Electrostatic precipitators for small

Transcription

Central European Biomass Conference (CEBC), 26.-28.January 2011 in Graz
IEA Task32-Workshop:
“Fine particulate emissions from small-scale biomass furnaces“
Electrostatic precipitators for small-scale wood
combustion systems –
Results from lab- and field tests
Hans Hartmann, Peter Turowski, Susanne Kiener
Technologie- und Förderzentrum im Kompetenzzentrum
für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (TFZ), Straubing
Hartmann
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Technologie- und Förderzentrum
im Kompetenzzentrum für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe
Structure
• Overview on small-scale particle separators
• Field test with 3 ESP-types
• Results from test stand trials (4 ESP‘s)
• Summary and conclusions
Hartmann
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Overview on particle separator types for residential applications
Principle
Advantage
Disadvantage
Electrostatic
precipitator (ESP)
low pressure drop,
low cost
problems with organic
particles
Filtering separators
good separation effect
(e.g. baghouse filters)
high pressure drop,
high technical efforts
Cyclone separators
low cost
low effect on fine particles
Scrubber
flue gas condensation possible
high technical efforts
medium separation effect
Flue gas condenation
additional heat gain
low separation effect
Catalyst
effect on gases,
lower Corg load on particles
very low separation effect
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Configuration of ESP‘s
Chimney-top separators
Separators for flue gas tube integration
(living rooms)
Separators for central heating boilers
ESP-chimney systems
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Chimney-top ESP (1): Applied Plasma Physics (Norway)
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Type: APP Residential ESP
Cleaning/maintennance from chimney top
effective length : ca. 1 m
High voltage; max. 33 kV
No active mechanical removal of PM deposits
Status: development
high voltage supply line
Graph: APP
part of precipitator
above the chimney
outlet
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P 11 B Ha 001
high voltage electrode
part of precipitator
inside the chimney
Photos:TFZ
Folie 5
Chimney-top ESP (2): OekoTube (by OekoSolve, Liechtenstein)
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Type: Oekotube
no active removal of deposits
max 70 kW heat power output
Status: market available (only Switzerland)
Photos / Image: Oekosolve
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Chimney-top ESP (3): Ruff-Kat GmbH, Holzkirchen
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Type: Ruff-Kat
Chimney mounted
Voltage: 20 kV
Mechanical removal of deposits (vibration)
Length: ca. 1 m above chimney opening
Status: Certified, field test
Weather protection
Precipitation
zone
Isolation
Inner tube
(springs)
Vibrator for
cleaning
Electronics
Ionisation zone
cleaned
uncleaned
High voltage
electrode
Separation surface (inner walls)
Mounting plate
Photos / Image: Ruff-Kat
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Boiler attached ESP (1): Spanner SFF (by Fa. Spanner Re²)
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Types: Spanner SFF 20 / SFF50 / SFF100
Mounted beside a boiler
Voltage: 15 kV
Mechanical removal of deposits (vibration)
With purge air cleaning of electrodes
Pressure drop: 40 pa
Status: Field tests
4 depositing pipes with electrode casing
purge air cylinder
raw gas
electrode
clean gas
pipe -cleaning
(vibration)
absorber
pipes
purge air cylinder
particle
container
Photos: TFZ
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Werkbild : Spanner
Boiler attached ESP (2): Carola – Separator (by KIT, Karlsruhe)
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Type: CAROLA (Develpment: Karlsruhe Institut of Technology)
Mounted beside a boiler
Mechanical removal of deposits (rot. brush, 1 min/h)
Pressure drop: 10 pa
Voltage 16-18 kV
Tested with up to 30 kW
Status: development
Images: KIT
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Boiler attached ESP (3): AL-Top (by Schräder, Kamen)
 Type: AL-Top,
ESP with infill of wetted metal
shavings as absobing surface
 Mounted beside a boiler
 Status: development
clean
gas
spray nozzle
injection
metal shavings infill
(absorbing surface)
high voltage
electrode
raw gas
drain
outlet
Images: Schräder
Hartmann
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Integrated ESP (1): ”Airbox” by Spartherm Feuerungstechnik
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Type: Airbox (for fireplace inserts),
Supplement exclusively for manufacturer ‘s furnaces (>15 kW)
Plate-type ESP, manuelly switched-on
Manual removal of PM deposits required after 100 h operation
Status: market-available
Photo / Images: Spartherm
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Integrated ESP (2): Zumikron (by Rüegg, Switzerland)
 Type: Zumikron
Developed by Rüegg (Switzerland), built by: Kutzner+Weber
 Mainly for single room heaters
 Use of purge air for electrode cleaning
 Manual removal of PM deposits required
 Status: market-available (only Switzerland)
Photo / Images: Rüegg
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ESP-Chimney-type: Feinstaubkiller (by TH-Alternativ-Energie)
 Type: “Feinstaubkiller“ (ESP-chimney)
 Electrode over full length of chimney
 Automatic periodic cleaning by rinsing with water
from surge tank
High voltage
power supply
 Particle removal as sludge deposit
 Status: single built and single approval
Water injection for cleaning the
inner tube of the chimney
Special isolation for fixing the
Chimney made of stainless steel
Electrode made of special
type of wire
Temperature
sensor
Cleaning door
Boiler
Photos: TFZ
Hartmann
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Special isolation and fixing the
high voltage electrode with a
spring
Neutralisa
tion box
with
pump for
cleaning
circuit
Outlet for cleaning water and
condensate
Image: TH-Alternativ-Energie
Folie 13
Procedure of field tests performed by TFZ
• Selection of 10 private households
• Assembling of filters and automatic data recording
(electricity consumption, operating hours)
• Instruction of users concerning documentation
• Continuous operation of ESP‘s during heating period 2008/2009
• Regular cleaning and observation by chimney sweep
• Collection of deposited ash from the chimneys and the ESP‘s over the
full period and
• Determination of fuel consumption
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ESP-types applied in field test (1)
APP Residential ESP,
example here: with chimney stove (6 kW)
Photos: TFZ
Hartmann
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K&W Zumik®on,
example here: with cooking stove (6 kW)
Photo: TFZ
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Photo: TFZ
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Spanner SFF 20
• example here: with log wood boiler, 15 kW
• mechanical cleaning was here activated
manually by press button
Photos: Ritt
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Observations from field tests
Observed failures/troubles:
 short circuits
 failure of electrode purge air supply
 burn-out of fuses
 display failure
 breaking of electrode
 fixation problems (at chimney top)
 sensor defects
 high voltage failure
 chimney draft problems
 rain water intrusion into chimney
 counteraction of ESP-purge air with furnace air supply
 noise harassment
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Results field tests: electrical power input
APP Residential ESP
KW Zumikron
Spanner SFF20
200
electrical power input
180
160
W
120
80
47
40
28
14
11
3
0
Betrieb
operation
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Standby-Betrieb
stand-by
Folie 19
Field test results: Calculated particle reduction
Participant
Furnace
ESP-type
Fuel
log wood
(spruce, pine)
log wood
(spruce, pine)
log wood
(spruce, pine, beech)
Collected
particle massb)
Theoretical
reduction of
PM emissionc)
0.18 kg
9 mg/m³
2.38 kg
54 mg/m³
0.06 kg
5 mg/m³
0.30 kg
17 mg/m³
0.36 kg
52 mg/m³
0.83 kg
25 mg/m³
3.60 kg
122 mg/m³
1
Chimney stove
K&W Zumikron
2
Chimney stove
K&W Zumikron
Kitchen stove
K&W Zumikron
5
Chimney stove
APP Residential ESP log wood (beech)
6
2 Chimney stoves
APP Residential ESP
7
Tiled stove
8
Log wood boiler
9
Pellet boiler
Spanner SFF 20
Wood pellets
0.15 kg
5 mg/m³
10
Wood chip boiler
Spanner SFF 50
Wood chips
18.59 kg
158 mg/m³
4 a)
a
b
c
log wood
(spruce, pine)
log wood
APP Residential ESP
(spruce, pine)
log wood
Spanner SFF 20
(spruce, pine)
Only ash from connecting pipe and ESP because further furnaces were connected to the same chimney
Particle mass in ESP + connecting pipe + chimney
Calculated from fuel mass and specific flue gas volume, based at 13 % O2
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Field test results: Investigation of PAH-content in PM deposits
 Materials with more than 50 ppm PAH are considered as cancerogeneous in
Germany
 Above 1000 ppm they are considered as dangerous waste.
PAH-contents of PM collected from connecting pipes + ESP + chimney
Participant
Furnace
Separator
1
2
chimney chimney
stove
stove
K&W
K&W
3
4
5
Hartmann
7
8
9
10
pellet
boiler
wood chip
boiler
tiled
stove
kitchen chimney chimney
stove
stove
stove
tiled
stove
log wood
boiler
K&W
K&W
APP
Spanner Spanner Spanner
APP
Total PAH 183ppm 744ppm 1344ppm 922ppm 66ppm
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APP
470ppm 1713ppm 380ppm
21ppm
197ppm
Trials performed at TFZ test laboratory
• Selection of 2 suitable chimney stoves (a simple and a high value product)
• Tests with of 2 ESP‘s (Zumik®on and APP) at both stoves
4 test series
• Tests with Spanner SFF20 at log wood boiler (simple natural draft type)
• Test duration: 5 to 6 weeks per test series (typical operation)
• Weekly measurements of particle separation in raw and clean gas
(gravimetric determination)
• Additional trials with ESP-chimney type by “TH-Alternative Energie“
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Additional tests: ESP-chimney system by TH-Alternativ Energie
Water injection for cleaning the
inner tube of the chimney
Special isolation for fixing the
High voltage
power supply
Chimney made of stainless steel
Electrode made of special
type of wire
Temperature
sensor
Cleaning door
Boiler
Special isolation and fixing the
high voltage electrode with a
spring
Neutralisa
tion box
with
pump for
cleaning
circuit
Outlet for cleaning water and
condensate
Image: TH-Alternativ-Energie
Hartmann
P 11 B Ha 001
Photo: TFZ
Folie 23
Test stand setup
 Dilution ratio: 1 : 4 – 6
 Diluted temperature:
< 52 °C
 Gravimetric PMdetermination
 Measuring over the
full batch
 3 fuel batches
per trial
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Test stand results:
Zumikron ESP with simple-type chimney stove
80
70
Raw gas
Clean gas
Separation
70
%
60
33
500
Total PM emission
Mean separation: 11%
400
37
19
20
29
10
300
18
200
8
9
50
40
30
20
7
100
10
0
0
2
0
-100
-5
-200
-2
- 10
- 20
- 15
-300
- 30
-400
- 40
- 45
-500
- 50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
13 14 15
16 17 18
Test No
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Separation efficiency
800
mg/m³n
700
(13 % O2)
600
Test stand results :
APPResidential ESP with simple-type chimney stove
1.000
Raw gas
Clean gas
Separation
(13 % O2)
800
88 89
79
78
80
%
Total PM emission
69
Mean separation: 55 %
600
58
51
60
54
48
50
48
41
44
400
40
29
200
11
20
11
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11
12
13 14 15
16 17 18
Test No
Hartmann
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mg/m³n
100
93
Spanner SFF 20 with log wood boiler (simple natural draft)
80
mg/m³n
200
(13 % O2)
Total PM emission
96
61
100
94
69
66
150
88
55
50
%
80
60
40
37
100
50
86
40
11
20
0
0
-50
- 20
Mean separation: 25 and 80 %
-100
- 40
- 41
-150
- 60
-200
Raw gas
Clean gas
Separation
- 89
- 80
-250
- 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Operation without by-pass
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10 11
12
13 14 15
Operation with bypass
250
TH Feinstaubkiller with log wood boiler (simple natural draft)
300
100
Raw gas
Clean gas
Separation
89
mg/m³n
(13 % O2)
81
90
94
240
Total PM emission
Mean separation: 64 %
61
59
180
60
46
120
40
32
26
60
%
80
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Test No
Hartmann
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Summary and conclusions
• Three of four ESP‘s showed acceptable PM separations in both, field and
laboratory tests.
• An active mechanical cleaning of the deposited particles seems inevitable for
an undisturbed ESP-operation.
• Bevor market introduction the observed failures should be avoided reliably.
• An installation in living rooms is not accepted by the residents.
• Specific rules for handling and disposal of collected PM-mass need to be
elaborated due to the observed high PAH-contents.
• For determining the separation efficiency, a reliable and repeatable test
method needs to be elaborated.
Hartmann
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Download of the complete research report
(in German language):
TFZ-report No. 23
www.tfz.bayern.de
Thanks for listening !
Hartmann
P 11 B Ha 001
Folie 30

Electrostatic precipitators for small

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