saskia sass the global city

Transcription

No.
96
July – December 2007
www.iwm.at
Start
Thinking!
Interviews with Ivan
Krastev, John Gray,
Saskia Sassen and
Tariq Ramadan at the
IWM’s Anniversary
Conference
page 6
Outsiders
and Outcasts
Julie Denesha’s
Photo-Reports
page 22
Particularity
or Love of
Humanity?
Michael Sandel
on Solidarity in a
Global Age
page 34
Newsletter of the INSTITUT FÜR DIE WISSENSCHAFTEN VOM MENSCHEN, Vienna
and of the INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN SCIENCES at Boston University
CONTENTS
Editorial
25 Years
3 Conditions for International Solidarity – The IWM’s Anniversary
Conference
“For many people, the government
itself is corruption”
Interview with Ivan Krastev
“Start thinking about!”
Interview with John Gray
“A policy of three c’s”
Interview with Tariq Ramadan
“The multivalence of globalization”
Interview with Saskia Sassen
Press Review. Media Response to
the IWM’s Anniversary
Conferences, Debates, Discussions
12 The Future of EcoPolitics:
International Workshop
13 Alfred Schütz und die Hermeneutik:
Conference
14 Revolutionen, Lederhosen und kalifornische Träume: Drei Politische Salons
Lectures and Lecture Series
15 Migration, Putin’s Russia, Stanislaw
Lem and Enlightened Religion:
Lectures at the IWM
16 The Decline of the Occident?
Lecture Series
Seminars and Projects / IHS Boston
18 Poland after the Elections;
Junior Visiting Fellows’ Conference
19 Don’t Fear Thy Neighbor:
Events at IHS Boston
20 Partner or Alien:
A paper from the Quing-Project
From the Fellows
22 Outsider Among Outsiders: Julie
Denesha’s Photo Documentaries
24 Fellows and Guests
30 Travels and Talks, Varia
32 Publications
34 Guest Contribution:
The Persistence of Particularity.
Michael Sandel on Solidarity in a
Global Age
36 Upcoming Events
2
No. 96
Die riesige Leinwand wirkte sogar etwas
gespenstisch. Wie auf dem Titelbild dieses Newsletters am Beispiel von Shlomo Avineri zu sehen,
schien es manchmal, als hätten die Referenten
sich selbst als überlebensgroßen Geist im
Nacken. „Conditions for International Solidarity“, die Konferenz, mit der das IWM im
November sein 25-jähriges Bestehen feierte, war
beängstigend groß und doch dem Rahmen
angemessen. Wer in den hinteren Reihen des
Vortagssaals saß konnte jedenfalls froh sein,
dank Riesenleinwand alles gut zu erkennen.
Der Saal war – trotz seiner Größe – durchgehend voll und die Resonanz bei Besuchern, der
Presse, Freunden und Förderern durchweg positiv. Bericht, Presseschau, vier prominente Interviews und der Gastbeitrag von Michael Sandel in diesem Newsletter können sicher nicht
genug, aber doch etwas von der Stimmung und
den Inhalten der Konferenz wiedergeben.
At times, the big screen seemed even uncanny.
As you see on the front page of this newsletter
with the example of Shlomo Avineri, the speakers at the IWM’s Anniversary Conference were
talking with a somewhat ghostlike image of
themselves on their back. “Conditions for International Solidarity” was a frighteningly big
event – however, it was fitting to the occasion.
Sitting in the rear rows of the conference hall
one could happily – thanks to the big screen –
gain a good look on the lecturers. Despite its huge
size, the conference hall was crowded throughout the entire duration. The feedback to the
event by visitors, the press, friends and supporters was extremely positive. In this IWM Post
issue, the report (for English please refer to page
10), a press review, distinguished interviews, as
well as a guest contribution by Michael Sandel
may hopefully convey a flavour of the contents
and the atmosphere of the conference.
Gegen das große Jubiläum nehmen andere Veranstaltungen sich klein aus, aber natürlich lief
der „normale“ Betrieb am IWM weiter mit
Monatsvorträgen, der Reihe „Der Untergang
des Abendlandes“, Politischen Salons, Visiting
Fellows Seminaren und einem Workshop zu
Ökopolitik, der auch richtungweisend für künftige Themensetzung am IWM war. Relativ
geräuschlos, weil nicht sehr öffentlich, bleiben
die am IWM angesiedelten Projekte. In
QUING zum Beispiel, dem Forschungsprojekt
zu Gender Equality, arbeiten, alle Kooperationspartner eingerechnet, rund 60 Personen.
Zwei der vier IWM-Mitarbeiterinnen des Projekts haben auf einer Konferenz in Pisa ihre
Untersuchungen zu Geschlecht und Staatsbürgerschaft vorgestellt. Einen Auszug der Analyse
finden Sie auf den Seiten 20/21.
Compared to the big jubilee, other IWM events
might seem rather minor. But as a matter of
fact, the ordinary business in 2007 went on
with lectures, the lecture series “The Decline of
the Occident”, Political Salons, Visiting Fellows’ seminars and a workshop on The Future of
EcoPolitics which may have also given direction to future topics at the institute. Some of
the IWM’s projects remain relatively inconspicuous, because they are mostly not open to the
public. However, they’re work is effective.
QUING, the gender equality program, for
example, involves about 60 researchers with all
cooperation partners. Two of the four QUING
researchers working at the IWM presented their
findings on gender and intimate citizenship at
a conference in Pisa. On page 20/21 you’ll find
an extract of their interesting analysis.
Das IWM hat das Jahr 2007 zufrieden abgeschlossen – und eines ist sicher: Pläne wird es
weiter schmieden. Wenn Sie dieses Heft in Händen halten, ist ein großes IWM Event 2008 im
wahrsten Sinne des Wortes schon über die Bühne gegangen – davon lesen Sie dann im nächsten Newsletter. Eine gute Lektüre vorerst dieser IWM Post wünscht Ihnen
For the IWM, 2007 was a truly satisfying year.
Yet for sure: now new plans are cooking. By the
time you receive this newsletter, the IWM had
– literally – staged its first big event in 2008.
You’ll read about it in the next IWM Post –
but for now I hope that you’ll enjoy this one.
Andrea Roedig
Andrea Roedig
| ANNIVERSARY CONFERENCE
Einfache Lösungen gibt es nicht
Mit der großen Konferenz “Conditions for International Solidarity” feierte
das IWM seinen 25. Geburtstag in Wien
Die Jubiläumskonferenz, die das IWM vom
9. bis zum 11. November anlässlich seines
25-jährigen Bestehens veranstaltete, war
einem seiner zentralen Themen gewidmet:
Internationale Solidarität. Rund drei Tage
lang diskutierten Wissenschaftler, Intellektuelle und Politiker im MAK Wien vor vollem Haus, und sie diskutierten so, wie es der
israelische Politologe Shlomo Avineri zu
Beginn seines Vortrages mit seinen Glück-
Looking at history
wünschen an das Institut formuliert hatte:
die Subversivität des freien Denkens mit der
Konstruktivität des miteinander Diskutierens verbindend. Diese Kombination von
Subversivität und Konstruktivität sei in dem
vergangenen Vierteljahrhundert geradezu
zur Signatur des IWM geworden.
Das erste Panel mit dem Titel „Markets
and Solidarity“ war ökonomischen Aspekten des Generalthemas gewidmet. Erzeugt
oder beschädigt Marktwirtschaft Zusammenhalt, gerade auch im globalen Maßstab,
seitdem es weder eine real-existierende noch
eine theoretische Alternative zum kapitalistischen System mehr zu geben scheint? Leszek Balcerowicz, der mehrmalige polnische
Finanzminister und ehemalige Präsident der
Polnischen Nationalbank, bezweifelte eingangs gleich grundsätzlich, dass Altruismus
die Grundlage einer Gesellschaft sein kön-
Conference room in the MAK, Vienna
No. 96
3
ANNIVERSARY CONFERENCE |
Ute Frevert
Timothy Snyder
ne. Der frühere sächsische Ministerpräsident
Kurt Biedenkopf beschrieb, wie die Globalisierung die nationalstaatlich organisierten
sozialen Sicherungssysteme unterminiert.
Wie aber heute Solidarität im weltweiten
Maßstab unter den Bedingungen einer sich
globalisierenden Marktwirtschaft ausgebildet
werden könne, zwischen Menschen, die
weder das gleiche Schicksal teilen, noch sich
überhaupt kennen, blieb letztlich umstritten.
Die EU-Kommissarin für Regionalpolitik,
Danuta Hübner, sah die globale Etablierung
von Demokratie als eine notwendige Voraussetzung dafür an, der Philosoph Michael Sandel lenkte den Blick eher auf kleinteilige Solidaritäten, teilweise unterhalb der nationalen
Ebene, teilweise transnational. Die bloße
Übertragung nationaler Institutionen auf eine
höhere, internationale Ebene und die Vision
einer Weltbürgergesellschaft hielt er für wenig
Erfolg versprechend, weil die notwendigen
Loyalitäten dort nicht mehr greifen würden:
letztlich könne kein Mensch die Menschheit
abstrakt lieben, sondern nur konkrete Personen, zu denen er in einer bestimmten Beziehung steht (siehe auch Guest Contribution
von Michael Sandel in diesem Heft).
Unter der Überschrift „Solidarity and International Institutions“ diskutierten die ehemaligen Außenminister Polens und Deutschlands, Bronislaw Geremek und Joschka
Fischer, konkrete politische Fragen. Für
IWM fellows Stanislaw Burdziej and
Parveen Akhtar
4
No. 96
Fischer ist die Europäische Union ein Beispiel
erfolgreich institutionalisierter Solidarität.
Bronislaw Geremek hält die Errichtung neuer internationaler Institutionen nicht für sinnvoll, vielmehr forderte er eine Reform der
bestehenden wie der Vereinten Nationen.
Eine weitere Demokratisierung könne dabei
jedoch nicht erwartet werden, sehr wohl aber
eine größere Legitimität, wenn tatsächlich die
Vertretung gemeinsamer Interessen in den
Vordergrund gestellt würde. Immer wieder
wurden auch die knapper werdenden natürlichen Ressourcen und die daraus entstehende Gefahr von Verteilungskämpfen angesprochen, vor allem angesichts weiterhin steigender Bevölkerungszahlen und nicht zuletzt im
Hinblick auf die expandierenden Ökonomien und Märkte in Asien. Nur eine neue Politik, jenseits der alten Rezepte und Strukturen, könne der neuen politischen und ökologischen Situation angemessen sein, argumentierte denn auch Kurt Biedenkopf in der Diskussion.
Die Einsicht in die Begrenztheit des Planeten Erde und den vom Menschen verursachten Klimawandel nahm dann auch der
Historiker Dipesh Chakrabarty zum Ausgangspunkt für seine Überlegungen auf dem
Panel über „Conditions of Intercultural
Understanding“. Im Lichte des Bewusstseins
einer Endlichkeit der Gattung „Mensch“ forderte er einen neuen Blick auf die Geschich-
Alexander van der Bellen, Johannes Hahn,
Krzysztof Michalski
Dipesh Chakrabarty and Ira Katznelson
te von stetig wachsender Autonomie, Freiheit
und Demokratie. Man müsse Human- und
Naturwissenschaften verbinden, um die politische Geschichte in ihren Abhängigkeiten von
den natürlichen Rahmenbedingungen des
menschlichen Lebens wahrnehmen zu können, sagte er. Der Islamwissenschaftler Tariq
Ramadan behandelte Fragen interkulturellen Miteinanders, er verwehrte sich gegen die
Kulturalisierung von sozialen und politischen
Problemen. Ähnlich wie auch der Philosoph
Charles Taylor argumentierte Ramadan gegen
Reduktionismus und Homogenisierung und
für ein komplexes Verständnis von Identitäten und Zugehörigkeiten. „Einfache“ Identitäten gebe es ohnehin nicht, sondern immer
nur ein Nebeneinander verschiedener
Zugehörigkeiten. Nur durch Anerkennung
von Diversität auf allen Seiten könne ein
„Clash of Civilizations“ als eine sich selbst
erfüllende Prophezeiung verhindert werden.
Das Panel über „International Solidarity
as a Political Challenge“ lenkte zum Abschluss
noch einmal den Blick auf die aktuelle politische Situation, die – wie der Politologe John
Gray betonte – im Wesentlichen durch klassische Macht- und Geopolitik und keineswegs
durch demokratische, sondern autoritär verfasste Staaten bestimmt sei. Die Bedeutung
von NGO und Diaspora-Gemeinden für die
Erzeugung von internationaler Solidarität
inmitten globaler machtpolitischer Interessen
Each birthday needs a cake
Conditions for International Solidarity (9-11 November), Program
Lunch hosted by
Chancellor Gusenbauer
Welcome and Opening
Krzysztof Michalski,
Rector of the IWM
Timothy Garton Ash
hob Shlomo Avineri hervor. Ihre Aufgabe sei die einer „constituency for the
weak“, die sonst keine andere Vertretung
hätten. Der Historiker Timothy Garton
Ash verwies in diesem Zusammenhang
auf die besondere Aufgabe der Medien,
eine Öffentlichkeit für diejenigen herzustellen, die der Solidarität bedürfen,
und über Vorgänge zu berichten, die
Interventionen erfordern.
Ergänzt wurde die Konferenz durch
zwei Panels, die weitere Schwerpunkte
der Institutsarbeit zeigten: zum einen
die Präsentation der Publikationsreihe
„IWM Vorlesungen zu den Wissenschaften vom Menschen“. In Zusammenarbeit mit Harvard University Press,
dem Suhrkamp-Verlag und Znak
Publishers werden hier Texte prominenter zeitgenössischer Denker zu zentralen
Themen der Gegenwart gleichzeitig in
englisch-, deutsch- und polnischsprachigen Übersetzungen herausgegeben.
Ebenfalls einen Schwerpunkt der Institutsarbeit spiegelte das Panel, „What
Remains of Eastern Europe in the Postcommunist World“?, eine Diskussion
über spezifisch osteuropäische Erfahrungen und Perspektiven und deren Bedeutung und Nutzen für einen gesamteuropäischen und globalen Diskurs.
Dirk Rupnow
Andreas MailathPokorny, City Councillor
for Culture and Science,
Vienna
Johannes Hahn,
Austrian Minister for
Science and Research
Heinz Fischer,
President of Austria
Session 1
Markets and Solidarity
Speakers:
Leszek Balcerowicz,
Professor at the Warsaw
School of Economics;
former Chairman of the
National Bank of Poland
Kurt Biedenkopf,
Chairman of the Board
of Trustees, Hertie
School of Governance,
Berlin; former Prime
Minister of Saxony,
Dresden
Danuta Huebner,
Commissioner for Regional Policy, European
Commission, Brussels
Michael Sandel, Anne T.
and Robert M. Bass
Professor of Government,
Harvard University,
Cambridge
Chair: Ute Frevert,
Professor of History, Yale
University, New Haven
Reception hosted by
Federal President
Heinz Fischer
Session 2
Solidarity and International Institutions
Speakers:
Joschka Fischer, former
German Minister of
Foreign Affairs, Berlin
Shepard Forman, Center
on International Cooperation, New York University
Bronislaw Geremek,
Member of the European
Parliament, Brussels/
Strasbourg; Former Foreign Minister of Poland
Chair: James Hoge,
Editor-in-chief, Foreign
Affairs, New York
Session 3
Conditions of Intercultural Understanding
Speakers:
Dipesh Chakrabarty,
Lawrence A. Kimpton
Distinguished Service
Professor of History and
South Asian Studies,
University of Chicago
Lunch hosted by Foreign
Minister Ursula Plassnik
Session 4
International Solidarity
as a Political Challenge
Speakers:
Shlomo Avineri,
Professor of Political
Science, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem;
Recurring Visiting
Professor, Nationalism
Studies Program, Central
European University,
Budapest
Timothy Garton Ash,
Professor of European
Studies, University of
Oxford; Isaiah Berlin
Professorial Fellow,
St Antony’s College,
Oxford; Senior Fellow,
Hoover Institution,
Stanford University
John Gray, Professor of
European Thought,
Department of Government, London School of
Economics
Tariq Ramadan,
Research Fellow, European Studies Centre and
Middle East Centre, St.
Antony’s College, Oxford
Chair: Ira Katznelson,
Science and History,
Columbia University,
New York
Saskia Sassen, Professor
of Sociology; Member of
the Committee on Global
Thought, Columbia University; Centennial Visiting Professor, London
School of Economics
25th Anniversary
Celebration at the
Palais Liechtenstein
Charles Taylor, Professor
of Philosophy and Law,
Northwestern University,
Chicago
Presentation of the
Publication Series
IWM Lectures in
Human Sciences
Chair: Anton Pelinka,
Science and Nationalism
Studies, Central European
University, Budapest;
Director, Institute of Conflict Research, Vienna
Publishers:
Extra Panel I:
Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, represented
by Michael Sandel,
member of HUP’s Board
of Syndics
Suhrkamp Verlag,
Frankfurt a.M.,
represented by Heinrich
Geiselberger, Co-editor
of edition suhrkamp
Znak Publishers, Cracow,
represented by Jerzy Illg,
Editor-in-Chief
Authors:
John Gray, Professor
of European Thought,
Department of Government, London School of
Economics
Cornelia Klinger,
Permanent Fellow, IWM;
Professor of Philosophy,
University of Tübingen
Charles Taylor, Professor
of Philosophy and Law,
Northwestern University,
Chicago
Chair:
Krzysztof Michalski
Extra Panel II:
Transit Debate
What Remains of
“Eastern Europe” in
the Post-communist
World?
Ivan Krastev, Chairman
of the Board, Centre for
Liberal Strategies, Sofia
Lilia Shevtsova, Senior
Associate, Carnegie
Endowment, Moscow
Office
Timothy Snyder,
Professor of History, Yale
University, New Haven
Oksana Zabuzhko,
Journalist and writer,
Kyiv
Chair: János Mátyás
Kovács, Permanent
Fellow, IWM; Member,
Institute of Economics,
Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, Budapest
We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and support of our partners:
Evening event at the Palais Liechtenstein
BKA (Austrian Federal Chancellery); BMeiA (Austrian Ministry for European and Int’l Affairs);
BMWF (Austrian Ministry for Science & Research); Robert Bosch Stiftung, Stuttgart; Bradley Foundation,
Milwaukee; CAORC/Mellon Foundation, Washington D.C.; DIA (German Institute of Amsterdam);
Erste Foundation, Vienna; European Cultural Foundation, Amsterdam; Ford Foundation, New York;
Gemeinde Wien (City of Vienna); Industriellenvereinigung (Austrian Association of Industry);
Kurt A. Körber Stiftung, Hamburg; Raiffeisen International, Vienna; Rockefeller Brothers Fund, New York;
Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, Köln;
No. 96
5
“For many people, the government
itself is corruption“
Ivan Krastev on Bulgaria and its Position in the European Union
Since beginning of 2007 Bulgaria is member of the EU. How did this change the Bulgarian society?
Krastev: We always used to quote Groucho
Marx’ joke: ‘I don’t want to be in a club
which is ready to accept me as its member.’
But the most important story is that joining
the European Union was perceived by many
as the end of patience: it’s time to get some
these people are also interested in coming
back. This return is especially indicated by
the boom of the property prices, which
shows that, on the business side, people are
returning. But the problem is that Bulgarian society and the Bulgarian state are totally failing to keep qualified labour. Bulgarian nurses, for example, can easily get a better job if they go, for example, to Vienna;
the same is true for some of the Bulgarian
The Austrian broadcasting
service FM4 interviewed several participants of the IWM’s
Anniversary Conference, four
of these interviews are printed here. John Gray, Saskia
Sassen, Tariq Ramadan, and
Ivan Krastev answered questions on various subjects
posed by John Cummins.
Krastev: This is similar to the war on inflation: it’s not a problem of winning, but of
keeping it within reasonable limits; I don’t
believe that we are succeeding in doing this.
But there is another dimension to corruption, because most people see everything
which the government or the political class
as a whole does as being corrupt. It is enormously difficult for the government to
defend their policies, because people don’t
feel represented.
In this respect, the government is in a very
difficult position in the fight against corruption, because for many people the government i s corruption – and I don’t mean
only this government, but government as
such …
…any government…
Krastev: …yes, exactly.
Ivan Krastev is a political scientist and Chairman of the Centre for Liberal Strategies in
Sofia, Bulgaria. He is a founding member of the European Council on Foreign Relations, an
Open Society Fellow and the Academic Director of the Open Century Project of the Central
European University in Budapest. Among his publications in English are: The Anti-American
Century (2007, co-editor with Alan McPherson); Shifting Obsessions. Three Essays on
Politics of Anti-Corruption (2004); Nationalism after Communism, Lessons Learned
(2004, co-editor with Allina Pippidi).
reward after 17 years of painful transformation. And people believed: ‘The day after we
have joined the European Union, life will be
totally different’ – but the streets were the
same, the institutions were the same, the
government was the same, so there is a certain level of disappointment.
When I was in Bulgaria some years ago, it
seemed that for many young people the only
dream was to get out of Bulgaria. Has that
changed now?
Krastev: You still have many young people
who are ready to go and to live abroad.
What has changed now is that some of
6
No. 96
software specialists. For the first time, Bulgaria is facing huge shortages on the labour
market. We are facing the need to import
labour, but our society is not ready. This
is not an easy process, it has a lot of cultural and political consequences. At the same
time, we have a Roma minority, which is,
basically as a result of failed policies and
failed strategies, totally unemployable at the
moment.
And what about the fight against corruption? This is always an issue, unfortunately, when we are speaking about Bulgaria,
Romania, and other countries.
Of course, one of the key questions for all
countries in Eastern Europe is the historically troubled relationship with Russia. How
would you define the Russian-Bulgarian
relationship at the moment?
Krastev: Bulgaria has a slightly different history than, for example, Poland, or Hungary,
or the Czech Republic. According to the last
polls, Bulgaria has the most pro-Russian
public opinion in Europe. The Bulgarian
government, now, is playing kind of a
strange game: regarding energy politics, the
Bulgarian government counts on bilateral
relations with Gazprom; but in regard to all
other major issues, the government realized
that weakening the European Union is
going to hurt small states like Bulgaria first.
So, I would expect that, for example, on
some of the dividing issues like Kosovo, the
Bulgarian government, or the Bulgarian
society as a whole, is going to stay with the
common European position.
“Start thinking about!”
John Gray on progress in history and the decline of neoliberalism
Mr Gray, you are criticised for being a solid
pessimist – is there progress in history?
Gray: I’m not a postmodernist or a relativist,
and I think it’s not really worth arguing with
those who say that there is no progress in science or technology – this is not a seriously
thoughtful position. Progress in these areas is
simply a fact. But, on the other hand, this
progress doesn’t translate into ethical and political progress. The history of ideas and thought
is one of my academic hats on – and historically speaking, if you go back to
the 1890ies, everyone in Europe
– almost everyone except for a
view crazy people like Nietzsche
and Dostojewski – believed that
Europe was moving into a period in which there would be a
steady continuing growth of
prosperity, in which the rest of
the world would adopt what
was then the dominant form of
democracy, that is, the British
parliamentary system …
government, but they are no longer in the
driving seat. There have been democratic
rejections of neoliberal policies in a number
of countries. And, on the more negative side,
the neoliberal policy regime has had to come
up against the fact that the countries whose
governments retained overall control of economic activity or over their own resources,
like China and Russia, are advancing on the
international stage. This is not something
which I wholly welcome, I must say, because
these are strong authoritarian regimes with
replacing the world bank and the West as an
aid donor, and which has perhaps ten times
as much capital to disperse in Africa and elsewhere, is China, which has never followed
and will not follow the neoliberal pattern;
and the strength of China is to be very largely explained by its consistent rejection of
neoliberal policy advice – that’s the big winner, at the moment. Similarly with Russia:
There are some elements and aspects of the
Russian economy where certain types of free
market ideas are being implemented, but,
… that sounds familiar!
John Gray was, between 1998 and 2007, Professor of European Thought at the London School of EcoGray: …everyone believed
nomics. From January 2008 he will be Emeritus Professor at the University of London. He is member of the
that. And then, of course, you
IWM’s Academic Advisory Board. Among John Gray’s recent books are: “Al Qaeda and What It Means To Be
had World War I, the collapse
Modern” (2003), “Heresies: Against Progress and Other Illusions” (2004), and “Black Mass: Apocalyptic
of the European empires, the
Religion and the Death of Utopia” (2007).
rise of Nazism and fascism in
Europe and Asia, of Stalinism
in Russia. Now, all this isn’t going to be many negative aspects, but they are the overall, the Russian economy is one in which
repeated in the same way, but growth and advancing countries. Whereas the countries the Russian state has reinquired and reassertprosperity could be disrupted by war, by rev- which still preach global neoliberalism are ed control, and, in fact, renationalized natuolutions. Islamism seems to me to be a gen- retreating.
ral resources, and it is using that leverage to
uine threat and also, of course, we have the
project itself on the international stage as a
challenge of climate change. So, I don’t see But that can’t be attributed solely to the fact
global power. This is something which was
why hopes about the steady growth of pros- that those countries have a neoliberal politnot anticipated, but which was in the cards
perity shouldn’t shatter again. And if there is ical philosophy.
and could have been anticipated as a seria serious risk, then the task of the thinker, of Gray: There are, obviously, many other fac- ous possibility.
anyone who thinks and writes about it, is per- tors involved, but they are connected with
So, the expectation of a world market in
haps not to warn, but, at least, to say ‘Start the neoliberal philosophy that encourages an which different types of capitalism become
thinking about!’.
unreal worldview in which, for example, it’s more like Western, that is, American capitalbelieved that the power of governments all ism, in which governments get weaker and
What about the idea that free market is
over the world is diminishing and you can not stronger – all those assumptions, and also
going to provide a good progress in the end?
accept it like a ‘global free market’. I never the assumption that resource scarcity can
Gray: Basically, there are still neoliberal ideas believed that for a single moment, and it’s be dealt with by market pricing, have proved
floating around, they still have positions in manifestly false now: the country which is false.
No. 96
7
„A Policy of three c’s“
Tariq Ramadan on confidence, critical mind and more communication between
Islam and European culture
Mr Ramadan you are quite positive about
combining Muslim religion and European
culture. How uniform is Islam as a religion?
Ramadan: Our principles as Muslims are the
same, we pray the same throughout the
world. Still, the Islam is one, but Islamic cultures are many, we are European by culture
and Muslim by religion, and we are mixing
the two; and we are not the same as the
African Muslims or as the Asian Muslims. I
then, secondly, we have a crisis of identity:
What is ‘Dutchness’, what is ‘Britishness’,
what is ‘Austrianess’? And thirdly there is terrorism, violence. The perception of what
Islam is all about - for example the discrimination of women – is scary. I think we are
dealing with perceptions here. If we are serious about it, we have to come back to figures:
millions of European Muslims are integrating and are already integrated and they don’t
have problems.
example, when I’m asked ‘Are you first a
Muslim or are you first a Suisse?’, I’ll say
‘This is a silly question!’. In fact, I’m both at
the same time, and it depends on what we
are talking about: if we are talking about philosophy, I’m Muslim, because this is the
meaning of my life; if we are talking about
the way I’m involved in my society, I’m first
a Suisse, because this is where I vote – I don’t
vote with my faith, I vote with my mind and
my belonging to my society …
… and there is no contradiction between these two?
Ramadan: No, not at all.
Communication is central
here. And the leadership,
the Muslim leaders in our
societies in Europe, should
be more vocal, more
explicit, and they should
understand better to reach
out, to come to the mainstream, to stop with the
victim mentality.
Tariq Ramadan is Professor of Islamic Studies. Currently, he is Senior Research Fellow St Antony’s College (Oxford),
We have to go from
Doshisha University (Kyoto, Japan) and at the Lokahi Foundation (London). Among his books are: “Western Musintegration to contribulims and the Future of Islam” (2004) and “The Messenger. Meanings of the Life of Muhammad” (2007).
tion, and when you give
something to your society,
refuse the claim of the literalists saying that Is it partly, though, a problem of the Islamthe people won’t turn to you and say ‘Where
the only true Islamic culture is the Arabic cul- ic community as well that their leaders have
are you from? Be part of the society!’
ture. That’s wrong: the cultures are all as not gone out and said ‘Look, integration
This is the kind of bridge-building then
Islamic as you are faithful to your principles. really is working, look at these people, look
that you envisage - you work to be in
What I’m indicating is that we have some- at how this is functioning’. So is it perhaps
Europe …
thing happening now in Europe. It’s a silent a failure on their part as well?
revolution of Muslim citizens being at the
Ramadan: Yes, this exactly what I’m trysame time fully Muslims and at the same Ramadan: Oh yes, you are completely right. ing to do. But it has to come to a local levtime Europeans – German, Dutch, French –, We need to come to a policy of three Cs: el. That’s why I always say to my fellow citand part of the society.
The first C is confidence, be confident about izens ‘Don’t wait for the governments to do
who you are. The second C is about criti- things, it has to be done at the local level,
You feel that Muslim people are integrating
cal mind: you also have to look at your com- between citizens!’ Every single citizen should
very well into European societies. But what
munity and to be able to say ‘My religion ask himself or herself ‘How many people
is hampering that integration though, why
is great, but not all Muslims are doing great have you met, during the last two weeks,
is there that perception that it’s not taking
things’, and, sometimes, to be critical on coming from a different cultural backplace at an optimal level?
some behaviours that we have within the ground?’ – this is the true question! Don’t
Ramadan: The three main reasons why we community: forced marriages are absolute- speak about being open-minded when, in
are talking about this is, firstly, the new visi- ly unacceptable, domestic violence is unac- your daily life, you are closed in your intelbility of Muslims. Immigration is not going ceptable – we need to clear discourses on lectual and social ghettos. This is the probto end, workers are coming from outside, and this. The third C is communication: for lem we are all facing.
8
No. 96
“The multivalence of globalization”
Saskia Sassen on global markets and the internationalism of the nation states
You are one of the most well known theorists
of globalization. Is this process reversible,
especially for those who are supposed to be
the winners and those who are the losers?
Sassen: There are several kinds of globalization. I work at the top and at the bottom of
this system – that is my research strategy. At
the bottom there are many people and
organizations that have lost some of what
they had – jobs, incomes. But some of these
disadvantaged people, including immobile
people, have gained something from becoming members of global networks. It is difficult to name what they gained: one way of
describing it is that through these networks
they become part of international, multisited projects and struggles.
Neither at the top nor at the bottom can
you really reverse what has been put in motion, not what has been destroyed and not
what has been gained.
far away – in some far away Chinese or Mexican locality. This invisibility is itself a problem of accountability. Further, and at the other end of the range, today’s global capitalism
also brings enormous prosperity to a vastly
expanded very high-income middle class in
global cities and increasingly also regional
cities.
You have argued in the past, I believe, that
the kind of classic view is that globalization
is taking away power from nation states and
market can feel comfortable doing their business in these countries. This has meant that
certain parts of the state, such as ministries
of finance, central banks etc., actually gain
power because of economic globalization.
The fact that Europe, now, has one Central Bank fits very well with a global capitalist agenda! Because dealing with 27 Central
Banks would be a nightmare, right?
So, I examine the growing inequalities of
power inside the state: everything that’s linked
to the social wage, welfare, labour rights, min-
But do we have the international and supranational institutions to actually control or
regulate this?
Sassen: Well, that is the issue. The issue is
that we have left it all to markets and to very
powerful actors. And we don’t really have ‘free
markets’, let’s remember that 60 to 80 percent of what we call ‘global free trade’ is actually not trade at all – it’s internal transactions
of firms that do the outsourcing to China or
that move goods and services among their
affiliates, etc. A lot of the imports from China are firms re-importing of what they assembled in China. So, the problem is that we
have left it to these very powerful firms and
to these rather powerful financial exchanges.
This has created an enormous amount of
costs for certain sectors, including sectors of
national capital — many national firms did
not thrive with globalization, they lost
ground! And, certainly, many workers have
suffered. Global capitalism today is a kind of
brutal return to the sort of primitive accumulation of early capitalism. The difference
is that in the early industrial cities of the 1700
and 1800s, such as Manchester, you saw its
brutality. Today you don’t even see it! It’s too
Saskia Sassen is the Lynd Professor of Sociology at Columbia University. She is also a
Member of IWM’s Academic Advisory Board. Her new book is “Territory, Authority, Rights:
From Medieval to Global Assemblages” ( Princeton University Press 2006) published by
Suhrkamp in January 2008 as “Das Paradox des Nationalen“.
puts it into the hands of multinationals. But
you’ve actually argued that this is not the
case, or, at least, an incomplete picture of
the whole situation?
Sassen: Yes, exactly. In my ‘global city’-work,
which is several books, I was looking at how
the state loses functions that become part of
private forms of authority, or, actually, at how
public regulatory functions become private
accounting, private law, for big corporations.
So, there is a real shift: the functions don’t
disappear, but they become private and oriented towards private agendas of very powerful actors.
In my new book, ‘Territory, Authority,
Rights’, I examine the many ways in which
global capitalism needs national states. We
see various types of ‘state work’ to change the
laws so that global firms and global financial
imum wage issues, public health etc. loses
power, it loses resources. But agencies and
programs related to the global capitalist agenda have not lost resources, and actually gained
resources. This is very significant.
But I try to also find a positive turn. Good
agendas, such as the environment, will
require an internationalism on the part of
national states that they historically have not
had. But they have learnt to be more international in their work for global capitalism.
Can they do that vis-à-vis questions of the
environment, of just economic development,
of human rights? I like that possibility.
So, one of my research strategies is to
detect the possible multivalence of a lot of
processes: what on one end can be very bad,
can produce some good outcomes at the other end.
No. 96
9
Press-Review
Pressestimmen
Michael Freund and Dardis McNamee in
Vienna Review / December 2007
»It was an impressive gathering even by the
standards of a city that is used to hosting
global congresses of all sorts. The participant
list of the 25 Anniversary Conference of the
Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna
included academics and politicians, lawmakers and social scientists from East and West,
from the First and the Third World. Heinz
Fischer spoke and Joschka Fischer discussed,
veterans of the battles to tear down the Iron
Curtain showed up and young researchers
cross-examined them.
It was the biggest thing happening by far
on the weekend of Nov. 9 though 11 in Vienna. Not bad for something that started as a
pipedream in a small apartment in Vienna’s
ninth district in the early 80s: ... time and
history were on the side of the IWM. It soon
exceeded its original scope. The new Europe,
the new CEE in particular, and with it many
new conflicts became ever more important
topics for discussion and action. The conference in November was an occasion to stop,
look back – and possibly look forward
to/(put an eye on?) what to do next. From
the start it was obvious that the Institute
intended its celebration to focus not so much
on its Central European roots but on its global (“human”) focus.
Thus in the session on Saturday morning,
for example, Foreign Affairs editor-in-chief
James Hoge from the U.S. chaired a discussion about solidarity and international institutions that brought high-powered European
politicians and an Asian political science professor and former UN ambassador together.
The intention of the panel was not surpris-
10
No. 96
ing – we need those institutions! – but Hoge the path of intercultural understanding…
also took the occasion to call attention to Next to him, the Canadian philosopher
what he considers an extremely important Charles Taylor pleaded for an approach that
fight within the American foreign policy would almost scientifically “look for the
establishment: between those who favor mechanisms which lead to misunderstanddiplomatic measures for as long as possible ings and violence.” It is not – or rather: it
and those who argue for
more military solutions,
especially in the case of Iran.
“Conditions of Intercultural Understanding” …
was a title that could have
opened the doors to many
vague speculations about the
merits and/or pitfalls of multiculturalism. But the [afternoon-] panel stayed a concrete course. “Understanding”, as the political scientist
James Hoge, Bronislaw Geremek
Anton Pelinka chairing the
discussion pointed out, “in this context should not be the leaders and officials that
means to be able to think across political and define what religiosity is about, but the
religious frontiers – like the Northern Irish neighbourhoods. A more intensive contact
women did who practiced solidarity across among spiritually oriented people was Taythe protestant/ catholic border.”
lor’s concluding wish.
Religion was in fact the underyling main
The final session addressed “Internationissue – the afternoon could have been head- al Solidarity as a Political Challenge” … Citlined, “How does the West deal with Islam? ing the success of international opinion in
and How does Islam deal with the West and putting pressure on the Soviet Union to allow
with itself?” This was due to a large extent Russion Jews to emigrate, [Shlomo] Avineri
to the contributions of Tariq Ramadan, pro- raised the question of how to create a politfessor of Islamic studies at Oxford and pres- ical constituency of the weak. “It’s a Quesident of the European Muslim Network in tion of leadership”, he said. John Gray was
Brussels, who fervently argued for a more sceptical of the very idea of international solcritical self-reflection in the West, maintain- idarity. The most we can do, he suggested, is
ing that “an insistence on the superiority of “to be protected from the worst evils, from
occidental values is just another obstacle in genocide, and torture …“«
Christian Jostmann in
Süddeutsche Zeitung, 14. 11. 2007
Paul Jandl in
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 13. 11. 2007
»Die Teilnehmerliste las sich wie ein „who is
who“ der internationalen Politik und ihrer
Wissenschaft. … das Wiener Museum für
angewandte Kunst, wo die Konferenz …
stattfand, wurde zu einem Thinktank, in dem
Praktiker und Theoretiker des guten Regierens sich die Probleme der Welt zuspielten.
… Im Fokus standen Probleme der Gegenwart, Klimakatastrophe, Energieknappheit,
Migration, gescheiterte Staaten, Terrorismus,
Atomwaffen, Völkermord in Darfur. Wenn
die Analysen und Ansätze dieser drei Tage
sich auf einen Nenner bringen lassen, dann
auf den, dass die Welt des 21. Jahrhunderts
brennt, ohne dass die alten Löschsysteme,
namentlich die UN, noch funktionieren.«
»Da sassen sie, die Politiker, Philosophen und
Wissenschafter, um dem Wiener Institut für
die Wissenschaften vom Menschen zu dessen
25. Geburtstag die Ehre zu geben und über
„Bedingungen internationaler Solidarität“ zu
diskutieren – und sie waren sich schnell einig:
Für Gleichheit und Freiheit kann man Gesetze schaffen, doch die Brüderlichkeit bleibt eine
weltweit bedrohte Art. …
„Was bleibt von in der postkommunistischen Welt?“, war die Schlussfrage des Symposiums. Bestenfalls geografisch wolle sie das
Wort „Osteuropa“ verwenden, sagte die ukrainische Schriftstellerin Oksana Sabuschko. Der
Osten sei nicht länger ein Konglomerat aus
Ländern, deren kulturelle Identität durch ein
totalitäres System bedroht ist. Die Unterlegenheitsgefühle der ersten postkommunistischen
Jahre habe man abgelegt und begonnen, sich
in selbstbewusster Neugier für andere europäische Regionen zu interessieren. Wo aber sei
die Neugier des sogenannten europäischen
Westens? Leise solidarisch mit der ukrainischen
Schriftstellerin zeigte sich Timothy Garton
Helmut Mayer in Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, 17. 11. 2007
»… Von Anfang an stand [beim IWM] die
Idee im Zentrum, den Eisernen Vorhang durch
intellektuellen Austausch zu überwinden. Ein
Heinz Fischer
Oksana Sabuschko
aus der Wahrnehmung des Westens weitgehend herausgefallenes Osteuropa sollte durch
Diskussionen zwischen Intellektuellen und
Gelehrten ganz unterschiedlicher Herkunft
und Orientierung wieder in einen gesamteuropäischen Zusammenhang geholt werden.
Vor 1989 verlangte ein solches Ziel viel
Geduld, Ausdauer und diplomatisches Fingerspitzengefühl. Diese beharrliche Netzwerkarbeit unter schwierigen Bedingungen schuf die
Grundlage für die beeindruckende Erfolgsgeschichte des Instituts in den Jahren nach den
osteuropäischen Revolutionen. Die Idee des
intellektuellen Austauschs bekam praktische
und auch politische Bedeutung. … Es gab also
guten Grund, den fünfundzwanzigsten Geburtstag selbstbewusst zu feiern. …«
Participants of the conference
Ash. Die Mitglieder aus dem Osten hätten
eine neue Sensibilität in die EU gebracht.
Gerade sie wüssten aus den Jahren totalitärer
Systeme, wie wichtig Brüderlichkeit sei.«
Ulrich Weinzierl in
Die Welt, 13.11. 2007
»… Einer der ersten Unterstützer und Protektoren des IWM war Karl Fürst Schwarzenberg, heute Außenminister Tschechiens.
Immer wieder stellte und stellt er sein Wiener Palais für Festvorträge und Symposien zur
Verfügung. Gemäß einer kruden Kosten-Nutzenrechung darf behauptet werden: Es hat
sich ausgezahlt: Mittlerweile ist aus dem
„Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen“ ein unabhängiger europäisch-amerikanischer Think-Tank von Format geworden.
… Geremek sorgte für die heiteren
Momente der Tagung: Mit Seitenblick auf
die USA gab er aus jüngster polnischer
Erfahrung zu bedenken, wie plötzlich doch
ein Regierungswechsel das Image eines Landes zu verändern imstande sei. Und den Kollegen Joschka Fischer erinnerte er an seine
lakonische Antwort auf dessen Frage von
anno dazumal, was Polen in die EU einbringen werde: „Probleme“.«
Michael Fleischhacker in
Die Presse, 3. 11. 2007
»„Ich kam in diese Situation“, sagt Krzysztof
Michalski … „also habe ich dieses verdammte Institut gegründet.“ … „Dieses verdammte Institut“ ist das Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen, das am kommenden
Wochenende … sein 25-jähriges Bestehen feiert. … Michalski, der das Institut noch heute leitet, ist inzwischen eine Art transatlantischer Intelligenzfundraisingexperte. … «
Danuta Hübner
Gerfried Sperl in
Der Standard, 8. 11. 2007
»Mitte der Neunzigerjahre hatten Michalski
und sein Team auch jenen Ruf gefestigt, den
zu erreichen in Österreich ungewöhnlich ist:
keine Parteinähe, aber Parteinahme für Bildung, Forschung und demokratische Freiheiten. Wien, das in den 80er Jahren durch die
Waldheim Affäre international erneut in den
Ruf einer Nazi-Stadt geriet, konnte nicht
zuletzt durch die Arbeit des IWM wieder
Boden gutmachen. Renommierte Autoren …
kamen zu Konferenzen nach Wien und konnten sich hier mit jenen Intellektuellen, Politikern und Publizisten treffen, die aus der Vergangenheit gelernt hatten …«
No. 96
11
CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS |
Program
29 November
California Dreaming?
The New Environmentalism in the US
Political Salon with:
Jerome Ringo, President,
Apollo Alliance,
Washington DC
Claus Leggewie,
President, Institute for
Advanced Study in the
Humanities, Essen
Michael Prüller,
Co-editor-in-chief,
Die Presse
30 November
The Future of EcoPolitics
An international workshop reflected on environmental politics
In Europe, the environmental movement has achieved
much in its relatively short history and it continues to
grow. Green has become mainstream, and the quality of
the environment has improved significantly. However, this
record is only valid for our region. Globally speaking,
humanity is heading for catastrophe. The current boom
of the topic of climate change shows that such a prognosis can no longer be dismissed as alarmist. Today, politicians of every stripe fly the banner of climate protection,
seconded by climate researchers and now even economists.
This development can be read as the confirmation of
the original agenda of Green politics. At the same time,
Green parties are being forced to position themselves
anew, to redefine the status of ecology in their politics,
and to reclaim leadership in environmental matters. The
Greens have long since ceased to be alone in their „core
business“: not only have more or less all political parties
introduced environmental policies into their programmes,
but also numerous, often policy-oriented research institutes and powerful national and transnational environmental associations have been formed. Therefore, one of
the biggest challenges facing the Greens today consists in
making use of this expertise and considering alliances with
new ecological movements and NGOs. But for the
Greens the matter is not just of returning environmental
politics to centre stage. The pressing task is to integrate
consistently ecological principles into all fields of politics:
from energy, transport, agriculture, and science policy to
budgetary and economic policy.
The Workshop, which brought together scholars,
politicians, NGO activists and entrepreneurs from
Europe and the United States, started with a debate with
Jerome Ringo, President of the Apollo Alliance, about
12
No. 96
the new environmentalism in the US and what Europeans can learn from it (see Political Salon, following
page). The aim of the Alliance, Ringo explained, is to
build an environmental coalition between otherwise separated or opposed social groups and political forces: black
and white, rich and poor, Democrats and Republicans,
labour unions and business. The Alliance represents the
largest environmental organization in the US, with 4.5
million members.
Europe, fractured by its plurality of national interests
and environmental cultures, is still far away from such a
broad movement. Wouldn’t the European Greens be predestined to bring the existing forces together? It was also
argued that Brussels can play an important role in setting the agenda, which led to the question of how European enlargement changed the preconditions of environmental politics on the national and transnational levels.
A recurring controversial question was if liberal
democracy is suitable at all for enacting the radical social
and political changes required for successfully dealing
with the imminent climate change. Do we have to construct new democratic instruments?
Would a Green market economy offer a solution?
Indeed it seems that the old contradiction between ecology and economy has become obsolete: a climate catastrophe, many argue, would mean enormous costs for the
economy, while climate protection by means of alternative energy technologies could stimulate it vigorously.
Climate protection no longer seems to be just a moral
duty, but also an economic opportunity. But, it was asked,
can sustainability and the market really be reconciled?
Or do we need a radical change in our economic, and
climate, culture?
Welcome and
Opening Address
Klaus Nellen,
Permanent Fellow, IWM
Alexander Van der
Bellen, Chairman,
Austrian Greens; MP,
Vienna
Session 1
The Greens between
Party Politics and New
Ecological Movements:
Back to core business?
Madeleine Petrovic,
Austrian Greens
Meike Spitzner,
Wuppertal Institute
Daniel Hausknost,
Global 2000; Keele
University
Chair: Ingolfur Blühdorn,
Department of European
Studies, University of
Bath
Session 2
Alternative Energy
Politics: A Critical
Account
Christoph Chorherr,
Member of the Green
Faction, Vienna City
Council
Wolfgang Kromp,
Head, Institute of Risk
Research, Vienna
Klaus Woltron, Director,
MINAS Group, Vienna
Chair: Peter Weish,
BOKU, Vienna
| CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS
Session 3
Environmental Politics
in the Enlarged
European Union
Alfred Schütz und
die Hermeneutik
Hans-Georg Soeffner
(Universität Konstanz):
Zur Hermeneutik sozialer
Sinnwelten
Chair: Claus Leggewie
Martin Endress (Universität
Wuppertal): Verstehende
Soziologie und hermeneutische Tradition
Closing Session;
Public panel discussion
Green Market
Economy: Climate Crisis
as Economic Driving
Force?
Eine Konferenz am IWM widmete sich
der aktuellen Bedeutung, Anwendung
und Weiterführung des Werks von
Alfred Schütz.
Alain Lipietz, Les Verts,
MEP
Moderator: Gerfried
Sperl, Der Standard
The workshop was
organized in cooperation
with the Political Foundation of the Austrian
Green Party (Grüne
Bildungswerkstatt)
Supported by the
European Commission –
Programme EUROPE FOR
CITIZENS: Structural
support for civil society
organisations at
European level
Mototaka Mori (Waseda
University): The Denationalization of Peace – „Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen
Welt“ und Tomoo Otaka
19. September
Eva Lichtenberger,
MEP, Austrian Greens
Gerd Schauer, Verbund
Austrian Hydropower AG
Jochen Dreher (Universität
Konstanz): Hermeneutische
Lebenswelttheorie und Literatur. Zur Deutung symbolischer
Wirklichkeitsbereiche bei
Alfred Schütz
Klaus Nellen
Thomas Luckmann
(Universität Konstanz):
Handeln und Texte
Christian Felber,
Attac Austria, Vienna
Gerhard Schick, MP,
Alliance 90/The Greens
Eröffnung und Einleitung
Evelyn Schutz-Lang
Jerome Ringo, Apollo
Alliance, Washington DC
Christian Felber,
Attac Austria, Vienna
Michael D. Barber (University St. Louis): Schutz’s AntiPragmatic Hermeneutics
18. September
Michael Staudigl
Daniel Cohn-Bendit,
MEP, Les Verts
Introduction: Maria
Vassilakou, Chairperson
of the Green Faction,
Vienna City Council
Programm:
Aus Anlass des 75. Jahrestages des Erscheinens von
Alfred Schütz’ Hauptwerk „Der sinnhafte Aufbau
der sozialen Welt“ veranstaltete das IWM vom
18. – 21. September eine internationale Tagung,
in der Vertreter unterschiedlicher Disziplinen angehalten waren, Schütz’ phänomenologische Soziologie weiter zu entfalten.
Das Anliegen der phänomenologischen Soziologie war und ist es, die Strukturen unserer Lebenswelt systematisch zu beschreiben und zu verstehen,
wie wir alltäglich handeln, ohne selbst darauf zu
reflektieren. „Die Lebenswelt ist der Inbegriff einer
Wirklichkeit, die erlebt, erfahren und erlitten wird.
Sie ist aber auch eine Wirklichkeit, die im Tun
bewältigt wird, und eine Wirklichkeit, in welcher
… unser Tun scheitert“, schreibt Schütz. 1899 in
Wien geboren, gehörte Schütz zu jenen Vertretern
der „Vertriebenen Vernunft“, die Ende der 1930er
Jahre emigrieren mussten. Erst in den USA entwickelte er seine Theorie der Lebenswelt, in der
sich Phänomenologie und Soziologie verbinden.
Schütz’ Werk ist in den USA für verschiedenste
wissenschaftliche Fachrichtungen relevant geworden, in Deutschland und Österreich aber außerhalb der Soziologie immer noch zu wenig bekannt.
Konzeption & Organisation:
Giovanni Leghissa, Michael Staudigl,
Diaphorá – Verein für phänomenologische Forschung
Thomas S. Eberle (Universität
St. Gallen): Der Beitrag von
Alfred Schütz zur Methodologie der Sozialwissenschaften
Daniel Bischur (Universität
Salzburg): Structures of
Scientific Practices on the
Example of a Biological Laboratory. Some Remarks on a
Theory of the Pragmatics of
Scientific Work based on
Alfred Schütz’ Work
George Berguno (Richmond
University, London):
A Schutzian Critique of
Contemporary Psychological
Research
Ruth Ayass (Universität
Klagenfurt): Über die Anwendbarkeit von Schütz’ Denken für die Analyse moderner
Kommunikationssituationen
Annette Hilt (Universität
Heidelberg): Hermeneutik der
Transzendenzen: Verstehen
und Verständigung an den
Grenzen der Erfahrung
Vakhtang Kebuladze
(Universität Kiew): Der subjektive Sinn des sozialen Handelns bei Alfred Schütz und
die latente Sinnstruktur bei
Ulrich Oevermann
21. September
Hisashi Nasu (Waseda University): Alfred Schutz and a
Hermeneutical Sociology of
Knowledge
George Psathas (Boston
University): Goffman and
Schutz on Multiple Realities
Lester Embree (Florida Atlantic University): The Interpretationism of Alfred Schutz
Joachim Renn (Universität
Erlangen): Von der Auslegung
des Alltags zur Interpretation
der Gesellschaft? – Gibt es
eine hermeneutische Makrosoziologie nach Alfred Schütz?
Ilja Srubar (Universität
Erlangen): Pragmatische
Lebenswelttheorie und sozialwissenschaftliche Hermeneutik
Bernhard Waldenfels
(Universität Bochum): Alltag
und Alltagsmoral. Fragen mit
und an Alfred Schütz.
20. September
Mit freundlicher
Unterstützung von:
Elisabeth List (Universität
Graz): Das Selbstverständliche, Grenze der Lebenswelt
Bundesministerium für
Wissenschaft und Forschung
Dirk Tänzler (Universität
Konstanz): Bilderwelten.
Präsenz und Repräsentation
in der ästhetischen Erfahrung
Andreas Georg Stascheit
(Universität Dortmund):
The Musical Foundations of
Alfred Schutz’ Hermeneutics
of the Social World
Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology
Jewish Welcome Service
in Vienna
ÖBV-Versicherung
Nationalfonds der Republik
Österreich für Opfer des
Nationalsozialismus
Wien Kultur
No. 96
13
CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS |
Kwasniewski
Goppel
Ringo
Revolutionen, Lederhosen und kalifornische Träume
Drei Politische Salons am IWM
Was bleibt von der „Orangen Revolution“
in der Ukraine? Der zähe Machtkampf zwischen Präsident Juschtschenko und Regierungschef Janukowitsch, führte das Land
Ende Mai in eine schwere Krise, in der kurzfristig sogar Bürgerkrieg zu befürchten
stand. Bei einem Politischen Salon am 21.6.
sprach der frühere polnische Präsident
Aleksander Kwasniewski über die Situation in der Ukraine und deren Perspektiven
für die Parlamentswahl im September.
Kwasniewski ist ein intimer Kenner der
Ukraine und hat während der Orangen
Revolution 2004 eine zentrale Rolle in den
Verhandlungen gespielt. Seine Gesprächspartner an dem Abend waren Presse-Chefredakteur Michael Fleischhacker und IWM
Direktor Krzysztof Michalski.
Bayern war in der Etablierung von Eliteuniversitäten besonders erfolgreich und schnitt
im Exzellenzwettbewerb der deutschen
Hochschulen sehr gut ab. Unter dem Titel
„Exzellente Lederhosen?“ diskutierte der
Bayrische Staatsminister für Wissenschaft,
Forschung und Kunst, Thomas Goppel, am
1. Oktober am IWM über Forschungspolitik im europäischen Wettbewerb und das
Erfolgsrezept der Bayern. Mit Goppel sprachen Presse-Chefredakteur Michael Fleischhacker und Dieter Simon, Präsident des
IWM und ehemaliger Präsident der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Die Politischen Salons sind eine Kooperation zwischen Die Presse und IWM.
14
No. 96
„Was ist nicht gut daran, die Welt zu retten?“
Einer der wohl einflussreichsten und charismatischsten Umweltaktivisten der USA,
Jerome Ringo, war am 29.11. zu Gast beim
Politischen Salon. Ringo, der selbst lange
Zeit in der Ölindustrie gearbeitet hat, ist Präsident der Apollo Alliance, eines mächtigen Zusammenschlusses von Organisationen, der ein „Crash Programm“ für saubere
Energie, mehr Arbeitsplätze im Umweltsektor und mehr Energieautonomie der USA
verfolgt. Ringo stellte am IWM seine Thesen zur Schaffung eines neuen Umweltbündnisses vor, das nicht nur klassische „grüne“
Zielgruppen anspricht. Breite Bevölkerungsschichten lassen sich nur dann für Umweltschutzziele mobilisieren, wenn man andere
politische Themen, wie z.B. Arbeitslosigkeit,
mit ihnen verbindet, sagte Ringo. Seine Diskussionspartner bei „California Dreaming“,
so der Titel dieses Politischen Salons, waren
Michael Prüller, stellvertretender Chefredakteur der Presse, und Claus Leggewie, Direktor des Kulturwissenschaftlichen Instituts
Essen.
| LECTURES
Monthly Lectures / Monatsvorträge
September 25
October 2
Paul Scheffer
Giuliana Limiti
The Land of
Arrival: How
Migration is
Changing
Europa
Europa, Bildung und Zivilgesellschaft. Historischer und
immerwährender Humanismus.
Bildung als Fundament der
Demokratie.
Anyone wishing to
trivialise migration
by saying that there
is actually ‘nothing new under the sun’ is not
only missing out on an important experience
in the big cities of Europe but also failing to
see that the arrival of migrants offers a unique
opportunity for introspection and selfimprovement. The recent immigration forces
us to reach above ourselves and rise above our
inhibitions.
In his lecture Paul Scheffer stressed that
today the dynamics of migration and of integration have fundamentally changed under
new circumstances of, for example, mass
communication and mobility. He described
a three-step development in the process of
immigration: first there is avoidance of the
foreign culture and society, followed by a
period of conflict, and it ends, finally, in
accommodation. In describing these three
grades – avoidance, conflict, accommodation
– as sort of a “natural” process, Scheffer
reached an eased and measured view on
questions of migration. He would reject
terms like diversity, multiculturalist or xenophobia as too evasive and blurred. “I have
never seen a society where migrants were welcome,” he said, “but this is not necessarily
xenophobia.” Both, immigrants and society
will change in the process of (im)migration.
“The history of migration is the history
of alienation and its consequences,” said
Scheffer. He supports the ideal of an open
society directed by “equal treatment and reciprocity”.
Giuliana Limiti ist Prof. em. für
vergleichende Bildungswissenschaften,
Universität „Roma Tre“
Paul Scheffer is Professor of Urban
Sociology, University of Amsterdam;
publicist with NRC Handelsblad
In collaboration with the
Royal Netherlands Embassy
Khrushcheva. Her analysis draws a gloomy
prospect for the future unless Russia makes
a definite decision regarding its identity:
“Russia should stop seeing itself as a ‘special’
nation, but a Western nation, leaving behind
the past based on polarization, or reconciliation of the irreconcilable extremes – that is:
the Russian kasha.”
Nina Khrushcheva is Professor of International Affairs at The New School, New York
In cooperation with the
Istituto Italiano di Cultura
October 18
Nina Khrushcheva
Russian Identity and the
Prospects for Democracy in
Putin’s Russia
Referring to the old fight between “Westernizers” and “Slawophiles” in Russia,
Khrushcheva characterized a still current
“double bind” of
Russian identity:
Russia is torn
between imitation
and negation of
the West and, in
describing itself as
the Un-West,
remains tied to
what it is turning
away from. This
negative and double-bind search
for identity leads
to dangerous political consequences, which
Khrushcheva described in her talk as a “paradox of tyranny”: a weak state functioning
as a strong one. The “Russian molotow cocktail” consists of a post-modern mixture of
images and symbols and Putin as the selfimposed “father of the nation”. “The attempt
by Putin to marry the ‘vertical’ state, modernization, wealth, and the Russian Idea is
as irresolvable as were the previous attempts,
only reinforcing a crushing sensation of the
absence of the future possibilities,” argued
October 23
Wojciech Orlinski
Stranger in Eden. Allegories of
Communism in Stanislaw Lems
Science Fiction
Followed by an excursus of
Franz Rottensteiner
Lem in Vienna
Stanislaw Lem’s 1959 science fiction novel
Eden (English translation 1989; German
translation 1971 Berlin Ost, 1972 München) never gained much popularity in the
West, but it was extremely influential in the
Eastern Bloc. In this novel, a human starship crashlands on an alien planet. The crew
starts exlporing a bizarre alien society which
turns out to be a terrible totalitarian state
created as a result of a failed social experiment. While the novel is an obvious allegory of the Communist system, Communist
No. 96
15
LECTURES |
LECTURE SERIES |
censorship had no grounds to prohibit its publication - the censor could not object, since he would
have to admit that Communism was indeed a
failed experiment.
Weder eine kulturpessimistische These noch
eine geschichtsphilosophische Theorie verstecken sich
hinter diesem Titel, sondern
eine Provokation. Gehörten
in der Vergangenheit
europäischer Machtanspruch und die Vorliebe für
Untergangszenarien nicht
wie zwei Seiten einer
Medaille zusammen?
Und hat sich der Orient vom
Okzident nicht immer durch
Verachtung einerseits und
Verklärung andererseits
abgegrenzt? In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Renner
Institut veranstaltet das
IWM diese Reihe, die dem
„Phänomen Europa“ auf
neue Weise nachspüren will.
Wojciech Orlinski is an author and journalist
working for the leading Polish daily newspaper
Gazeta Wyborcza. His book Co To Sà Sepulki? (Wer
sind die Sepulken?), an encyclopedical view on
Stanislaw Lem, was recently published.
Franz Rottensteiner, author and critic, was editor
of the science fiction series of Insel-Verlag and of
Phantastische Bibliothek at Suhrkamp. He was
publisher of Quarber Merkur. From the beginning
of the 1970s until 1985 he was the literature agent
of Lem in the Western countries.
December 18
Wim van de Donk
Radical Illumination?
Towards a More Pragmatic, Future-Oriented and Balanced View
on the Role of Religion in the Public
Domain
Van de Donk’s talk expounded
the problem of the one-sided
view of the role of religion in
the public domain which is put
forward by those who, for example, embrace ‘radical enlightenment’ and modernity and at
the same time think of reason and religion as two
phenomena that exclude each other. Empirical
research increasingly shows that the so-called secularization thesis (modernization leads to secularization) should be questioned. Religion, although in
a transformed way, seems to remain an important
factor in modern societies. Both fundamentally as
well as empirically speaking, the so-called secularization thesis is flawed and in need of new research.
The lecture used as well elements of the economics of religion to explain why. Van den Donk also
stressed that modern societies should seriously think
about the ways in which more or less organized
forms of religion can help to strengthen the social
quality of society.
Wim van de Donk is Chairman of WRR, Scientific
Council for Government Policy, and Professor of
Social Public Administration, Tilburg University
In cooperation with
the Royal Netherlands Embassy
16
No. 96
The provocative title of
this lecture series, organized
together with the Karl
Renner Institute, aims to
reflect on the underlying
assumptions the „European
Phenomenon“ is built on.
Can Europe’s past hunger
for power and simultaneous
penchant for gloom and
doom-scenarios be seen as
two sides of the same coin?
Moreover, did not the
West always dissociate
itself from the Orient
either by contempt or by
glorification?
Der Untergang
October 9
Meinhard Miegel
Epochenwende - gewinnt
der Westen die Zukunft?
Jahrhundertelang hat Europa die Welt
dominiert. Diese Zeit neigt sich jetzt
ihrem Ende entgegen. Die Europäer nehmen an Zahl ab und altern stark; auch
verlieren sie nach und nach ihre einst
großen Wissens- und Könnensvorsprünge. Andere sind dabei aufzuholen. Das
ist, so Miegel, kein Grund zur Resigna-
tion, sofern wir die Bedingungen erkennen und bewusst annehmen. Die Entwicklung „von der Expansion zur Kontraktion“ macht der Westen – wieder einmal als erster – durch und mithin wird
er eine neue Vorreiterrolle spielen, die
darin besteht zu lernen, mit einer sehr
alten Bevölkerung und mit wesentlich
weniger Wachstum kreativ umzugehen.
Meinhard Miegel ist Wissenschaftlicher
Leiter des Instituts für Wirtschaft und
Gesellschaft in Bonn und ein profilierter
Akteur in der Debatte um demographischen Wandel. Zu seinen Publikationen
gehören unter anderem Solidarische
Grundsicherung – Private Vorsorge. Der
Weg aus der Rentenkrise (1999), Die
deformierte Gesellschaft (2002) und
Epochenwende (2005).
In Zusammenarbeit mit der Botschaft
der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Wien
| LECTURE SERIES
des Abendlandes? / The Decline of the Occident?
October 16
November 7
Yongnian Zheng
Herfried Münkler
The Transformation of Chinese Civilization
Opening Doors - Learning Lessons
Der Zerfall der großen Reiche
The rise of China has been closely watched in the West and other
parts of the world. Scholars and policy makers often measure China’s
power from materialist perspectives (e.g. in economic and military
terms). In his lecture, Zheng argued that the cultural rise of China
is even more significant than these material forces. With the cultural rise, a new Chinese civilization is developing. The transformation of the Chinese civilization, not the rise of China, will be the single
most important event in 21st century history.
The isolation of China had eventually led to the decline of the
Chinese civilization in the 19th century. Resisting the western influence also did not help China to rise under the Maoist rule. Only
the open-door policy initiated by the late Deng Xiaoping has enabled the Chinese civilization to remake itself. Zheng examined how
the open-door policy provided a condition for the Chinese to learn
from other civilizations, and thus remake their own one.
Yongnian Zheng is Professor and Director of Research at the China
Policy Institute, University of Nottingham. He is co-publisher of
China: An International Journal; his book publications include:
Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China (1999), Globalization
and State Transformation in China (2004) and Will China Become
Democratic? (2004).
Großreiche, Imperien unterscheiden sich in ihrer Struktur wie Handlungslogik von Staaten, die in ein System gleicher Akteure eingebunden sind. Staaten sind Bestandteil einer sie übergreifenden Ordnung,
Reiche dagegen organisieren und garantieren die Ordnung eines
Großraums. Deswegen hat der Untergang großer Reiche, die Münkler aus einer politikwissenschaftlichen Perspektive vom Alten Rom
bis zum Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion als jüngstem Beispiel
untersuchte, die Beobachter immer sehr viel stärker beschäftigt, als
der Auf- und Abstieg von Staaten innerhalb einer diese Bewegung
überdauernden Ordnung. Münkler gab in seinem Vortrag eine „kleine Typologie der großen Reiche“, unterschied zwischen Hegemonien (erste unter Gleichen) und Imperien (absoluter Machtanspruch),
er beschieb den Untergang der Reiche durch Niederwerfung oder
Ermattung, und er beschrieb den Gestaltwandel imperialer Macht
heute: sie zeichnet sich nicht mehr aus durch Kontrolle von Flächen
(wie etwa noch die Kolonialreiche), sondern durch „Kontrolle von
Linien und Punkten“ – weshalb Imperien durch Terrorismus, der
auf sensible Punkte zielt, wesentlich mehr bedroht sind als durch
Partisanenkampf. Ist Europa ein Imperium? Münkler beschrieb es
so: „Europa agiert imperial, ohne eine imperiale Rolle anzustreben“,
es erbringt aber sehr wohl die „Dienstleistung eines Imperiums“.
Herfried Münkler ist Professor für Theorie der Politik an der
Humboldt-Universität Berlin; viel diskutiert wurden seine Thesen
zu „den neuen Kriegen“ sowie seine Bücher: Imperien. Die Logik der
Weltherrschaft – vom Alten Rom bis zu den Vereinigten Staaten
(2005), Machiavelli: Die Begründung des politischen Denkens der
Neuzeit aus der Krise der Republik Florenz (2004), Der neue Golfkrieg (2003).
In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Renner Institut
No. 96
17
SEMINARS AND PROJECTS |
Poland after the Elections:
Seminar with Visiting Fellows Stanislaw Burdziej, Slawomir Kapralski and Roman Pawlowski
In this seminar on December 5, Slwawomir
Kapralski pointed out that contrary to many
expectations and hopes, the new Polish government will in many ways have to continue the politics of the Kaczynskis. Some of
the reasons for this forced continuation of
policy are the rather inconsistent economic
program of the new government, the strong
opposition of the Kaczynski party and of the
office of the President, and - last but not least
- the peculiar features of Polish society.
According to some sociologists, the Polish
society is at the same time egalitarian and
conservative (anti-liberal): therefore, an
ambitious liberal economy project and legislative change will not gain support. The
Polish society is deeply frustrated, and has –
according to surveys – the lowest level of
social trust and public participation in
Europe. One telling sign of this seems to be
that the Civic Platform won the elections
through the mobilization of people who usually do not participate in elections (young
people from Western and Northern Poland)
and who perceived their vote as a countercultural movement. These people’s voting
habits are mostly unpredictable and, contrary to those who vote for the Kaczynskis,
are not stable in their preferences. Moreover,
the new government would rather not introduce regulations that would satisfy the
younger voters immediately. The seminar’s
Junior Visiting Fellows’
Conference
At the end of each term, the Junior Visiting Fellows
present the results of their research at the Institute.
The conference on December 12 was dedicated to
“Human Ends and the Ends of Politics”
concluding thesis was that no radical change
is to be expected, although there may be at
least some hope - the style of the new government will presumably be much better
than the rude behaviour of the old one.
Stanislaw Burdziej is Ph.D. candidate
in Sociology of Religion, Nicolas Copernicus University, Torun
Slawomir Kapralski is Associate Professor
of Sociology, Warsaw School of Social
Psychology
Roman Pawlowski is journalist at Gazeta
Wyborcza, Warsaw
Program:
I. Defining Ends: Sources and
Limits of Legitimacy
III. Region Balkan –
Balkans of the Regions
Kirsten McKillop, Ph.D. candidate
in Philosophy, Boston University
Peace as a Limit of Legitimacy?
Aristotle and the Case for Human
Ends
Irena Ristic, Junior Research
Fellow, Institute of Social
Sciences, Belgrade
Hell Is Other People: Kinships
among Balkan Nations
Stanislaw Burdziej,
Ph.D. candidate in Sociology of
Religion, Nicolas Copernicus
University, Torun/Poland
Civil Religion and the Sources of
Legitimacy
Egin Ceka, Ph.D. candidate in
Political Science, University of
Vienna
What Future for Borders?
On the Relevance and Irrelevance
of Good Old Boundaries
Discussant: Slawomir Kapralski,
Associate Professor of Sociology,
Warsaw School of Social
Psychology
Discussant: Christine von Kohl
II. Outside the Cultural-Political
Mainstream: Theory and
Empirical Findings’
IV. The Question of European
Identity or Identities
Astrid Peterle, Doktorandin
(Geschichte, Universität Wien),
ÖAW DOC-Team-Stipendiatin
Thinking Through Subversion in
the Time of its Impossibility
Christine von Kohl, Egin Ceka
and Irena Ristic
Winning item of the
Christmas-tree-decoration-contest
at the party after the conference
18
No. 96
Parveen Akhtar, Ph.D. candidate
in Political Science, University of
Birmingham
Politics Outside the Mainstream:
The Case of Muslims in the UK
Discussant: Cornelia Klinger, Permanent Fellow, IWM; Professor of
Philosophy, University of Tübingen
Margherita Angelini,
Ph.D. candidate in History,
University of Venice
Histories and Memories after
WWI: The Italian Case Study
Martin Black, Ph.D. candidate in
Philosophy, Boston University
The Crisis of Modernity:
An Introduction to the Problem
of Theory and Practice
Discussant: Dirk Rupnow, Lektor
am Institut für Zeitgeschichte der
Universität Wien
| IHS BOSTON
Irena Grosz and Slavoj Zizek
Major Jackson and Tomasz Rozycki
Don’t Fear Thy Neighbor
Activities of the Institute for Human Sciences at Boston University
During the fall, the Institute for Human Sciences hosted a series of six debates with
ambassadors from Poland, France and Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Spain, and Greece. The
events, which were generously funded by the
European Commission Delegation in Washington DC, took place as part of a larger project of the Institute entitled “Getting to Know
the European Union”: Member States in
Focus. The project was conceived as a way to
bring knowledge of the European Union, its
policies, and institutions as they function on
individual country level to a broader public. The debates with European Ambassadors
centered on the question: “What does it
mean, in practice, to be a member of the
European Union?” While many of the Institute’s previous activities, including lectures
by European Commissioners and policy
experts, addressed this question from the vantage point of Brussels, these debates – in an
effort to engage ordinary citizens and to highlight local economic, social, and cultural connections to Europe – brought individual
member state perspectives into focus.
How does everyday life change when a
country joins the European Union? Do the
social, economic, legal and institutional
frameworks of the EU reflect a common set
of beliefs and ideas on the part of its citizens?
How flexible are those frameworks and how
much diversity can they absorb? These are
only some of the questions the Institute is
engaged with in its newest initiative. The
project envisions the emergence of a global
culture with a revitalized transatlantic part-
nership at its core. In January, the IHS
launches a new website – www.euforyou.org
– featuring audio and video transcripts of its
events and a forum to facilitate ongoing discussion of the European Union.
Other noteworthy happenings at the
Institute were a discussion of “Poetry and Politics” with Tomasz Rozycki, the Polish poet
and translator, recently nominated for the
Nike award, and Major Jackson, American
poet, Associate Professor of English at University of Vermont and a faculty member of
the Bennington Writing Seminars, as well as
a lecture by Slovenian sociologist, postmodern philosopher, and cultural critic Slavoj
Zizek entitled “Fear Thy Neighbor as Thyself: Antinomies of Tolerant Reason.”
Elizabeth Amrien
OPEN CALLS FOR APPLICATIONS • Deadline: March 31, 2008
Milena Jesenska Fellowships for Journalists
Paul Celan Fellowships for Translators
Please visit the IWM website for further details
www.iwm.at/fellowships.htm
No. 96
19
SEMINARS AND PROJECTS |
Who Is A Partner, And Who Is An Alien?
Re/constructions of intimate citizenship in German and Austrian policy debates.
Who is considered a legitimate
partner to whom in policy
debates? Which rights and duties
are attached to this status?
Based on the research of the
QUING project (Quality in Gender+
Equality Policies www.quing.eu),
Karin Tertinegg and Doris Urbanek
presented a paper at the 4th ECPR
General Conference in Pisa, Italy,
from 6 – 8 September 2007.
The first aim of the paper was to explore how
the issue of intimate citizenship emerged in
Austrian and German policy debates between
1995 and 2007 in the context of major policy changes regarding family policy, same-sex
partnerships and immigration. ‘Intimate citizenship’ refers to the question who is considered as a legitimate partner to whom and
which rights and duties are attached to this
status in policy debates. The second aim of
the paper was to analyse how these debates
pay attention to or lack attention to gender
and how other sources of inequality such as
ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, class,
nationality and marital status are constructed as being relevant to such policies.
The methodological approach consisted
of a timeline of policy debates in the fields
of family policy, policies on same-sex partnerships and immigration policy in both
countries and a case study of the New Immigration Act of 2007 in Germany.
Who is a partner?
Nationality as defining factor
For both countries, the paper shows that
while (the gender biased institution of) marriage is generally privileged over other forms
of partnership, it is internally differentiated
along the lines of nationality with connotations of ethnicity and religion.
In Austria, this could be seen in the
debate on ‘family reunion, binational cou-
20
No. 96
ples and fake marriages’ following major
changes in immigration law in 2005. The
major conflict in this debate is about how
nationality, religion, and class should impact
people’s institutional arrangements of intimacy and the rights and duties connected to
this. While nationality, religion and class are
presented - and contested - as legitimate reasons for excluding people from rights connected to partnership, such as the right to
residency and the right to legally take up a
job, there is a clear hierarchy in what is seen
as legitimately restricting rights: only people
from certain regions are presented as being
somehow problematic for partnership, and
these regions are usually associated with both
certain religious denominations and certain
ethnicities.
In Germany, the New Immigration Act
of 2007 shows to what extent nationality is
a defining factor for the granting of citizenship rights: The rights and duties assigned
to migrant families depend on whether they
come from industrialised countries from the
north or not. This and the question of how
gender dimensions were integrated into the
debate on the New Immigration Act will be
demonstrated in detail in the following
analysis.
Case study Germany:
The New Immigration Act 2007
A central gender+ equality concern in the
field of citizenship refers to the legislation
on residence permits/family reunion. A high
number of feminist NGOs as well as parliamentarians from the opposition parties have
demanded an independent residence right
for the spouse after divorce at least for the
last decade. This demand is – among other
reasons - informed by the awareness of the
problem of forced marriages. Practitioners
and academics claim that an independent
residence permit would mitigate the problem of forced marriages To grant individual rights instead of rights attached to a family union would enable affected women to
escape them.
The New Immigration Act of 2007,
decided with the votes from the CDU/CSU
and SPD, has redesigned the conditions for
family reunion and demands a minimum
age of both spouses of 18 years and the basic
command of German. The CDU/CSU
claims that these regulations mitigate forced
marriages; a statement that is highly contested by the above mentioned opposition. An
individual residence right was simply a nonissue for the Christian-Conservatives in the
frame of the parliamentary readings. But
how can the individual right to residence be
legitimately excluded from the agenda? How
is the dominant discourse set up in order to
legitimise the lack of an independent right
of residence?
We argue that in this debate, a human
rights discourse is overruled by two dominant discourses: Firstly, the neo-liberal discourse of migration/citizenship informed by
a utility rationale that emphasises citizenship
duties over rights; secondly, the discourse of
violence against migrant women emphasising the criminalisation of perpetrators. Both
discourses are merged at the expense of a
conceptualisation of (female) migrants as
rights bearing subjects. The political debate
on family reunion (New Immigration Act
2007) is informed by these two discourses.
How does this play out in practice?
A gender+ equality concern is apparently present in the discourse on forced marriage and family reunion. However, addressing a gender+ equality concern does not happen via rights such as a right to residence,
but via conditions (age minimum) and
duties (command of the German language).
Protection from gender-based violence does
not happen via the granting of (citizenship)
rights, but via the assignment of duties that
lie within the individual’s responsibility to
fulfil (command of German).
Moreover, not all migrants have to provide of a basic command of the German language. The provision differentiates between
migrants and their need for integration
(‘Integrationsbedarf’). In the political debate,
citizens from the US, Canada, Japan, South
Korea or Israel were defined to have less need
for integration; thus, they do not need to
prove the basic knowledge of German,
| SEMINARS AND PROJECTS
Karin Tertinegg
Doris Urbanek
Research
Associates
with the
QUING-project
whereas the remaining groups of migrants
have to. Hence, the duties assigned to
migrants depend on their nationality (with
connotations of ethnicity and religion). The
regulation creates two groups of migrants:
one that has a duty to fulfil in order to be
granted a citizenship right and whereas the
other group is simply awarded the same citizenship right.
Deducing from this one can state that:
1. The solution to this apparent concern
with gender+ equality in the field of family reunion/forced marriage is allocated
to the realm of individual duties instead
of individual rights.
2. The solution of this apparent concern
with gender+ equality in the field of family reunion/forced marriage results in
stricter regulations on family reunion,
thus, in a reduction of citizenship rights.
3. The intersectionalities of class, age,
nationality with implications of ethnicity and religion are constructed as legitimate factors determining/limiting access
to citizenship rights; the assignment of
duties to migrants of migrants happens
along the axis of nationality/ethnicity/
religion.
The neo-liberal discourse on
citizenship and migration
Conceptualisations of citizenship always
negotiate the relation of rights and duties of
citizens. Research has emphasised that a
complex bundle of rights, consisting of negative (‘freedom from’) and positive rights
(‘entitlements to’), is necessary in order to
realise a substantive concept of citizenship.
Contrary to this, it is a characteristic feature
of neo-liberal conceptualisations of citizenship that the duties of citizens and their individual responsibilities are emphasised at the
expense of rights granted to them by the
state. Current German migration policies are
informed by the motto of ‘support and
demand’ (Fördern und Fordern). Such a
motto implicates an apparently balanced
relation of rights and duties. An analysis of
the parliamentary readings of the New
Immigration Act shows that both,
CDU/CSU and SPD politicians, heavily
engage in this language. Also the issue of
family reunion is informed by this rationale:
The joining partners are demanded a basic
command of German at the arrival in Germany; migrants in general are demanded
integrational efforts (such as participation in
integration courses) once granted some form
of residence right in Germany. These duties
are expected from migrants; in turn,
migrants are entitled to these integration
courses.
We claim that by emphasising the duties
and integrational efforts migrants have to
undertake the focus is drawn away from the
issue of rights. Clearly, this focus away from
rights has a considerable gender impact. In
the frame of parliamentary debates on the
New Immigration Act, CDU/CSU politicians constantly ignored demands from the
opposition parties to improve legislations on
residence permits for spouses after divorce.
The overall emphasis on duties over rights
legitimises the fading of rights from the discourse. In this concept, protection from gender-based violence does not happen via the
granting of (citizenship) rights, but via the
assignment of duties that lie within the individual’s responsibility to fulfil (command of
German). Or expressed differently: the conditions to and duties for integration assigned
to migrants are legitimised by emphasising
the positive effects such a regulation would
apparently have in the combat of forced marriages.
This leads to the second discourse influential for the drafting of the New Immigration Act, the criminalising discourse on
violence against migrant women. This discourse is driven by the criminalisation of perpetrators at the expense of rights granted
to affected women. By focusing on the perpetrator, the rights of migrant women such
as an independent residence permit are neglected. Also, the prolongation of a right to
return to Germany after a stay abroad (currently allowed for six months) was ignored.
Concluding, one can state that gender+
equality concerns have been appropriated in
the course of the recent policy process on the
New Immigration Act. The analysis showed
how the dominant neo-liberal discourse
informed the process and how social categories of gender, age, class and nationality/
ethnicity/religion were addressed, but not to
serve gender+ equality concerns, but to serve
restrictive policy ends.
Karin Tertinegg, Doris Urbanek
No. 96
21
FROM THE FELLOWS |
Julie Denesha in Jakubovany
Außenseiterin unter Außenseitern
Die Fotojournalistin Julie Denesha zeigt das Alltagsleben der
Roma mit der Intimität des Fremden
Ich bin eine leere Leinwand, sagt sie. Ich versuche, zu verschwinden.
Wer sie sieht, hager und ernsthaft, kann
sich gut vorstellen, dass diese Person zäh genug
ist, drei oder vier Wochen lang auf einer Pritsche zu schlafen, in einer Hütte, die nur aus
einem Raum besteht, der von einer ganzen
Familie bewohnt wird. Privatsphäre gibt es dort
nicht - für wen auch? Julie Denesha ist eigentlich nicht da, sie ist ganz Kamera für diese Zeit,
und ihre Fotoreportagen können nur entstehen, wenn sie dicht, sehr dicht herangeht.
Mehrere Wochen lang lebt die amerikanische
Fotojournalistin mit jeweils einer Familie in
einer der slowakischen Roma Siedlungen, die
sie sich für ihre Projekte ausgesucht hat. Sie
hat einen Rucksack mit dem Nötigsten dabei,
ihre Kamera, nur so viel Geld, wie sie brauchen wird, und ein Notizheft, das ihr sehr
wichtig ist. Mehr nicht. Ihre letzte Reise im
Juli war hart. Es gab keinen Strom, kein
fließendes Wasser, gewaschen hat sie sich im
Wohnraum, manchmal war die Mutter der
Familie dabei. Denesha ist blond, sehr hellhäutig, sehr anders, ein Fremdkörper. „In den
ersten zwei Wochen wirst du ausgetestet“, sagt
22
No. 96
sie, „in der dritten passiert dann etwas. Sie nehmen dich nicht mehr wahr.“ Genau dann, sagt
sie, gelingen die besten Fotos.
Ein Viertel der rund 500.000 slowakischen
Roma lebt in Siedlungen, die kaum die nötigste Versorgung mit Trinkwasser und sanitären
Einrichtungen haben, Roma sind die „outcasts“ der Gesellschaft. Denesha verständigt
sich auf Slowakisch und Roma. Sie verbringt
die Tage mit den Familien, ist einfach dabei,
sie lungert herum im Dorf mit den anderen,
geduldig, passiv und wartet wie auf träger Lauer, die Kamera griffbereit, bis der Augenblick
kommt, den sie einfangen will. Genau das sind
ihre Bilder: Momentaufnahmen eines Lebens,
eines Dorflebens, das man so nie sehen würde, wäre nicht sie so sehr dabei gewesen.
Denesha geht nah heran, rückt sie zu nah?
Ihre Portraits des Roma-Elends sind von
unverschämter Schönheit, sie verschweigen
keinen Müllhaufen, keinen Dreck, keine
Armut und tauchen die Siedlungswelt dabei
in eine sehr eigene Ästhetik, beinahe in Kirchenfensterlicht. Der ursprüngliche Impuls
für diese Reportagen war ein rassistischer
Überfall auf Roma im Slowakischen Zilina,
“I’m a blank canvas” – that’s
how Julie Denesha depicts
herself. The photo Journalist,
born in Kansas City, had lived a
long time in Prague prior to
2003 when she began to work
on photo documentaries on
Roma settlements in Slovakia.
Denesha’s working method is
to live with Roma families for
three to four weeks in order to
get the closest possible insight
into their everyday life.
She takes pictures which are
intimate, intense and also
disturbingly beautiful. Denesha
does not judge. She wants to be
a pure observer and her goal is
to show most closely how the
Roma in the settlements live,
and how hard they work to
keep up every day life in poverty. In summer 2007, as Milena
Jesenska Fellow at the IWM,
Denesha returned to some of
the settlements in Slovakia for
new documentaries.
Portraits aus Jakubovany, 2007
| FROM THE FELLOWS
in dessen Folge eine Frau ums Leben kam.
Denesha, die zu der Zeit als freie Fotojournalistin in Prag lebte, fuhr in den Ort um
Fotos für eine Zeitung zu machen. Die
Begräbnisfeier, die sie in Zilina erlebte, die
Trauer und die Gemeinschaft, haben sie tief
beeindruckt und verändert. Vielleicht, dachte sie damals, kriegen die Slowaken irgendetwas über die Roma nicht mit. Seitdem
hat sie ein Ziel: Sie will es ihnen zeigen. Zeigen, wie die Roma leben, wie ihr Alltag aussieht. Gegen alle Vorurteile, Roma seien faul
und dreckig, will sie darstellen, wie hart ihre
Existenz in den Siedlungen ist, wie schwer
die arbeitslosen Roma arbeiten, um ihr
Leben zu unterhalten, wie Armut die einfachsten Verrichtungen des Alltags zur
Schufterei macht, wie dreckig der Kampf
gegen den Dreck ist.
So fährt sie in die Siedlungen, nach Jakubovany, nach Rakusy, nach Novacany. Niemand könnte dort fremder sein als sie, die
so weiße Amerikanerin aus Kansas City, und
nichts könnte ihr fremder sein als das Leben
der Roma, in dem alle Energie darum zu
kreisen scheint, Kinder aufzuziehen. „Für
mich wäre diese Art von Leben ein Horror“,
sagt Denesha. Immer hatte sie Vorbehalte
gegenüber der traditionellen Frauenrolle,
immer waren ihr Karriere wichtig und Unabhängigkeit. Nun macht sie unglaublich zärtliche Fotos eines Lebens, das das genaue
Gegenteil von dem ist, was ihre Ideale wären.
Sie will nicht werten, sie hat selten Angst
und keine Vorurteile. Manche der Situationen, in die sie gerät, sind unangenehm. Aber
nicht schlimm. Man hat ihr prophezeit, sie
würde beraubt werden, vergewaltigt und wer
weiß was noch – aber ihr ist nichts gesche-
hen. Natürlich ist sie einsam auf ihren Reportagen, was sonst? Sie kann sich nur als
Außenseiterin in die Gesellschaft der Außenseiter begeben – das macht Fotografieren
möglich. 2003 entstand Deneshas erste
Reportageserie, sie ist von großer Intensität
und Intimität. Sie zeigt die Roma in ihrem
elenden Leben mit Bildern, die nicht ankla-
gend sind, sondern bezaubernd und mit
Sicherheit zu schön.
Denesha kehrte 2004 in die USA zurück,
doch die Roma-Reportagen haben sie nicht
losgelassen. Sie bemühte sich um Stipendien und erhielt ein Fulbright- und dann ein
Milena Jesenska Stipendium des Institute for
Human Sciences Boston, mit dem sie im
Sommer 2007 einige Zeit in Europa und
auch Zeit am IWM in Wien verbringen
konnte. Denesha wollte noch einmal in die
Siedlungen fahren, die sie 2003 portraitierte
und sehen, was sich hier, vielleicht auch durch
den EU Beitritt der Slowakei, verändert hat.
Auf den Bildern sieht es nicht viel anders aus
als 2003, aber die Fotografien selbst scheinen
sich zu verändern. Nun sind Portraits darunter, junge Romakinder zum Beispiel, die in
Schauspielerattitüde in die Kamera blicken,
posierend wie Models – Roma Models. Dass
sie unberührt von Ort und Kleidung wie im
Rampenlicht einer Glamour-Inszenierung stehen, gibt ihnen einen sehr eigenwilligen
Touch. Die Portraits verwirren auf kluge Weise – sie sind in ihrer Künstlichkeit natürlicher
als jede ungestellte Szene, und es ist, als sei
Denesha hier wirklich hinter die Kamera
zurückgetreten. Eine weiße Leinwand eben.
Andrea Roedig
Mehr Bilder von Denesha sind zu sehen
unter http://www.juliedenesha.com/ und
in Transit 33
No. 96
23
FELLOWS & GUESTS |
Visiting Fellows
Parveen Akhtar
Ph.D. candidate in
Political Science,
University of
Birmingham
Körber Junior
Visiting Fellow
(September 2007 – February
2008)
European Muslims: The
Making and Mobilization
of Political Identity
My research contributes to
our understanding of Muslim leaders and political participation in Europe. It adds
to wider debates about the
integration of Muslim communities in plural democratic societies. I hope to gain a
deeper understanding of the
relationship between the
state and the Muslim community, and furthermore,
how this relationship is cultivated and negotiated by the
institution of community
leaders.
Margherita
Angelini
Ph.D. candidate in
History, University
of Venice
Körber Junior
Visiting Fellow
(October 2007 – March 2008)
Archival Memories. Preserving Pasts and Cultural
Transmissions between
Italy and West Germany
(1945 – 1970)
My project intends to concentrate on how memories
of World War II have been
constructed by historians in
Germany and Italy, and also
through the politics of
archive conservation. The
24
No. 94
Fall 2006
aim is to examine the discourses in which the memory
of the recent past was
defined, imagined, created,
and contested by historians.
A particular emphasis during
my stay in Vienna will be
directed towards understanding the politics of the conservation of memories and of
sources in the border areas.
Gudrun Ankele
Doktorandin in
Germanistik und
Kunstgeschichte,
Uni Graz;
Akademie der
Bildenden Künste, Wien, ÖAW
DOC-Team-Stipendiatin
Junior Visiting Fellow
(September 2006 – März 2008)
Manifeste und
Feminismen.
Politische Potenziale
einer Text-Geste
Meine Arbeit beschäftigt sich
mit Manifesten, in denen
Geschlechterkonzepte angegriffen und neu entworfen
werden. Feministische Manifeste markieren politische
Prozesse der Subjektivierung.
Wie kann die Text-Geste
„Manifest“ für diese Prozesse
produktiv werden?
Die Dissertation ist Teil eines
von der ÖAW geförderten
Doc-Team Projektes, das
nach feministischen Praktiken und deren Wirksamkeit
fragt.
Regina Becker-Schmidt
Professor em.
für Soziologie,
Universität
Hannover
Guest
(September 2007)
Wenn wir von
Achsen sozialer Ungleichheitslagen reden, dann sprechen wir zugleich von gesellschaftlichen Konstellationen,
in denen sie sich herausgebildet haben und in denen sie
sich überlappen. Unter welchen sozialen Umständen
entstehen und interferieren
klassen-, geschlechts- und
ethniespezifische Diskriminierungen? Welches Gewicht
kommt in der Etablierung
der einzelnen Disparitäten
den gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen, welches dem
sozialem Verhalten zu? Wo
entsteht durch den Tranfer
von Vorurteils-Dispositiven
von einer Achse sozialer
Disparität (class/ race/gender) auf andere Intersektionalität?
Martin Black
Ph.D. candidate
in Philosophy,
Boston University
Junior Visiting
Fellow (August
2007 – January 2008)
Theory and Practice,
Ancient and Modern
The beneficence of Enlightenment thought derives from
its subordination of theory to
practice, but precisely this reorientation of philosophy
rendered the ends of life
invisible to theory, precipitating the various practical and
philosophical crises of
modernity. When Nietzsche
and Heidegger locate the origin of contemporary nihilism
in classical thought they
appear not to have taken sufficient account of this
change, making possible or
urgent an open re-examination of the founding of classical philosophy by Socrates
in the works of Plato and
others.
Stanislaw Burdziej
Ph.D. candidate
in Sociology of
Religion, Nicolas
Copernicus
University,
Torun/Poland
Józef Tischner
Fellow (July – December 2007)
Civil Religion in Europe
and America – Reasons
for the Transatlantic
‘God Gap’
The deep cleavage between
the religiosity of Europeans
and Americans attracted considerable attention from sociologists of religion. Most
scholars, however, have
focused on traditional
‘parameters of faith’, such as
church attendance and selfidentification. Few studies
have dealt with the reasons
for the simultaneous persistence of civil religion in the
US and the lack thereof in
Europe. This project, the
final part of my doctoral dissertation ”Religious rhetoric
of Bill Clinton and George
W. Bush. A Sociological
Study of American Civil
Religion“ hopes to fill this
gap.
| FELLOWS & GUESTS
Egin Ceka
Ph.D. candidate in
Political Science,
University of
Vienna
Robert Bosch
Fellow (July – December 2007)
‘The Civil Religion of the
Albanians is Albanianism’:
Myths, Symbols and Rituals of Politics in Albania
during Communism
In contemporary Albania,
civil religious patterns of
nationalist thought, which
had developed and consolidated during the communist
rule (1944-1991), today persist in both scholarly and
popular patterns of perception. I aim to develop an
alternative understanding of
the historical, social, and
political processes in Albania
and challenge the traditions
of communist-nationalist
styles of historiography.
Arbër Çeliku
Freelance Translator, Macedonia
Paul Celan Fellow
(September –
November 2007)
Jürgen Habermas:
Zwischen Naturalismus
und Religion
(Deutsch > Albanisch)
Die Übersetzung des oben
genannten Buches habe ich
aus drei Gründen gewählt:
STANDARD-Leserinnen
beweisen Haltung.
Erstens behandelt es Themen, die mit der kommunikativ-pragmatischen Wende
und mit der von Habermas
entwickelten Theorie des
kommunikativen Handels zu
tun haben, welche in der
albanischen Sprachwissenschaft nicht vertreten sind.
Zweitens geht es um religiöse
Toleranz, und drittens ist
Habermas auch in Hinsicht
auf politische Theorie wichtig: In unseren Gesellschaften, die sich seit dem Zerfall
Jugoslawiens 1990 in einer
chaotischen Lage befinden,
wird das Buch zur politischen Emanzipation
beitragen.
Helen Chang
Freelance
Correspondent for
The Wall Street
Journal Europe,
Vienna
Milena Jesenská Visiting
Fellow (October 2007 –
December 2007)
From East to West:
Subversive-Affirmative
Art Practices
In recent years, certain art
and media tactics originating
in Eastern Bloc countries
have spread to the West.
Used in political campaigns
and popular advertisements,
as well as by artists Christoph
Schlingensief and the Yes
Men, they stoke resistance by
subversively affirming their
Aurora Sprenger, Studentin
Wer seine Gedanken durch Lesen des
STANDARD regelmäßig in Bewegung
versetzt, wird bald Zeuge einer aufregenden
Wechselwirkung – zwischen Anregung
und Entspannung, zwischen Affekt und
Erkenntnis.
4 Wochen gratis lesen:
derStandard.at/Abo oder 0810/20 30 40
Die Zeitung für Leserinnen
FELLOWS & GUESTS |
opponents’ images, slogans,
even corporate identities. But
what does it mean that these
strategies – similar to camouflage by fish and insects, and
which developed under
repressive totalitarian regimes
– have transferred to supposedly more liberal political
and social contexts?
Robert Clewis
Assistant Professor of Philosophy,
Gwynedd-Mercy
College, Gwynedd-Valley
Guest
(July – August 2007)
The Kantian Sublime
and the Revelation of
Freedom
I am completing my monograph, ”The Kantian Sublime and the Revelation of
Freedom: Exaltation through
Ideas“, which deals with the
sublime in Kant’s early and
later writings. I also relate the
Kantian sublime to his political philosophy and ethics.
I consider Kant’s views of
enthusiasm (Enthusiasmus)
for the French Revolution,
since the observers’ exalted
responses seem to have the
structure of the sublime.
Christoph
Conrad
Professor of
Contemporary
History, University
of Geneva
Körber Visiting Fellow
(March – August 2007)
26
historiographies be compared
and related? I am attempting
to define some perspectives
for such a transnational
study: the functions of historians in the service of the
state and civil society constitute one such axis, the spread
of schools or “paradigms” is
another. Finally, I will consider the tensions between
methodological nationalism
and Europeanization
empirically.
Julie Denesha
Photojournalist
Milena Jesenská
Visiting Fellow
(June – August
2007)
Outcasts:
The Roma of Slovakia
Of Slovakia’s half million
Roma, one quarter live in
ghettoes lacking safe drinking water and basic sanitation. In the summer of
2003, I spent four months
living with families in four
different Roma communities both urban and rural,
documenting daily life in
the isolated settlements of
Slovakia. I intend to return
to continue my documentation with an interest in
some of the changes since
Slovakia joined the European Union.
Andreas Gémes
Doktorand in
Geschichte,
Universität Graz,
ÖAW DOCStipendiat
Junior Visiting
Fellow (March – August 2007)
Entlang des Eisernen
Vorhanges. Konfrontation
und Kooperation zwischen
Österreich und Ungarn in
den 50er Jahren unter
besonderer Berücksichtigung des Jahres 1956.
My dissertation project deals
with the evolution of the relation between the two neighbouring states Austria and
Hungary from 1955 to 1958
and focuses on the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The
intention of my project is to
thoroughly analyse Austria’s
role before, during and after
the Hungarian Revolution on
the basis of Austrian and
Hungarian primary sources.
Special attention is given to
border issues and the role of
secret services.
Slawomir
Kapralski
Lecturer at the
Warsaw School of
Social Psychology.
Associate Professor of Sociology
at the Centre for Social Studies/Graduate School for Social
Research, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Warsaw.
Project Research Associate
(October – December 2007)
A Trans-National Focus
on National Historiographies: Europe in the
20th Century
Death of the Nation or
Nationalization of Death?
The Cultural Construction
of Death and Immortality
in the ‘Postnational’
Society.
Historians transform the past
into a mostly national history. How can these various
I aim to examine contemporary forms of nationalism to
figure out whether and, if yes,
No. 94
Fall 2006
how they perform the modern role of the nation as a site
in which collective immortality is produced. The project
involves a study of such sites
and related commemorative
activities in search of the
approaches to death and
immortality that have been
coded in the message those
sites deliver. The project will
be then carried out through
the re-examination of various
national mythologies in order
to specify if contemporary
uses of myth may still immortalize the collective existence of the nation. A special
attention will be given to the
way in which myth manages
the issue of trauma, since the
return of various forms of
traumatic experience has
been one of the key features
of contemporary mythologies
that makes them a potential
source of conflicts between
groups which adhere to
them.
Nina L.
Khrushcheva
Professor of
International
Affairs, The New
School, New York
Visiting Fellow
(September – October 2007)
Russia’s Gulag of the
Mind
Russia’s reality suggests that
the identity currently forming in Russia is not one
supportive of Western liberal
values, but one nostalgic for
Stalinism. Focusing on
Nikita Khrushchev’s denunciation of Joseph Stalin’s
“cult of personality” in 1956,
my book will follow two
tracks. One will analyze
certain trends in Russia’s history and explore the reasons
for the Russian people’s
devotion to despotism.
| FELLOWS & GUESTS
Another track will provide a
glimpse into personal and
political lives of some members of the Khrushchev family, from World War II until
today.
Christina Kleiser
Ph.D. candidate in
History, University
of Vienna
Junior Visiting
Fellow (January –
December 2007)
work that is motivated by
the historical experiences in
the 20th century as a century of wars, genocides, mass
extermination, and expulsions. For this purpose I
focus on two main dimensions of the concept of
memory work: the ethical
and the political, by examining their significance in the
philosophical and literary
works of Avishai Margalit,
Paul Ricoeur and Jorge
Semprún.
Constitutive
Conditions of a Culture of
Memory in the European
Context
My project aims at initiating
a critical discussion about
the relevance of memory
Angelo Luceri
Lecturer,
Università La
Sapienza, Roma
Guest
(November 2007)
The Epithalamium
Tradition in Late Latin
Poetry Between Paganism
and Christianity.
The project pursued at the
IWM aims at initiating a
critical discussion about the
evolution of epithalamium
(i.e. a lyric ode in honor of a
bride or bridegroom) tradition in late Latin poetry,
with reference to the transformations of conception of
marriage in Latin world. My
research, centered especially
upon wedding poems of
Claudian (V Century A.D.),
will analyze some development lines of such literary
genre, by examining the
influence of Christian elements on Pagan literature, in
order to explore the common
Christian roots of Europe.
Robert Marszalek
Lecturer of Philosophy, University
of Warsaw
Paul Celan Fellow
(July 2007 –
December 2007)
Hans Blumenberg:
Arbeit am Mythos
(Deutsch > Polnisch)
„Arbeit am Mythos“ gehört
zu den grundlegenden Werken für die gegenwärtige philosophisch-hermeneutische
Stiftung seit 2003.
Solidarisch seit 1819.
Die ERSTE Stiftung hat die Tradition und das Kapital der 1819 gegründeten
Ersten Österreichischen Spar-Casse geerbt. Sie ist Haupteigentümerin der
Erste Bank. Seit 2003 entwickeln wir aktiv und mit Partnern soziale, kulturelle
und die europäische Integration vertiefende Projekte in Österreich und in
Zentral- und Südosteuropa.
www.erstestiftung.org
Soziales / Kultur / Europa
FELLOWS & GUESTS |
Reflexion über Mythos. Das
Buch ist riesig, komplex, tiefsinnig und monumental,
enthält zahlreiche Bezüge auf
die literarische, wissenschaftliche sowie philosophische
Tradition. Immer wieder
habe ich diesen, mir sehr vertrauten Text, im akademischen Unterricht eingesetzt.
Kirsten
McKillop
Ph.D. candidate in
Philosophy,
Boston University
Junior Visiting
Fellow
(July – December 2007)
The Philosopher’s Peace
My research will consider the
basic assumption of political
philosophy: that the best
order of society will also produce peace. By proposing the
hypothesis that social order
and peace may be different
ends of political thought and
action, I will present a case
for how they come to be
entangled in modern political
thought, and investigate the
consequences of this ambiguity in light of classic liberal
attitudes regarding the legitimacy of war and of violence.
Maria
Nawojczyk
Assistant Professor of Sociology,
AGH University of
Science and Technology, Krakow
Andrew W. Mellon Fellow
(July – September 2007)
Polish Entrepreneurs.
Between a Strategy of
Survival and Dynamics
of Capitalism
The emerging private sector
of the economy in Poland
after 1989 has stimulated a
new debate on the role of
28
No. 96
small businesses in market
economy. I have conducted
field research among owners
of small businesses and came
to the conclusion that their
decision of self-employment
is a survival strategy rather
than an embodiment of
entrepreneurial attitude.
Analyzing my research material I have realized that I
must expand my perspective
beyond the ‘entrepreneurial
theories’ to cultural and institutional conditions of entrepreneurial activity as well as
of social differentiation of
the entrepreneurial class.
Roman
Pawlowski
Journalist at
Gazeta Wyborcza,
Warsaw
Milena Jesenská
Fellow
(October – December 2007)
INDEX 73.
Censorship on Free
Artistic and Intellectual
Expression in Europe
after Communism
The project relates to the
article No. 73 of the Polish
Constitution that guarantees
free artistic expression. The
aim is to explore, describe
and provoke a broader European public debate on the
issue of restrictions of artistic
expression’s. Poland, Belarus
and Serbia will serve as
research and laboratory
examples, as well as the
mechanism of self-censorship
and political correctness in
“Old Europe”.
Astrid Peterle
Doktorandin in
Geschichte,
Universität Wien,
ÖAW DOC-TeamStipendiatin
Junior Visiting
Fellow (September 2006 March 2008)
Subversiv?
Körperinszenierungen von
Künstlerinnen im 20. und
21. Jahrhundert
My dissertation project is
part of a DOC-Team sponsored by the Austrian Academy of Sciences (DOC-Team:
„Viel versucht, nichts erreicht? Körper und Sprache
als Medium der Subversion.
Eine Genealogie feministischer Interventionen im 20.
Jahrhundert.“). In my dissertation I analyze the stagings
of bodies by three artists: the
French multidisciplinary
artist Claude Cahun (1894 –
1954), the New York based
performance-artist Karen
Finley (*1956), and the Danish/Brussels-based choreographer and dancer Mette Ingvartsen (*1980).
Irena Ristic
Junior Research
Fellow, Insitute of
Social Sciences,
Belgrade
Robert Bosch
Fellow
(August 2007 – January 2008)
Unvollendeter Staat
einer verspäteten Nation:
Der State-building
Prozess in Serbien
Anders als in den meisten
ex-kommunistischen Staaten
führte der Fall der BerlinerMauer in Serbien nicht zu
einem Aufschwung, sondern
zur lähmenden Konfrontation mit einer bis heute
ungelösten Nationalstaatsfrage. Dieses Forschungsprojekt befasst sich mit den
Ursachen für den „unvollendeten Staat“. Dabei stützt es
sich auf die Staatsbildungstheorie von Stein Rokkan
und wird die differentia
specifica herausarbeiten, die
Serbien einen längeren Weg
im Staatsbildungsprozess
nehmen ließ.
Dirk Rupnow
Habilitand;
Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Universität Wien,
ÖAW APARTStipendiat
Visiting Fellow
(April 2007 – June 2008)
„Judenforschung“
im „Dritten Reich“:
Wissenschaft –
Propaganda – Ideologie –
Politik
Antisemitic research on Jewish history and culture
(“Judenforschung”) established itself in the Nazi state
as a transdisciplinary but distinct scholarly field. This
project will examine antiJewish scholarship in the
Third Reich, its institutions
and actors, as well as its
goals, themes, and methods
in a concentrated and
exhaustive manner. It will
also analyze its function and
practices within the coordinates of scholarship, propaganda, ideology and politics,
and consider both, the beginning of “Judenforschung” as
well as its repercussions and
reception after 1945.
| FELLOWS & GUESTS
Alexandra
Starr
NPR correspondent, contributor
to Slate
Milena Jesenská
Visiting Fellow
(April – July 2007)
addition to analyzing these
federal prescriptions, I will
also provide on-the-ground
look at the impact immigration is having on communities, and how it is affecting
countries’ historical identities.
Reconfiguring European
Identity: Immigration in
Austria, Ireland, and
Spain
During my stay at the IWM,
I will be studying the impact
of immigration in Austria,
Ireland, and Spain. These
three countries have adopted
quite different federal
responses to the migration of
foreigners into their borders,
and I will compare and contrast the various policies. In
Vern Walker
Ph.D. Candidate
in Comparative
Literature, Binghamton University, New York
Fulbright
Visiting Fellow
(October 2006 – March 2008)
Poetics of Pacifism:
A Literary Development
Toward the Necessary
Problem of Pacifist
Thought – Wittgenstein,
Bachmann, Blanchot
guage and literature. Its
intention is to construct the
problem inherent in the
thought of pacifism as it is
akin to the uses and limits of
language. More specifically, it
focuses on the literary works
of Ingeborg Bachmann who
wrote of post World War II
Austria, as well as how her
thought was influenced by
the philosophical writings on
Wittgenstein, Simone Weil,
and related to that of Maurice Blanchot.
Outside the rhetoric of political and religious justifications of historical and present day pacifist movements,
this project seeks to develop
the concept of pacifism
through the study of lan-
diepresse.com
Für die, die selbst entscheiden.
TRAVELS AND TALKS |
Travels and Talks
Stanislaw Burdziej
Cornelia Klinger
Robert Marszalek
Irena Ristic
Józef Tischner Visiting Fellow
Permanent Fellow
Paul Celan Fellow
Robert Bosch Fellow
Conference/Lecture: “Voice
of Disinherited? Religious
Media in the 2005 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Poland”, VIIIth
Conference of the European
Sociological Association,
Glasgow (September 3 - 6)
Lecture: „The Sublime - an
unruly concept“, on the conference The Sublime Now,
TATE Britain in London
(October 20)
Participation: CEEPUSWorkshop Vernunft, Mythos,
Religion. Zur Aufgabe von
Philosophie und Theologie
heute, Universität Wien
(November 11)
Lecture: „Staatsbildung in
Serbien“, die Tagung Regimewechsel und Gesellschaftswandel in Osteuropa, Berlin
(November 23-25)
Conference/Lecture:
“Radio Maryja a spoleczeństwo
obywatelskie” (Radio Maryja
and Civil Society), XIII
Ogólnopolski Zjazd Socjologiczny (13th Polish Sociological Congress), Zielona
Góra (September 13 - 15)
Slawomir Kapralski
Lecture: “Roma: Basic facts,
Complex Problems.” At the
workshop Other Europeans,
Krakow (November 21 – 23)
Participation in the First
and Second Workshop on
“Transnational Struggles for
Recognition. Women and
Jews in Comparative
Perspective.” Berlin (October
4 - 5 and December 5 - 7)
Christina Kleiser
Junior Visiting Fellow
Lecture: “Is there a ‘Shared
Memory’? Some critical
Reflections on a Culture of
Commemoration in the
European Context”,
MEICAM-Conference Constructions of Conflict. Transmitting Memories of the Past
in European Historiography,
Literature and Media,
University of Wales, Swansea
(September 10 - 12)
30
No. 96
Participation: Podiumsdiskussion Gender und
Exzellenz – Österreich im
internationalen Kontext
veranstaltet von der Österreichischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Wien
(November 13)
Lecture: „Der Verlust der
symbolischen Dimension in
der modernen Wissensordnung und die Wiederkehr
des Verdrängten“, Tagung
Das Unbewusste als Störung
der Wissensordnung und als
Antrieb der Wissensproduktion, Humboldt-Universität/
Institute for Cultural
Inquiry, Berlin
(November 28)
Lecture: „Von Utopien und
anderen (Alb)Träumen“,
Tagung Utopias, Human
Rights, and Gender in
Twentieth Century Europe,
Institut für Zeitgeschichte
der Universität Wien/
Sigmund Freud Museum,
Wien (December 13)
Conference: Kurs Transzendentalphilosophie VII: The
Role of Humanity in the Age
of Natural Science, InterUniversity Centre Dubrovnik
(November 17-21)
Lecture: „Die Steigerung des
Willensbegriffs zwischen
Physiologie und Theologie:
Schopenhauer – Hegel –
Schelling“, Dubrovnik
(November 20)
Klaus Nellen
Permanent Fellow
Bookfair: From October 11
to 13 Klaus Nellen represented the Institute’s journal
Transit – Europäische Revue
during the Frankfurt Bookfair at the stand of Verlag
Neue Kritik.
Participation: Eurozine Editorial Board Meeting, Hamburg, December 14-16.
The meeting was hosted by
the Hamburg Institute for
Social Research. Eurozine
(www.eurozine.com) is a netmagazine which publishes
outstanding articles from its
presently 69 european partner journals with additional
translations into the major
European languages.
A selection of articles feeds
into thematical debates like
Post-secular Europe?
or European Histories:
Towards a grand narrative?
Lecture: „The History of
Former Yugoslavia: Nationalism and History as a Myth“,
Comenius University
Bratislava
(28. November 2007)
Dirk Rupnow
Visiting Fellow
Lecture: “The Politics of
Nazi Memory”, Symposium
Knowledge and Space IV:
Storing knowledge: Cultural
Memories, The Klaus Tschira
Foundation/University of
Heidelberg
(September 19- 22)
Lecture: “Brüche und
Kontinuitäten. Von der NSJudenforschung zur Nachkriegsjudaistik”, 4. Berlin –
Wien Workshop Wissenschaftsgeschichten und politische Systemwechsel,
Institute for Contemporary
History, University of Vienna
(November 26)
Teaching activity: Lecture
at the course: “Wege und
Probleme der HolocaustForschung“, Institute for
Contemporary History,
University of Vienna
(winter term 2007/08)
| TRAVELS AND TALKS | VARIA
Varia:
Michael Staudigl
Mieke Verloo
Patocka Project
Permanent Fellow
Lecture: „Verletzlichkeit des
Selbst und Phantasmen der
Integrität“, Institut für Philosophie, Slowakische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Bratislava (November 9)
Lecture: “Missing opportunities: a Critical Perspective
of the European Union’s
Initiative to Address Multiple
Inequalities”, Public Seminar
at ATHENA3 Annual meeting, Central European University, Budapest (June 1)
Teaching activitity: Seminar
on Emmanuel Lévinas’
“Totalität und Unendlichkeit”: Ethik als Erste Philosophie?, Institut für Philosophie der Universität Wien
Teaching activity: Seminar
on (together with Ludger
Hagedorn) „Phenomenology
and Religion (R. Otto, M.
Scheler, E. Lévinas, J.-L.
Marion & J. Derrida),
Charles University, Prague
Karin Tertinegg
Quing Project
Conference: Section Women
and Politics, 4th ECPR
General Conference, Pisa,
Italy (September 6 - 8)
Chair of session: “Gender
debates entering policy
agendas: Reconstructing how
issues are represented and
(de)gendered in European
political arenas”, 4th ECPR
General Conference, Pisa
(September 6 - 8)
Discussant in session:
“Gender, welfare and care”,
4th ECPR General Conference, Pisa (September 6 - 8)
Invited Speaker and
Chair of the meeting:
Informal meeting on Gender
mainstreaming Council of
Europe, Strasbourg
(September 19)
Participation: Moderator
of the panel “International
measures against violence
against women”, conference
10 Years of Austrian AntiViolence Legislation, Vienna,
(November 5 - 7)
Lecture: “Re-directing
gender mainstreaming:
addressing theoretical and
practical problems”, Equal
Opportunities Forum. Equal
opportunities in the government action of the Netherlands, Berlin (November 1)
Doris Urbanek
Participation: Expert
meeting co-organizer of the
Workshop B5. Gender and
Training 1st International
Forum “Dynamic Cities
Need Women: actions and
policies for gender equality”,
Brussels (December 2 - 3)
Quing Project
Conference/Lecture: (together with Karin Tertinegg)
“Who is a partner, and who
is an alien? Re/constructions
of intimate citizenship in
German and Austrian policy
debates“, 4th ECPR General
Conference, Pisa, Italy
(September 6 - 8)
Lecture: “Struggling over
problems in the context of
inequality and democracy”,
Journée d’étude Genre et
politique transnationale :
entre mouvements sociaux
et politiques publiques.
(Association Belge de Science
Politique – Communaute
Francaise, Groupe «Genre
et politique»), Brussels
(December 7)
Lecture: “European trends”,
International workshop
Interdisciplinary perspectives
on institutionalizing intersectionality, University of
Helsinki, Finland
(December 14 –15)
The IWM is happy to
announce that during the
second term of 2007 three
new members joined its
Boards: Saskia Sassen,
Professor of Sociology at
Columbia University, and
Michael Sandel, Professor of
Government at Harvard
University, joined the IWM’s
Academic Advisory Board.
Christopher Schönberger,
a friend of the IWM since its
inception, Partner at the
Munich-based auditing firm
PSP, became a member of
the Board of Patrons.
Under the title
„Demography - Challenges
for Europe“ the IWM
together with the Robert
Bosch Foundation organized
the second German-Polish
discussion forum on November 23-24 in Warsaw.
The forum was supported
by Lewiatan, the Polish
Confederation of Private
Employers. Leading representatives of German and
Polish business, politics,
media, and science met to
discuss challenges facing
society in Europe. However,
the focus of those regular
meetings is not on the German-Polish relationsship per
se, but on a joint European
perspective.
Among the members of the
forum are Kurt Biedenkopf,
Jan Krzysztof Bielecki,
Michal Boni, Joschka
Fischer, Hanna GronkiewiczWaltz, Jan Rokita, Gesine
Schwan, Karel Schwarzenberg, Bernhard Vogel.
No. 96
31
PUBLICATIONS |
Publications
of Fellows and Guests
Stanislaw Burdziej
Robert Marszalek
Dirk Rupnow
Józef Tischner Visiting Fellow
Paul Celan Fellow
Visiting Fellow
Od “religii obywatela” Jan
Jakuba Rousseau do “civil
religion” Roberta N. Bellaha. Wokól koncepcji religii
obywatelskiej (From Jean
Jacque Rousseau’s “Religion de
citoyen” to Robert N. Bellah’s
“Civil Religion”. Reflections
on Civil Religion), in: Kultura
i Spoleczeństwo, no.3 (2007)
Gott und das Absolute (Hg.
mit Christian Danz), WienZürich : LIT Verlag, 2007.
Rasse und Geist. Antijüdische Wissenschaft, Definitionen und Diagnosen des
‚Jüdischen’ im ‚Dritten
Reich’, in: Zeitgeschichte 34
(2007), 1: Rassenkonstruktionen und Verfolgungspolitik
im NS-Staat, 2007
Prezydenci Stanow Zjednoczonych wobec religii (US
Presidents and Religion), in:
Athenaeum. Political Science,
no.18 (2007)
Slawomir Kapralski
The Voices of a Mute
Memory. The Holocaust and
the Identity of Eastern
European Romanies., in:
F. Fischer von Weikersthal et
al. (eds.), „Trauer und Wege.“
Der nationalsozialistische
Genozid an den Roma Osteuropas - Geschichte und künstlerische Verarbeitung. KölnWeimar-Wien: Böhlau-Verlag.
(Forthcoming early in 2008).
The Holocaust in the Memory of the Roma. From
Trauma to Imagined Community?, in: L. Stillman and
G. Johanson (eds.), Constructing and Sharing Memory: Community Informatics,
Identity and Empowerment.
Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007.
The Impact of Post-1989
Changes on Polish-Jewish
Relations and Perceptions:
Memories and Debates., in:
L. Faltin and M. J. Wright
(eds.), The Religious Roots of
Contemporary European Identity. London: Continuum, 2007.
32
No. 96
Die transzendentale
Interpersonalität und die
geoffenbarte Persönlichkeit:
Zu den natur-, geschichtsund religionsphilosophischen Auseinandersetzungen Schellings mit Fichte
und Hegel, in: Christoph
Asmuth (Hg.), Transzendentalphilosophie und Person.
Leiblichkeit – Interpersonalität – Anerkennung, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2007
Wie sich Philosophen
im Grunde anerkennen
können. Die Bedeutung der
Identitätsphilosophie
Schellings für Fichtes
Philosophie nach dem
‚Atheismusstreit’, in: ebd.
Irena Ristic
Robert Bosch Fellow
The Concept of Europeanness and the Serbian
National Identity, in: Kangaspuro, Markku (Ed.), Constructed Identities in Europe,
Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 2007.
Vollstrecker des Volkswillens vs. Avantgarde: Die Elite(n) in der neueren serbischen Geschichte, in: Brix,
Emil et al. (Eds.), Südosteuropa. Traditionen als Macht,
Wien/München: Oldenbourg
Wissenschaftsverlag, 2007
Apstinencija kao politički
stav (Political Abstention as
Politcal Attitude), in: Lutovac, Zoran (Ed.), Birači i
apstinenti u Srbiji, Beograd:
Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2007
Studies on the Jews’ in
the Third Reich – the
Aryanization of Jewish
History under the Nazi
Regime [Hebrew], in: The
Institute for Research of the
Shoah (Ed.), Dapim. Studies
on the Shoah 21(2007),
University of Haifa and the
Ghetto Fighters House, 2007
Endlager Museum, in:
Gedenkdienst. Zivilersatzdienst – Holocaust-Education –
Europäischer Freiwilligendienst, no.2 (2007)
Michael Staudigl
Patocka Project
Zerstörter Sinn, entzogene
Welt, zerbrochenes Wir.
Über Gewalt im Rahmen
der a-subjektiven Phänomenologie Jan Patockas, in:
Phänomenologische Forschungen, 12 (2007)
Alfred Schuetz: Philosoph,
Sozialwissenschafter, ‚partizipierender Bürger’, in: Das
jüdische Echo 57 (2007)
Karin Tertinegg
Quing Project
The pregnant worker and
caring mother: framing
family policies across
Europe (together with Petra
Meier, Elin Peterson and Violetta Zentai), in: Mieke Verloo, Multiple Meanings of
Gender Equality. A Critical
Frame Analysis of Gender
Policies in Europe,
Budapest/New York: CEU
Press, 2007.
What’s the problem with
prostitution? Prostitution
politics in Austria and
Slovenia since the 1990.
A comparison of frames
(together with Majda
Hrzenjak and Birgit Sauer),
in: Mieke Verloo, Multiple
Meanings of Gender Equality.
A Critical Frame Analysis of
Gender Policies in Europe,
Budapest/New York: CEU
Press, 2007
Welche Bedeutung hat
CEDAW? Menschenrechte
von Frauen und Verpflichtungen für Österreich, in:
Bundeskanzleramt – Bundesministerin für Frauen, Medien und öffentlichen Dienst,
Was ist CEDAW? Die UNKonvention zur Beseitigung
jeder Form von Diskriminierung der Frau, Wien, 2007
Wie können Frauen
CEDAW verwenden?
Das Fakultativprotokoll der
UN-Konvention zur Beseitigung jeder Form von
Diskriminierung der Frau,
in: Bundeskanzleramt –
Bundesministerin für Frauen,
Medien und öffentlichen
Dienst, Was ist CEDAW?
Die UN-Konvention zur
Beseitigung jeder Form von
Diskriminierung der Frau,
Wien, 2007
Mieke Verloo
Non-resident Permanent Fellow
Dutch Women are Liberated, Migrant Women are a
Problem, in: Social Policy
and Administration, 41, 3
(2007)
| PUBLICATIONS
IWM Publications
Cornelia Klinger,
Gudrun-Axeli Knapp und
Birgit Sauer
Transit 33 (Sommer 2007)
(Herausgeberinnen)
Tod in der modernen
Gesellschaft
Mit Untersuchungen von
Cornelia Klinger, Alois Hahn
und Matthias Hoffmann,
Hans-Ludwig Schreiber,
Hanfried Helmchen und
Hans Lauter, Ulrike Brunotte,
Oliver Krüger sowie Photographien von Vera Koubova)
Achsen der Ungleichheit
Zum Verhältnis von Klasse,
Geschlecht und Ethnizität
Reihe Politik der Geschlechterverhältnisse, Band: 36,
Campus Verlag, Frankfurt
a.M. 2007
Mit Beiträgen von Brigitte
Aulenbacher, Regina BeckerSchmidt, Mechthild Bereswill,
Hans- Jürgen Bieling, Wolfgang Gabbert, Christoph
Görg, Sabine Hark, Lars
Kohlmorgen, Helga Krüger,
Sybille Küster, Helma Lutz,
Shalini Randeria, Markus
Schroer und Thomas
Schwinn.
Krzysztof Michalski (Hg.)
Woran glaubt Europa?
Passagen Verlag, Wien 2007
Mit Beiträgen von Peter
L. Berger, José Casanova,
Abdessalam Cheddadi,
Alessandro Ferrara, Nilüfer
Göle, Danièle Hervieu-Léger,
David Martin, Tariq Modood,
Olivier Mongin / Jean-Louis
Schlegel, Bhikhu Parekh,
Andrea Roedig, Olivier Roy
und Charles Taylor.
34
Themen:
Philosophie und Dissidenz Jan Patocka zum 100.
Geburtstag
Mit Beiträgen von Jan
Patocka, Vaclav Havel,
Krzysztof Michalski, Jan
Sokol, Jacques Rupnik,
Nathanaël Dupré la Tour und
Rudolf Stamm.
Populismus
Mit Beiträgen von Jacques
Rupnik, Jacek Kochanowicz
und Ivan Krastev.
Außerdem: ein Essay über
europäische Erinnerungspolitik von Jan Werner Müller
Leszek Kolakowski zum 80. Geburtstag
Krzysztof Michalski Die Zerbrechlichkeit des Ganzen
Leszek Kolakowski Was ist Sozialismus? (1957)
Kolakowskis „Hauptströmungen des Marxismus“ heute gelesen:
Tony Judt Dem allen Lebewohl?
John Gray Vom Kommunismus zum Neokonservatismus
Marci Shore Familiendrama
Die Juden und der Kommunismus in Osteuropa
In memoriam Anna Politkowskaja
Mit Beiträgen von Anna Politkowskaja, Mainat Abdulajewa, Marie
Mendras, Jean-Francois Bouthors, Anna Schor-Tschudnowskaja,
Martin Malek und Nina Khrushcheva sowie Photographien von Julia
Vishnevetskaya
In Tr@nsit 33, dem
elektronischen Supplement
von Transit erschien:
Jacques Rupnik:
Populism in Eastern Central
Europe
Jacek Kochanowicz:
Right Turn. Polish Politics
at the Beginning of the
Twenty-first Century
Joschka Fischer Europa und der Nahe Osten
Martin Hala Von der Wandzeitung zum Blog
Freie Meinungsäußerung in China
www.iwm.at/transit_online.htm
Herausgegeben am
Institut für die
Wissenschaften vom
Menschen
Verlag neue kritik
Kettenhofweg 53
D – 60325 Frankfurt
Tel. 0049 (69) 72 75 76
Bestellungen auch übers Web:
Preis:
Abo € 24,- (D)
Zwei Hefte pro Jahr
Einzelheft € 14,- (D)
www.iwm.at/transit.htm
No. 96
33
GUEST CONTRIBUTION |
The Persistence of Particularity
On Solidarity in a global age and the misconception of a generalized cosmopolitism
By Michael Sandel
The attempt, in a global age, to develop that many experienced as disorienting and
transnational forms of democratic governance disempowering. Americans long-accustomed
confronts a variety of practical obstacles. But to taking their bearings from small commuperhaps the most daunting obstacle is the dif- nities suddenly found themselves confronting
ficulty of cultivating norms of solidarity that an economy that was national in scope.
reach beyond national borders.
Political institutions lagged behind, inadeIn a world where capital and goods, infor- quate to life in a continental society. Then
mation and images, pollution and people, as now, new forms of commerce and comflow across national boundaries with unprece- munication spilled across familiar political
dented ease, politics must assume transna- boundaries and created networks of interdetional, even global forms, if only to keep up. pendence among people in distant places.
Otherwise, economic power will go But the new interdependence did not carry
unchecked by democratically-sanctioned with it a new sense of community. As the
political power. Nation-states, traditionally social reformer Jane Addams observed,
the vehicles of self-government, will find „[T]he mere mechanical fact of interdepenthemselves increasdence amounts to
ingly unable to bring
nothing.“
The love of humanity is a
their citizens’ judgAddams’ insight
noble sentiment, but most of
ments and values to
is no less apt today.
bear on the economWhat railroads, telethe time, we live our lives by
ic forces that govern
graph wires, and
smaller solidarities.
their destinies. The
national markets
disempowering of
were to her time,
the nation-state in the face of the global econ- satellite hook-ups, CNN, cyberspace, and
omy may be one source of the discontent that global markets are to ours—instruments that
afflicts democracies around the world.
link people in distant places without necesIf the global character of the economy sarily making them neighbors or fellow citisuggests the need for transnational forms of zens or participants in a common venture.
governance, however, it remains to be seen Converting networks of communication and
whether such political units can inspire the interdependence into a public life worth
identification and allegiance – the moral and affirming is a moral and political matter, not
civic culture – on which democratic author- a technological one.
ity ultimately depends. There is reason, in
Given the similarity between their predicafact, to doubt that they can. Except in ment and ours, it is instructive to recall the
extraordinary moments, such as war, even solution they pursued. Confronted with an
nation-states find it difficult to inspire the economy that threatened to defy democratsense of community and civic engagement ic control, Progressives from Theodore Rooself-government requires. Political associa- sevelt to Franklin Delano Roosevelt sought to
tions more expansive than nations, and with increase the powers of the national governfewer cultural traditions and historical mem- ment. If democracy were to survive, they conories to draw upon, may find the task of cul- cluded, the concentration of economic powtivating commonality more difficult still.
er would have to be met by a similar concenIn certain ways, the challenge to self-gov- tration of political power. But this involved
ernment in the global economy resembles the more than the centralization of government;
predicament American politics faced in the it also required the nationalization of politics.
early decades of the twentieth century. Then The primary form of political community had
as now, there was a gap, or lack of fit between to be recast on a national scale. Only in this
the scale of economic life and the terms in way could they hope to ease the gap between
which people conceived their identities, a gap the scale of social and economic life and the
34
No. 96
terms in which people conceived their identities. Only a strong sense of national community could morally and politically underwrite the extended involvements of a modern
industrial order.
It is tempting to think that the logic of
their solution can be extended to our time.
If the way to deal with a national economy
was to strengthen the national government
and cultivate a sense of national citizenship,
perhaps the way to deal with a global economy is to strengthen global governance and
cultivate a corresponding sense of global, or
cosmopolitan citizenship.
Internationally-minded reformers have
already begun to articulate this impulse. In
1995, the Commission on Global Governance,
a group of 28 public officials from around the
world, published a report stressing the need to
strengthen international institutions.
Other commentators of the 1990s saw in
international environmental, human rights,
and women’s movements the emergence of a
„global civil society“ that might serve as a
counterweight to the power of global markets and media. According to political science Richard Falk, such movements hold
promise for a new „global citizenship ...
premised upon global or species solidarity.“
„This spirit of global citizenship is almost
completely deterritorialized,“ he observes. It
has nothing to do with loyalty to a particular political community, whether city or state,
but aspires instead to the ideal of „one-world
community.“ Some philosophers argue, in
a similar spirit, for a civic education that cultivates cosmopolitan citizenship. Since
national identity is a morally irrelevant characteristic, they argue, students should be
taught that their primary allegiance is to the
community of human beings as such.
The cosmopolitan ideal rightly emphasizes the humanity we share and directs our
attention to the moral consequences that flow
from it. It offers a corrective to the narrow,
sometimes murderous chauvinism into which
ethnic and national identities can descend.
It reminds wealthy nations that their obligations to humanity do not end at the water’s
| GUEST CONTRIBUTION
edge. It may even suggest reasons to care for
the planet that go beyond its use to us.
All this makes the cosmopolitan ideal an
attractive ethic, especially now that the global aspect of political life requires forms of allegiance that go beyond nations.
Despite these merits, however, the cosmopolitan ideal is flawed, both as a moral ideal
and as a public philosophy for self-government in our time. The notion that universal identities must always take precedence
over particular ones has a long and varied
career. Kant tied morality to respect for persons as rational beings independent of their
particular characteristics, and Marx identified the highest solidarity as that of man with
his species-being.
If our encompassing loyalties should always Michael J. Sandel is the Anne T. and Robert
take precedence over more local ones, then the M. Bass Professor of Government at Harvard
distinction between friends and strangers University, where he has taught political
should ideally be overcome. Our special con- philosophy since 1980. He is a Member of
cern for the welfare of friends would be a kind IWM’s Academic Advisory Board.
of prejudice, a measure of our distance from His recent publications are: Public Philosouniversal human concern. The Enlightenment phy: Essays on Morality in Politics (2005),
Philosopher Montesquieu does not shrink and The Case against Perfection: Ethics in
from this conclusion. „A truly virtuous man the Age of Genetic Engineering (2007).
would come to the aid of the most distant
stranger as quickly as to his own friend,“ he
writes. „If men were perfectly virtuous, they no way of deciding in advance, once and for
wouldn’t have friends.“
all, which should prevail. Deciding which
It is difficult to imagine a world in which of one’s identities is properly engaged—as
persons were so virtuous that they had no parent or professional, follower of a faith
friends, only a universal disposition to friend- or partisan of a cause, citizen of one’s counliness. The problem is not simply that such try or citizen of the world—is a matter of
a world would be difficult to bring about but moral reflection and political deliberation
that it would be difficult to recognize as a that will vary according to the issue at stake.
human world. The
The moral delove of humanity is
fect
of the cosmoThe most promising
a noble sentiment,
politan ethic is
alternative to the sovereign state
but most of the
related to its politis not a one-world community,
time, we live our
ical defect. For
lives by smaller soleven as the global
but a multiplicity of communiidarities. This may
economy demands
ties and political bodies
reflect certain limmore universal
its to the bounds of
forms of political
moral sympathy. More important, it reflects identity, the pull of the particular reasserts
the fact that we learn to love humanity not in itself. Even as nations accede to new instigeneral but through its particular expressions. tutions of global governance, they confront
The cosmopolitan ethic is wrong, not for rising demands from ethnic, religious, and linasserting that we have certain obligations to guistic groups for various forms of political
humanity as a whole but rather for insisting recognition and self-determination.
that the more universal communities we
For a time, the nation-state promised to
inhabit must always take precedence over more answer this yearning, to provide the link
particular ones.
between identity and self-rule. In the conMost of us find ourselves claimed, at one temporary world, however, this claim is lostime or another, by a wide range of different ing its force. National sovereignty is eroded
communities, some overlapping, others con- from above by the mobility of capital, goods,
tending. When obligations conflict, there is and information across national boundaries,
the integration of world financial markets,
the transnational character of industrial production.
We cannot hope to govern the global
economy without transnational political institutions, and we cannot expect to sustain such
institutions without cultivating more expansive civic identities. This is the moment of
truth in the cosmopolitan vision. Human
rights conventions, global environmental
accords, and world bodies governing trade,
finance, and economic development are
examples of institutions that will depend for
public support on inspiring a greater sense of
engagement in a shared global destiny.
But the cosmopolitan vision is wrong to
suggest that we can restore self-government
simply by pushing sovereignty and citizenship upward. The hope for self-government
lies not in relocating sovereignty but in dispersing it. The most promising alternative
to the sovereign state is not a one-world community based on the solidarity of
humankind, but a multiplicity of communities and political bodies—some more, some
less expansive than nations—among which
sovereignty is diffused. The nation-state need
not fade away, only cede its claim as sole
repository of sovereign power and primary
object of political allegiance. Different forms
of political association would govern different spheres of life and engage different aspects
of our identities. Only a regime that disperses sovereignty upward and downward can
combine the power required to rival global
market forces with the differentiation
required of a public life that hopes to inspire
the reflective allegiance of its citizens.
If the nation cannot summon more than
a minimal commonality, it is unlikely the
global community can do better, at least on
its own. A more promising basis for a democratic politics that reaches beyond nations
is a revitalized civic life nourished in the more
particular communities we inhabit. In a
global age, the politics of neighborhood matters more, not less. People will not pledge allegiance to vast and distant entities, whatever
their importance, unless those institutions are
somehow connected to political arrangements
that reflect the identity of the participants.
The article is adapted from Michael J.
Sandel, Democracy’s Discontent (Harvard
University Press, 1996). Michael J. Sandel
participated in the IWM’s Anniversary
Conference (see page 3 ff)
No. 96
35
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