2014 part 2

姿
三四郎
Sugata
Sanshiro
(opened
March
1943)
続
姿
三四郎
Zoku
Sugata
Sanshiro
(opened
May
1945)
In Kurosawa’s two films of Sugata Sanshiro, of 1943 and 1945,
there is what may be a satori 【悟・覚】 scene,
and a zazen 【坐禅・座禅】 scene.
Sugata Sanshiro is the story of a young man
studying judo and learning about life
in the Meiji Era 明治時代 (1868-1912).
The 1942 (昭和17) novel 小説
was written by
Tomita Tsuneo 富田常雄 (1904-1967).
The characters are modeled after real people.
*refer to class readings:
Carr. 1993. Making Way: War, Philosophy and
Sport in Japanese Judo.
Inoue. 1998. The Invention of the Martial Arts:
Kano Shogoro and Kodokan Judo.
Klinger. 2006. Sugata Sanshiro’s Satori.
Klinger. 2009.06.06. 「Sugata Sanshiro’s Path of
Loyalty 姿三四郎の忠孝の道」USP Public Seminar.
The story of Sanshiro has been told in
6+ feature films 長編映画 chouhen-eiga,
6 TV dramas,
2 anime films, and
4+ manga comic books,
besides Tomita’s several novels.
*The story isn’t particularly popular
among people who practice karate and jujitsu
because Sanshiro beats them with judo.
Films: *unavailable/lost
1943 Toho 東宝. Director: Kurosawa Akira.
(1943: +97minutes. 1944: -79min. 1951: 79 min. 2002: 91min.)
1945 続姿三四郎. Toho. 82min. Kurosawa.
*1954 少年姿三四郎. Toei 東映 . 56+66min.
Director: Kobayashi Tsuneo 小林恒夫.
*1955 Toei. (2 parts.) Tanaka Shigeo 田中重雄.
1965 Toho. 153min. Director: Uchikawa Sei’ichiro 内川清一郎.
Script 脚本, Editor 編集, & Producer 制作: Kurosawa.
1970 Shochiku 松竹. Dir: Watanabe Kunio 渡辺邦男.
1977 Toho. 124min. Okamoto Kihachi 岡本喜八.
TV Dramas: *unavailable/lost
*1957 TBS JNN/CBC. 3 parts.
*1962 NHK. 4x30min. episodes 挿話 souwa.
*1963 Fuji. Dir: Watanabe Kunio 渡辺邦男.
1970 NTV. Dir: Watanabe Kunio 渡辺邦男.
26x45min. (also 71min. film by Shochiku 松竹)
*1978 NTV. Dir: Yamamoto Michiyo 山本迪夫、
Tsuchiya Togoro 土屋統吾郎 26x45min.
2007 TV-Tokyo. 134min. 演出: Kinoshita Takao 木下高男.
Anime:
1981 Fuji. 72min.
1987 NTV. 3x30min.
Manga:
1954-55 少年姿三四郎. Tominaga Ichiro 富永一朗,
Tsuchiya Ippei 土屋一平
1970 Okuda Kunio 奥田邦夫.
1972 Minamoto Taro みなもと太郎.
1976 Motomiya Hiroshi 本宮ひろ志.
1981 Monkey Punch モンキー・パンチ (=1981 anime).
1987 Chiba Tetsuya ちばてつや
(=1987 anime).
三四郎の話は色々な点で魅力的です。
魅惑miwaku 的な武道や戦いのシーンに加えて、
日本の宗教と社会に対して見識を与えます。 Besides
gripping martial arts and combat scenes, the story of
Sanshiro provides interesting insights into Japanese religion
and society.
戦中版と戦後版には社会価値観の変動が明かされています。
The variations of the books and films in wartime and postwar
reveal changes in social values and attitudes towards religion
and philosophy.
Particularly 特に interesting is that
a number of phrases with militaristic tones
軍国主義 gunkokushugi にまっわる表現
in the 1942 book 小説
and in Kurosawa’s 1943 film 映画,
were cut カット
or were replaced 取って代わる
with more innocuous 気にさわらないよう phrases
after the end of the war.
Sanshiro has been fighting in the streets.
He comes into Yano’s room, abashed 決まり悪い.
Yano:
「どうだ。思いきり 投げて気持ち良かったろう。」
Dou da. Omoikiri nagete kimochi yokattarou.
How was it? Must have felt good
throwing your weight around.
Sanshiro:
「申し訳ありまん。」 I have no excuse.
Yano: 「私もお前の働きが見たかった。強い。まったく強く
なった。お前の実力は今や 私の上かもしれん。しかし、な、
姿、 お前の柔道と私の柔道とは天地 の隔たりhedatari が
ある。 気がつくか。お前は人間の道 を知らん。」
I would have liked to have seen the way you move
your body. You’re strong. You’ve really become strong.
Your ability may even be better than mine now.
But, you know, Sugata, your judo and my judo
are worlds apart. Have you noticed that?
You don’t know the Way of Humanity.
「人間の道をしらぬ者に柔道を教えるのは、
これは気違いに刃物を持たせるのに等しい。」
Ningen no michi wo shiranu mono ni judo wo
oshieru no wa, kore wa kichigai ni hamono wo
motaseru no ni hitoshii.
Teaching judo to a man who does not know
the Way of Humanity is like
giving a knife to a madman.
Sanshiro: 「先生、人間の道は知っております!」
Sensei, I know the Way of Humanity!
Yano: 「嘘を言えっ! 理性もなく。目的もなく。狂い回るの
が人間の道か。人間の道とは… 」
Uso wo ie! Risei mo naku, mokuteki mo naku.
Kurui mawaru no ga ningen no michi ka?
You lie! You have no Reason; you have no Purpose.
Is it the Way of Humanity to rave around madly?
The Way of Humanity is…
At this point in the film,
there is a small lack 欠如 ketsujo
of continuity コンテ
in the action.
The camera is looking
at Yano’s face,
but Yano’s head jumps 跳ぶ suddenly,
exactly丁度 as if ように
there was a missing 落丁 rakuchou
piece of film.
In the film as it is available today,
Yano says to Sugata,
「人間の道とは…」 The Way of Humanity is…
Then Yano’s face/the film jumps, and he continues,
「…これこそ、天地自然の真理である。」
…kore koso, tenchi shizen no shinri de aru.
A translation of the line would be:
The Way of Humanity: this is the Eternal Truth
of the Way Things Are in Heaven and Earth.
What does this mean?
どういう意味でしょうか？
I suggest 言い出すthat it doesn’t make much sense
それは意味をなさない.
And why is Yano so angry?
Does he think Sanshiro should already clearly はっきり
understand this vague philosophical 哲学 idea?
The film as it was shown in 1943 went like this,
according to the original scenario book
and the 1942 novel :
Yano says:
「人間の道とは…忠孝の道だ。」
Ningen no michi to wa … chuukou no michi da.
The Way of Humanity is … the path of loyalty
to your lord and devotion to your parents.
…anyway, let’s see the scene:・
In postwar editions 戦後版 of Tomita’s novel,
the sentence 文章 with 忠孝 chuukou is changed to:
即ち、天地自然の真理のままに生き死にする悟りだ。
Sunawachi, tenchishizen no shinri no mamani
ikishini suru satori da.
That is to say, living and dying in the Principle of
the Way of Heaven and Earth is Enlightenment.・
This is a quite pretty 綺麗な sentence, but it still まだ
doesn’t explain 説明 what the Principle 真理 is.
Sanshiro has jumped into the pond.
The Buddhist priest, Oshou和尚, calls to Sanshiro,
こら、慢心 Kora, manshin!
Hey, you! Mr. High and Mighty!
(=prideful mind, self-conceit, vainglory)
つらいか Are you suffering?
返事をせんところを見ると悟れんな
Henji wo sen tokoro wo miru to satoren na
You don’t reply, so I can tell you cannot be enlightened.
降参する気はないか kousan suru ki wa nai ka
Don’t you feel like giving up?
*symbols of satori-enlightenment:
=sounds of nature (cicadasセミ and frogs), otherwise silence, no speaking
=moon (the power of the moon to purify the soul in Noh theater 能楽;
in Kurosawa’s Rhapsody in August (1991), a character says that the moon has the power to wash the mind
clean
=reflection of the moon (e.g. in Saigyo’s poems); the reflection is the reality
=lotus blossoms are pure white, unsoiled 汚されていない by the
murky 濁ったwater in which they live and rise above it;
symbol of rising above the mud of This World
=Buddha often sits on a lotus.
*Buddha as a symbol of enlightenment/potential,
rather than a creator/saviour god.
*what is it about this scene that the wartime censors liked?
*the mist rising from the pond is from the hot water they put in
because the actor Fujita Susumu 藤田進 1912-1991
was freezing in there in February
*see the lotus pond at the back of the USP soccer field
Neither the blooming 開花 lotuses 蓮華 renge
nor Sanshiro’s prostration 平伏す hirefusu
are in Tomita’s 1941 novel.
Sanshiro’s satori
or epiphany 自己啓示 jikoukeiji
at seeing the lotus is apparently Kurosawa’s
artistic embellishment 装飾品 soushokuhin.
The prostration is, I assume,
a wartime censor 検閲官 ken-etsukan ’s
interpolation 書き入れ.
In the novel and some film versions,
in the morning Yano has already gone off to school.
Sanshiro in the pond in the morning
asks Oshou what he should do.
Oshou tells him a spiritual awakening
発心 hosshin takes 10,000 steps,
and your judo still is lousy.
Sanshiro says “Yeah.”
Oshou says, “It’s enough that you realize
that much. Come on out.”
*Kurosawa’s first-ever directed scene.
見ろ。美しいじゃないか。Miro. Utsukushii jya naika?
Look. Isn’t that beautiful?
姿, あの美しさは一体どこから出てくるか分かるか。
Sugata, ano utsukushisa wa ittai doko kara
detekuruka wakaru ka?
Sugata, do you know where that beauty
in fact comes from?
祈るという事の中に、己を捨て切っている。
Inoru to iu koto no naka ni, onore wo sutekitteiru.
In prayer, the ego is discarded.
自分の我を去って、神と一念になっている。
Jibun no ga wo satte, kami to ichinen ni natte iru.
In leaving your self, you become one
(one mind, one heart, one thought) with kami.
あの美しさ以上に強いものはないのだ。
Ano utsukushisa ijou ni tsuyoi mono wa nai no da.
There is nothing mightier than this beauty.
我々はここで遠慮しようか。
あぁ、いいものを見たな 姿。
いい気持ちだ。
Wareware wa koko de enryo shou ka.
Ah, ii mono wo mita na, Sugata.
Ii kimochi da.
Let’s not intrude any further.
Oh, we have seen a wonderful thing, eh, Sugata?
I feel great.
Sanshiro is supposed to fight Sayo’s father in a competition.
Sanshiro is reciting a poem; but, his mind is on Sayo.
“Seiki no Uta” by Fujita Touko 藤田東湖 (1806-1855).
天地正大の気、粋然として神州にあつまる、秀でては富士の嶽となり、
巍々として千秋にそびゆ、注いでは大瀛の水となり、洋々として八州
をめぐる, 発いては万朶の桜となり。
The great spirits of heaven and earth congregated in this
sacred land; their excellence became Mt Fuji which towers
for a thousand autumns; flowing they became the water of
the Seven Seas; spreading out they became the Eight
Islands; eventually they became myriad cherry blossoms
weighing heavily on branches.
(In the1965 film, Sanshiro just sits silently.)
俺はその娘が己を捨て切って父のために祈っている美しい
顔を見てしまった。それが困った。
その美しさに勝つにはどうしたらいい 和尚。
Watashi wa sono musume ga onore wo sutekitte
chichi no tame ni inotteru utsukushii kao
wo miteshimatta. Sore ga komatta.
Sono utsukushisa ni katsu ni wa doushitara ii? Oshou!
I saw her beautiful face emptied of self,
praying for her father. That’s what’s troubling me.
How can I win against such beauty? Oshou!
鈍根。お前もその娘のように無心なったらよかろうか。
Donkon! Omae mo sono musume no youni mushin
nattara yokarouka?
Dimwit! If you become as empty of self
as that young lady, you can do it!
*donkon: Buddhist term, “of dull capacity,
unable to receive Buddha-truth.”
*mushin: mind-less; without thought, will, or purpose;
the real immaterial mind free from illusion;
unconsciousness or effortless action;
“the child’s mind;”
completely absorbed in doing something.
Sanshiro has a vision of the lotus.
The dojo moves out of the temple.
Oshou asks Yano to tell Sanshiro to visit sometime
and look at the pole in the pond if he is ever at a loss.
Iinuma says 今度は棒杭にも及ばんでしょう
kondo wa bougui nimo oyobandeshou
I wonder if even the pole can help him this time.
Yano says Sanshiro is still a kid.
Sanshiro leaves to travel and think about things.
Sayo accompanies同行 him on the train to Yokohama.
Sanshiro says he will come back soon.
続 姿三四郎
Zoku Sugata
Sanshiro
(opened May
1945)
出演：
藤田 進
Fujita Susumu
*The Americans in this movie were played by citizens of
Turkey, which was a neutral country.
Sanshiro takes down his nameplate; he feels he must leave the
dojo because he plans to fight his opponents, against the rules
of the dojo. He talks with Oshou.
Oshou says, “I’m sleepy. Go home, Sanshiro.”
Sanshiro: Let me stay tonight.
実は座る気できたんだ Suwaru ki de kitanda
Actually, I came to sit. (=sit in meditation).
Oshou: 何, お前が座禅を。よせよせ。居眠りがでるばかりじゃ。
Nani? Omae ga zazen wo? Yose yose. Nemuri ga deru bakari jya.
What? You, zazen? Forget it. You’ll just doze off.
Sanshiro and Oshou prepare to sit in zazen.
Osho tells him, つべこべ言わずとお前に取っ付いている
奴を睨むんじゃ。そやつの消え失せるまで。
よいか 三四郎。
Tsubekobe iwazuto omae ni tottsuiteiru yatsu wo
niramun jya. So yatsu no kieuseru made. Yoi ka,
Sanshiro?
Without answering back, you must glare
at the fellow approaching
until he vanishes into thin air. OK, Sanshiro?
*why does Sanshiro smile,
seeing Oshou asleep?
1965
France,
Russia dvd
(not
available
in Japan)
Mifune
Toshiro
as Yano
人間の道とは天然の真理である。
Ningen no michi to wa tennen no shinri de aru.
“The Way of Humanity is the Truth of Nature.”
*This is still terribly vague あいまいな
Sanshiro’s friends help him out of the pond.
Sanshiro sobs a little but does not bow to Yano.
Praying scene, but no American bully, no boxing, no zazen.
1970
Japan
VHS
(no subtitles)
やれば出来るさ 出来なけりゃ 男はもう一度やり直す 口惜しかったら 泣け 泣け
泣いてもいいから 前を見ろ 三四郎
それが勝負というものさ
If you try, you can do it. You must do it. Men try again.
If it’s frustrating, cry, cry. It’s OK to cry.
Look ahead, Sanshiro. That’s what the game is all about.
1977 Hong Kong
(Chinese subtitles)
(not available in
Japan)
“3 4 Roh, 3 4 Roh,
お前は誰だろう?”
“Sanshiro,
Sanshiro,
who are you,
do you know?”
1978 TV series
(no video available)
There is no talk of the Way of
Humanity at all.
Yano asks Sanshiro if he feels
justified in involving innocent
people in the brawl. Sanshiro asks
why he should bow his head down
in apology if he doesn’t think he did
anything wrong. Yano tells him,
“Cool your head down and think
about it.” Sanshiro says he will
indeed cool down
and jumps into the pond.
1972
Minamoto
Taro
ちかごろの
マンガはむ
ずかしいな
あ。。。
Chikagoro
no manga wa
muzukashii
naa…
Are comics
ever difficult
these days!
人の道とは忠孝の道だ
Hito no michi to wa chuukou no michi da.
The way of man is the way of loyalty to lord
and father. …
1976 Motomiya Hiroshi
1981
dvd
no
subtitles
Yano scolds Sanshiro that he wasted a whole night in the
pond while he himself wrote 300 pages.
The cat jumps up and knocks down the papers, revealing
that they are blank.
Yano admits that he couldn’t write anything because he was
worried about Sanshiro freezing in the pond.
Sanshiro chokes up and bows deeply at Yano’s feet; everyone
sobs (that sensei has such human feelings). Yano asks
Sanshiro not to make him so miserable in the future.
1987
(VHS
in USA)
2007
dvd
(no subtitles)
出演 :
加藤成亮
Kato Shigeaki
1940 忠孝 Chuukou stamp 教育勅語50年記念
Confucian 儒学 virtues 美徳 of humanity:
benevolence 仁, righteousness 義, propriety 禮, knowledge 知,
and fidelity 忠. Filial piety孝 is the root of all virtue.
1890 明治23年 “Rescript on Education”
教育勅語 kyouiku-chokugo
“Know ye, Our subjects: Our Imperial Ancestors have founded Our
Empire on a basis broad and everlasting and have deeply and
firmly implanted virtue 道義. Our subjects ever united in loyalty
and filial piety 忠孝両全 have from generation to generation
illustrated the beauty thereof.
This is the glory of the fundamental character of Our Empire,
and herein also lies the source of Our education.”
When the phrase containing chuukou was cut, or by who,
is unclear. The GHQ-SCAP (General Headquarters,
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers) censors 検閲
ken-etsu banned 発禁 hakkin both of Kurosawa’s
Sanshiro films, along with 225 out of 554 wartime films
for depicting scenes of feudal 封建 houken loyalty 忠節
chuusetsu, cruel 残酷 ginkoku violence 暴力,
or the “undemocratic 非民主的な idea of revenge
復讐 fukushuu.” Martial arts, including judo, were also
banned from government settings like schools and police
departments until 1950.
Kurosawa’s film was not shown again in Japan until
1952昭27. When it first opened in 1943昭18, the film
ran for about 97 minutes. When it was re-released for a
second run in 1944, a number of short scenes were cut
out, probably because of a new law which said that an
entire showing including newsreels at a movie theater
could only run for 100min, and that dramatic films must
be 73min or less. The reason for this law was no doubt
because three-quarters of the nation’s movie theaters
had been damaged and half of them destroyed, so the
few remaining theaters needed to provide a greater
number of shows in a day.
The missing scenes were filled in with written captions
describing what happened. Then, in 1996 - 1998, a 45-minute
segment of Kurosawa’s film was found (along with a good
number of other missing Japanese films) in the Moscow
Gosfilmofond State Film Archive Depository.
The print apparently had been taken from the former Japanese
colony of Manchukuo. Integrating scenes from this print, a remastered and partly restored 91min (最長版 “longest version”)
DVD with Japanese subtitles and commentary track was
released in 2002. This version of Sanshiro, like all other
available versions of Kurosawa’s film, does not include the
chuukou phrase (but perhaps the restorers chose not to restore
the line?).
Q1. 一般的に言って, 忠孝には良い意味があります。
”Chuukou” expresses a good meaning,
generally speaking.
Q2. 忠孝は現在の社会には大切です。
“Chuukou” is important in today’s society.
Q3. 政治家は忠孝を悪用する可能性があるかも知れま
せん。または、悪用して来たかも知れません。
Politicians might misuse / have misused
“chuukou”.
Q.1
good meaning
良い意味
Q.2
important
大切
Q.3
misuse
悪用
agree strongly
強くそう思う
34
29
29
21
26
19
somewhat agree
ややそう思う
56
19
55
24
50
28
can’t say either way
どちとも言えない
29
6
32
7
38
8
somewhat disagree
あまりそう思わない
2
3
5
5
6
2
strongly disagree
全くそう思わない
0
0
0
0
1
0
RESULTS OF SURVEY
*respondents 応答者
121 students
57 adults