the compensation equipment. This equipment should
thus eliminate extra fees for reactive current. Whether this actually works must be verified
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with each invoice. If charges appear for reactive current, the reactive current compensation
system must be checked.
Power rates are strongly related to peak loads, because the power lines must be designed to
handle the peaks. Power companies prefer uniform energy consumption. Consumption during
peaks can quickly run up costs significantly, so one goal must be to avoid peak use. This can
be achieved by turning off non-mandatory equipment during peak times. Even shutdowns for
minutes can be effective. Consider the following:
•
•
•
Turn off heating
Turn off loading pumps
Avoid filling silos during concrete production
The optimization potential is great on any RMC production site with a gravel plant because
production can typically be interrupted for a few minutes with no drawback. The opportunities
include:
•
•
Turn off crushers (merely stopping material feed is often sufficient) during concrete
production or silo filling
Turn off sludge pumps and sludge pressing equipment
Suitable computer-controlled optimization systems are available. These often pay back their
cost within a few months.
With the deregulation of the power industry, long-term balanced consumption is becoming
critical to achieving lower rates for power. Consumption can be moderated by forming pools
of users with different consumption times. Or by a clause in the supply agreement that allows
the power company to interrupt the supply if necessary during times such as midday, early
evening, and cold winter days. Such power savings always benefit the environment too because distribution losses are lower and less infrastructure is required (fewer power plants and
distribution stations).
b) Heating energy
Because the bulk of the heating energy is needed only on a few cold days, options for optimization are limited. The investment cost for alternative energy systems is often prohibitively
high. The biggest savings can be realized by warming aggregates no more than necessary.
3. Storage
3.1 Diesel fuel, gasoline, and heating oil
3.1.1 General
Article 2 of the VWF, Requirements for protecting natural waters from water-endangering liquids (1998), defines water-endangering liquids as those that “can negatively alter water
physically, chemically, or biologically" and classifies them as follows:
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Class 1: Small amounts of these liquids can harm water. The list includes heating oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, ammonia, solvents, thinners, and solutions of heavy-metal
salts.
Class 2: Large amounts of these liquids can harm water. The list includes hydrochloric acid,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, acetone, cooking oil, and sodium bicarbonate and potash lye.
Diesel fuel, gasoline, and heating oil are Class 1 water-endangering liquids. Handling these
improperly can lead to the harm of streams and lakes. Class 1 also includes various solvents
and cleaning agents used in RMC plants.
Various laws and regulations govern the storage and handling of water-endangering liquids:
Art. 3
Art. 22
Every person is obliged to exercise appropriate caution to prevent the harmful
contamination of natural waters.
General requirements for handling water-endangering liquids, e.g. permits for
plants, equipment maintenance, reporting leaks and spills to water protection
authorities.
Requirements for protecting natural waters from water-endangering liquids (VWF):
Art. 1
Art. 3
Art. 4
Art. 5 - 7
Art. 7 § 2
Art. 10
Art. 11
Art. 13
Art. 14
Art. 15
Art. 16 - 18
Art. 20
Art. 21, 22
Art. 26
Applicability; storage, containers > 20 l, handling stations, equipment.
Water-endangering liquids as defined by SAEFL list of 1 Jan. 1999.
All equipment and maintenance thereof to use best available technology.
Leaks and spillage: prevention, detection.
Catchment capacity 100% for Class 1, 50% for Class 2 liquids (largest tank,
provided it is not hydraulically connected).
Permit required for plants with usable capacity exceeding 450 l.
Reporting requirements for storage sites of 450 to 4000 liters usable capacity;
also applies to oil storage of 3 drums or more (container storage).
Periodic inspections; permits, test reports, overhaul reports, and inspection
reports must be kept for 10 years.
Filling: to be monitored in person; maximum amounts to be pre-determined.
Reporting of accidents.
Overhaul every 10 years by authorized specialists.
Periodic testing of leak-detection and overflow-prevention systems.
Inspection and certification of containers and tanks (> 450 l), to be repeated
every 5 years.
Existing plants and installations may remain in operation as long as they pose
no threat. Underground steel tanks in good condition, embedded in soil, must
be inspected every 4 years.
Regulations for hazardous materials (StoV):
Art. 9
General obligation to exercise caution and follow recommendations for use.
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Art. 38
Request safety data sheets from the supplier (see SDBV).
Appendix 3, 4 Regulations for specific materials such as asbestos (3.3), condensers and
transformers (4.8), fire-suppression agents (4.16).
Industrial accident regulations: comply with volume limits.
Limit storage volumes. Store oil and used oil above catchment basins. Inspect and overhaul
tanks. Minimize stored volumes of flammable liquids. Store these separately and handle them
safely, applying appropriate precautions (required catchment capacity, no stormwater sumps
nearby).
Do not use any poisons of Class 1 or 2. The administrative effort is too great (poison certificates, poisons book, required employee training).
Refer to cantonal guidelines: Water protection on the construction site.
Fig. 5: These oil drums are safely
stored over a catchment basin.
3.2 Concrete admixtures
3.2.1 General
Concrete admixtures are water-endangering liquids (see Section 3.1). VWF classifies concrete admixtures in Classes 1 and 2 (see 3.1.1). The manufacturer must clearly indicate the
class on the safety data sheet.
The legal requirements that apply to concrete admixtures are the same as in Section 3.1.2.
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All concrete admixtures tanks should be located over catchment basins. The catchment capacity must be 100% for Class 1 and 50% for Class 2, as long as the tanks are not hydraulically connected. Storage and handling areas should be waterproofed. Post the safety datasheets on the storage containers of concrete admixtures. It is recommended to store concrete
admixtures in a separate storeroom with firewalls. (Refer to the Websites of the concrete admixtures producers.)
See also:
ASAC Guidelines for storing concrete admixtures, 1984.
FSHBZ/ASAC Guidelines for concrete admixtures dosing equipment.
FSHBZ/ASAC Addendum, 1991 (do not store containers outdoors)
- The older FSHBZ Guideline A, 1982.
FSHBZ Environmental quality seal exists. Support certified products.
Fig. 6: In this concrete admixtures storage room the
tanks are located over a catch basin and
safety data sheets are posted on each tank.
Fig. 7: The quality-assurance seal (Gütesiegel) and
poison class declaration are displayed on the
tank.
3.3 Recycling construction materials
3.3.1 General
The storage of processed recycled materials is subject to technical water-protection requirements because any runoff water from such storage could contaminate the soil (e.g. chromium
and pH-value).
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Recycling plants producing more than 1,000 tons per year are required to prepare an environmental impact assessment. The SAEFL Guidelines for recycling mineral demolition materials define the following six recycled building materials. The guideline, as well as the ARV
Quality certification, shows which of these six products may be used for concrete production.
Recycled construction materials
Use for concrete production
Recycled crushed, graded asphalt
no
Recycled gravel/sand P
yes
Recycled gravel/sand A
no
Recycled gravel/sand B
yes
Recycled crushed, graded concrete
yes
Recycled crushed, graded mixed demolition material
yes
Each handling and storage site for recycled material requires a permit.
Groundwater-protection measures are required for recycled mineral demolition materials that
may be deposited in loose form and covered with a topping (asphalt or concrete). Such
measures are defined in the permit issued by the cantonal office. Main measures are to provide a topping, to collect the runoff water, and to treat the runoff before discharging it into a
stream or sewer. No topping is necessary if the handling or storage site meets the requirements of an inert landfill (see TVA, Appendix 2, Paragraph 1).
Dilution of recycled products with natural aggregates is generally prohibited.
Particles measuring 0-8mm in mixed demolition material must be sieved out and recycled or
deposited. Depositing is subject to TVA. See the ARV Quality certification for recycled demolition materials.
Depending on the location (the relevance to groundwater), sites for the storage of recycled
materials should be sealed with concrete or asphalt pavement. Water runoff should be collected. If the runoff is not used in concrete production, it should be treated (e.g. neutralized
with CO2) if necessary before it is discharged into a stream or sewer.
Recycled concrete SIA 162/4:
Art. 2.4
High concentrations of chemical impurities (chloride, sulfate) can lessen the durability of recycled concrete.
SAEFL Guidelines for recycling mineral demolition materials:
Art. 5.11 Use in filtration or drainage beds is prohibited.
See also: SIA 493, Declaration of environmental characteristics of construction products.
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Requirements for the storage, processing, and use of secondary (recycled) construction materials vary among the cantons.
4. Washing stations for vehicles
4.1 General
We distinguish among the following types of washing of trucks:
Cleaning:
•
•
•
•
the truck cab
the chassis and motor
the inside of truck-mounted tippers and special tippers for aggregates and excavation
material
the inside of truck-mounted tippers, special tippers and truck mixer drums for concrete
Local or economic conditions may allow the first two types of washing to be handled by a
third-party garage.
Art. 3
Art. 7
Obligation to exercise care; the "polluter pays" principle.
Treating contaminated wastewater.
Water protection regulations (GSchV):
Art. 7
Art. 8
Art. 10
Art. 13, 14
Art. 15
Art. 16, 17
Appendix 3.2
Art. 1
Requirements for discharging wastewater into a public sewer.
Prohibits the percolation of contaminated wastewater into the soil.
Prohibits disposal with wastewater.
Recording and reporting amounts and concentrations.
Monitoring by authorities.
Industrial accidents: precautions, reporting requirements.
Requirements for discharging industrial wastewater in public waters or sewers
Terms and basic principles;
Contaminated wastewater may not be diluted to meet the requirements for discharge into a stream or lake.
Art. 2
General requirements for discharging wastewater into a stream, lake, or public
sewer.
Appendix 3.3 Discharge of other types of contaminated wastewater.
Art. 23
Wastewater from construction sites.
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© 2003 ASAC
Washing stations are to be assessed according to type of washing:
Type of washing
Solution
Remark
Cleaning the truck cab
with shampoo,
not including chassis.
No special methods necessary.
Mineral oil separator required.
Discharge wastewater into the public sewer.
Cleaning the chassis and Ultrafiltration (UF).
Emulsion separation system.
motor,
e.g. high pressure steam
cleaning.
UF is relatively expensive to buy; cheaper to
run (no flocculant, etc. is necessary) but,
more difficult to maintain. Discharge purified
wastewater into the public sewer.
Cleaning the inside oftruck-mounted tippers
and special tippers for
transport of aggregates
and excavation material.
Mud collector, mineral oil separator,
or coalescence oil separator.
Coalescence oil separators work only if
cleaning is done without any surfactants
(shampoo). These hinder separation.
Discharge into gravel pit settlement pond is
possible provided only cold water is used
and no flocculators or surfactants are used.
Cleaning the inside of
truck-mounted tippers,
special tippers and truck
mixer drums for concrete.
Use concrete recycling water.
Limit water amount, use high pressure, spray concrete solvent onto
dry drums, use frugally, spray finely,
avoid runoff.
Experience shows that two rinses
with 500-600 liters are enough for a
mixer drum or bucket.
Use alkaline wastewater remaining from
concrete production. Or, treat with CO2 to
reduce the pH to 9.0 or less and discharge
into public sewer.
Neutralized concrete wastewater may not be
discharged into public streams or lakes because the hexavalent chromium content
(Cr VI) is too high.
Fig. 8: A separate washing station for washing
truck bodies (e.g. the truck cab, outside of
truck mixer drums and special tippers).
Fig. 9: Washing station for concrete trucks.
The inside of truck mixer drums or special
tippers (see photo) are flushed out with
concrete recycling water.
20
© 2003 ASAC
Fig. 10: In an emulsion separation system hydrocarbons are bound
with flocculators and collected in a mesh filter.
5. Recycling and disposal
5.1 Wastewater from concrete production
5.1.1 General
At a RMC plant, the cleaning of plant mixers, truck mixer drums and special tippers as well as
the rinsing out of residual concrete generates wastewater that contains mineral solids and
that is highly alkaline (pH-value around 12) because of the cement. The disposal of such
wastewater is governed by a set of federal laws and requirements.
The legal requirements that apply here are the same as in Section 4.2.
Art. 7 and Appendix 3.2 § 2: Conditions for discharging wastewater into streams and sewers.
Relevant values
Discharge into
streams or lakes
Discharge into
sewers
Empirical values
for concrete wastewater
pH-value
6.5 - 9.0
11.5 - 12.5
Clarity (turbidity)
Total dissolved materials
Chromium (total)
Chromium VI
Total hydrocarbons
> 30 cm
20 mg/l
2.0 mg/l
0.10 mg/l
10 mg/l
6.5. - 9.0 Deviation permitted if dispersion is
sufficient
--2.0 mg/l
-20 mg/l
< 30 cm
unknown
0.10 - 0.16 mg/l
0.10 - 0.16 mg/l
0.10 - 0.50 mg/l
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All other values and materials may be ignored; experience shows that the relevant limits will
not be exceeded. Concrete wastewater as shown in the table above exceeds various limits
(pH-value, turbidity, total dissolved materials, and chromium VI content) and thus may not be
discharged into streams or lakes. The pH-value is too high for discharge into the sewer. The
concrete wastewater may be discharged into the sewer only after suitable neutralization (e.g.
CO2 treatment to reduce the pH to 9.0 or less). The above table also shows that discharge
into public streams or lakes is prohibited.
The method to be chosen for the recycling or disposal of concrete wastewater will depend
largely on financial considerations. The amount of wastewater is a determining factor. Feeding the concrete wastewater and the solids back into the material cycle will be the optimal alternative in the long run, from both the environmental and economic viewpoint. This should
always be attempted as much as possible, because landfill area is limited and dump fees will
continue increasing.
The following points must be considered when using concrete wastewater for the production
of concrete:
•
•
•
Separation of solids (> ±0.2 mm) in suitable settling pits (washout pits) or concrete recycling systems (Section 5.2)
Homogenization of the solids (< ±0.2 mm) in the concrete recycling water in a suitable
concrete grey water basin with agitator(s)
If only settling pits are used, they should be periodically cleaned and the concrete grey
water sludge deposited in an inert landfill or waste dump (see Section 5.3)
To reduce the amount of concrete grey water the following can be considered:
•
•
•
•
Keep concrete wastewater separate from stormwater
Use recycled water to clean the plant mixer(s), truck mixer drums and special tippers
Use recycled water for concrete production
Use heating systems for recycled water (e.g. normal house heating tubes are passed
through the agitated concrete grey water basin, situated in the RMC plant, or use of
steam heating, etc.). Surplus grey water will accumulate primarily in the cold season.
Therefore, concrete wastewater can also be used in the cold season when it will be
heated before.
If concrete wastewater is not used for concrete production or if surplus water accumulates,
the wastewater should be neutralized (e.g. CO2 treatment to reduce the pH to 9.0 or less)
before it is discharged into the sewer.
For more information consult the following recommendations and guidelines:
•
•
Recommendations for wastewater disposal, ASAC 1984
Characteristics of concrete grey water sludges and wastewaters, Coordinating office of
the Zurich Aggregates Association, March 1995
22
•
•
© 2003 ASAC
Guidelines for using concrete waste water, returned concrete, and leftover mortar in
the production of concrete, German committee for reinforced concrete 1991 (DAfStb)
Water protection on the construction site, GSA - Bern 2000
5.2 Leftover (returned concrete)
5.2.1 General
Leftover concrete (returned concrete) occasionally accumulates at a RMC plant when the
concrete cannot be readily used in an alternative way. Because of its material composition,
leftover concrete may not be used as fill material in gravel pits. If no other use can be found,
the returned concrete should be deposited in an inert waste dump or landfill. Leftover concrete is not allowed to be deposited on construction sites.
Technical regulations for waste (TVA).
Federal water protection law (GSchG).
Water protection regulations (GSchV).
Guidelines for recycling, treating, and depositing excavation material and overburden (Excavation material guidelines) SAEFL 1999.
The method chosen for the recycling or disposal of returned concrete will depend largely on
financial considerations. The amount of material to be handled is a determining factor. Feeding the material back into the material cycle will be the optimal alternative in the long run, from
both the economic and environmental viewpoint.
The following options are available:
•
•
•
•
•
Use leftover concrete for molding stackable concrete blocks, etc.
Stockpile residual concrete temporarily on a site (paved, with drainage) at the RMC
plant. Deliver the dried material to an aggregate reclaiming system
Deliver to a reclaimer to recycle aggregates from returned concrete (concrete recycling
plant). Check transport costs (no reclaimer available on the RMC plant site).
Invest in a reclaimer to recycle aggregates from returned concrete (closed material
cycle)
Deposit into an inert waste dump or landfill
Using a concrete recycling system (see Appendix 4), solids greater than 0.2 mm in diameter
can be reclaimed and used in accordance with the ARV Quality certification as a recycled
construction material for concrete production or for foundations that will receive a covering
layer (see Section 5.4.1). The collected concrete wastewater with solids less than 0.2 mm in
diameter can be treated in a water-treatment system [(concrete grey water basin with agitator(s)] and used for concrete production or washing (see Section 5.1).
23
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Fig. 12: Diagram of a returned concrete recycling system with aggregates reclaimer and concrete grey water
basin with agitator.
Figs. 13 and 14: Concrete grey water basin with agitator and returned concrete recycling system with recycled
aggregates discharge.
5.3 Concrete grey water sludge
5.3.1 General
At the RMC plant, the cleaning of plant mixers, truck mixer drums and special tippers, and
possibly the rinsing out of returned concrete, generates wastewater that contains mineral
solids and due to the cement content is highly alkaline (pH around 12). The separation of the
particles is achieved by means of settling pits, which must be periodically cleaned out. The
sludge, because of the material composition, must be deposited in an inert waste dump or a
landfill. The disposal of this sludge is governed by a set of federal laws and regulations.
24
© 2003 ASAC
Guidelines for recycling, treating, and depositing excavation material and overburden,
(Excavation material guidelines) SAEFL 1999.
Chemical analyses of concrete grey water sludge shows a variety of values. Most of the values are in the upper range of permissible values for inert materials and they often exceed the
limits. If the limits are stringent, the sludge must be deposited in a landfill in many cases.
The ideas suggested in Section 5.2.3 also apply here:
The method chosen for the disposal or recycling of concrete grey water sludge will largely
depend on financial considerations. The amount of material to be handled plays a determining
role. Feeding the material back into the material cycle will be the optimal alternative in the
long run, from both the economic and ecological viewpoint.
The following solutions are possible:
•
•
Settling pits, periodically emptied, and the concrete grey water sludge deposited in an
inert waste dump or a landfill (check transport costs and dump fees)
Concrete recycling system combined with a water-treatment system [concrete grey water pond with agitator(s). Paddle action to homogenize the fine particles in the recycling
water)].
By using a concrete recycling system (see Appendix 4) combined with a water-treatment system, wastewater with fines less than 0.2 mm in diameter can be preprocessed and reused as
mixing water for concrete production. Agitation by paddles in the water-treatment system uniformly disperses the fines in the concrete grey water.
For more information consult the following recommendations and guidelines:
•
•
•
Recommendations for wastewater disposal, ASAC1984
Characteristics of concrete grey water sludges and wastewaters, Coordinating office of
the Zurich Aggregates Association, March 1995
Guidelines for using concrete wastewater, returned concrete, and leftover mortar in the
production of concrete, German committee for reinforced concrete, 1991.
25
Fig. 15: Rinsing out and cleaning a truckmounted mixer drum and chute.
© 2003 ASAC
Fig. 16: Hopper and chute for wash-out
water from the RMC plant mixer:
Wastewater is collected in a
drain and then cleaned.
5.4 Aggregates from leftover concrete
5.4.1 General
The concrete recycling system delivers recycled aggregates that generally measures
> 0.2 mm. Chemical analysis of this rinsed material shows that the values tend to fall in the
range of standard values for clean excavation material (standard value "U"). See table in Section 5.4.3. If these values are exceeded the material is to be used in accordance with SAEFL
Guidelines for using mineral demolition materials (e.g. gravelly sand, etc.). If the values are
not exceeded the material can be used in accordance with SAEFL guidelines for clean excavation material, e.g. as fill for the recreation of a gravel pit.
The rinsed-out material (reclaimed concrete aggregates) 0.2-32 mm can also be added in
small amounts to the aggregates silo holding the largest aggregates size, e.g. 16-32 mm and
then be used for the production of normal construction concrete. The aggregate grading curve
of such concrete must be observed however regarding the amount of undersized aggregates.
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SAEFL Guidelines for recycling, treating, and depositing excavation material and overburden
(Excavation material guidelines).
SAEFL Guidelines for using mineral demolition materials.
The following values are important in the chemical analysis:
Relevant values
Chromium total (mg/kg)
Chromium VI (mg/kg)
pH-value
U-value in mg/kg
T-value in mg/kg
Empirical values
Guideline Appendix 1
Guideline Appendix 2
for rinse material
50
0.05
not defined
250
0.05
not defined
< 50
< 0.05
9.5 – 11.0
Because chromium VI is water soluble and the pH-value also depends on the water, the residual moisture of this material is particularly important. If the rinse material can drain or dry
off sufficiently, the prescribed values will generally not be exceeded. Random sampling is
nonetheless essential to provide the proof required by AfU (environmental department of a
canton) that the material is to be considered clean (U-limit not exceeded) as defined by the
Guidelines for recycling, treating, and depositing excavation material and overburden (Excavation material guidelines). See also the DAfStb Guidelines for using concrete waste water,
returned concrete, and leftover mortar in the production of concrete, 1991.
Regarding the use of reclaimed aggregates, please refer to 5.4.1 General.
5.5 Colored concrete
5.5.1 General
By the use of pigments, concrete and mortar can be made lighter or concrete will get a distinct color. The solid particles are measuring 0.1 to 1.0 µm. Most pigments are metal oxides
(titanium, iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, etc.). Because of their characteristics they are classified as mineral additions. Pigments unavoidably discolor the concrete wastewater that collects
when equipment is cleaned.
No specific legal requirements apply here. The same legal requirements for concrete wastewater described in Sections 5.1.2 and 4.2 must be met.
If pigments are added to the mixer, the mixer and truck-mounted containers must be cleaned
with care to avoid discoloration of subsequent batches. For instance, the first batch after
cleaning of the equipment could be a lean concrete mix for less demanding applications
27
© 2003 ASAC
(fill concrete or rough work). If this is not possible, the discolored concrete wastewater should
be fed into a separate settling tank.
Pigments intensely discolor the water. Because the pigments are very fine, they settle very
slowly, some not at all. Good settling can be induced by using special settlement agents.
Then the concrete wastewater can be pumped back into the normal settling tanks. The concrete solids collected should be disposed of separately (in a landfill).
If colored concrete is frequently produced, the procurement of suitable water-treatment
equipment should be studied for financial reasons.
See also:
Cement Bulletin 4/1995, Mineral additions: Pigments
Remark: The "Cement Bulletin" was the journal of the Swiss Cement Association.
5.6 Concrete wastewater from construction sites
5.6.1 General
Concrete is sometimes produced directly on the construction site. When the mixer and conveying equipment are cleaned the wastewater will contain mineral solids, will be highly alkaline due to the cement (pH-value ±12), and will contain excessive chromium (total chromium
and chromium VI).
Basically the same conditions defined by GSchG and GSchV for stationary RMC plants apply
also to plants on construction sites (see Sections 5.1 through 5.4). SIA 431 (Sections 516 and
523) defines exceptions that contradict GSchG and GSchV. These exceptions require special
permits. The exceptions primarily involve letting alkaline concrete wastewater percolate
through a planted or adsorptive layer of soil. The excessive chromium levels (chromium VI)
are ignored.
SIA 431 Drainage of construction sites 1997 (SN 509 431):
Art. 2 22
Art. 5 16
Art. 5 23
Alkaline wastewater, e.g. arising from contact with fresh cement or fresh concrete, may not be allowed to seep into the ground surface and may not be discharged into surface waters.
Neutralization, conditions for a special permit for percolating into surrounding
soil, provided owners agree.
Settling system, neutralization, discharge into a sewer, special permit for discharge onto surrounding soil, only with special approval.
Observe the requirements of this recommendation as prescribed by Articles 5.1 through 5.4.
Return concrete wastewater into the cycle whenever possible. Surplus water should be treated in a settling system and a neutralization tank and then discharged into the sewer.
28
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The authorities require a system as prescribed by SIA 431 for the drainage of alkaline wastewater from washing concrete and mortar on construction sites. This system includes settling
equipment and a neutralization plant for treating water to be discharged into a sanitary sewer
or combined sanitary/stormwater sewer. RMC companies can offer their customers a useful
service that replaces neutralization. By hauling alkaline (cementitious) water back in the truck
mixer drum to the concrete recycling system at the concrete plant and reusing it or disposing
of it correctly, no wastewater need be discharged from the construction site into the sewer.
This arrangement makes it unnecessary to install a neutralization system on the construction
site (according to the Office of water protection, canton Bern).
Fig. 18: Settling tank (left) and container with
neutralization unit (right).
Fig. 19: Neutralization unit (black) and CO2 gas
bottles (on the right) are used for the
neutralization of the alkaline
wastewater.
5.7 Waste
5.7.1 General
Waste is produced by RMC plants as it is by any factory, commercial business, or private
household. Waste must be disposed of properly, in a way which is harmless to the environment. The legislative requirements must be observed.
The usual types of waste are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Domestic waste
Paper, cardboard
Glass
Metal
Electrical and electronic devices
Textiles
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© 2003 ASAC
These types of waste should be collected separately and recycled as much as possible. The
materials should be taken to authorized collection centers. Municipal waste-management
programs should be considered.
For more information see the Technical regulations for waste (TVA):
Art. 3
Art. 6
Art. 7
Art. 8
Art. 9
Art. 10
Terms
Domestic waste
Compostable waste
Hazardous waste
Construction and demolition waste
The dilution of waste (with clean material) is prohibited.
Regulations for handling hazardous waste (VVS):
Art. 6
Records are not necessary if the materials are brought to public collection centers.
Regulations for the return of electrical and electronic devices (VREG).
Minimize amounts of waste, collect separately at the source, deliver to authorized collection
centers.
5.8 Hazardous waste
5.8.1 General
The RMC plant can produce the following types of hazardous waste that generally cannot be
taken to public collection centers because the amounts are too large:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rubber and plastics
Automotive batteries and dry cells
Fluorescent lamps
Used oil
Sludge from oil separators
Concrete admixtures with a passed expiry date
The above-listed types of waste are designated by TVA as hazardous waste that must be collected separately and recycled. These materials should be returned to the supplier whenever
possible.
Regulations for handling hazardous waste (VVS):
Art. 1
Art. 3
Art. 4
Does not apply to inert materials as defined by TVA.
Definition of hazardous waste.
Mixing and dilution are prohibited.
30
Art. 5
Art. 6
Art. 8
© 2003 ASAC
Delivery to authorized collectors only; requesting a copy of the authorization.
Record of every delivery of hazardous waste (waste producer).
Paperwork is not required for materials brought to public collection centers (incineration).
Labeling of packages and containers (as hazardous waste, with code).
Regulations for hazardous materials (StoV):
Art. 9
Art. 38
Appendix 3, 4
General obligation to exercise care and follow recommendations for use.
Information for recipient (safety data sheet).
Requirements for specific materials, e.g. 3.3 asbestos, 4.8 condensers
and transformers, 4.16 fire-suppression agents.
Minimize amounts of waste, collect separately at the source, dispose of waste in an environmentally responsible way. Return concrete admixtures to suppliers (this requires no VVS
form). Strive to cooperate with certified waste handlers.
6. Clean air
6.1 General
Dust can be emitted particularly when cement silos are filled. This can happen when the air in
the silo is displaced and expelled, loaded with cement dust.
Clean air regulations (LRV):
Art. 4
Art. 6
Art. 7
Art. 8
Art. 10
Art. 12
Art. 13
Art. 20
Because no limits are defined for cements, the cantons can set appropriate limits. For new plants the limit usually set for total dust is 20 mg/m3.
Collection and control of emissions (dedusting systems).
The requirements of Articles 3 - 6 also apply to existing plants.
Requirements for overhauling existing stationary plants.
Deadlines for redevelopment.
Emission declaration.
Emissions measurement and monitoring to verify compliance with emissions
limits (measurements required every 3 years, furnaces every 2 years).
Official approval of furnace models up to 350 kilowatts.
Silo filters should be provided with polyester-mesh filter elements. Consider the use of automatic filter cleaners (using vibration or compressed air) and pressure release flaps (overflow
prevention).
31
© 2003 ASAC
If dust-emitting products are stored and handled outdoors, measures must be taken to prevent significant dust emissions. Emissions should be collected and sent through a dedusting
system.
Fig. 20: Cement filter on a cement silo.
7. Noise control
7.1 General
Noise must be controlled carefully if a RMC plant is near a residential area. Noise-control
measures apply especially to filling the gravel and cement silos.
Noise control regulations (LSV):
Art. 7
Art. 8
Art. 10
Art. 12
Art. 13
Art. 15
Art. 17
Art. 18
Art. 36
Art. 40
Appendix 6
Noise emission limits for new stationary plants.
Emission limits for modified stationary plants.
Noise control requirements for new or modified stationary plants.
Official inspection of new or modified plants.
Overhaul requirements for existing stationary plants.
Noise control requirements for existing stationary plants.
Deadlines for redevelopment.
Official inspection of modified plants.
Inspection by authorities is required.
Compliance with emissions limits for industrial and commercial zones.
Table of limits for industrial and commercial emissions.
If there are also local noise control regulations these too must be met.
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© 2003 ASAC
Depending on how loud the gravel-loading operations are, the equipment should be acoustically treated. Plastic liners can be suitable. Depending on the level of noise emitted by air
compressors for cement loading, these should also be treated with appropriate acoustical insulation.
Concrete trucks should avoid residential areas or go around them. If concrete must be hauled
through residential areas, this should be done no earlier than 6 a.m. The midday break (from
12 am to 1 pm) should be respected. If discharging is done by remote control the motor
should be turned off.
8. Industrial accidents and incidents
8.1 General
RMC plants are usually not subject to regulations for industrial accidents because the
amounts stored are small and no highly poisonous products are used. But if Class 2 poisons
are used (e.g. concrete solvents, spray additive) a review in consideration of the regulations
for industrial accidents is required.
Regulations for industrial accidents (StFV):
Art. 1
Appendix 1.1
Scope, volume thresholds.
Volume thresholds (e.g. heating oil 500,000 kg, gasoline 200,000 kg).
Volume thresholds set by regulations for industrial accidents are generally not reached or exceeded. But this should always be checked.
The following actions are recommended as precautions against minor incidents:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Perform a risk assessment
Set settling pits deep enough
Prepare an emergency plan, at least a list of the essential phone numbers
Prepare a lock plan and keep keys organized (key cabinet for firemen)
Discuss and drill a scenario with fire fighters and the wastewater treatment plant
Restrict access to the RMC plant grounds as much as possible
Lock access to ladders; post warning signs
Perform an annual inspection
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© 2003 ASAC
9. Transport
9.1 General
RMC plants require busy trucking activities, with either an in-house fleet, contracted trucks
and customer pick-ups. The intensive traffic around the RMC plant calls for the optimization of
truck entrances and exit paths. Also to be considered are the trucks that deliver aggregates,
cement, mineral additions and concrete admixtures. Paths for pedestrians who may be on the
grounds should also be adequately considered.
In our case the "driver" is much more than someone who should drive the truck back and forth
without having an accident. The driver largely shapes the image of the RMC company because he is often the customer’s contact on the construction site. He is also greatly responsible for the quality of the product he delivers. Hence driver training is important.
Public transportation law (SVG):
Requirements for truck drivers (ARV 1):
Art. 2
Art. 5
Art. 6, 7
Art. 8
Art. 9
Art. 14
Art. 18
Terminology, e.g. working time, driving time.
Driving time.
Maximum weekly working time, overtime.
Breaks.
Daily lunch break.
Tachograph.
Withholding information prohibited.
Traffic control regulations (VRV).
Road signalization regulations (SSV).
Heavy truck levy (LSVA) based on: total weight, motor type, and kilometers driven
See SVAG and SVAV.
Construction site regulations (BauAV):
Art. 5
Safety helmets required.
Art. 6
Safety clothing.
ASAC Transport recommendations, April 1983
ASAC Industrial transport safety: internal transport
Optimize transport planning, regarding distances, routes, and modes of transport. Intermediate stockpiling is generally energy intensive, but can be sensible in certain cases, such as
stockpiling constituents from many gravel plants or pits for transport to a RMC plant. This can
even be eco-efficient for the dynamic intermediate stockpiling of aggregates (see Art. 2.3.3).
Organize information about each truck, including capacities measured by weight and volume.
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© 2003 ASAC
Train drivers (and other employees) on the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Driving habits (eco-efficient driving)
Procedures on the construction site (turn off the motor, if not used for re-mixing or
unloading concrete)
What to do in case of an accident or material damage
Procedures at the plant (residual concrete, cleaning the truck, washing stations, on-site
traffic)
Product knowledge
Truck maintenance (service and repairs)
Occupational safety and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Reporting to the dispatcher lost loads and other abnormal incidents on the construction
site or during transport, e.g. carry oil binder on the truck and dispose of used oil binder
in a proper manner.
Fig. 21: Optimize truck dispatching and tracking.
10. Occupational health and safety
10.1 General
Most RMC plants are members of the industry solution ASAC, which the association created
and introduced in accordance with EKAS guidelines. These guidelines define the duties and
responsibilities of employers and employees, as well as all necessary safety precautions, the
35
© 2003 ASAC
implementation of which should be monitored using the checklists provided (ASAC inspectors).
Accident insurance law (UVG):
Art. 82
Prevention of occupational accidents and illnesses.
Regulations for the prevention of occupational accidents and illness (VUV):
Art. 11a, b
The employer must make use of workplace doctors and industrial safety experts.
Labor law (ArG):
Ordinance 3 of the Labor law (ArGV3), health insurance.
Ordinance 4 of the Labor law (ArGV4), permits for the construction and operation of a plant.
Law on safety of technical equipment and devices (STEG):
Regulates the trade of machines, devices, personal safety equipment, etc.
Safety regulations for technical equipment and devices (STEV):
Art. 7
Art. 8
Request from supplier the declaration of conformity for new systems, machines,
and personal safety equipment.
Request technical documentation (user manualsfrom suppliers.
Construction site regulations (BauAV):
Art. 5
Art. 6
Safety helmets required.
Safety clothing in transport areas.
EKAS Guideline No. 6508: Consultation of industrial safety experts.
Various SUVA guidelines and checklists.
ASAC industry solution, ASAC guidelines, ASAC inspection office, inspectors for high-voltage
equipment.
10.3 Suggestions for social responsibility
•
•
•
•
•
Integrate the workforce. Workers should have the chance to propose improvements.
Make a suggestion list or suggestion box. Designate a person to receive suggestions.
Hold employee talks
Record lost working time
Implement programs to control occupational accidents and non-workplace accidents as
recommended by the ASAC industry solution
New plants and new equipment should be approved by experts (SUVA, ASAC).
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© 2003 ASAC
Fig. 22: Eyewash station
(e.g. in the concrete admixtures room).
Fig. 23: Safety grate above an aggregate silo.
11. Communication
11.1 General
Communication includes providing information to the public and the relevant authorities. PR
measures such as an open house can open the eyes of stakeholders to the activities of a
RMC company. Of course the goal here is to improve the understanding of RMC production,
show its economic significance, and broaden acceptance. Internal communication is also important. Employees should be informed, identify themselves with their company, and act as
ambassadors (in associations, to neighbors, in the community).
No specific legal requirements exist.
11.3 Suggestions for effective communication
Keep up internal communication. Support the motivation of employees. Regularly inform external audiences (neighbors, community, canton) of environmental performance.
37
© 2003 ASAC
12. ISO 14001 environmental management system
12.1 General
Standard ISO 14001 can help a plant systematically introduce environmental actions. Establishing an environmental management system (EMS) should chiefly aim not at attaining a certificate but at demonstrating and maintaining the legal compliance of operations. The transparency created by such a system is becoming increasingly valuable in good cooperation with
authorities, customers, banks, insurance companies, and the general public.
When a company develops its environmental management system it reviews and assesses
the environmental impact of its activities and processes with the aim to eliminate or continuously reduce the impact. For a RMC plant this could include the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Recycling and disposal of wastewater from concrete production
Recycling and disposal of concrete grey water sludge
Recycling and disposal of residual concrete
Recycling and disposal of hazardous wastes
Stockpile sites for residual concrete
Stockpiles for recycling material
Handling and storage of concrete admixtures, diesel fuel, gasoline, and heating oil
The cleaning of trucks and truck-mounted mixers and buckets
Fig. 24:
Fig. 24:
An ISO 14001 EMS organizes the same elements as
does a QMS based on the new standard ISO 9001:2000.
The cyclical process supports continual improvement:
1.
Umweltpolitik = Environmental policy
2.
Planung = Planning
3.
Umsetzung, Durchführung = Implementation
4.
Kontrolle, Korrekturen = Controlling, Corrections
5.
Bewertung durch oberste Leitung = Review by
top management
12.2 Objectives of an ISO 14001 EMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To demonstrate legal compliance
To meet all relevant environmental regulations
To study and assess environmental impact
To document environmentally relevant flows of material and energy
To record and evaluate environmental performance and improvement
To optimize processes for improvement
To record and evaluate yearly energy data
38
© 2003 ASAC
12.3 Recommendation
Environmental management according to ISO 14001 can significantly help systematize the
environmentally relevant activities of a RMC plant. An environmental management system
also significantly contributes to continual improvement. The public and authorities see the
EMS as a demonstration of genuine environmental commitment. The time and resources for
establishing and maintaining an EMS should not be underestimated.
39
© 2003 ASAC
40
© 2003 ASAC
Appendix 1: List of relevant laws, regulations, and guidelines
AbbreName or description
viation
Swiss federal laws and regulations
AltlV
Regulations for cleaning up polluted landfills
ArG
Labor law
ArGV 3
Labor law: health insurance
ArGV 4
Labor law: planning permit, operation permit
ARV 1
Working time and break time for truck drivers
AufzugsV Elevator safety regulations
BauAV
Construction site regulations
CO2 law
Law on reduction of CO2 emissions
EnG
Energy law
EnV
Energy regulations
GG
Law on handling poisons
GSchG
Water protection law
GSchV
Water protection regulations
GV
Regulations for poisons
KranV
Safety regulations for cranes
LRV
Clean air regulations
LSV
Noise control regulations
NHG
Law on natural and heritage protection
NHV
Regulations for natural and heritage protection
PrHG
Product liability law
RPG
Regional planning law
RPV
Regional planning regulations
SprstG
Law on explosives
SprstV
Regulations for explosives
SDBV
Regulations for safety data sheets
STEG
Law on safety of technical equipment and devices
STEV
Safety regulations for technical equipment and
devices
StFV
Regulations for industrial accidents
StoV
Regulations for hazardous materials
StSG
Radiation protection law
StSV
Radiation protection regulations
StSAV
Radiation protection regulations for non-medical
devices that emit ionized rays
StSAbV
Regulations for training and permissible activities in radiation protection
SVAG
Law on the heavy truck levy
1)
Date of issue /
amendment
SR 1)
28 March 2000
2 Aug. 2000
1 Feb. 2000
27June 2000
3 Nov. 1998
1 Feb. 2000
1 July 2000
1 May 2000
19 Jan. 1999
19 Jan. 1999
24 Dec. 1998
21 Dec. 1999
6 March 2001
6 March 2001
25 Jan. 2000
28 March 2000
3 July 2001
21 Dec. 1999
10 July 2001
1 Jan. 1994
22 Aug. 2000
22 Aug. 2000
21 March 1998
20 Feb. 2001
12 Jan. 1999
1 Jan. 1996
814.680
822.11
822.113
822.114
822.221
819.13
832.311.141
641.71
730.0
730.01
813.0
814.20
814.201
813.01
832.312.15
814.318.142.1
814.41
451
451.1
221.112.944
700
700.1
941.41
941.411
813.013.4
819.1
1 Feb. 2000
28 March 2000
31 July 2001
1 Jan. 1995
28 Dec. 2001
27 March 2001
2 Feb. 1999
19 Dec. 2000
819.11
814.012
814.013
814.50
814.501
814.501.51
814.501.261
641.81
http://www.admin.ch/ (SR: Systematische Rechtssammlung = systematic collection of Swiss federal laws and regulations)
41
Abbreviation
SVAV
SVG
TVA
USG
UVG
UVPV
VBBo
VREG
Date of issue /
amendment
Regulations on the heavy truck levy
9 May 2000
Public transportation law
28 Dec. 2000
Technical regulations for waste
28 March 2000
Environmental protection law
21 Dec. 1999
Accident insurance law
12 June 2000
Regulations for environmental impact assessment 28 March 2000
Soil pollution regulations
28 March 2000
Regulations for returning, collecting, and dispos- 28 March 2000
ing of electrical and electronic devices.
VRV
Traffic control regulations
19 Dec. 2000
VUV
Regulations for the prevention of occupational
22 May 2001
accidents and illness.
VVS
Regulations for handling hazardous waste
1 Sept. 1998
VWF
Regulations for protecting natural waters from
15 Dec. 1998
water-endangering liquids.
WRG
Law on water power exploitation (water rights law) 21 Dec. 1999
Swiss federal guidelines
June 1999
SAEFL
Guidelines for recycling, processing, and depositing mineral excavation material, overburden, and
tunneling material (Excavation material guidelines).
SAEFL
Guidelines for recycling mineral demolition mateJuly 1997
rials (Demolition material guidelines).
SAEFL
Recommendations for disposal of excavation maNov. 2001
terial and overburden that contains flocculators.
SAEFL
July 1997
Recommendations for the import and use of fly
ash and blast-furnace slag in the production of
building materials.
SAEFL
Dec. 2001
Guidelines for recycling excavation materials
SAEFL
Sept.
2002
Guidelines for clean air on construction sites
EKAS
1998
Federal commission for industrial safety: Guidelines for the use of workplace doctors and other
industrial safety experts.
Swiss cantonal laws
BauG
Building law
RPG
Regional planning law
WNG
Water use law
Cantonal guidelines for execution
1)
Name or description
© 2003 ASAC
SR 1)
641.811
741.01
814.600
814.01
832.20
814.011
814.12
814.620
741.11
832.30
814.610
814.202
721.80
6508/2.d
42
AbbreName or description
Date of issue /
viation
amendment
Other guidelines and standards
ARV
Quality certification for recycled construction mate19 March
rials
1998
SIA 162/4 Recycling concrete
1994
SIA 430
Disposal of demolition materials
1993
SIA 431
Drainage of construction sites
1997
SIA D 0146 Environmental aspects of concrete
1998
Sept. 1991
DAfStb
Guidelines for using concrete waste water,
returned concrete, and leftover mortar in the
production of concrete.
1)
© 2003 ASAC
SR 1)
43
© 2003 ASAC
Appendix 2: Content of the relevant laws, regulations, and guidelines
Law or
Specific requirement
Implementation
regulation
or verification
AltlV: Landfill regulations
Official decision on polluted
Art. 5
Information from authorities as to whether a
sites: not applicable.
site is contaminated and noted in land register.
Art. 7 - 20
Investigate, monitor, and clean up as approReaction depends on informapriate.
tion from the authorities.
ARV 1: Regulations for working time and break time, requirements for truck drivers
Art. 2
Terminology, e.g. working time and driving
time.
Art. 5
Driving time.
Art. 6, 7
Maximum weekly working time, overtime.
Art. 8
Breaks.
Art. 9
Daily break.
Art. 14
Tachograph.
Art. 18
Withholding information is prohibited.
AufzugsV: Elevator safety regulations
Articles, Ap- Regulations for the trade of lifts and proceInformative, no direct requirependices
dures for ascertaining conformity.
ments.
BauAV: Construction site regulations
Art. 5
Safety helmet requirements.
Art. 6
Safety clothing.
BauPG: Construction products law
Art. 1
Applicability.
Art. 2
Terminology.
Art. 3
Basic principles.
Art. 4
Technical standards.
Art. 5
Technical approvals.
Art. 6
Assessment of conformity.
BauPV: Construction product regulations
Art. 1
Requirements.
Art. 3
Attestation of conformity.
Art. 5
Technical documentation.
CO2 law
Art. 1
Reducing CO2 emissions. Efficient energy
Basic principles.
use.
Art. 3, 4
Emphasis on voluntary measures.
Modern motors, railway transport.
44
© 2003 ASAC
Law or
Implementation
regulation
or verification
EKAS: Guidelines for the consultation of employee doctors and other industrial safety
experts
Performing risk analysis, developing a safety
2. Meeting
the consulting program, or applying a subsidiary plan.
requirements
EnG: Energy law
Art. 3
Basic principles: Using energy frugally and
Refer to environmental policy.
rationally; relying more on renewable sources.
Art. 9
Cantons regulate the building industry.
EnV: Energy regulations
Art. 7,
Water heaters and thermal storage tanks 30 to For existing plants the regulaAppendix 1.1 2000 liters subject to technical testing.
tions valid at the time of commissioning apply.
GG: Law on poisons
Art. 9
Class 3 poisons, use permit.
Laboratory.
GSchG: Water protection law
Art. 3
Obligation to exercise caution; "the polluter
pays" principle.
Art. 7
Treating contaminated wastewater.
Connection to public wastewater treatment system.
Catchment basins for hazardArt. 22
General requirements for handling water enous substances, visual inspecdangering liquids, e.g. equipment maintenance, permits for plants, reporting leaks and tions.
spills to groundwater protection officials.
Art. 29
Permit for using groundwater or drawing water Must be available.
from streams or lakes.
Art. 30 - 36
Conditions for water-use permits.
Compliance with water limits.
45
Law or
regulation
GSchV: Water protection regulations
Art. 5
Every municipality to develop a general
wastewater management plan.
Discharge into sewer pH 6.5 to 9.0, Cr < 2
Art. 7
Appendix 3.2, mg/l, Co < 0.5 mg/l, Ni < 2 mg/l, hydrocarbons
< 20 mg/l.
§2
Art. 8
It is prohibited to percolate contaminated
wastewater into the soil.
Art. 10
It is prohibited to dispose of waste with wastewater.
Art. 11
New buildings to have separate storm sewers
and sanitary sewers..
Art. 13, 14
Measuring and reporting amounts and concentrations of discharged wastewater.
Art. 15
Monitoring by authorities.
Art. 16, 17
Accidents and incidents: prevention, reporting
requirements.
© 2003 ASAC
Implementation
or verification
Request a copy once the plan
is devised.
Closed cycles for concrete
wastewater.
Waste handling guidelines.
Design requirement.
Procedure for internal reporting of incidents to the Total
Quality Manager.
Taken into consideration by
the permit.
Art. 29 - 31,
Designation of protected areas: groundwater
Appendix 4
protection zones, regions, and areas.
Appendix 3.3, Wastewater from construction sites.
Art. 23
GV: Regulations for poisons
Art. 4
Classes of poisons.
Art. 18, 20
Handling poisons of Classes 1 - 5 is regulated
and overseen by the office for poisons.
Art. 21, 22
Training, tests, permits for Class 1 and 2 poisons.
Art. 26 - 28
License to purchase
Class 3 poisons: records of receipt
Class 1 + 2 poisons: Poison license required.
Art. 29 - 30
Records must be kept of all Class 1 + 2
poisons.
Art. 49, 50
Storage of poisons: separate from foodstuffs, In locked rooms.
making improper use impossible. No access to
Class 1 – 3 poisons.
Art. 57
Special safety measures.
Phone numbers, first aid,
poisoning center.
46
Law or
regulation
KranV: Crane safety regulations
Art. 3
Every crane must have a crane book, a crane
journal, and the manufacturer’s certification of
conformity (the latter for installations after 31
Dec. 1996).
Art. 5, 6
Requirements for operators. Instructions for
operation and securing loads.
Art. 6
Secure grab, proper lifting tackle
Art. 15
Regular checks by trained inspectors in accordance with guidelines of the coordinating
committee (SUVA).
LRV: Clean air regulations
Emissions limits for new and existing plants:
Art. 3 and
0.5 kg/h or 50 mg/m3 total dust.
Appendix 1,
Art. 41, 43
Measures at plants.
Art. 4
If a limit does not exist the canton sets one.
Art. 6
Collection and control of emissions.
Art. 7
Arts. 3 - 6 also apply to existing plants.
Art. 8
Overhaul requirements for existing stationary
plants.
Art. 10
Overhaul schedule.
Art. 12
Emissions reporting.
Art. 13
Emissions measurements and tests to verify
compliance with emissions limits.
© 2003 ASAC
Implementation
or verification
The documents must be updated and kept by the maintenance manager.
Training by qualified superiors
(to be documented!).
Regular inspection of the lifting tackle.
Refer to maintenance
schedule.
Exhaust gas scrubber.
e.g. total dust 20 mg/m3.
Dedusting systems
Measurement required every
3 years, furnaces every other
year.
Art. 20
Official approval of furnace models up to 350
kilowatts.
LSV: Noise control regulations
Art. 7
Emissions limits for new stationary plants.
Art. 8
Emissions limits for modified stationary plants.
Art. 10, 15
Noise control requirements for new, modified,
and existing stationary plants.
Art. 12
Inspection of new and modified plants by authorities.
Art. 13
Overhaul requirements for existing stationary
plants.
Art. 17
Overhaul schedule.
Art. 18
Inspection of overhauled plants by authorities.
Art. 36
Requirements for inspection by authorities.
Art. 40,
Compliance with noise-emission limits for
Meet local noise-control
Appendix 6
industrial and commercial zones.
regulations.
47
Law or
regulation
SDBV: Requirements for safety data sheets
Art. 2 - 4
Applies to all persons who in their work deal
with poisons and environmentally hazardous
materials.
Appendix 1
Outline and content of a data sheet.
SprstG: Explosives law
Art. 12
Purchase requires a license.
Art. 14
Art. 20, 22,
23, 24, 26
© 2003 ASAC
Implementation
or verification
Concrete chemicals, concrete
solvents.
Internal collection of data
sheets.
Applicable offices issue acquisition licenses.
Professional blasters only.
Proper storage under lock and
key. Professional handling.
Blasting license.
Explosives and blasting caps must be stored
separately, protected against theft and the
elements. Safe use and transport. Proper disposal.
Art. 29
High-volume users required to keep records.
As required by authorities.
Art. 30
Theft or accident must be reported.
By professional blaster.
SprstV: Safety regulations for explosives
All articles,
Detailed regulations for safe handling.
Professional blaster to study
Appendices
regulations.
STEV: Safety regulations for technical equipment and devices
Art. 7
Obtain from supplier the certification of conformance for new plants, machines, and personal protection equipment.
Art. 8
Obtain technical documentation (operating
manuals) from supplier.
StFV: Regulations for industrial accidents
StFV does not apply to most
Art. 1 and
Applies to all plants that exceed the volume
aggregates and concrete
Appendix 1.1 thresholds set in Appendix 1.1 (-> determine
plants.
volume thresholds).
StoV: Regulations for hazardous materials
Art. 9
General requirements to exercise caution and Refer to environmental policy
follow recommendations for use.
Art. 38
Information for recipient (safety data sheet,
Initial purchase requires safety
see SDBV).
data sheet from supplier
Not applicable
Appendix 3, 4 Requirements for specific materials, e.g.:
3.2 Mercury
• No mercury switches
3.3 Asbestos
• Building materials that contain asbestos (demolition
material must be disposed
of as hazardous waste)
4.8 Condensers and transformers
• No transformers with PCBs
4.16 Fire-suppression agent
• No halon extinguishers.
48
Law or
regulation
TVA: Technical regulations for waste
Art. 3
Terminology.
Art. 6
Domestic waste.
Art. 7
Biodegradable waste.
Art. 8
Hazardous waste.
Art. 9
Demolition materials: clean soil from excavation and grading should be kept separate from
waste.
Art. 10
Mixing is prohibited (intentional dilution).
USG: Environmental protection law
Art. 30 a - e
Basics of waste handling: avoiding, collecting,
processing, recycling, depositing.
Art. 35a
Regulatory tax for the import, production, and
use of VOCs.
Art. 35b
Regulatory tax on extra-light heating oil with
sulfur content > 0.1%.
Art. 59a
Liability for damage caused by accidents.
UVG: Accident insurance law
Art. 82
Prevention of workplace accidents and injuries. Actions commensurate with experience
and best practice.
Art. 85,
Prevention of workplace accidents and injuParagraph 2 ries. Federal Council appoints a coordinating
committee.
UVPV: Regulations for environmental impact assessment
Art. 1, Art. 2 Plant type 80.3 (gravel and sand pits, quarAppendix 8
ries) requires environmental impact assessment (> 300,000 m3)
VBBo: Soil pollution regulations
Art. 6
Avoiding compaction of soil.
Art. 7
Handling of excavated soil.
Appendix 1, 2 General, test, and clean-up values for inorganic and organic pollutants.
© 2003 ASAC
Implementation
or verification
Only clean material is acceptable for filling pits and quarries. Work in accordance with
Excavation guidelines and
Guidelines for recycling demolition materials.
See waste handling guidelines. No hazardous materials
allowed in domestic waste.
See SAEFL waste handling
guidelines.
Procurement constantly seeks
alternatives to VOCs.
No such use.
Sum of all preventive and
safety measures.
Maintenance of cranes and
elevators (SIA 370), industrial
safety: sum of all measures.
Assess impact of new plants
and those being significantly
modified. Agree on details
with canton.
ASAC guidelines for renaturalizing pits and quarries.
ASAC guidelines for renaturalizing pits and quarries.
Informative.
49
© 2003 ASAC
Law or
Implementation
regulation
or verification
VREG: Regulations for returning, collecting, and disposing of electrical and electronic
devices
See waste handling guidelines
Art. 3
Devices must be returned to seller, maker,
importer, or delivered to a waste-management for disposal of scrap from PCs
and electronic appliances.
company.
VUV: Regulations for the prevention of occupational accidents and illness
Art. 11a, b
The employer must make use of workplace
doctors and industrial safety experts as required by EKAS guidelines.
VVS: Regulations for handling hazardous waste
Art. 1
VVS does not apply to inert materials as defined by TVA.
Art. 3
The waste generator must determine the haz- Category 3 oils from reducer
ardous waste in accordance with Appendix 2. hydraulics.
Category 13 collection centers
for dry cells, batteries, fluorescent lamps, metal vapor lamps
See waste handling guidelines.
Art. 4
Mixing or dilution is prohibited.
See waste handling guidelines.
Art. 5
May be delivered to authorized handlers only. Copy of license.
See waste handling guidelines
Art. 6
The generator of the waste must provide a
and list of hazardous waste
record of every delivery of hazardous waste.
Papers not required for materials delivered to management companies.
public collection centers (incinerators).
Art. 8
Marking of packaging and containers ("hazSee waste handling guideardous waste", with code).
lines; containers to be labeled
and numbered.
50
© 2003 ASAC
Law or
Implementation
regulation
or verification
VWF: Regulations for protecting natural waters from water-endangering liquids
Art. 1
Applies to tanks and containers > 20 liters,
Chemical list with remarks,
handling stations, equipment.
Class 1, 2 poisons.
Art. 3
Water-endangering liquids as defined by
Identification of the liquids in
SAEFL list of 1 Jan 1999.
use.
Art. 4
All equipment and maintenance thereof to use
best available technology.
Art. 5 - 7
Leaks and spills: prevention, detection.
Catchment basins.
Art. 7, Para- Catchment capacity 100% Class 1,
Precautionary construction,
graph 2
50% Class 2.
collector sumps.
Art. 10
Permit required for capacities 450 l, inspecKeep permits.
tion.
Art. 11
Reporting requirements for storage sites with Submit required AfU form.
450 - 4000 liter capacity, also applies to oil
storage 3 barrels or more (container storage).
Art. 13
Regular inspection; requirement to keep per- Monitor execution of inspecmits, test reports, overhaul records, inspection tions, save records.
reports for 10 years.
Art. 14
Filling: monitor in person, determine maximum Instruct the driver.
amount.
Art. 15
Reporting accidents.
As case requires, by plant
manager.
Art. 16 - 18
Overhauls by authorized company every 10
years.
Art. 20
Regularly check the function of leak-detection
and overflow-prevention systems.
Art. 21, 22
Test certificate for equipment and tanks > 450
liters. Renew every 5 years.
Art. 26
Existing plants may be operated as long as
they pose no threat. Single-wall steel tanks set
in the earth must be inspected every 4 years.
Note:
This list of relevant laws, regulations and guidelines was current on 1 November 2002.
51
© 2003 ASAC
Appendix 3: Examples of building permits for RMC plants
Water-endangering liquids:
St. Gallen canton 1998:
- Small tank, containers, and drums in approved rooms for chemicals.
- Concrete floor serves as catchment basin 60 cm deep, sealed with chemical-resistant
surface coating.
- Sensor at lowest point; optical and acoustic alarms at central control room and handling
site.
- Outdoor storage of drums, containers, or unrinsed empty containers is prohibited.
- All industrial and commercial wastewater must go through an on-site pretreatment system.
- All wastewater discharged into the public sewer must meet the quality requirements
prescribed in the appendix of the wastewater regulations.
- The following measurements must be made and recorded in a maintenance book:
• pH values, as necessary, and after every alarm
• pH target value (6.5-8.5) hydrocarbon content (max. 10 mg/l)
• Number of alarms triggered by the sensor in the concrete-recycling basin.
Concrete admixtures are stored in a chemical room designed for the purpose. Solid concrete floor as catch basin, fitted with sensor.
Bern canton 2001:
All concrete-loaded wastewaters from the RMC plant and from the cleaning of the plant
mixers, loading stations, and truck-mounted mixers and buckets are to be used as concrete mixing water or as gravel washing water, as far as technically possible. Any surplus
water is to be neutralized in the existing CO2 neutralization plant before being discharged
into the settling pond of the gravel pit.
Bern canton 1998:
Storage of water-endangering liquids: Storage sites approved (with reference to previous
approval)
Additional stipulation: The conditions of the groundwater protection permit of ... community of ... 1988 remain unchanged and in force.
Bern canton 1998:
Concrete-loaded wastewater is to be recycled by using washout pit and a series of settling ponds. The clear wastewater is to be reused as mixing water or cleaning water. Concrete grey water sludge in dry form (solid) may be deposited in an inert landfill.
52
© 2003 ASAC
Washing stations for vehicles:
Bern canton 2001:
At the new washing station for inert residue only earth and gravelly materials may be
cleaned from truck-mounted transport equipment (buckets or tipping platforms). Only
normal water pressure is allowed. No cleaners (surfactants, shampoos, etc.) may be
used. Runoff is to be collected, sent through a settling tank or mineral oil separator, and
discharged into the settling pond of the gravel pit. Vehicles or equipment soiled with concrete and oiled or greasy machine parts may not be cleaned at this station.
The wastewater discharged into the public sewer must meet the quality requirements prescribed in the appendix of the wastewater regulations.
Wastewater discharge:
Some cantons require separate cycles for concrete wastewater and gravel washing water.
This corresponds to the Water protection regulations, Article 7 and to Appendix 3.2, § 2.
But there are exceptions, for example:
Bern canton 2001:
All concrete-loaded wastewater from the RMC plant and from the cleaning of plant mixers, loading stations, and truck-mounted containers is to be used as concrete mixing water or as gravel-washing water as far technically feasible. Any surplus water is to be
neutralized in the existing CO2 neutralization plant before being discharged into the settling pond of the gravel pit.
Remark:
Appendix 3.2, § 1: Contaminated wastewater may not be diluted in order to meet the requirements for discharge into streams or lakes.
Clean air:
Exhaust air carrying cement dust is to be cleaned by a silo filter (polyester mesh filter
elements) and expelled above the silo.
• Expelled air heavily loaded with dust must go through a dedusting system
• Measures are required that prevent significant dust emissions from the open-air
storage and handling of dust-emitting goods
• The same applies during transport
• Clean air regulations prescribe no limit for cement dust. The limit for new plants
is set at 20 mg/m3 total dust
• Maintain dust filters properly
53
© 2003 ASAC
Bern canton 1998:
Total dust: If the dust emission rate is 0.5 kg/h or more, the dust content of the emissions
may not exceed a total of 50 mg/m3.
Cement loading: The closed system is recognized. Displaced air exits through a silo filter.
Storage and handling: Measures are required that prevent significant dust emission
from the open-air storage and handling of dust-emitting goods.
Material loading: Belt conveyor tunnel for aggregate transport. Cement, mineral additions and concrete admixtures in closed systems.
Conveying, mixing, charging, transporting: If dust emissions are considerable, use a
dedusting system or suitable conveying equipment.
Excessive emissions: If it becomes evident that an approved system creates excessive
emissions, additional or stricter emissions limits may be imposed.
Noise control:
Bern canton 1998: design limits:
• Protection zone II (residential)
•
Protection zone IV (commercial)
Day
Night
Day
Night
55 dbA
45 dbA
70 dbA
60 dbA
Industrial accidents:
Bern canton 1998:
Industrial accident regulations do not apply to this project.
Industrial safety and health protection:
Bern canton 1999 and KIGA report:
Health insurance and accident prevention:
• Final inspection, attestation of conformance (legal significance)
• Control room, social rooms
• Floors
• Emergency exits
• Stairs and stairways
• Doors and gates
• Artificial lighting
• Building maintenance
• Circulation paths:
• General
• Guardrails and handrails
• Built-in ladders
54
© 2003 ASAC
Workplaces:
• Ergonomics
• Hygiene (inspection by KIGA or local officials)
Noise and vibration:
• General
• Protection against oscillation (shaking, vibrations)
Mechanical ventilation / local vacuum cleaning:
• General
RMC Plant equipment:
• General
• Concrete production equipment
• Electrical equipment
• Maintenance
Technical equipment and devices:
• Transport of fly ash, etc., cranes, transfer points
• Continuous-feed systems
Storage and storage facilities:
• Silos, bins
55
© 2003 ASAC
Appendix 4: Diagram of a system for recycling returned concrete
(English explanations see below)
Frischwasser
Wasserwaagen
Betonmischer
Wassergalgen zur Trommelreinigung Silowagen
Restbeton-Auswaschanlage
Recyclingkies
Wasseraufbereitung
Recyclingwasser
CO2-Impfung
Kanalisation
Neutralisation mit CO2
Fresh water
Water balances for fresh and recycled
water
Concrete plant mixer
Recycling water device for rinsing truck
mixer drums with recycling water
Concrete recycling system (reclaimer)
Reclaimed aggregates
Concrete grey water basin with agitator
Recycled water
CO2 gas injection
Sewer
Neutralization with CO2
(Neutralization of the alkaline concrete
waste water with CO2 gas)
56
© 2003 ASAC
Appendix 5: Construction of a new RMC plant: economic considerations
1.
Legal form of the RMC plant/ organization
- Separate stock corporation for the RMC plant (easement to build in gravel pit, drafting
of statutes, corporate regulations, stockholder contracts, etc.).
- Integration of customers, transporters as stockholders
- Aspects of management of the RMC plant
2.
Geographic location in market area
Market potential of the RMC plant: 25,000 m³ concrete (estimated)
Location A
Aggregates source (quantity) barely adequate
Quality
questionable
Approval
annual renewal
Location B
adequate
adequate
until 2010
Zoning
industrial
industrial
(not yet definitive)
Problems of building the
RMC plant
new construction
– some resistance
modernization
– no problem
Target market
good
good
Transportation situation
good
adequate, will be improved (new bridge and
road)
Distance to competitors
Competitor A
good (= confrontation)
good (= confrontation)
too near
conflict
adequate
near
adequate
adequate
Competitor B
Competitor C
Competitor D
A RMC plant at Location B would have clear advantages over a plant at Location A.
57
3.
© 2003 ASAC
Economic feasibility of the RMC plant
3.1 Assumptions for the calculation
CHF
- RMC plant and equipment
1,100,000.--
- Constructions: foundations, aggregates storage,
settling pits, washing station, roads and utilities
400,000.--
- Amortization period
20 years
- Interest rate
6%
- Net price of delivered cement
- Price of delivered aggregates components
CHF/ton 145.-3
CHF/m standard 38.--
- Compaction factor for standard concrete (1 m3)
3.2 Fixed costs
1.25
CHF/year
- Amortization of CHF 1,500,000.-- over 20 years
75,000.--
- Interest on equipment costs: ½ of CHF 1.5 million at 6%
45,000.--
- Easement rights: 1,500 m2 at CHF 100.--/m2, 6%
- Personnel costs: 1 man, CHF 4,500.--/month x 13 x 1.2
9,000.-70,000.--
- Insurance
5,000.--
- Maintenance costs, fixed
5,000.--
- Administrative expenses, fixed, including accounting
15,000.--
- Quality audits
15,000.--
Total fixed costs
239,000.--
58
© 2003 ASAC
CHF/m3
3.3 Variable costs
- Aggregates: CHF 38.-- x 1.25, minus 2% cash discount
46.55
- Cement: CEM I 42.5 300 kg/m3, CHF 145.--/t x 0.3
minus 2% cash discount
42.60
- Water, electricity
1.50
- Maintenance costs, variable
1.50
- Billing and collection: 1.0% of net invoice amount
1.10
- Management:
1.10
1.0% of net invoice amount
Total variable costs
94.35
CHF/m3
3.4 Revenue
Market price of B 35/25 delivered on site (pumped into forms)
145.--
- less truck-mounted mixer
15.--
- less concrete pump
20.—
Net sales from plant
110.--
3.5 Break-even threshold
CHF/m3
- Net sales from plant
110.--
- minus variable costs
94.35
Margin contribution
15.65
Break-even threshold =
CHF 239,000
= 15,270 m³ or about
CHF 15.65/m3
15,300 m³/year
59
© 2003 ASAC
Appendix 6: SAEFL Circular on fly ash and blast-furnace slag, 4 July 1997
BUWAL
OFEFP
UFAFP
UFAGC
CH-3003 Bern,
Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft
Office fédéral de lénvironnement, des forêts et du paysage
Ufficio federale dellámbiente, delle foreste e del paesaggio
Uffizi federal d'ambient, guaud e cuntrada
4 July 1997
Telefon: 031/322 93 10
Telefax: 031/323 03 69
X.400:
E-Mail:
Eidgenössisches Departement des Innern
Département fédéral de líntérieur
Dipartimento federale dellínterno
Departament federal da l'intern
To the Swiss cantonal waste management offices and other recipients
named on the address list (enclosed)
___________________________
Ihr Zeichen
Ihre Nachricht vom
Unser Zeichen
M. Tellenbach/K. Schenk
S:\TELLENBA\WWORD\BRIEFE\FLUGASC3.DOC
Reference
Recommendations for the import and use of fly ash and blast-furnace slag for the
production of building materials
Ladies and Gentlemen,
According to our information fly ash from coal-fired furnaces (primarily coal-fired power plants) and
blast-furnace slag (also granulated blast-furnace slag) is being increasingly used in Switzerland for the
production of so-called blended cements ("composite cements") or as mineral addition directly added
to concrete.
From the environmental standpoint this form of recycling is fully reasonable as long as it is ensured
that only fly ashes and/or blast-furnace slags are used that contain low levels of contaminants. Although the material-technical aspects of the cement and concrete production are regulated by the various national and European industry standards, there are no specific environmental protection requirements that regulate for instance the permissible heavy-metal content of mineral building materials and
their constituents.
We believe such environmentally motivated requirements for mineral building materials must be developed in near future, in close collaboration between government and industry.
60
© 2003 ASAC
In the interest of efficient progress we hereby issue provisory recommendations for the use of fly ash
and blast-furnace slag in the production of building materials. These two types of waste are named specifically in the Regulations for handling hazardous waste (VVS). But by no means would every quality
of these materials be classified as hazardous waste; thus it is necessary to define some technical conditions that the waste must meet to be suitable for import.
The following recommendations are provisional and apply explicitly to fly ash and blast-furnace slag
used in the production of cement or concrete in accordance with accepted industrial practice. We will
revise these recommendations as new findings arise. We ask the cantons and the building material
manufacturers to please tell us if following the rules would pose a problem.
1.
Objectives
1.1. Fly ash and blast-furnace slag containing low levels of hazardous materials and possessing good
material-technical characteristics should be open for the building industry to import and to use
without much formality.
1.2. Fly ash and blast-furnace slag containing moderate levels of hazardous materials, whose suitability as a constituent in mineral building materials must be constantly verified, should be inspected
upon import.
1.3. Fly ash and blast-furnace slag containing high levels of hazardous materials should fundamentally not be used for the production of building materials.
2.
Fundamental principles
2.1. The types of fly ash and blast-furnace slag suitable for use are only those produced by plants
(e.g. power plant or blast furnace) that burn no domestic waste or hazardous waste, and this
must be verified in each case for instance by the waste supplier’s statement confirmed by his
regulating authority.
2.2. The fly ash and blast-furnace slag may be applied in bound form only, e.g. blended with cement
or directly added to concrete. Application in loose form is strictly prohibited, e.g. as base material
in road construction.
2.3. In accordance with the prevention principle of the Federal environmental protection law, the
building industry should give preference to fly ash and blast-furnace slag that contains minimum
amounts of hazardous materials.
61
3.
© 2003 ASAC
Importing fly ash or blast-furnace slag
3.1. Types of fly ash and blast-furnace slag that contain low levels of hazardous materials and that
conform to the standard values listed in the table 1 in the Appendix are not to be regarded as hazardous waste as defined by VVS. According to OECD decision C(92)39/FINAL these are classified as waste on the green list. They may be imported into Switzerland from OECD countries
without prior notification of SAEFL if they are used according to fundamental principles 2.1. 2.3. The import of such waste from non-OECD countries must be in accordance with the requirements of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal. Also, SAEFL must be notified, and import requires our approval (see
point 3.2).
3.2. Blast-furnace slag and fly ash with a heavy-metal content between the values given in Table 1
and Table 2 in the enclosure and that furthermore meet the requirements 2.1. - 2.3. and are to be
used for the production of mineral building materials in accordance with good manufacturing
practice are also not considered hazardous waste as defined by VVS. A VVS import permit by
the canton is under these circumstances not required. However, before the waste is imported,
SAEFL must be notified in accordance with the Basel Convention or in accordance with OECD
decision C(92)39/FINAL (orange list). If the described conditions are met, in each case we will
allow the import for a maximum period of one year.
3.3. Fly ash and blast-furnace slag with a heavy-metal content exceeding the values of Table 2 in
the enclosure are considered hazardous waste. Because of their high heavy-metal content
they should fundamentally not be used for the production of building materials. Exceptions
should be possible only for special applications for which it is proven that no other material
can provide the required technical properties. In this case the importer must acquire an import
permit from the canton in accordance with the Regulations for handling hazardous waste
VVS. Imports of hazardous waste must be announced to SAEFL in accordance with the
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
their Disposal and may be carried out only with the approval of this office.
4.
Notification of imports requiring control
4.1. Building material manufacturers who wish to announce the import of fly ash or blast-furnace
slag can request a permit application form from SAEFL (Ordering address: SAEFL, Abt. Abfall/VVS, P.O. box, 3003 Bern, fax 031 322 59 32, keyword "Importdossier")
62
© 2003 ASAC
4.2. As the authority in charge we will review the submitted applications in consideration of the
relevant national and international agreements. We will also seek the response of the relevant
authority in the canton in which the importer’s plant is located. The import will then be approved or prohibited. In either case, the applicant will be notified in writing, including the
reasons for the decision. The applicant may file a complaint against a decision.
Sincerely,
Swiss Agency for the Environment,
Forests and Landscape (SAEFL)
Waste Department
Director H.P. Fahrni
63
© 2003 ASAC
Appendix to the SAEFL circular with recommendations for the import and use
of fly ash and of blast-furnace slag for the production of building materials:
Standard values for the assessment of fly ash and blast-furnace slag
Table 1: Provisional standard values for fly ash and blast-furnace slag
that may be imported without notification from OECD countries into
Switzerland according to procedure of the “green list” for use as a building materials (June 1997)
Parameter
Standard value
Antimony
Sb
5 mg/kg
Arsenic
As
30 mg/kg
Lead
Pb
100 mg/kg
Cadmium
Cd
1 mg/kg
Chromium (total)
Cr
200 mg/kg
Copper
Cu
200 mg/kg
Nickel
Ni
200 mg/kg
Mercury
Hg
0.5 mg/kg
Thallium
Tl
0.5 mg/kg
Zinc
Zn
400 mg/kg
Tin
Sn
30 mg/kg
Table 2: Provisional standard values for fly ash and blast-furnace slag that
may be imported with the approval of SAEFL and may be used for the
production of building materials (June 1997)
Parameter
Standard value
Antimony
Sb
20 mg/kg
Arsenic
As
80 mg/kg
Lead
Pb
500 mg/kg
Cadmium
Cd
2 mg/kg
Chromium (total)
Cr
500 mg/kg
Copper
Cu
500 mg/kg
Nickel
Ni
500 mg/kg
Mercury
Hg
1 mg/kg
Thallium
Tl
1 mg/kg
Zinc
Zn
1000 mg/kg
Tin
Sn
80 mg/kg
64
© 2003 ASAC
Address list
1. Cantonal offices
-
Baudepartement des Kt. AG, Abteilung Umweltschutz, Buchenhof, 5001 Aarau
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. AR, Kasernenstrasse 17, 9102 Herisau
Baudepartement des Kt. AI, Fachstelle für Umweltschutz, Gaiser-Strasse 9,
9050 Appenzell
Amt für Umweltschutz und Energie des Kt. BL, Rheinstrasse 29, 4410 Liestal
Amt für Industrielle Betriebe des Kt. BL, Bahnhofplatz 7, 4410 Liestal
Gewässerschutzamt des Kt. BS, Hochbergerstrasse 158, 4019 Basel
Amt für Energie und Technische Anlagen des Kt. BS, Münsterplatz 14, 4001
Basel
Amt für Gewässerschutz und Abfallwirtschaft des Kt. BE, Abteilung Abfallwirtschaft, Reiterstrasse 11, 3011 Bern
Office de la protection de l'environnement (FR), Route de la Fonderie 2,
1700 Fribourg
Direction générale de l'environnement (GE), 2, rue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville,
Case postale 3918, 1211 Genève 3
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. GL, Postgasse 29, 8750 Glarus
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. GR, Gürtelstrasse 89, 7001 Chur
Office des eaux et de la protection de la nature (JU), Les Champs-Fallat,
2882 St-Ursanne
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. LU, Klosterstrasse 31, 6002 Luzern
Service de la protection de l'environnement (NE), Rue du Tombet 24,
Case postale 145, 2034 Peseux
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. NW, Engelbergstrasse 34, Postfach 1240, 6370
Stans
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. OW, St. Antonistrasse 4, Postfach 1661, 6061
Sarnen
Kantonales Laboratorium, Abteilung Umweltschutz, Mühletalstrasse 184,
Postfach, 8201 Schaffhausen
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. SZ, Schlagstrasse 82, 6430 Schwyz
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. SO, Abteilung Umweltschutz, Baselstrasse 77,
4509 Solothurn
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. SG, Linsebühlstrasse 91, 9001 St. Gallen
Amt für Umweltschutz und Wasserwirtschaft des Kt. TG, Bahnhofstrasse 55,
8510 Frauenfeld
Sezione protezione aria e acqua (TI), Via Salvioni 2A, 6501 Bellinzona
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. UR, Gurtenmundstrasse 33, 6460 Altdorf
Service de la protection de l'environnement (VS), Bâtiment MUTUA, 1950 Sion
Service des eaux et de la protection de l'environnement (VD), Rue du Valentin 10,
1014 Lausanne
Amt für Umweltschutz des Kt. ZG, Aabachstrasse 5, Postfach 897, 6301 Zug
65
-
© 2003 ASAC
Amt für Gewässerschutz und Wasserbau des Kt. ZH, Abteilung Abfallwirtschaft,
Walchetor, 8090 Zürich
Amt für Gewässerschutz des Fürstentums Liechtenstein, Städtle 38, FL-9490
Vaduz
2. Cement companies
Please refer to: http://www.cemsuisse.ch/ and push E (English)
3. Other recipients
-
Abbruch-, Aushub- und Recyclingverband, Gerbegasse 10, 8302 Kloten
SIA Schweiz. Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein, Generalsekretariat,
Selnaustrasse 16, Postfach, 8039 Zürich
SIA Schweiz. Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein, Kommission SIA 162 Beton,
Selnaustrasse 16, Postfach, 8039 Zürich
Schweiz. Handels- und Industrie-Verein Vorort, Mainaustrasse 49, Postfach 690,
8034 Zürich
Schweiz. Bauwirtschaftskonferenz, Weinbergstrasse 49, Postfach, 8035 Zürich
Schweiz. Baumeisterverband, Weinbergstrasse 49, Postfach, 8035 Zürich
Verband Schweiz. Transportbetonwerke, 5301 Siggenthal Station
Verein Schweiz. Zement-, Kalk- und Gips-Fabrikanten, Beckenhofstrasse 6,
8006 Zürich
Bundesamt für Aussenwirtschaft, Bundeshaus Ost, 3003 Bern
EAWAG, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf
EMPA, Ressort Baustoffe, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf
Oberzolldirektion, Monbijoustrasse 40, 3003 Bern
Mitglieder der Arbeitsgruppe "Abfälle in Zementwerken"
Membres du groupe de travail "Déchets en cimenteries"
4. SAEFL (BUWAL)
Please refer to: www.saefl.ch and push (under the Swiss flag) en (English)
5. ASAC (Association of the Swiss Aggregate and Concrete Industry
FSKB - Fachverband der Schweizerischen
Kies- und Betonindustrie
Bubenbergplatz 9
3011 Bern
Phone: +41 (0)31 326 26 26
Fax:
+41 (0)31 326 26 29
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.fskb.ch (German, French, Italian)
66
© 2003 ASAC
References (In German): Weiterführende Literatur
BUWAL (1995):
Bauprodukte und Zusatzstoffe in der Schweiz. – Schriftenreihe
Umwelt Nr. 245
BUWAL (1997):
Richtlinien für die Verwertung mineralischer Bauabfälle. – Vollzug
Umwelt, Juli 1997
Cementbulletin (1995):
Zusatzstoffe. Heft 4. – TFB Technische Forschung und Beratung
für Zement und Beton, Wildegg
DAfStb (1991):
Richtlinie für Herstellung von Beton unter Verwendung von Restwasser, Restbeton und Restmörtel. – Deutscher Ausschuss für
Stahlbeton; Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin
EN 450 (1994):
Flugasche für Beton – Definitionen, Anforderungen und Güteüberwachung. – Europäisches Komitee für Normung (CEN), Brüssel
SN EN 206-1 (2000):
Beton – Teil 1: Festlegung Eigenschaften, Herstellung und Konformität. – SIA, Schweiz. Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein, Zürich
FSZHBZ (1997):
FSHBZ-Gütesiegel, Kriterien und Prüfverfahren. –
Fachverband Schweiz. Hersteller von Betonzusatzmitteln, Zürich
IPB (1997):
Bauökologie-Empfehlungen. – Interessengemeinschaft privater
professioneller Bauherren (IPB; Hrsg.), Zürich
SIA D 0146 (1998):
Umweltaspekte von Beton. – SIA, Schweiz. Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein, Zürich
SIA D 093 (1997):
Deklaration ökologischer Merkmale von Bauprodukten nach SIA
493. Erläuterungen u. Interpretation. – SIA, Zürich
SIA 431:
Entwässerung von Baustellen. – SIA, Zürich
SIA 162/4 (1994):
Recyclingbeton. – SIA, Zürich
VSS 640 743a (1998):
Recycling: Betonabbruch. – Vereinigung schweizerischer Strassenfachleute (VSS), Zürich
VSTB (1989):
Richtlinien Qualität und Technik. – VSTB Verband Schweiz. Transportbetonwerke, Siggenthal-Station
VSTB (2000):
Diverse Empfehlungen, diverse Merkblätter. – VSTB Verband
Schweiz. Transportbetonwerke, Bern
67

Eco-Efficient Ready Mixed Concrete Plants and Concrete Production

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